Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between the positive end .pdf
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Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule. London force, or Van der Waals force, are temporary fluctuationg dipoles Hydrogen bonding is the attractive interaction of a hydrogen atom with an electronegative atom (usually nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine). Seeing any of those three atoms usually gives away the fact that it\'s hydrogen bonding and probably makes it the most easily noticeable type of bonding. Hope that helps! Solution Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule. London force, or Van der Waals force, are temporary fluctuationg dipoles Hydrogen bonding is the attractive interaction of a hydrogen atom with an electronegative atom (usually nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine). Seeing any of those three atoms usually gives away the fact that it\'s hydrogen bonding and probably makes it the most easily noticeable type of bonding. Hope that helps!.
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Intermolecular Forces of attraction
This document discusses different types of intermolecular forces: dipole-dipole forces between polar molecules, ion-dipole forces between ions and polar molecules, dispersion forces between all molecules due to induced dipoles, and strong hydrogen bonds between partial charges on hydrogen and electronegative atoms like N, O, F. These intermolecular forces are responsible for determining the properties and phase of substances.
10intermolecularforcesofattraction2-170909132616 (1).pptx
Intermolecular forces include dipole-dipole forces, ion-dipole forces, dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonding. Dipole-dipole forces exist between polar molecules, ion-dipole forces between ions and polar molecules, and dispersion forces are the weakest attraction between all molecules due to induced dipoles. Hydrogen bonding is a special strong dipole-dipole force between a hydrogen atom and electronegative atoms like N, O, or F. These intermolecular forces determine the properties of substances as solids, liquids or gases.
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Intermolecular Forces are foces actingwithin a molecule.You should.pdf
Intermolecular Forces are foces actingwithin a molecule.
You should first note whehter the molecule is metallic, ionicor covalent.
There are three different types of Intermolecular Forces thatapplies for covalent molecules:
Dispersion force,Dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonds.
The relative strength of these forces are: dispersion forces< dipole-dipole interactions <
hydrogen bonds
Hence, dispersion forces are the weakest and hydrogen bondsare the strongest.
Dispersion forces (aka. van der Waals Forceor London Force) are for non-polarmolecules.Non-
polar molecules have no dipoles, or the dipoledoesn\'t extend throughout the molecule, and only
dispersion forces.They are generally don\'t mix with water, and are usually anyelement and
carbon compounds.
For example:Cl2,CO2,N2O4,CH4
Dipole-Dipole forces occur between moleculesthat have permanent net dipoles, (hencepolar
molecules)
Polar molecules usually have a dipole and may contain a highlyelectronegative element bonded
to hydrogen, allowing hydrogenbonding. They are also usually soluble in water.
For example: SCl2 , PCl3,CH3Cl
Hydrogen Bonds occur between molecules thathave permanent net dipole resulting from
hydrogen beingcovalently bonded to either fluorine, oxygen ornitrogen.
For example: HF, H2O, H2O2 ,CH3OH, CH3COOH,CH3NH2
These forces operate between covalentmolecules.
As for your answer,
Na+: Dispersion
H3C-CH3: Dispersion
K2O : Ionic Bond
H2O: Hydrogen bonding, the hydrogen has a verylow electronegativety resulting in the oxygen
atoms having greateraffinity to the covalently shared electrons.
NH3 : polar, hence dipole-dipole and hydrogenbonding, since the hydrogen is slightly +ve and
the nitrogenslightly -ve. There more electronegative nitrogen pulls thehydrogen electron towards
it, giving a dipole moment .
Ne: non polar, hence dispersion forces only(randomness of electron clouds instantaneously
causes oppositecharges at the ends of the molecule which induces the same effectin another)
If you want to learn more, this site might help:
http://science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c123/intermol.html
Solution
Intermolecular Forces are foces actingwithin a molecule.
You should first note whehter the molecule is metallic, ionicor covalent.
There are three different types of Intermolecular Forces thatapplies for covalent molecules:
Dispersion force,Dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonds.
The relative strength of these forces are: dispersion forces< dipole-dipole interactions <
hydrogen bonds
Hence, dispersion forces are the weakest and hydrogen bondsare the strongest.
Dispersion forces (aka. van der Waals Forceor London Force) are for non-polarmolecules.Non-
polar molecules have no dipoles, or the dipoledoesn\'t extend throughout the molecule, and only
dispersion forces.They are generally don\'t mix with water, and are usually anyelement and
carbon compounds.
For example:Cl2,CO2,N2O4,CH4
Dipole-Dipole forces occur between moleculesthat have permanent net dipoles, (hencepolar
molecu.
Intermolecular forces of attraction ( IMF)
This is a ppt for the topic IMF this is only a brief lectures that i made for my reporting.
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This document discusses intermolecular forces (IMFs), which are the forces of attraction or repulsion between molecules. It describes three main types of IMFs: van der Waals forces, ion-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding. Van der Waals forces include dipole-dipole interactions, dipole-induced dipole interactions, and dispersion forces. Ion-dipole interactions occur between ions and polar molecules. Hydrogen bonding is a strong type of dipole-dipole interaction between hydrogen and electronegative atoms like nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine. The document also compares the relative strengths of different IMFs and provides examples of substances that demonstrate each type of interaction.
Intermolecular Forces are foces actingwithin a molecule.You should.pdf
Intermolecular Forces are foces actingwithin a molecule.
You should first note whehter the molecule is metallic, ionicor covalent.
There are three different types of Intermolecular Forces thatapplies for covalent molecules:
Dispersion force,Dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonds.
The relative strength of these forces are: dispersion forces< dipole-dipole interactions <
hydrogen bonds
Hence, dispersion forces are the weakest and hydrogen bondsare the strongest.
Dispersion forces (aka. van der Waals Forceor London Force) are for non-polarmolecules.Non-
polar molecules have no dipoles, or the dipoledoesn\'t extend throughout the molecule, and only
dispersion forces.They are generally don\'t mix with water, and are usually anyelement and
carbon compounds.
For example:Cl2,CO2,N2O4,CH4
Dipole-Dipole forces occur between moleculesthat have permanent net dipoles, (hencepolar
molecules)
Polar molecules usually have a dipole and may contain a highlyelectronegative element bonded
to hydrogen, allowing hydrogenbonding. They are also usually soluble in water.
For example: SCl2 , PCl3,CH3Cl
Hydrogen Bonds occur between molecules thathave permanent net dipole resulting from
hydrogen beingcovalently bonded to either fluorine, oxygen ornitrogen.
For example: HF, H2O, H2O2 ,CH3OH, CH3COOH,CH3NH2
These forces operate between covalentmolecules.
As for your answer,
Na+: Dispersion
H3C-CH3: Dispersion
K2O : Ionic Bond
H2O: Hydrogen bonding, the hydrogen has a verylow electronegativety resulting in the oxygen
atoms having greateraffinity to the covalently shared electrons.
NH3 : polar, hence dipole-dipole and hydrogenbonding, since the hydrogen is slightly +ve and
the nitrogenslightly -ve. There more electronegative nitrogen pulls thehydrogen electron towards
it, giving a dipole moment .
Ne: non polar, hence dispersion forces only(randomness of electron clouds instantaneously
causes oppositecharges at the ends of the molecule which induces the same effectin another)
If you want to learn more, this site might help:
http://science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c123/intermol.html
Solution
Intermolecular Forces are foces actingwithin a molecule.
You should first note whehter the molecule is metallic, ionicor covalent.
There are three different types of Intermolecular Forces thatapplies for covalent molecules:
Dispersion force,Dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonds.
The relative strength of these forces are: dispersion forces< dipole-dipole interactions <
hydrogen bonds
Hence, dispersion forces are the weakest and hydrogen bondsare the strongest.
Dispersion forces (aka. van der Waals Forceor London Force) are for non-polarmolecules.Non-
polar molecules have no dipoles, or the dipoledoesn\'t extend throughout the molecule, and only
dispersion forces.They are generally don\'t mix with water, and are usually anyelement and
carbon compounds.
For example:Cl2,CO2,N2O4,CH4
Dipole-Dipole forces occur between moleculesthat have permanent net dipoles, (hencepolar
molecu.
Intermolecular forces of attraction ( IMF)
This is a ppt for the topic IMF this is only a brief lectures that i made for my reporting.
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The document discusses the three main types of intermolecular forces: dipole-dipole forces, London dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonding. It describes each type of force, including that dipole-dipole forces exist between polar molecules, London dispersion forces exist between all molecules, and hydrogen bonding specifically refers to the attraction between hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative atoms like N, O, or F. The document also discusses how these intermolecular forces can explain the physical properties of liquids and some solids.
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The first one has Van der Waals interactions sinc.pdf
The first one has Van der Waals interactions since the entire molecule is nonpolar.
The lack of ionic/polar interactions is what makes the boiling point so low since there aren\'t
really any forces that need to be overcome. The second has a dipole at the carbonyl, which pulls
electron density toward the oxygen. The third is polar and can form hydrogen bonds with other
molecules of itself. This is why its boiling point is the highest, since hydrogen bonds are the
strongest intermolecular forces.
Solution
The first one has Van der Waals interactions since the entire molecule is nonpolar.
The lack of ionic/polar interactions is what makes the boiling point so low since there aren\'t
really any forces that need to be overcome. The second has a dipole at the carbonyl, which pulls
electron density toward the oxygen. The third is polar and can form hydrogen bonds with other
molecules of itself. This is why its boiling point is the highest, since hydrogen bonds are the
strongest intermolecular forces..
Polarity is measured on a scale of electronegativity (the electron d.pdf
Polarity is measured on a scale of electronegativity (the electron disparity between two elements
that are combined in a compound). The more electrons you take from your partner element in the
bonding process, the greater your negative charge, and the greater your electronegativity.
There are three terms to describe the polarity of a given molecular bond:
Ionic
Polar covalent
Non-polar covalent
Ionic is the most polar - essentially, one atom physically takes electrons from another atom,
creating a huge electron disparity between the two atoms. This tends to happen in molecules
where one atom has very few valence electrons and the other has a lot of valence electrons.
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a good example of an ionic bond.
Polar covalent is the mid-range - technically closer to ionic. This happens when one atom
attempts to take electrons from its partner, but cannot quite attract them all to itself. The result is
a covalent bond between the two atoms where the valence electrons are \"shared,\" but the
sharing is unequal. One atom pulls the \"shared\" electrons a little closer to itself. Polar covalent
bonds usually occur between very electronegative elements; hydrogen paired with elements like
oxygen and fluorine almost always creates polar covalent bonds. A good example of a polar
covalent bond is found in water (H2O).
Non-polar covalent is the least polar - in fact, it is not polar at all. This occurs when valence
electrons are shared equally between two atoms. There is little or no tendency for either atom to
pull any of the electrons toward itself. Non-polar covalent bonds can often be seen in molecules
with two non-metals. Methane (CH4) is an example of a non-polar covalent bond.
Solution
Polarity is measured on a scale of electronegativity (the electron disparity between two elements
that are combined in a compound). The more electrons you take from your partner element in the
bonding process, the greater your negative charge, and the greater your electronegativity.
There are three terms to describe the polarity of a given molecular bond:
Ionic
Polar covalent
Non-polar covalent
Ionic is the most polar - essentially, one atom physically takes electrons from another atom,
creating a huge electron disparity between the two atoms. This tends to happen in molecules
where one atom has very few valence electrons and the other has a lot of valence electrons.
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a good example of an ionic bond.
Polar covalent is the mid-range - technically closer to ionic. This happens when one atom
attempts to take electrons from its partner, but cannot quite attract them all to itself. The result is
a covalent bond between the two atoms where the valence electrons are \"shared,\" but the
sharing is unequal. One atom pulls the \"shared\" electrons a little closer to itself. Polar covalent
bonds usually occur between very electronegative elements; hydrogen paired with elements like
oxygen and fluorine almost always creates polar covalent.
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Solution
A hydrogen bond is a type of intermolecular force or the force between two
molecules. This type of attraction is present when hydrogen is bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or
flourine. These three elements are very electronegative meaning that that greatly attract electrons
in their bonds. Thus, when hydrogen is bonded with one of these three elements, the electrons
general float around the the nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine due to the high electronegativity. This
creates a partial negative charge around the element and creates a partial positive charge around
the hydrogen atom. Then when that molecule meets another molecule, the partial negative
attracts with the partial positive of the other cell and creates a strong bond..
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Halophiles cope with high salt concentrations in their environment by accumulating salts within their cytoplasm to achieve osmotic balance. They produce compatible solutes like glycerol and amino acids to do so without disrupting pH or metabolism. Rhodopsins are light-activated proton pumps in microbes that use retinal and include bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin. They help transport ions across cell membranes using light energy.
1. The three bacteria that may be implicated in the given case are S.pdf
1. The three bacteria that may be implicated in the given case are Staphylococcus aureus,
Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Cardiobacterium hominis . These organisms generally occur in the
saliva as normal flora. However, drug users who lick the blood on syringes ingest them and thus,
they can casue polymicrobial endocarditis.
2. Cardiobacterium hominis is Gram negative bacillus that occurs as normal flora of mouth and
upper respiratory tract. The bacterium is grouped into HACEK group. The organism can cause
inflammation of heart valves. It produces beta lactamases
Haemophilus parainfluenzae: Gram negative, pleomorphic, facultative anaerobes. The organism
is mostly assocaited with upper respiratory tract infections and mitral valve inflammation. The
organism is generally found in coinfection with Streptococcus.
Cardiobacterium hominis: It is a Gram negative bacillus of HACEK group. It is part of normal
flora of upper respiratory tract and mouth.
These organisms are generally harmless, and occur as secondary infection. When there is a
disturbance to the mucosal surface, they gain access and enter the tissues. They cause infections
at abnormal tissues of heart like damages valves, in particular. They initiate an inflammatory
response.
3. The organisms are normally present as flora in the host. The patient acquired these bacteria
due to the use of syringe drugs. Licking of the blood on the syringe, and sterilizing the syringe by
licking makes the organism enter the sytem.
Solution
1. The three bacteria that may be implicated in the given case are Staphylococcus aureus,
Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Cardiobacterium hominis . These organisms generally occur in the
saliva as normal flora. However, drug users who lick the blood on syringes ingest them and thus,
they can casue polymicrobial endocarditis.
2. Cardiobacterium hominis is Gram negative bacillus that occurs as normal flora of mouth and
upper respiratory tract. The bacterium is grouped into HACEK group. The organism can cause
inflammation of heart valves. It produces beta lactamases
Haemophilus parainfluenzae: Gram negative, pleomorphic, facultative anaerobes. The organism
is mostly assocaited with upper respiratory tract infections and mitral valve inflammation. The
organism is generally found in coinfection with Streptococcus.
Cardiobacterium hominis: It is a Gram negative bacillus of HACEK group. It is part of normal
flora of upper respiratory tract and mouth.
These organisms are generally harmless, and occur as secondary infection. When there is a
disturbance to the mucosal surface, they gain access and enter the tissues. They cause infections
at abnormal tissues of heart like damages valves, in particular. They initiate an inflammatory
response.
3. The organisms are normally present as flora in the host. The patient acquired these bacteria
due to the use of syringe drugs. Licking of the blood on the syringe, and sterilizing the syringe by
licking makes the organism enter the sytem..
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Similar to Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between the positive end .pdf
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The document discusses the three main types of intermolecular forces: dipole-dipole forces, London dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonding. It describes each type of force, including that dipole-dipole forces exist between polar molecules, London dispersion forces exist between all molecules, and hydrogen bonding specifically refers to the attraction between hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative atoms like N, O, or F. The document also discusses how these intermolecular forces can explain the physical properties of liquids and some solids.
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Intermolecular forces exist between molecules, while intramolecular forces exist within molecules. Melting points increase as intermolecular forces strengthen. Polar molecules have partial charges and can form ion-dipole attractions. The main intermolecular forces are London dispersion, dipole-dipole, and hydrogen bonding. Ionic and covalent bonds are stronger than any intermolecular force within a molecule. A flow chart determines the dominant intermolecular force based on whether ions or polar molecules are present.
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The document discusses intermolecular forces and their effect on solubility. There are three main types of intermolecular forces: London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding. London dispersion forces are the weakest, while hydrogen bonding is the strongest. Compounds with stronger intermolecular forces have higher melting and boiling points, making them more likely to be liquids or solids rather than gases.
The first one has Van der Waals interactions sinc.pdf
The first one has Van der Waals interactions since the entire molecule is nonpolar.
The lack of ionic/polar interactions is what makes the boiling point so low since there aren\'t
really any forces that need to be overcome. The second has a dipole at the carbonyl, which pulls
electron density toward the oxygen. The third is polar and can form hydrogen bonds with other
molecules of itself. This is why its boiling point is the highest, since hydrogen bonds are the
strongest intermolecular forces.
Solution
The first one has Van der Waals interactions since the entire molecule is nonpolar.
The lack of ionic/polar interactions is what makes the boiling point so low since there aren\'t
really any forces that need to be overcome. The second has a dipole at the carbonyl, which pulls
electron density toward the oxygen. The third is polar and can form hydrogen bonds with other
molecules of itself. This is why its boiling point is the highest, since hydrogen bonds are the
strongest intermolecular forces..
Polarity is measured on a scale of electronegativity (the electron d.pdf
Polarity is measured on a scale of electronegativity (the electron disparity between two elements
that are combined in a compound). The more electrons you take from your partner element in the
bonding process, the greater your negative charge, and the greater your electronegativity.
There are three terms to describe the polarity of a given molecular bond:
Ionic
Polar covalent
Non-polar covalent
Ionic is the most polar - essentially, one atom physically takes electrons from another atom,
creating a huge electron disparity between the two atoms. This tends to happen in molecules
where one atom has very few valence electrons and the other has a lot of valence electrons.
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a good example of an ionic bond.
Polar covalent is the mid-range - technically closer to ionic. This happens when one atom
attempts to take electrons from its partner, but cannot quite attract them all to itself. The result is
a covalent bond between the two atoms where the valence electrons are \"shared,\" but the
sharing is unequal. One atom pulls the \"shared\" electrons a little closer to itself. Polar covalent
bonds usually occur between very electronegative elements; hydrogen paired with elements like
oxygen and fluorine almost always creates polar covalent bonds. A good example of a polar
covalent bond is found in water (H2O).
Non-polar covalent is the least polar - in fact, it is not polar at all. This occurs when valence
electrons are shared equally between two atoms. There is little or no tendency for either atom to
pull any of the electrons toward itself. Non-polar covalent bonds can often be seen in molecules
with two non-metals. Methane (CH4) is an example of a non-polar covalent bond.
Solution
Polarity is measured on a scale of electronegativity (the electron disparity between two elements
that are combined in a compound). The more electrons you take from your partner element in the
bonding process, the greater your negative charge, and the greater your electronegativity.
There are three terms to describe the polarity of a given molecular bond:
Ionic
Polar covalent
Non-polar covalent
Ionic is the most polar - essentially, one atom physically takes electrons from another atom,
creating a huge electron disparity between the two atoms. This tends to happen in molecules
where one atom has very few valence electrons and the other has a lot of valence electrons.
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a good example of an ionic bond.
Polar covalent is the mid-range - technically closer to ionic. This happens when one atom
attempts to take electrons from its partner, but cannot quite attract them all to itself. The result is
a covalent bond between the two atoms where the valence electrons are \"shared,\" but the
sharing is unequal. One atom pulls the \"shared\" electrons a little closer to itself. Polar covalent
bonds usually occur between very electronegative elements; hydrogen paired with elements like
oxygen and fluorine almost always creates polar covalent.
grade 12 week 2.pptx
The document discusses different types of intermolecular forces including London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding. It explains that these intermolecular forces determine properties of liquids and solids, such as melting and boiling points, as they must be overcome for phase changes to occur. The forces arise from electrostatic interactions between charged regions in molecules. Hydrogen bonding is a particularly strong form of dipole-dipole interaction.
Intermolecular forces
This document discusses different types of intermolecular forces: permanent dipole-dipole forces, van der Waals forces, and hydrogen bonding. It describes how each type of force arises and provides examples to illustrate the effects of these forces on molecular properties like boiling points. Specifically, it notes that hydrogen bonding results in water having a higher boiling point than other hydrides and ice floating due to its lower density than liquid water.
Chapter 8, section 8.4 (1)
This document discusses bond polarity and molecular polarity. It explains that polar covalent bonds form when electrons are shared unequally between atoms of different electronegativity. The more electronegative atom attracts the electrons more strongly, acquiring a partial negative charge, while the other atom acquires a partial positive charge. Whether a bond is nonpolar, moderately polar, or ionic depends on the electronegativity difference between the atoms. Polar bonds can result in polar molecules if the bond polarities do not cancel out. Intermolecular forces like dipole interactions and dispersion forces are responsible for molecular phase changes and arise from attractions between slightly positively and negatively charged regions on different molecules. Hydrogen bonds are especially strong dipole interactions that
Complexation 1
The document discusses the different types of bonding forces that can be operative in complex formation, including van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, charge transfer interactions, ion pairing, and hydrophobic interactions. It provides examples of each type of interaction and how they contribute to complex stability. Monodentate and polydentate ligands are described as well as their role in chelation and forming stable metal complexes.
Other Bonding
Metallic bonding occurs in a giant metallic lattice where metal atoms form positive ions that are held in place by a "sea" of delocalized electrons. Intermolecular forces include instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces, permanent dipole-dipole forces, and especially strong hydrogen bonds between molecules containing hydroxyl or amino groups. The structures of graphite and diamond are explained by their giant molecular structures held together by these different intermolecular forces.
A hydrogen bond is a type of intermolecular force.pdf
A hydrogen bond is a type of intermolecular force or the force between two
molecules. This type of attraction is present when hydrogen is bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or
flourine. These three elements are very electronegative meaning that that greatly attract electrons
in their bonds. Thus, when hydrogen is bonded with one of these three elements, the electrons
general float around the the nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine due to the high electronegativity. This
creates a partial negative charge around the element and creates a partial positive charge around
the hydrogen atom. Then when that molecule meets another molecule, the partial negative
attracts with the partial positive of the other cell and creates a strong bond.
Solution
A hydrogen bond is a type of intermolecular force or the force between two
molecules. This type of attraction is present when hydrogen is bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or
flourine. These three elements are very electronegative meaning that that greatly attract electrons
in their bonds. Thus, when hydrogen is bonded with one of these three elements, the electrons
general float around the the nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine due to the high electronegativity. This
creates a partial negative charge around the element and creates a partial positive charge around
the hydrogen atom. Then when that molecule meets another molecule, the partial negative
attracts with the partial positive of the other cell and creates a strong bond..
Intermolecular forces
The document discusses intermolecular forces and their relationship to solubility. It defines intermolecular forces as forces between molecules that are weaker than intramolecular forces. There are three main types of intermolecular forces: London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding, with hydrogen bonding being the strongest. Compounds with stronger intermolecular forces are harder to separate and therefore have higher melting and boiling points, making them more likely to be liquids or solids, while those with weaker forces are more likely to be gases.
Lecture 8.4c- Intermolecular Forces
1) Ammonia (NH3) is a polar molecule that has tetrahedral shape due to hydrogen bonding between nitrogen and hydrogen atoms.
2) Intermolecular forces include dipole-dipole interactions between polar molecules and London dispersion forces between all molecules.
3) Hydrogen bonding is a strong type of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs between molecules containing hydrogen bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine.
Phys 4710 lec 2
The document discusses the different types of forces that hold atoms together in solids. There are ionic bonds formed between ions of opposite charge, covalent bonds formed when atoms share electrons, and metallic bonds between positively charged metal ions and delocalized electrons. Weaker van der Waals forces occur between neutral molecules due to fluctuations in electron density, while hydrogen bonds form between hydrogen and highly electronegative atoms like oxygen or fluorine. Together, these bonding forces determine the structure and properties of different solid materials.
Phys 4710 lec 2
The document discusses the different types of forces that hold atoms together in solids. It describes ionic bonding in ionic compounds like NaCl, where ions with opposite charges are attracted. Covalent bonding is formed by the sharing of electrons between nonmetal atoms. Metallic bonding occurs between positively charged metal ions and delocalized electrons. Weaker van der Waals forces result from fluctuations in electron densities between neutral molecules. Hydrogen bonding is an electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a electronegative atom, like oxygen, and another electronegative atom. The types of bonding determine the properties of different solids.
Ch11 outline
This document summarizes intermolecular forces and their effects on physical properties like boiling point, viscosity, and phase changes. It discusses different types of intermolecular forces including hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces. It also describes the different states of matter and phase diagrams, explaining how intermolecular forces determine properties like melting point and vapor pressure.
Ch11 outline
This document summarizes intermolecular forces and their effects on physical properties like boiling point, viscosity, and phase changes. It discusses different types of intermolecular forces including hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces. It also describes the different states of matter and phase diagrams, explaining how intermolecular forces determine properties like melting point and vapor pressure.
GEN. CHEM. 2 KMT SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS.pptx
This document discusses the differences between liquids, solids, and gases in terms of molecular behavior and intermolecular forces. It explains that in liquids and solids, molecules are close together with little empty space between them due to attractive intermolecular forces. Molecules in liquids can move past one another but are constrained by these forces, while molecules in solids are held rigidly in position with almost no freedom of movement. Gases, in contrast, have greater distances between molecules and no attractive forces constraining their movement. The document then covers different types of intermolecular forces including London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, and ion-dipole forces.
bonding_regents_chem.ppt
This document defines chemical bonding and describes the three main types of bonds: metallic, ionic, and covalent. Metallic bonds form a crystalline lattice structure with freely moving electrons. Ionic bonds form when ions with opposite charges are attracted to each other via electrostatic forces. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons to achieve stable electron configurations. The type of bonding determines various physical properties like melting point, hardness, and conductivity.
Chemical bonds
This document discusses three types of chemical bonds: metallic bonds, ionic bonds, and covalent bonds. It then describes different types of covalent bonds including nonpolar, polar, and coordinated covalent bonds. Finally, it discusses three types of intermolecular forces: dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding. Dispersion forces exist between all molecules due to temporary dipoles, while dipole-dipole forces exist between polar molecules due to attraction of partial charges. Hydrogen bonding is a strong form of dipole-dipole force between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom like N, O, or F.
Similar to Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between the positive end .pdf (20)
The first one has Van der Waals interactions sinc.pdf
The first one has Van der Waals interactions sinc.pdf
Polarity is measured on a scale of electronegativity (the electron d.pdf
Polarity is measured on a scale of electronegativity (the electron d.pdf
A hydrogen bond is a type of intermolecular force.pdf
A hydrogen bond is a type of intermolecular force.pdf
More from info382133
1.) Main characteristics of Haloarchaea are as followsHalophiles .pdf
Halophiles cope with high salt concentrations in their environment by accumulating salts within their cytoplasm to achieve osmotic balance. They produce compatible solutes like glycerol and amino acids to do so without disrupting pH or metabolism. Rhodopsins are light-activated proton pumps in microbes that use retinal and include bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin. They help transport ions across cell membranes using light energy.
1. The three bacteria that may be implicated in the given case are S.pdf
1. The three bacteria that may be implicated in the given case are Staphylococcus aureus,
Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Cardiobacterium hominis . These organisms generally occur in the
saliva as normal flora. However, drug users who lick the blood on syringes ingest them and thus,
they can casue polymicrobial endocarditis.
2. Cardiobacterium hominis is Gram negative bacillus that occurs as normal flora of mouth and
upper respiratory tract. The bacterium is grouped into HACEK group. The organism can cause
inflammation of heart valves. It produces beta lactamases
Haemophilus parainfluenzae: Gram negative, pleomorphic, facultative anaerobes. The organism
is mostly assocaited with upper respiratory tract infections and mitral valve inflammation. The
organism is generally found in coinfection with Streptococcus.
Cardiobacterium hominis: It is a Gram negative bacillus of HACEK group. It is part of normal
flora of upper respiratory tract and mouth.
These organisms are generally harmless, and occur as secondary infection. When there is a
disturbance to the mucosal surface, they gain access and enter the tissues. They cause infections
at abnormal tissues of heart like damages valves, in particular. They initiate an inflammatory
response.
3. The organisms are normally present as flora in the host. The patient acquired these bacteria
due to the use of syringe drugs. Licking of the blood on the syringe, and sterilizing the syringe by
licking makes the organism enter the sytem.
Solution
1. The three bacteria that may be implicated in the given case are Staphylococcus aureus,
Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Cardiobacterium hominis . These organisms generally occur in the
saliva as normal flora. However, drug users who lick the blood on syringes ingest them and thus,
they can casue polymicrobial endocarditis.
2. Cardiobacterium hominis is Gram negative bacillus that occurs as normal flora of mouth and
upper respiratory tract. The bacterium is grouped into HACEK group. The organism can cause
inflammation of heart valves. It produces beta lactamases
Haemophilus parainfluenzae: Gram negative, pleomorphic, facultative anaerobes. The organism
is mostly assocaited with upper respiratory tract infections and mitral valve inflammation. The
organism is generally found in coinfection with Streptococcus.
Cardiobacterium hominis: It is a Gram negative bacillus of HACEK group. It is part of normal
flora of upper respiratory tract and mouth.
These organisms are generally harmless, and occur as secondary infection. When there is a
disturbance to the mucosal surface, they gain access and enter the tissues. They cause infections
at abnormal tissues of heart like damages valves, in particular. They initiate an inflammatory
response.
3. The organisms are normally present as flora in the host. The patient acquired these bacteria
due to the use of syringe drugs. Licking of the blood on the syringe, and sterilizing the syringe by
licking makes the organism enter the sytem..
1. Pros and Cons of IP CCTVNew threats are introduced to the secu.pdf
1. Pros and Cons of IP CCTV:
New threats are introduced to the security world as systems migrate from traditional analogue to
IP network-enabled systems particularly in video surveillance. Internet Protocol (IP) provide an
open platform for integration at the data level of multiple security and life safety devices and
applications.
Pros:
Lower initial cost: Harnissing the IT infrastructure reduces installation costs in cabling,
associated containment and power outlets.
Wide-spread compatibility
Provides flexibility and scalability
Higher security and resilience
The tight software integraion between systems make them more intelligent and reduces security
gaps, speed up the response time.
Cons:
It revolves arond network security and hackers threat.
The risk increases if camera is accesses from the mobile or phone.
Threat to the security industry and thus security from the IT sector.
2.
3. User education about security:
It is one of the hardest security layers for administrators to implement.Some of the tips are:
4. There are many problems associated with the boimetrics like fingerprints, iris patterns, face
scan, voice recognization. Make sure that the biometric data is a sensitive data compared to
others and is encrypted in transit from the biometrics device to the directory or database housing
the authentication credentials. Some biometrics readers are on USB keys or tokens that connect
to the computer. These devices should provide encryption.
Either at rest or in transit, the key to protecting biometric data is encryption and then secure
storage in a directory service such as AD or LDAP.
5. Organizations need to take pro-active steps to define the accetable use of portable storage
devices like USB flash drives within the environment and then put the tools and technology in
place to help monitor and enforce the policy and protect the network and data from the risk
caused by USB flash drives. Many organizations have an acceptable use policy defined, which
users must agree to. The Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) essentially defines how users are allowed
to use the internet, e-mail, telephones and other cmmunications and network resources.
The Group policy is an effective tool for computer on the network and enforcing the security
policies.
Solution
1. Pros and Cons of IP CCTV:
New threats are introduced to the security world as systems migrate from traditional analogue to
IP network-enabled systems particularly in video surveillance. Internet Protocol (IP) provide an
open platform for integration at the data level of multiple security and life safety devices and
applications.
Pros:
Lower initial cost: Harnissing the IT infrastructure reduces installation costs in cabling,
associated containment and power outlets.
Wide-spread compatibility
Provides flexibility and scalability
Higher security and resilience
The tight software integraion between systems make them more intelligent and reduces security
gaps, speed up the response time.
Cons:
It revolves.
1. Activation of Vit. D involves Kidney and Liver and liver is part .pdf
1. Activation of Vit. D involves Kidney and Liver and liver is part of Digestive system. Answer
is Digestive system
2. Calcium homeostasis and phosphate homeostasis are intimately tied to each other for two
reasons. First, calcium and phosphate are the principal components of hydroxyapatite crystals
[Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)], which by far constitute the major portion of the mineral phase of bone.
Second, they are regulated by the same hormones, primarily parathyroid hormone (PTH) and
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) and, to a lesser extent, the hormone calcitonin. These
hormones act on three organ systems-the bone, the kidneys, and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract-to
control the levels of these two ions in plasma. Answer is Endocrine system
3. Answer is Muscular system
4. Nonspecific defenses include mechanical barriers such as skin, saliva, the lacrimal apparatus,
and mucous membranes, as well as the outward flow of urine, vaginal secretions, and blood
(from wounds). Phagocytosis, fever, inflammation, and molecular strategies. Answer is
Integumentary System
5. Answer is the Circulatory system, Renal artery perfusion pressure directly regulates sodium
excretion-a process known as pressure natriuresis-and influences the activity of various
vasoactive systems such as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
6. Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone produced in the kidney that acts on erythroid
progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Answer is Skeleton system
7. When the animal is in a situation of crisis or stress blood flow to the kidneys is reduced for the
sake of other organs such as the brain, heart and skeletal muscles. The sympathetic nervous
system and a heightened level of adrenalin in the plasma cause the contraction of both the
afferant and efferant arterioles. Answer is Nervous System
Solution
1. Activation of Vit. D involves Kidney and Liver and liver is part of Digestive system. Answer
is Digestive system
2. Calcium homeostasis and phosphate homeostasis are intimately tied to each other for two
reasons. First, calcium and phosphate are the principal components of hydroxyapatite crystals
[Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)], which by far constitute the major portion of the mineral phase of bone.
Second, they are regulated by the same hormones, primarily parathyroid hormone (PTH) and
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) and, to a lesser extent, the hormone calcitonin. These
hormones act on three organ systems-the bone, the kidneys, and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract-to
control the levels of these two ions in plasma. Answer is Endocrine system
3. Answer is Muscular system
4. Nonspecific defenses include mechanical barriers such as skin, saliva, the lacrimal apparatus,
and mucous membranes, as well as the outward flow of urine, vaginal secretions, and blood
(from wounds). Phagocytosis, fever, inflammation, and molecular strategies. Answer is
Integumentary System
5. Answer is the Circulatory system, Renal artery perfusion pressure directly regulates sodium
.
Rf = (distance the spot traveled)L there are fou.pdf
Rf = (distance the spot traveled)/L there are four spots, so from the left to the right:
Rf = 0.15 Rf = 0.40 Rf = 0.62 Rf = 0.87
Solution
Rf = (distance the spot traveled)/L there are four spots, so from the left to the right:
Rf = 0.15 Rf = 0.40 Rf = 0.62 Rf = 0.87.
No. Since sodium chloride is an ionic compound, i.pdf
No. Since sodium chloride is an ionic compound, it will be formula units, not
molecules. Molecules indicate equal sharing of electrons, whereas in sodium chloride it is a
complex of ions.
Solution
No. Since sodium chloride is an ionic compound, it will be formula units, not
molecules. Molecules indicate equal sharing of electrons, whereas in sodium chloride it is a
complex of ions..
Nacl is highly ionic in nature. where as CaO is s.pdf
Nacl is highly ionic in nature. where as CaO is slightly covalent
Solution
Nacl is highly ionic in nature. where as CaO is slightly covalent.
it is reduced as it accepts e- and goes from 0 to.pdf
it is reduced as it accepts e- and goes from 0 to -1 oxidation state
Solution
it is reduced as it accepts e- and goes from 0 to -1 oxidation state.
Iodine test is used to see if a compound has star.pdf
Iodine test is used to see if a compound has starch. Amylose has starch.
Solution
Iodine test is used to see if a compound has starch. Amylose has starch..
I have no clue! .pdf
This very short document does not provide any information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. The document simply states "I have no clue!" twice without offering any additional context or details.
C only III is major product .pdf
The document discusses a chemical reaction that produces one major product. The sole major product of the reaction is referred to as "C only III". No other products are mentioned as being significant.
Borane-THF is flammable and highly reactive with .pdf
Borane-THF is flammable and highly reactive with water ie why the student might
have had an explosion on his hands if you had not intervened.
Solution
Borane-THF is flammable and highly reactive with water ie why the student might
have had an explosion on his hands if you had not intervened..
Ubiquity Internet is available everywhere namely at home, at work v.pdf
Ubiquity: Internet is available everywhere namely at home, at work via mobile phones,
computers and other devices at any time.
Customization: Technology has allowed the personalized messages to the individuals and
sometimes to the groups probabily when an order is placed or for some other purpose.
Universal Standards: Actually these are one set technology known as internet standards.
Information Density: Here technology may decrease the information cost and at the same time
quality will be raised to the higher levels.
Solution
Ubiquity: Internet is available everywhere namely at home, at work via mobile phones,
computers and other devices at any time.
Customization: Technology has allowed the personalized messages to the individuals and
sometimes to the groups probabily when an order is placed or for some other purpose.
Universal Standards: Actually these are one set technology known as internet standards.
Information Density: Here technology may decrease the information cost and at the same time
quality will be raised to the higher levels..
Water is the most used resource in our day to day life . When the wa.pdf
Water is the most used resource in our day to day life . When the water that is used for other than
driniking purposes such as house hold activities and industries etc where water used is termed as
waste water.In waste water we have different types of physical and chemical compunds which
are both toxic and harmfull to both our health and atmosphere. So this chemicals are treated by
using various technologies and reducing the risk factor .
THere are so many waste water treatment technologies that effectively reduce emerging
pollutants and ground water contaminents
1) Activated sludge process
2) Advanced oxidation process
3) Aerated lagoon
4) Aerobic granulation etc
We can see that process are aerobic in nature and some are anerobic which means in presence of
oxygen or in absence of nitrogen.
Ground water is also contaminated due to suspended solids and chemicals present in water .
Untreated waste water from septic tank which has toxic materials forms underground storage
tanks in landfills and contaminate ground water
We use ex-situ technology and in situ technology for prevention of ground water contamination.
Solution
Water is the most used resource in our day to day life . When the water that is used for other than
driniking purposes such as house hold activities and industries etc where water used is termed as
waste water.In waste water we have different types of physical and chemical compunds which
are both toxic and harmfull to both our health and atmosphere. So this chemicals are treated by
using various technologies and reducing the risk factor .
THere are so many waste water treatment technologies that effectively reduce emerging
pollutants and ground water contaminents
1) Activated sludge process
2) Advanced oxidation process
3) Aerated lagoon
4) Aerobic granulation etc
We can see that process are aerobic in nature and some are anerobic which means in presence of
oxygen or in absence of nitrogen.
Ground water is also contaminated due to suspended solids and chemicals present in water .
Untreated waste water from septic tank which has toxic materials forms underground storage
tanks in landfills and contaminate ground water
We use ex-situ technology and in situ technology for prevention of ground water contamination..
The initiation of the sporulation of the bacteria is a complex cellu.pdf
The initiation of the sporulation of the bacteria is a complex cellular event controlled by an
extensive network of regulatory proteins.
They serve to ensure that a cell begin on this differentiation process only when appropriate
conditions are met.
The major signal transduction pathway for the initiation of sporulation is phosphorelay ,which
responds to the environmental,cell cycle, and metabolic signals and phosphorylates the spo0A
transcription factor activating its function.
Signal input into phosphorelay occurs through activation of kinases to phosphorylate a second
messenger protein,spo0F.
Spo0F-P serves as a substrate for phosphoprotein phosphotransferase spo0B, which
phosphorylates spo0A.
The pathway is regulated by the transcriptional control of is component proteins and by
regulating phosphate flux through the pathway.
Thus two-component regulatory system control sporulation process in Bacillus subtilis.
Solution
The initiation of the sporulation of the bacteria is a complex cellular event controlled by an
extensive network of regulatory proteins.
They serve to ensure that a cell begin on this differentiation process only when appropriate
conditions are met.
The major signal transduction pathway for the initiation of sporulation is phosphorelay ,which
responds to the environmental,cell cycle, and metabolic signals and phosphorylates the spo0A
transcription factor activating its function.
Signal input into phosphorelay occurs through activation of kinases to phosphorylate a second
messenger protein,spo0F.
Spo0F-P serves as a substrate for phosphoprotein phosphotransferase spo0B, which
phosphorylates spo0A.
The pathway is regulated by the transcriptional control of is component proteins and by
regulating phosphate flux through the pathway.
Thus two-component regulatory system control sporulation process in Bacillus subtilis..
The emissivity of a given surface is the measure of its ability to e.pdf
The emissivity of a given surface is the measure of its ability to emit radiation energy in
comparison to a blackbody at the same temperature. The emissivity of a surface varies between
zero and one. This is a property that measures how much a surface behaves as a blackbody. The
emissivity of a real surface varies as a function of the surface temperature, the wavelength, and
the direction of the emitted radiation.
Reflectivity is the amount of radiant energy reflected off a surface and it is related to surface
material.
these characteristics impact visual augmentation systems. because by detecting thermal radiation
emitted by a body position of that body can be located. similarly reflectivity effect is used in
visual glint phenomenon.
these two techniques are used in euipment used by army to detect and locate position of enemy
Solution
The emissivity of a given surface is the measure of its ability to emit radiation energy in
comparison to a blackbody at the same temperature. The emissivity of a surface varies between
zero and one. This is a property that measures how much a surface behaves as a blackbody. The
emissivity of a real surface varies as a function of the surface temperature, the wavelength, and
the direction of the emitted radiation.
Reflectivity is the amount of radiant energy reflected off a surface and it is related to surface
material.
these characteristics impact visual augmentation systems. because by detecting thermal radiation
emitted by a body position of that body can be located. similarly reflectivity effect is used in
visual glint phenomenon.
these two techniques are used in euipment used by army to detect and locate position of enemy.
Power set={SolutionPower set={.pdf
This document does not contain enough information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. The document consists of an opening bracket with the text "Power set={" and "Solution" but does not include any other details, context, or body of information that could be meaningfully summarized.
ANSWER Accounting concepts and conventions In dr.pdf
ANSWER Accounting concepts and conventions In drawing up accounting
statements, whether they are external \"financial accounts\" or internally-focused \"management
accounts\", a clear objective has to be that the accounts fairly reflect the true \"substance\" of the
business and the results of its operation. The theory of accounting has, therefore, developed the
concept of a \"true and fair view\". The true and fair view is applied in ensuring and assessing
whether accounts do indeed portray accurately the business\' activities. To support the
application of the \"true and fair view\", accounting has adopted certain concepts and
conventions which help to ensure that accounting information is presented accurately and
consistently. Accounting Conventions The most commonly encountered convention is the
\"historical cost convention\". This requires transactions to be recorded at the price ruling at the
time, and for assets to be valued at their original cost. Under the \"historical cost convention\",
therefore, no account is taken of changing prices in the economy. The other conventions you
will encounter in a set of accounts can be summarised as follows: Monetary measurement
Accountants do not account for items unless they can be quantified in monetary terms. Items that
are not accounted for (unless someone is prepared to pay something for them) include things like
workforce skill, morale, market leadership, brand recognition, quality of management etc.
Separate Entity This convention seeks to ensure that private transactions and matters relating to
the owners of a business are segregated from transactions that relate to the business. Realisation
With this convention, accounts recognise transactions (and any profits arising from them) at the
point of sale or transfer of legal ownership - rather than just when cash actually changes hands.
For example, a company that makes a sale to a customer can recognise that sale when the
transaction is legal - at the point of contract. The actual payment due from the customer may not
arise until several weeks (or months) later - if the customer has been granted some credit terms.
Materiality An important convention. As we can see from the application of accounting
standards and accounting policies, the preparation of accounts involves a high degree of
judgement. Where decisions are required about the appropriateness of a particular accounting
judgement, the \"materiality\" convention suggests that this should only be an issue if the
judgement is \"significant\" or \"material\" to a user of the accounts. The concept of
\"materiality\" is an important issue for auditors of financial accounts. Accounting Concepts
Four important accounting concepts underpin the preparation of any set of accounts: Going
Concern Accountants assume, unless there is evidence to the contrary, that a company is not
going broke. This has important implications for the valuation of assets and liabilities.
Consistency Transactions and val.
As ions are charged species a strong interactions.pdf
As ions are charged species a strong interactions(attractions) are possible between
the oppositely charged ions. Where as london dispersion forces(vanderwaal forces) are weak
forces as they are induced dipole-dipole attractions, these are temporary and weak attractions. ex:
between Na+& Cl- strong ionic attractions are present. between 2 molecules of water london
forces involve. and hence NaCl has high mp & bp than H2O
Solution
As ions are charged species a strong interactions(attractions) are possible between
the oppositely charged ions. Where as london dispersion forces(vanderwaal forces) are weak
forces as they are induced dipole-dipole attractions, these are temporary and weak attractions. ex:
between Na+& Cl- strong ionic attractions are present. between 2 molecules of water london
forces involve. and hence NaCl has high mp & bp than H2O.
More from info382133 (20)
1.) Main characteristics of Haloarchaea are as followsHalophiles .pdf
1.) Main characteristics of Haloarchaea are as followsHalophiles .pdf
1. The three bacteria that may be implicated in the given case are S.pdf
1. The three bacteria that may be implicated in the given case are S.pdf
1. Pros and Cons of IP CCTVNew threats are introduced to the secu.pdf
1. Pros and Cons of IP CCTVNew threats are introduced to the secu.pdf
1. Activation of Vit. D involves Kidney and Liver and liver is part .pdf
1. Activation of Vit. D involves Kidney and Liver and liver is part .pdf
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