The first one has Van der Waals interactions sinc.pdf
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The first one has Van der Waals interactions since the entire molecule is nonpolar. The lack of ionic/polar interactions is what makes the boiling point so low since there aren\'t really any forces that need to be overcome. The second has a dipole at the carbonyl, which pulls electron density toward the oxygen. The third is polar and can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules of itself. This is why its boiling point is the highest, since hydrogen bonds are the strongest intermolecular forces. Solution The first one has Van der Waals interactions since the entire molecule is nonpolar. The lack of ionic/polar interactions is what makes the boiling point so low since there aren\'t really any forces that need to be overcome. The second has a dipole at the carbonyl, which pulls electron density toward the oxygen. The third is polar and can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules of itself. This is why its boiling point is the highest, since hydrogen bonds are the strongest intermolecular forces..
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Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between the positive end .pdf
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Hydrogen bonding is the attractive interaction of a hydrogen atom with an electronegative atom
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Describe the types of intermolecular forces that you think affect the.docx
Describe the types of intermolecular forces that you think affect the properties of alkanes and the other functional groups of organic compounds discussed in this chapter.
Solution
Vander Waals forces-
For hydrocarbons, like alkane molecules which does not have strong dipoles, Vander Waals forces are the only attractive forces between molecules. As the dipoles are nonexistent, it depends on contact between the molecules, or in other words the forces increase with surface area. Methane, a small molecule has very weak intermolecular forces, with a low boiling point. However, with increase in molecular weight, boiling point increases. This is because the larger surface area. Therefore, Vander Waals d ispersion forces increase with increasing molecular weight of the alkanes.
Dipole-dipole interactions
Compounds like acetone which has C=O group is polar compound because of the electronegativity difference between C and O. This results into the dipole-dipole interaction and increases the boiling point in comparison to the hydrocarbon, propane.
Hydrogen Bonding
This has a remarkable influence on the properties of organic molecules or for that matter in biological system. Compounds like ethanol which has an OH group exhibit extensive hydrogen bonding and its boiling point is much higher than the hydrocarbon Ethane.
Hydrogen bond forms when H-atom is bonded to a very strong electronegative atoms, namely O, N, F and Cl etc.
Based on the kind of inter molecular forces the solubility pattern of the organic compounds also changes.
.
Intermolecular Forces are foces actingwithin a molecule.You should.pdf
Intermolecular Forces are foces actingwithin a molecule.
You should first note whehter the molecule is metallic, ionicor covalent.
There are three different types of Intermolecular Forces thatapplies for covalent molecules:
Dispersion force,Dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonds.
The relative strength of these forces are: dispersion forces< dipole-dipole interactions <
hydrogen bonds
Hence, dispersion forces are the weakest and hydrogen bondsare the strongest.
Dispersion forces (aka. van der Waals Forceor London Force) are for non-polarmolecules.Non-
polar molecules have no dipoles, or the dipoledoesn\'t extend throughout the molecule, and only
dispersion forces.They are generally don\'t mix with water, and are usually anyelement and
carbon compounds.
For example:Cl2,CO2,N2O4,CH4
Dipole-Dipole forces occur between moleculesthat have permanent net dipoles, (hencepolar
molecules)
Polar molecules usually have a dipole and may contain a highlyelectronegative element bonded
to hydrogen, allowing hydrogenbonding. They are also usually soluble in water.
For example: SCl2 , PCl3,CH3Cl
Hydrogen Bonds occur between molecules thathave permanent net dipole resulting from
hydrogen beingcovalently bonded to either fluorine, oxygen ornitrogen.
For example: HF, H2O, H2O2 ,CH3OH, CH3COOH,CH3NH2
These forces operate between covalentmolecules.
As for your answer,
Na+: Dispersion
H3C-CH3: Dispersion
K2O : Ionic Bond
H2O: Hydrogen bonding, the hydrogen has a verylow electronegativety resulting in the oxygen
atoms having greateraffinity to the covalently shared electrons.
NH3 : polar, hence dipole-dipole and hydrogenbonding, since the hydrogen is slightly +ve and
the nitrogenslightly -ve. There more electronegative nitrogen pulls thehydrogen electron towards
it, giving a dipole moment .
Ne: non polar, hence dispersion forces only(randomness of electron clouds instantaneously
causes oppositecharges at the ends of the molecule which induces the same effectin another)
If you want to learn more, this site might help:
http://science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c123/intermol.html
Solution
Intermolecular Forces are foces actingwithin a molecule.
You should first note whehter the molecule is metallic, ionicor covalent.
There are three different types of Intermolecular Forces thatapplies for covalent molecules:
Dispersion force,Dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonds.
The relative strength of these forces are: dispersion forces< dipole-dipole interactions <
hydrogen bonds
Hence, dispersion forces are the weakest and hydrogen bondsare the strongest.
Dispersion forces (aka. van der Waals Forceor London Force) are for non-polarmolecules.Non-
polar molecules have no dipoles, or the dipoledoesn\'t extend throughout the molecule, and only
dispersion forces.They are generally don\'t mix with water, and are usually anyelement and
carbon compounds.
For example:Cl2,CO2,N2O4,CH4
Dipole-Dipole forces occur between moleculesthat have permanent net dipoles, (hencepolar
molecu.
Intermolecular forces of attraction ( IMF)
This is a ppt for the topic IMF this is only a brief lectures that i made for my reporting.
IMFA.pptx
jbaskjaskdguasicgdsbefkbe cdm ckasxkasvavcxznc kxcufeukdvbcdgusgaasxbxnzmx sdvydgywtdgusdbjsbxjzxbsagduiagsdiusadshbcbhdvcsbcjbxjhxauasagduetwegdhesdbjsbahsLUWYEUWEWDBSHBXSBXHSDWGSYT3YEWUIQ8UW82QEWUDHHSAHJXAHDYSGSUDXAHSUAYWEWYRYGDSHXJAHAKSAGSALSJDIUIYE87EWYYEWDHDBSXZBJHUWAYWYETWYEYSHDAHSLXJABXBBXXYGYDTGYDTDDHSHASYDWHSPPPY HYWYD82WEUHDIUAHXLAXBSjhsguwgwagvbsnajhhhhhsljhhsbywugeywgeuwiqilasnabxhsdyeywuidqwusajsnjaiwyeyweeiqshalsjansjswhdhwwdywyetweqoogododovoveoyyeyeowygqgssbsobxewewgerroegregcrgntrncgyytrehehynwte623rhewirheheyerhfdhzmsfagfadgbdcsddgfgdfvhcgvrtfweyuiqwsgsabsduegretfeyfhsdgbtgcuegauwngyrgcbngibfjhnfgvuhwbdxyygeeyxbhnaszhnsxyfgehbcnhdgdnyxfyrefnxfasxisdgxyfdgxg
intermolecular forces.pdf
Intermolecular Forces
Definition
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Intermolecular Forces
The three main types of intermolecular forces are:
London dispersion forces (also known as Van der Waals forces): These forces are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. They arise due to temporary fluctuations in electron distribution, creating temporary dipoles. These temporary dipoles induce dipoles in neighboring molecules, resulting in attractive forces. London dispersion forces increase with increasing molecular size and shape. Substances with stronger London dispersion forces tend to have higher boiling points and melting points.
London Dispersion force
London dispersion forces are the weakest intermolecular forces.
They occur due to temporary fluctuations in electron distribution within molecules, creating temporary dipoles.
These temporary dipoles induce dipoles in neighboring molecules, resulting in attractive forces.
London dispersion forces increase with increasing molecular size and shape.
Substances with stronger London dispersion forces tend to have higher boiling points and melting points.
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2 .Dipole-dipole interactions: These forces occur between polar molecules. They arise due to the attraction between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule. Dipole-dipole interactions are stronger than London dispersion forces and contribute significantly to the physical properties of polar substances
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Dipole dipole interaction
Polar molecules have an uneven distribution of electron density, resulting in a permanent dipole moment.
The positive end of one polar molecule is attracted to the negative end of another polar molecule.
Dipole-dipole interactions are stronger than London dispersion forces.
These forces contribute significantly to the physical properties of polar substances.
Examples of substances with predominant dipole-dipole interactions include hydrogen chloride (HCl) and water (H2O).
3.Hydrogen bonding: This is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs when a hydrogen atom is bonded to a highly electronegative atom (such as nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine) and is also attracted to another electronegative atom in a different molecule. Hydrogen bonding is exceptionally strong compared to other intermolecular forces and has a significant impact on the properties of substances. It is responsible for many unique properties of water, such as its high boiling point, surface tension, and the ability to form ice with a lower density than liquid water.
Chemical bond
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of chemical compounds or substance . The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between atoms with opposite charges, or through the sharing of electrons as in the covalent bonds........
Non covalent bonds
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SOURCE CODEimport java.util.Iterator;public class CircularLinke.pdf
SOURCE CODE:
import java.util.Iterator;
public class CircularLinkedList implements Iterable {
Node head , tail;
int size;
CircularLinkedList() {
head = null;
tail = null;
size = 0;
}
public boolean add(E e) {
Node ele = new Node(e);
ele.next = head;
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{
head = ele;
ele.next = head;
tail = head;
}
else
{
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tail = ele;
}
size++;
return true;
}
public boolean add(int index, E e){
Node ele = new Node(e);
Node ptr = head;
index = index - 1 ;
for (int i = 1; i < size - 1; i++)
{
if (i == index)
{
Node tmp = ptr.next;
ptr.next = ele;
ele.next = tmp;
break;
}
ptr = ptr.next;
}
size++ ;
return true;
}
private Node getNode(int index ) {
return null;
}
public E remove(int index) {
Node ret;
if (size == 1 && index == 1)
{
ret = head;
head = null;
tail = null;
size = 0;
return ret.getElement();
}
if (index == 1)
{
ret = head;
head = head.next;
tail.next = head;
size--;
return ret.getElement();
}
if (index == size)
{
Node s = head;
Node t = head;
while (s != tail)
{
t = s;
s = s.next;
}
ret = tail;
tail = head;
tail = t;
size --;
return ret.getElement();
}
Node ptr = head;
index = index - 1 ;
for (int i = 1; i < size - 1; i++)
{
if (i == index)
{
Node tmp = ptr.next;
tmp = tmp.next;
ptr.next = tmp;
break;
}
ptr = ptr.next;
}
size-- ;
return ptr.getElement();
}
public String toString()
{
Node current = head;
String result = \"\";
if(size == 0){
return \"\";
}
if(size == 1) {
return head.getElement().toString();
}
else{
do{
result = result + current.getElement().toString();
result = result + \" ==> \";
current = current.next;
} while(current != head);
}
return result;
}
public Iterator iterator() {
return new ListIterator();
}
private class ListIterator implements Iterator{
Node nextItem;
Node prev;
int index;
@SuppressWarnings(\"unchecked\")
public ListIterator(){
nextItem = (Node) head;
index = 0;
}
public boolean hasNext() {
return size != 0;
}
public E next() {
prev = nextItem;
nextItem = nextItem.next;
index = (index + 1) % size;
return prev.getElement();
}
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int target;
if(nextItem == head) {
target = size - 1;
} else{
target = index - 1;
index--;
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}
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// The answer of n = 13, k = 2 is
// the 11th person in the ring (index 10)
public static void main(String[] args){
CircularLinkedList l = new CircularLinkedList();
int n=13;
int k=2;
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
l.add(Integer.valueOf(i));
int j = 13,i=0;
while(j>0)
{
System.out.println(l.toString());
i = i + k;
if(i>j)
i = k;
l.remove(i);
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OUTPUT:
1 ==> 2 ==> 3 ==> 4 ==> 5 ==> 6 ==> 7 ==> 8 ==> 9 ==> 10 ==> 11 ==> 12 ==> 13 ==>
1 ==> 3 ==> 4 ==> 5 ==> 6 ==> 7 ==> 8 ==> 9 ==> 10 ==> 11 ==> 12 ==> 13 ==>
1 ==> 3 ==> 4 ==> 6 ==> 7 ==> 8 ==> 9 ==> 10 ==> 11 ==> 12 ==> 13 ==>
1 ==> 3 ==> 4 ==> 6 ==> 7 ==> 9 ==> 10 ==> 11 ==> 12 ==> 13 ==>
1 ==> 3 ==> 4 ==> 6 ==> 7 ==> 9 ==> 10 ==> 12 ==> 13 ==>
1 ==> 4 ==> 6 ==> 7 ==> 9 ==> 10 ==> 12 ==> 13 ==>
1 ==> 4.
2) In Autocrine signalling, reception of a signal released by the sa.pdf
2) In Autocrine signalling, reception of a signal released by the same cell. Cell secretes the
harmone that binds to autocrine receptors of the same cell.
3) Ras binds to steroid harmones is a false statement.
Solution
2) In Autocrine signalling, reception of a signal released by the same cell. Cell secretes the
harmone that binds to autocrine receptors of the same cell.
3) Ras binds to steroid harmones is a false statement..
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Bondings in Molecules.pptx
Assignment Slides- A short intro to chemical bondings, Water molecule, pH.
This is part of larger course of molecular electronics and biomolecules of nanotechnology.
Note- This is just basic concise part I made for assignment, any scientific inaccuracies is probable and highly regretted. Any constructive criticism is welcome.
Hydrogen bonding pdf.pdf
1.Weak forces of attraction
2.Concepts of Hydrogen bonding
3.Types of hydrogen bonding
4.Properties of hydrogen bond.
5.Methods of detection of hydrogen bond.
6.Importance of Hydrogen bonding.
7.Vander walls forces
a.Ion-dipole
b.Dipole-dipole
c.London forces.
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9.Consequences of hydrogen bonding.
10.Ice has less density than water.
11.Intermolecular forces.
Describe the types of intermolecular forces that you think affect the.docx
Describe the types of intermolecular forces that you think affect the properties of alkanes and the other functional groups of organic compounds discussed in this chapter.
Solution
Vander Waals forces-
For hydrocarbons, like alkane molecules which does not have strong dipoles, Vander Waals forces are the only attractive forces between molecules. As the dipoles are nonexistent, it depends on contact between the molecules, or in other words the forces increase with surface area. Methane, a small molecule has very weak intermolecular forces, with a low boiling point. However, with increase in molecular weight, boiling point increases. This is because the larger surface area. Therefore, Vander Waals d ispersion forces increase with increasing molecular weight of the alkanes.
Dipole-dipole interactions
Compounds like acetone which has C=O group is polar compound because of the electronegativity difference between C and O. This results into the dipole-dipole interaction and increases the boiling point in comparison to the hydrocarbon, propane.
Hydrogen Bonding
This has a remarkable influence on the properties of organic molecules or for that matter in biological system. Compounds like ethanol which has an OH group exhibit extensive hydrogen bonding and its boiling point is much higher than the hydrocarbon Ethane.
Hydrogen bond forms when H-atom is bonded to a very strong electronegative atoms, namely O, N, F and Cl etc.
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Intermolecular Forces are foces actingwithin a molecule.You should.pdf
Intermolecular Forces are foces actingwithin a molecule.
You should first note whehter the molecule is metallic, ionicor covalent.
There are three different types of Intermolecular Forces thatapplies for covalent molecules:
Dispersion force,Dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonds.
The relative strength of these forces are: dispersion forces< dipole-dipole interactions <
hydrogen bonds
Hence, dispersion forces are the weakest and hydrogen bondsare the strongest.
Dispersion forces (aka. van der Waals Forceor London Force) are for non-polarmolecules.Non-
polar molecules have no dipoles, or the dipoledoesn\'t extend throughout the molecule, and only
dispersion forces.They are generally don\'t mix with water, and are usually anyelement and
carbon compounds.
For example:Cl2,CO2,N2O4,CH4
Dipole-Dipole forces occur between moleculesthat have permanent net dipoles, (hencepolar
molecules)
Polar molecules usually have a dipole and may contain a highlyelectronegative element bonded
to hydrogen, allowing hydrogenbonding. They are also usually soluble in water.
For example: SCl2 , PCl3,CH3Cl
Hydrogen Bonds occur between molecules thathave permanent net dipole resulting from
hydrogen beingcovalently bonded to either fluorine, oxygen ornitrogen.
For example: HF, H2O, H2O2 ,CH3OH, CH3COOH,CH3NH2
These forces operate between covalentmolecules.
As for your answer,
Na+: Dispersion
H3C-CH3: Dispersion
K2O : Ionic Bond
H2O: Hydrogen bonding, the hydrogen has a verylow electronegativety resulting in the oxygen
atoms having greateraffinity to the covalently shared electrons.
NH3 : polar, hence dipole-dipole and hydrogenbonding, since the hydrogen is slightly +ve and
the nitrogenslightly -ve. There more electronegative nitrogen pulls thehydrogen electron towards
it, giving a dipole moment .
Ne: non polar, hence dispersion forces only(randomness of electron clouds instantaneously
causes oppositecharges at the ends of the molecule which induces the same effectin another)
If you want to learn more, this site might help:
http://science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c123/intermol.html
Solution
Intermolecular Forces are foces actingwithin a molecule.
You should first note whehter the molecule is metallic, ionicor covalent.
There are three different types of Intermolecular Forces thatapplies for covalent molecules:
Dispersion force,Dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonds.
The relative strength of these forces are: dispersion forces< dipole-dipole interactions <
hydrogen bonds
Hence, dispersion forces are the weakest and hydrogen bondsare the strongest.
Dispersion forces (aka. van der Waals Forceor London Force) are for non-polarmolecules.Non-
polar molecules have no dipoles, or the dipoledoesn\'t extend throughout the molecule, and only
dispersion forces.They are generally don\'t mix with water, and are usually anyelement and
carbon compounds.
For example:Cl2,CO2,N2O4,CH4
Dipole-Dipole forces occur between moleculesthat have permanent net dipoles, (hencepolar
molecu.
Intermolecular forces of attraction ( IMF)
This is a ppt for the topic IMF this is only a brief lectures that i made for my reporting.
IMFA.pptx
jbaskjaskdguasicgdsbefkbe cdm ckasxkasvavcxznc kxcufeukdvbcdgusgaasxbxnzmx sdvydgywtdgusdbjsbxjzxbsagduiagsdiusadshbcbhdvcsbcjbxjhxauasagduetwegdhesdbjsbahsLUWYEUWEWDBSHBXSBXHSDWGSYT3YEWUIQ8UW82QEWUDHHSAHJXAHDYSGSUDXAHSUAYWEWYRYGDSHXJAHAKSAGSALSJDIUIYE87EWYYEWDHDBSXZBJHUWAYWYETWYEYSHDAHSLXJABXBBXXYGYDTGYDTDDHSHASYDWHSPPPY HYWYD82WEUHDIUAHXLAXBSjhsguwgwagvbsnajhhhhhsljhhsbywugeywgeuwiqilasnabxhsdyeywuidqwusajsnjaiwyeyweeiqshalsjansjswhdhwwdywyetweqoogododovoveoyyeyeowygqgssbsobxewewgerroegregcrgntrncgyytrehehynwte623rhewirheheyerhfdhzmsfagfadgbdcsddgfgdfvhcgvrtfweyuiqwsgsabsduegretfeyfhsdgbtgcuegauwngyrgcbngibfjhnfgvuhwbdxyygeeyxbhnaszhnsxyfgehbcnhdgdnyxfyrefnxfasxisdgxyfdgxg
intermolecular forces.pdf
Intermolecular Forces
Definition
Intermolecular forces are the forces of attraction that exist between molecules. These forces play a crucial role in determining the physical and chemical properties of substances, such as boiling points, melting points, solubility, and viscosity.
Intermolecular Forces
The three main types of intermolecular forces are:
London dispersion forces (also known as Van der Waals forces): These forces are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. They arise due to temporary fluctuations in electron distribution, creating temporary dipoles. These temporary dipoles induce dipoles in neighboring molecules, resulting in attractive forces. London dispersion forces increase with increasing molecular size and shape. Substances with stronger London dispersion forces tend to have higher boiling points and melting points.
London Dispersion force
London dispersion forces are the weakest intermolecular forces.
They occur due to temporary fluctuations in electron distribution within molecules, creating temporary dipoles.
These temporary dipoles induce dipoles in neighboring molecules, resulting in attractive forces.
London dispersion forces increase with increasing molecular size and shape.
Substances with stronger London dispersion forces tend to have higher boiling points and melting points.
Examples of substances with predominant London dispersion forces include noble gases like helium and nonpolar molecules like hydrocarbons.
2 .Dipole-dipole interactions: These forces occur between polar molecules. They arise due to the attraction between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule. Dipole-dipole interactions are stronger than London dispersion forces and contribute significantly to the physical properties of polar substances
.
Dipole dipole interaction
Polar molecules have an uneven distribution of electron density, resulting in a permanent dipole moment.
The positive end of one polar molecule is attracted to the negative end of another polar molecule.
Dipole-dipole interactions are stronger than London dispersion forces.
These forces contribute significantly to the physical properties of polar substances.
Examples of substances with predominant dipole-dipole interactions include hydrogen chloride (HCl) and water (H2O).
3.Hydrogen bonding: This is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs when a hydrogen atom is bonded to a highly electronegative atom (such as nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine) and is also attracted to another electronegative atom in a different molecule. Hydrogen bonding is exceptionally strong compared to other intermolecular forces and has a significant impact on the properties of substances. It is responsible for many unique properties of water, such as its high boiling point, surface tension, and the ability to form ice with a lower density than liquid water.
Chemical bond
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of chemical compounds or substance . The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between atoms with opposite charges, or through the sharing of electrons as in the covalent bonds........
Non covalent bonds
A non-covalent interaction differs from a covalent bond in that it does not involve the sharing of electrons, but rather involves more dispersed variations of electromagnetic interactions between molecules or within a molecule.
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B.sc(microbiology, biotechnology and biochemistry) ii inorganic chemistry uni...
B.sc(microbiology, biotechnology and biochemistry) ii inorganic chemistry uni...
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SOURCE CODEimport java.util.Iterator;public class CircularLinke.pdf
SOURCE CODE:
import java.util.Iterator;
public class CircularLinkedList implements Iterable {
Node head , tail;
int size;
CircularLinkedList() {
head = null;
tail = null;
size = 0;
}
public boolean add(E e) {
Node ele = new Node(e);
ele.next = head;
if(head == null)
{
head = ele;
ele.next = head;
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}
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{
tail.next = ele;
tail = ele;
}
size++;
return true;
}
public boolean add(int index, E e){
Node ele = new Node(e);
Node ptr = head;
index = index - 1 ;
for (int i = 1; i < size - 1; i++)
{
if (i == index)
{
Node tmp = ptr.next;
ptr.next = ele;
ele.next = tmp;
break;
}
ptr = ptr.next;
}
size++ ;
return true;
}
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return null;
}
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Node ret;
if (size == 1 && index == 1)
{
ret = head;
head = null;
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size = 0;
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index = index - 1 ;
for (int i = 1; i < size - 1; i++)
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{
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tmp = tmp.next;
ptr.next = tmp;
break;
}
ptr = ptr.next;
}
size-- ;
return ptr.getElement();
}
public String toString()
{
Node current = head;
String result = \"\";
if(size == 0){
return \"\";
}
if(size == 1) {
return head.getElement().toString();
}
else{
do{
result = result + current.getElement().toString();
result = result + \" ==> \";
current = current.next;
} while(current != head);
}
return result;
}
public Iterator iterator() {
return new ListIterator();
}
private class ListIterator implements Iterator{
Node nextItem;
Node prev;
int index;
@SuppressWarnings(\"unchecked\")
public ListIterator(){
nextItem = (Node) head;
index = 0;
}
public boolean hasNext() {
return size != 0;
}
public E next() {
prev = nextItem;
nextItem = nextItem.next;
index = (index + 1) % size;
return prev.getElement();
}
public void remove() {
int target;
if(nextItem == head) {
target = size - 1;
} else{
target = index - 1;
index--;
}
CircularLinkedList.this.remove(target); //calls the above class
}
}
// Solve the problem in the main method
// The answer of n = 13, k = 2 is
// the 11th person in the ring (index 10)
public static void main(String[] args){
CircularLinkedList l = new CircularLinkedList();
int n=13;
int k=2;
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
l.add(Integer.valueOf(i));
int j = 13,i=0;
while(j>0)
{
System.out.println(l.toString());
i = i + k;
if(i>j)
i = k;
l.remove(i);
j--;
}
}
}
OUTPUT:
1 ==> 2 ==> 3 ==> 4 ==> 5 ==> 6 ==> 7 ==> 8 ==> 9 ==> 10 ==> 11 ==> 12 ==> 13 ==>
1 ==> 3 ==> 4 ==> 5 ==> 6 ==> 7 ==> 8 ==> 9 ==> 10 ==> 11 ==> 12 ==> 13 ==>
1 ==> 3 ==> 4 ==> 6 ==> 7 ==> 8 ==> 9 ==> 10 ==> 11 ==> 12 ==> 13 ==>
1 ==> 3 ==> 4 ==> 6 ==> 7 ==> 9 ==> 10 ==> 11 ==> 12 ==> 13 ==>
1 ==> 3 ==> 4 ==> 6 ==> 7 ==> 9 ==> 10 ==> 12 ==> 13 ==>
1 ==> 4 ==> 6 ==> 7 ==> 9 ==> 10 ==> 12 ==> 13 ==>
1 ==> 4.
2) In Autocrine signalling, reception of a signal released by the sa.pdf
2) In Autocrine signalling, reception of a signal released by the same cell. Cell secretes the
harmone that binds to autocrine receptors of the same cell.
3) Ras binds to steroid harmones is a false statement.
Solution
2) In Autocrine signalling, reception of a signal released by the same cell. Cell secretes the
harmone that binds to autocrine receptors of the same cell.
3) Ras binds to steroid harmones is a false statement..
Volatility Distillation separates out different .pdf
Volatility Distillation separates out different components based on their physical
properties. Density, boiling point, vapor pressure, and condensation point are used to separate the
components by exploiting these different properties. Volatillity is how likely the component is to
react, which does not effect the distillation process. Source(s): I\'m a petroleum engineer
Solution
Volatility Distillation separates out different components based on their physical
properties. Density, boiling point, vapor pressure, and condensation point are used to separate the
components by exploiting these different properties. Volatillity is how likely the component is to
react, which does not effect the distillation process. Source(s): I\'m a petroleum engineer.
Supersaturated actually. There is more solvent th.pdf
Supersaturated actually. There is more solvent than there is of the solute and thus
the solute (KNO3) will be dissolved fully leaving excess H20.
Solution
Supersaturated actually. There is more solvent than there is of the solute and thus
the solute (KNO3) will be dissolved fully leaving excess H20..
In optics, a virtual image is an image in which t.pdf
In optics, a virtual image is an image in which the outgoing rays from a point on the
object always diverge. It will appear to converge in or behind the optical device (i.e., a mirror). A
simple example is a flat mirror where the image of oneself is perceived at twice the distance
from oneself to the mirror. That is, if one is half a meter in front of the mirror, one\'s image will
appear to be at a distance of 1 meter away (or half a meter inside or behind the mirror). Because
the rays never really converge, one cannot project a virtual image. By contrast, a real image is an
image in which the outgoing rays from a point on the object pass through a single point. It is
easiest to observe real images when projected on an opaque screen. A screen is not necessary for
the image to form.[
Solution
In optics, a virtual image is an image in which the outgoing rays from a point on the
object always diverge. It will appear to converge in or behind the optical device (i.e., a mirror). A
simple example is a flat mirror where the image of oneself is perceived at twice the distance
from oneself to the mirror. That is, if one is half a meter in front of the mirror, one\'s image will
appear to be at a distance of 1 meter away (or half a meter inside or behind the mirror). Because
the rays never really converge, one cannot project a virtual image. By contrast, a real image is an
image in which the outgoing rays from a point on the object pass through a single point. It is
easiest to observe real images when projected on an opaque screen. A screen is not necessary for
the image to form.[.
1) Political orientation and ideas are the main reasons behind count.pdf
1) Political orientation and ideas are the main reasons behind countries wealth. A strong
leadership had led Japan to become major economic power after world war II. Its alliance with
America also helped it a great deal in acheiving its developed status,
2) The countries which emphasised socialism are very poor even today, Countries that shifted to
capitalism have more oppurtunities and joined the free world of trade and commerce. Some
socialistic countries do enjoy high standard of living, but there are very few examples.
Countries like China and India got rid of socialism and they are enjoying the benefits already,
One of the remarkable countries which did this in short time was south korea, which today is one
of the richest nations on this planet. ( It changed from communism to capitalism). Government
policies largely affect well being of nation.
Right now the world is in a very dangerous time, most of the world\'s supply chains are linked to
China, Chinese economy is sailing into troubled waters, If the Chinese economy fails at this
time, we will see a very different world with a new system of international trade.
Solution
1) Political orientation and ideas are the main reasons behind countries wealth. A strong
leadership had led Japan to become major economic power after world war II. Its alliance with
America also helped it a great deal in acheiving its developed status,
2) The countries which emphasised socialism are very poor even today, Countries that shifted to
capitalism have more oppurtunities and joined the free world of trade and commerce. Some
socialistic countries do enjoy high standard of living, but there are very few examples.
Countries like China and India got rid of socialism and they are enjoying the benefits already,
One of the remarkable countries which did this in short time was south korea, which today is one
of the richest nations on this planet. ( It changed from communism to capitalism). Government
policies largely affect well being of nation.
Right now the world is in a very dangerous time, most of the world\'s supply chains are linked to
China, Chinese economy is sailing into troubled waters, If the Chinese economy fails at this
time, we will see a very different world with a new system of international trade..
Molarity = moles volume in L Molarity = 0.0342.pdf
Molarity = moles / volume in L Molarity = 0.0342/8.39 Molarity = 0.004076 M
solution Now use the Ka equation to calculate the [H+] of the solution: Ka for CH3COOH =
1.8*10^-5 Ka = [H+] / [CH3COOH] 1.8*10^-5 = [H+]²/ 0.004076 [H+]² = (1.8910^-5) * (
0.004076 [H+]² = 7.34*10^-8 [H+] = 2.71*10^-4 pH = -log [H+] pH = -log 2.71*10^-4 pH =
3.57
Solution
Molarity = moles / volume in L Molarity = 0.0342/8.39 Molarity = 0.004076 M
solution Now use the Ka equation to calculate the [H+] of the solution: Ka for CH3COOH =
1.8*10^-5 Ka = [H+] / [CH3COOH] 1.8*10^-5 = [H+]²/ 0.004076 [H+]² = (1.8910^-5) * (
0.004076 [H+]² = 7.34*10^-8 [H+] = 2.71*10^-4 pH = -log [H+] pH = -log 2.71*10^-4 pH =
3.57.
The tracheal system in insects and gills in fishes are both helps th.pdf
The surprising revelation the quiz gave about races was that races are have not been around in
the world since ever. They are a result of ideas developed in different cultures through-out
modern history. Basically there are no scientific rules defining a race. For eg. if people
differentiate in races based on skin colour and practice racism, it is absolutely wrong because
skin colour is not sufficient to determine a person\'s race, culture or susceptibility to disease. it
might be just an indication of the geographical origin of that person.
If we observe the genetic composition of africans, asians and europeans, most of their DNA is
the same but africans have several other novel genes. There is no set of genes that specify a race.
Genetic diversity between people is much more detailed than how people definne races.
An idea which cannot be proved with logic and science and which does not follow any specified
rules should not be considered as real. Racism is a result of mentality of people considering one
skin colour or one culture better than the other. It has always been and is still a huge cause of
discrimination in the world leading to mental stress in a large number of people. Racism is no
measure of a person\'s capabilities and awareness should be spread through the world to diminish
this form of discrimination.
You can add your own ideas and let me know how much this helped! :)
Solution
The surprising revelation the quiz gave about races was that races are have not been around in
the world since ever. They are a result of ideas developed in different cultures through-out
modern history. Basically there are no scientific rules defining a race. For eg. if people
differentiate in races based on skin colour and practice racism, it is absolutely wrong because
skin colour is not sufficient to determine a person\'s race, culture or susceptibility to disease. it
might be just an indication of the geographical origin of that person.
If we observe the genetic composition of africans, asians and europeans, most of their DNA is
the same but africans have several other novel genes. There is no set of genes that specify a race.
Genetic diversity between people is much more detailed than how people definne races.
An idea which cannot be proved with logic and science and which does not follow any specified
rules should not be considered as real. Racism is a result of mentality of people considering one
skin colour or one culture better than the other. It has always been and is still a huge cause of
discrimination in the world leading to mental stress in a large number of people. Racism is no
measure of a person\'s capabilities and awareness should be spread through the world to diminish
this form of discrimination.
You can add your own ideas and let me know how much this helped! :).
The answer is D. ChemoorganoheterotrophCow is a chemoorganohetero.pdf
The answer is: D. Chemoorganoheterotroph
Cow is a chemoorganoheterotroph. Cows are heterotrophswhich depend on organic matter for
carbon and electron source.
Solution
The answer is: D. Chemoorganoheterotroph
Cow is a chemoorganoheterotroph. Cows are heterotrophswhich depend on organic matter for
carbon and electron source..
The A and B chains of human insulin are cloned in separate plasmids .pdf
The A and B chains of human insulin are cloned in separate plasmids in separate E.coliand are
kept under the appropriate E.coli transcription and translation signals.
Answer: option 1 and 3.
Solution
The A and B chains of human insulin are cloned in separate plasmids in separate E.coliand are
kept under the appropriate E.coli transcription and translation signals.
Answer: option 1 and 3..
Question 1How many parameters does a default constructor haveAn.pdf
Question 1
How many parameters does a default constructor have?
Ans) It never has any
Explanation:
The default constructor doesn’t have any parameters.Thats why it is also called as Zero-
Argumented constructor.
Even The default constructor doesn’t return anything even void also.
___________________________________________________________________
Question 2
Which of the following statements is true about the class shown below?
class Quiz1A
{
private int[] array = new int[10];
public int[] getArray()
{
return array;
}
}
Ans) It is immutable
Explanation:
Here the getArray() method is not doing any operations inside it.It just returning an array.So it is
also called as getter method.
______________________________________________________________________
Question 3
A method that is associated with an individual object is called __________.
Ans) an instance method
Explanation:
For every class we can create many objects.If we want to call a method on object, we have to call
a method by using the reference of it.That method is confined to that object only.
______________________________________________________________________
Question 4
Given the declaration Circle[] x = new Circle[10], which of the following statement is most
accurate?
Ans) x contains a reference to an array and each element in the array can hold a reference to a
Circle object.
Explanation:
This array will hold the references of Circle class objects.It will not store objects.
______________________________________________________________________
Question 5
What is the output of the program shown below?
public class Quiz1B
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Count count = new Count();
int times = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
increment(count, times);
System.out.println(\"times = \" + times + \" count = \" + count.times);
}
public static void increment(Count count, int times)
{
count.times++;
times++;
}
}
class Count
{
int times;
public Count()
{
times = 1;
}
}
Ans) times = 100 count = 101
Explanation:
This for loop in the main method will be executed for 100 times.So the value of the variable of
main method times will increased by 1 for each iteration.As the initial value of times is 0 and
finally it will become 100.after 100 iterations
As the initial value of instance variable of Count class is 1.After 100 iterations its value will
become 101
______________________________________________________________________
Question 6
When calling a method with an object argument, ___________ is passed.
Ans) the reference of the object
Explanation:
We have to pass the reference of an object as argument while calling.not the copy or objects
contents or else.
______________________________________________________________________
Question 7
Which of the following is not a property of a constructor?
Ans) The name of a constructor can be chosen by the programmer
Explanation:
We can overload the constructor.
The constructor is called and executed when we are creating an object by using new.
Rio de Janeiro is a city located on Brazils south-east coast. It i.pdf
Rio de Janeiro is a city located on Brazil\'s south-east coast. It is one of Brazil\'s largest
settlements with a population of approximately 11.7 million people. The population of Rio de
Janeiro has grown for a number of reasons. Natural Increase is one reason for its growth (this is
when the birth rate is higher than the death rate). The population has also grown as the result of
urbanisation. The has been caused by rural to urban migration. Millions of people have migrated
from Brazil\'s rural areas to Rio de Janeiro. 65% of urban growth is a result of migration. This is
caused by a variety of push and pull factors.
The rapid growth of Rio de Janeiro\'s population has led to a severe shortage of housing.
Millions of people have been forced to construct their own homes from scrap materials such as
wood, corrugated iron and metals. These areas of temporary accommodation are known as
favelas in Brazil. The conditions associated with favelas are very poor. Often families have to
share one tap, there is no sewerage provision, disease is common and many people are
unemployed.
Favelas are located on the edge of most major Brazilian cities. They are located here for a
number of reasons. Firstly, this is the only available land to build on within the city limits.
Secondly, industry is located on the edge of the cities. Many people need jobs therefore they
locate close to factories. Some of these settlements may be 40 or 50 km from the city centre (on
the edge of the city), along main roads and up very steep hillsides.
Causes of urban growth;
Although the process of urbanisation happens in both MEDCs(more economically developed
countries)and LEDCs,(less economically developed countries) the fastest-growing cities in the
world are in LEDCs.
The reasons for the growth of urban areas include:
There are many problems associated with the rapid growth. These include unplanned housing
(squatter settlements/shanty towns), dealing with urban waste, pollution and stress on the
infrastructure and the city\'s services.
Shanty towns/sqatter settlements;
The fact that cities in LEDCs are growing rapidly means that conditions can be poor. There are
often great inequalities within LEDC urban areas and they are even more pronounced in LEDCs.
Some of the worst conditions are found in the shanty towns on the edge of the city, near the
CBD(convention on biological diversity) or along main transport routes. They tend to be
unplanned and are often illegal. Houses are self-built using basic materials and shanty towns
have few services.
Shanty town residents face many problems on a daily basis.
Problems in shanty towns/squatter settlements
this is how the squatter settlements effects the urban geography of brazil
Solution
Rio de Janeiro is a city located on Brazil\'s south-east coast. It is one of Brazil\'s largest
settlements with a population of approximately 11.7 million people. The population of Rio de
Janeiro has grown for a number of reasons. Natural Increase is one .
Othello.javapackage othello;import core.Game; import userInter.pdf
Othello.java
package othello;
import core.Game;
import userInterface.OthelloUi;
public class Othello {
// main is \"static\" because it\'s going to be called by the java interpreter
// before any objects are created, thus, it does not need to be in an
// instance of the Othello class to be called, it can simply be called
// whenever.
public static void main(String[] args) {
Game game = new Game();
OthelloUi othelloUi = new OthelloUi(game);
}
}
OthelloUi.java
package userInterface;
import core.Game;
import userInterface.GameUi;
import userInterface.BoardUi;
import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.awt.Dimension;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
public class OthelloUi extends JFrame {
private Game game;
private GameUi gameUi;
private BoardUi boardUi;
public OthelloUi(Game game) {
this.game = game;
// Create components and put them in JFrame upon class
// instantiation.
initComponents();
}
private void initComponents() {
this.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(600, 600));
this.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(600, 600));
// This is done to close the actual application once the
// UI is closed via X.
this.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
gameUi = new GameUi();
boardUi = new BoardUi();
// By default, JFrame uses BorderLayout as its LayoutManager,
// which is responsible for managing how UI components are placed
// within framses/panels.
this.add(gameUi, BorderLayout.NORTH);
this.add(boardUi, BorderLayout.CENTER);
this.setVisible(true);
}
}
GameUi.java
package userInterface;
import java.awt.Dimension;
import javax.swing.JLabel;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
public class GameUi extends JPanel {
public GameUi() {
// Creates components and puts them in the JPanel on
// instantiation.
initComponents();
}
private JLabel nameOne;
private JLabel nameTwo;
private JLabel scoreOne;
private JLabel scoreTwo;
private void initComponents() {
// Set dimensions for JPanel.
this.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(200, 100));
this.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(200, 100));
// Label components.
nameOne = new JLabel(\"Player One\");
nameTwo = new JLabel(\"Player Two\");
scoreOne = new JLabel(\"0\");
scoreTwo = new JLabel(\"0\");
nameOne.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(100, 50));
nameTwo.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(100, 50));
scoreOne.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(100, 50));
scoreTwo.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(100, 50));
// JPanel uses FlowLayout layout manager, which adds components
// left to right in a row, until it runs out of space and creates
// a new row.
this.add(nameOne);
this.add(scoreOne);
this.add(nameTwo);
this.add(scoreTwo);
}
}
BoardUi.java
package userInterface;
import core.Constants;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Dimension;
import java.awt.GridLayout;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import javax.swing.ImageIcon;
import javax.swing.JButton;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
public class BoardUi extends JPanel {
private JButton[][] board;
private BoardListener listener;
public BoardUi() {
initComponents();
}
private voi.
1.Types of Computer Information SystemsThere are four basic type.pdf
1.
Types of Computer Information Systems
There are four basic types of computer-based information Systems:
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
Record day-to-day transactions such as customer orders, bills, inventory.
Helps supervisors by generating databases needed for other information Systems.
Examples: recording customer orders, bills, inventory levels, and production output.
Management Information Systems (MIS)
Summarizes the detailed data of the transaction processing system.
Produces standard reports for middle-level managers.
Examples: Production schedule and budget summaries.
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Draws on the detailed data of the transaction processing system.
Provides a flexible tool for middle-level managers for analysis.
Examples: Analyzing the effects of events such as strikes, rising interest rates, etc.
Executive Support Systems (ESS)
Presents information in a very highly summarized form.
Combines the internal data from TPS and MIS with external data.
Helps top-level managers oversee operations and develop strategic plans.
Examples: Introducing new products, starting a company wide cost control program, etc.
2. Benifits:
1. Enabling better and faster decision making
By delivering relevant information at the time of need through structure, search, subscription,
syndication, and support, a knowledge management environment can provide the basis for
making good decisions. Collaboration brings the power of large numbers, diverse opinions, and
varied experience to bear when decisions need to be made. The reuse of knowledge in
repositories allows decisions be based on actual experience, large sample sizes, and practical
lessons learned.
2. Making it easy to find relevant information and resources
When faced with a need to respond to a customer, solve a problem, analyze trends, assess
markets, benchmark against peers, understand competition, create new offerings, plan strategy,
and to think critically, you typically look for information and resources to support these
activities. If it is easy and fast to find what you need when you need it, you can perform all of
these tasks efficiently.
3. Reusing ideas, documents, and expertise
Once you have developed an effective process, you want to ensure that others use the process
each time a similar requirement arises. If someone has written a document or created a
presentation which addresses a recurring need, it should be used in all future similar situations.
When members of your organization have figured out how to solve a common problem, know
how to deliver a recurring service, or have invented a new product, you want that same solution,
service, and product to be replicated as much as possible. Just as the recycling of materials is
good for the environment, reuse is good for organizations because it minimizes rework, prevents
problems, saves time, and accelerates progress.
4. Avoiding redundant effort
No one likes to spend time doing something over again. But they do so all the .
Microbiome of human bodyResearchers currently studying human norm.pdf
Microbiome of human body:
Researchers currently studying human normal microbiota such as Escherichia coli (vitamin K
producing), lactobacilli are essential and important to the human health & these microsymbionts
lives in the gut of human with symbiotic relationship. This microbiota is going to generate
vitamins, cofactors (NADH, FADH2) and human body does not synthesize some vitamins but
these microbiota is going to synthesize essential vitamins. These microbiotas are going to digest
cellulose content in fruits and vegetables and whole grains finally improve essential nutrients to
the human body. Health digestion activity of insoluble fibres can ensure that you have a good
health. Local nutrient source: Whole grain bread possesses higher content of insoluble fiber
followed by enzymatic digestion of gut microbiota into n-butyrate. Insoluble fiber digestion into
n-butyrate mediated by coloncocci and streptococci intestinal bacterial species by enzymatic
activity.
Effect of immune system:
M cells: These are called as microfold cell and they are located within the gut epithelium of
payer’s patches. M cell functions mainly samples usual gut flora and enable movement of the gut
microbiota to basolateral side to immune cells in the gastrointestinal tract followed by response
produced by B and T lymphocytes on as usual basis. These cells are acting like border control
and enable pumping T cells and immunoglobulin-A (IgA) across gastro intestinal mucosa. These
cells enable colonizing gut microbiota on the epithelium for appropriate digestion of food bolus.
The normal microbiota is pathogenic and may induce severe effects when they migrated to
another tissue from their native place of living. Nose and mouse microbiota are such as
Staphylococcus epidermis and are nearly 100% occurrence in both nose and mouth. These
microbes are pathogenic if they move other organs. Diversified microbiota was observed and this
microbiota includes both Gram positive and Gram- negative species. Corynebacterium and
Steptococcus pyogenes are at least form 25% of nasal microbiota whereas Spirochaetes and is
highly abundant in mouth & its presence was not mentioned in OSU.
Elders often possess weakened immune system and these circumstances leading to opportunistic
viral infection and gastroinstestinal infections (fungal, protozoan) where microbiota enables
human digestion. These viral particles act as bacteriophages to invade bacterial cells to generate
more virions to propagate further infection leaving the microbiota inactive and dead. Sometimes
excess use of anti-microbial chemotherapeutic agents acts as agents to invade gut microbiota due
to inhibition of their growth via various cell-synthesizing mechanisms for example, inhibiting
cell wall synthesis of bacteria. Some antibiotics inhibit DNA gyrase non- specifically including
host cells and useful microbiota result in death of useful vitamin producing microbiota.
The causes of altered microbiota in the elderly: 1. Aging,.
Na2SeO3 --- 2 Na+ + SeO32- 0.08 0.16 0.08 .pdf
Na2SeO3 ---> 2 Na+ + SeO32-
0.08 0.16 0.08
SeO32- + H2O <---> HSeO3- + OH-
0.08 0 0
-x x x
0.08-x x x
Kb2 = Kw/Ka2 = 1E-14/(4.8E-9)
Kb2 = 0.21E-5
0.21E-5 = x2/(0.08-x)
x = 4.1E-4
HSeO3- + H2O <---> H2SeO3 + OH-
4.1E-4 0 0
-y y y
4.1E-4 - y y y
Kb1 = Kw/Ka1
Kb1 = 1E-14/(2.4E-3) = 0.42E-11
The second hydrolysis constant is much smaller than the first, so we can the assume that the first
step dominates.
[H+]*[OH-]=1E-14
[H+]*4.1E-4=1E-14
[H+] = 0.24E-10
pH = 10.6
Ok?
Solution
Na2SeO3 ---> 2 Na+ + SeO32-
0.08 0.16 0.08
SeO32- + H2O <---> HSeO3- + OH-
0.08 0 0
-x x x
0.08-x x x
Kb2 = Kw/Ka2 = 1E-14/(4.8E-9)
Kb2 = 0.21E-5
0.21E-5 = x2/(0.08-x)
x = 4.1E-4
HSeO3- + H2O <---> H2SeO3 + OH-
4.1E-4 0 0
-y y y
4.1E-4 - y y y
Kb1 = Kw/Ka1
Kb1 = 1E-14/(2.4E-3) = 0.42E-11
The second hydrolysis constant is much smaller than the first, so we can the assume that the first
step dominates.
[H+]*[OH-]=1E-14
[H+]*4.1E-4=1E-14
[H+] = 0.24E-10
pH = 10.6
Ok?.
It is an important to understand the early stages of reproduction. W.pdf
It is an important to understand the early stages of reproduction. When, the egg and sperm unite
to form a zygote, each of the parents supply the zygote with half of the chromosomes necessary
for a full set.
The zygote, which is a single cell, then begins to reproduce itself by the cellular division process
called mitosis, this stage is called morula and the new cells are called elastomers.
When enough cells have been produced (the number varies from species to species), cell
differentiation begins to take place. The first differentiation appears to be when the blastocyst is
formed, which is an almost hollow sphere with a cluster of cells inside; and the differentiation
appears to be between the cells inside, which become the fetus, and the cells outside, which
become the fetal membranes and placenta.
However, the process is not entirely understood at the present time and there is some variation
between species; so it is difficult to pinpoint the onset of differentiation, which some scientists
believe occurs during blastomere division.
The purpose of this ability of a single blastomere to produce an entire embryo is probably to
defence the process of embryo development against the destruction of any of the blastomeres. In
theory, it should be possible to produce an entire embryo from each blastomere (and blastomeres
are generally totipotent from the four to eight cell stage), but in practice it is usually only
possible to produce two embryos.
That is why this procedure is generally referred to as embryo splitting rather than cloning;
although both terms refer to the same thing (cloning is the production of genetically identical
embryos, which is a direct result of embryo splitting).
Interestingly enough, although the embryos produced from separated blastomeres usually have
fewer cells than a normal embryo, the resulting offspring fall within the normal range of size for
the species.
Another interesting embryonic manipulation is the creation of chimaeras. These are formed by
uniting two different gametes, so that the embryo has two distinct cell lineages. Chimaeras do
not combine the genetic information of both lineages in each cell. Instead, they are a patchwork
of cells containing one lineage or the other. For this reason, the offspring of chimaeras are from
one distinct genotype or the other, but not from both.
Thus chimaeras are not useful for creating new animal populations beyond the first generation.
However, they are extremely useful in other contexts. For instance, while embryo division as
described above is limited in the number of viable embryos that can be produced, chimaeras can
be used to increase the number.
After the blastomeres are separated, they can be combined with blastomeres of a different
genetic lineage. It has been found that with the additional tissue, the survival rate of the new
embryos is more favorable. For some reason only a small percentage of the resulting embryos are
chimaeric; this is thought to be because on.
Let the normal gene be represented by P, and the two mutations be re.pdf
Let the normal gene be represented by P, and the two mutations be represented by p# and p*.
Given that the plant is p#p*, and that the two mutations seggregate independently. Therefore, the
gametes p# and p* will be obtained in equal frequencies (1:1). Upon self-cross, the genotypes
obtained will be:
p#
p*
p#
p#p#
(1)
p#p*
(1)
p*
p#p*
(1)
p*p*
(1)
In the table given above, it can be seen that p#p* appears twice (1 + 1 = 2), whereas p#p# and
p*p* appear only once (1).
Since, both the mutations are recessive, three phenotypes would be obtained in the ratio:
mutant 1 : normal : mutant 2 :: 1:2:1
Three genotypes will be obtained in the ratio:
p#p# : p#p* : p*p* :: 1:2:1
p#
p*
p#
p#p#
(1)
p#p*
(1)
p*
p#p*
(1)
p*p*
(1)
Solution
Let the normal gene be represented by P, and the two mutations be represented by p# and p*.
Given that the plant is p#p*, and that the two mutations seggregate independently. Therefore, the
gametes p# and p* will be obtained in equal frequencies (1:1). Upon self-cross, the genotypes
obtained will be:
p#
p*
p#
p#p#
(1)
p#p*
(1)
p*
p#p*
(1)
p*p*
(1)
In the table given above, it can be seen that p#p* appears twice (1 + 1 = 2), whereas p#p# and
p*p* appear only once (1).
Since, both the mutations are recessive, three phenotypes would be obtained in the ratio:
mutant 1 : normal : mutant 2 :: 1:2:1
Three genotypes will be obtained in the ratio:
p#p# : p#p* : p*p* :: 1:2:1
p#
p*
p#
p#p#
(1)
p#p*
(1)
p*
p#p*
(1)
p*p*
(1).
Imagine you are an Information Systems Security Officer for a medium.pdf
Imagine you are an Information Systems Security Officer for a medium-sized financial services
firm that has operations in four (4) states (Virginia, Florida, Arizona, and California). Due to the
highly sensitive data created, stored, and transported by your organization, the CIO is concerned
with implementing proper security controls for the LAN-to-WAN domain. Specifically, the CIO
is concerned with the following areas:
Protecting data privacy across the WAN
Filtering undesirable network traffic from the Internet
Filtering the traffic to the Internet that does not adhere to the organizational acceptable use
policy (AUP) for the Web
Having a zone that allows access for anonymous users but aggressively controls information
exchange with internal resources
Having an area designed to trap attackers in order to monitor attacker activities
Allowing a means to monitor network traffic in real time as a means to identify and block
unusual activity
Hiding internal IP addresses
Allowing operating system and application patch management
The CIO has tasked you with proposing a series of hardware and software controls designed to
provide security for the LAN-to-WAN domain. The CIO anticipates receiving both a written
report and diagram(s) to support your recommendations.
Write a three to five (3-5) page paper in which you:
Use MS Visio or an open source equivalent to graphically depict a solution for the provided
scenario that will:
filter undesirable network traffic from the Internet
filter Web traffic to the Internet that does not adhere to the organizational AUP for the Web
allow for a zone for anonymous users but aggressively controls information exchange with
internal resources
allow for an area designed to trap attackers in order to monitor attacker activities
offer a means to monitor network traffic in real time as a means to identify and block unusual
activity
hide internal IP addresses
Identify the fundamentals of public key infrastructure (PKI).
Describe the manner in which your solution will protect the privacy of data transmitted across
the WAN.
Protecting data privacy across the WAN
Filtering undesirable network traffic from the Internet
Filtering the traffic to the Internet that does not adhere to the organizational acceptable use
policy (AUP) for the Web
Having a zone that allows access for anonymous users but aggressively controls information
exchange with internal resources
Having an area designed to trap attackers in order to monitor attacker activities
Allowing a means to monitor network traffic in real time as a means to identify and block
unusual activity
Hiding internal IP addresses
Allowing operating system and application patch management
Solution
Imagine you are an Information Systems Security Officer for a medium-sized financial services
firm that has operations in four (4) states (Virginia, Florida, Arizona, and California). Due to the
highly sensitive data created, stored, and transported by your organization, the CIO is concern.
Each water molecule has 4 hydrogen bonds holding .pdf
Each water molecule has 4 hydrogen bonds holding it in the solid phase. These are
the bonds that are broken when the water sublimes (converts from solid to gas). Therefore, the
H-bond energy is 11.9kcal/4 = 2.98 kcal/bond
Solution
Each water molecule has 4 hydrogen bonds holding it in the solid phase. These are
the bonds that are broken when the water sublimes (converts from solid to gas). Therefore, the
H-bond energy is 11.9kcal/4 = 2.98 kcal/bond.
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- 1. The first one has Van der Waals interactions since the entire molecule is nonpolar. The lack of ionic/polar interactions is what makes the boiling point so low since there aren't really any forces that need to be overcome. The second has a dipole at the carbonyl, which pulls electron density toward the oxygen. The third is polar and can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules of itself. This is why its boiling point is the highest, since hydrogen bonds are the strongest intermolecular forces. Solution The first one has Van der Waals interactions since the entire molecule is nonpolar. The lack of ionic/polar interactions is what makes the boiling point so low since there aren't really any forces that need to be overcome. The second has a dipole at the carbonyl, which pulls electron density toward the oxygen. The third is polar and can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules of itself. This is why its boiling point is the highest, since hydrogen bonds are the strongest intermolecular forces.