The emissivity of a given surface is the measure of its ability to e.pdf
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The emissivity of a given surface is the measure of its ability to emit radiation energy in comparison to a blackbody at the same temperature. The emissivity of a surface varies between zero and one. This is a property that measures how much a surface behaves as a blackbody. The emissivity of a real surface varies as a function of the surface temperature, the wavelength, and the direction of the emitted radiation. Reflectivity is the amount of radiant energy reflected off a surface and it is related to surface material. these characteristics impact visual augmentation systems. because by detecting thermal radiation emitted by a body position of that body can be located. similarly reflectivity effect is used in visual glint phenomenon. these two techniques are used in euipment used by army to detect and locate position of enemy Solution The emissivity of a given surface is the measure of its ability to emit radiation energy in comparison to a blackbody at the same temperature. The emissivity of a surface varies between zero and one. This is a property that measures how much a surface behaves as a blackbody. The emissivity of a real surface varies as a function of the surface temperature, the wavelength, and the direction of the emitted radiation. Reflectivity is the amount of radiant energy reflected off a surface and it is related to surface material. these characteristics impact visual augmentation systems. because by detecting thermal radiation emitted by a body position of that body can be located. similarly reflectivity effect is used in visual glint phenomenon. these two techniques are used in euipment used by army to detect and locate position of enemy.
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1.) Main characteristics of Haloarchaea are as followsHalophiles .pdf
1.) Main characteristics of Haloarchaea are as follows:
Halophiles cope up with the osmotic stress through accumulating high salt concentration within
the cytoplasm. This helps in achieving isosmotic balance with the surrounding and maintains the
cell volume. For this purpose the halophiles have some compatible solutes or osmolytes such as
glycerol, sucrose, ecotine, amino acids etc. which accumulate in them without effecting the pH
and metabolic processes. Some halobacteria accumulate potassium chloride to compensate he
outside present sodium chloride salt. The compatible solutes are obtained by biosynthesis,
storage materials or from the medium present outside.
2.) Rhodopsins are retinal binding proteins that acts as light dependent ion transport pump which
uses light energy to move protons outside the membrane. They include bacteriorhodopsin,
archaerhodopsin, halorhodopsin and sensory rhodopsin.
Functions of rhodopsins are as follows:
The importance of rhodopsins are as follows:
Solution
1.) Main characteristics of Haloarchaea are as follows:
Halophiles cope up with the osmotic stress through accumulating high salt concentration within
the cytoplasm. This helps in achieving isosmotic balance with the surrounding and maintains the
cell volume. For this purpose the halophiles have some compatible solutes or osmolytes such as
glycerol, sucrose, ecotine, amino acids etc. which accumulate in them without effecting the pH
and metabolic processes. Some halobacteria accumulate potassium chloride to compensate he
outside present sodium chloride salt. The compatible solutes are obtained by biosynthesis,
storage materials or from the medium present outside.
2.) Rhodopsins are retinal binding proteins that acts as light dependent ion transport pump which
uses light energy to move protons outside the membrane. They include bacteriorhodopsin,
archaerhodopsin, halorhodopsin and sensory rhodopsin.
Functions of rhodopsins are as follows:
The importance of rhodopsins are as follows:.
1. The three bacteria that may be implicated in the given case are S.pdf
1. The three bacteria that may be implicated in the given case are Staphylococcus aureus,
Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Cardiobacterium hominis . These organisms generally occur in the
saliva as normal flora. However, drug users who lick the blood on syringes ingest them and thus,
they can casue polymicrobial endocarditis.
2. Cardiobacterium hominis is Gram negative bacillus that occurs as normal flora of mouth and
upper respiratory tract. The bacterium is grouped into HACEK group. The organism can cause
inflammation of heart valves. It produces beta lactamases
Haemophilus parainfluenzae: Gram negative, pleomorphic, facultative anaerobes. The organism
is mostly assocaited with upper respiratory tract infections and mitral valve inflammation. The
organism is generally found in coinfection with Streptococcus.
Cardiobacterium hominis: It is a Gram negative bacillus of HACEK group. It is part of normal
flora of upper respiratory tract and mouth.
These organisms are generally harmless, and occur as secondary infection. When there is a
disturbance to the mucosal surface, they gain access and enter the tissues. They cause infections
at abnormal tissues of heart like damages valves, in particular. They initiate an inflammatory
response.
3. The organisms are normally present as flora in the host. The patient acquired these bacteria
due to the use of syringe drugs. Licking of the blood on the syringe, and sterilizing the syringe by
licking makes the organism enter the sytem.
Solution
1. The three bacteria that may be implicated in the given case are Staphylococcus aureus,
Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Cardiobacterium hominis . These organisms generally occur in the
saliva as normal flora. However, drug users who lick the blood on syringes ingest them and thus,
they can casue polymicrobial endocarditis.
2. Cardiobacterium hominis is Gram negative bacillus that occurs as normal flora of mouth and
upper respiratory tract. The bacterium is grouped into HACEK group. The organism can cause
inflammation of heart valves. It produces beta lactamases
Haemophilus parainfluenzae: Gram negative, pleomorphic, facultative anaerobes. The organism
is mostly assocaited with upper respiratory tract infections and mitral valve inflammation. The
organism is generally found in coinfection with Streptococcus.
Cardiobacterium hominis: It is a Gram negative bacillus of HACEK group. It is part of normal
flora of upper respiratory tract and mouth.
These organisms are generally harmless, and occur as secondary infection. When there is a
disturbance to the mucosal surface, they gain access and enter the tissues. They cause infections
at abnormal tissues of heart like damages valves, in particular. They initiate an inflammatory
response.
3. The organisms are normally present as flora in the host. The patient acquired these bacteria
due to the use of syringe drugs. Licking of the blood on the syringe, and sterilizing the syringe by
licking makes the organism enter the sytem..
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1.) Main characteristics of Haloarchaea are as followsHalophiles .pdf
1.) Main characteristics of Haloarchaea are as follows:
Halophiles cope up with the osmotic stress through accumulating high salt concentration within
the cytoplasm. This helps in achieving isosmotic balance with the surrounding and maintains the
cell volume. For this purpose the halophiles have some compatible solutes or osmolytes such as
glycerol, sucrose, ecotine, amino acids etc. which accumulate in them without effecting the pH
and metabolic processes. Some halobacteria accumulate potassium chloride to compensate he
outside present sodium chloride salt. The compatible solutes are obtained by biosynthesis,
storage materials or from the medium present outside.
2.) Rhodopsins are retinal binding proteins that acts as light dependent ion transport pump which
uses light energy to move protons outside the membrane. They include bacteriorhodopsin,
archaerhodopsin, halorhodopsin and sensory rhodopsin.
Functions of rhodopsins are as follows:
The importance of rhodopsins are as follows:
Solution
1.) Main characteristics of Haloarchaea are as follows:
Halophiles cope up with the osmotic stress through accumulating high salt concentration within
the cytoplasm. This helps in achieving isosmotic balance with the surrounding and maintains the
cell volume. For this purpose the halophiles have some compatible solutes or osmolytes such as
glycerol, sucrose, ecotine, amino acids etc. which accumulate in them without effecting the pH
and metabolic processes. Some halobacteria accumulate potassium chloride to compensate he
outside present sodium chloride salt. The compatible solutes are obtained by biosynthesis,
storage materials or from the medium present outside.
2.) Rhodopsins are retinal binding proteins that acts as light dependent ion transport pump which
uses light energy to move protons outside the membrane. They include bacteriorhodopsin,
archaerhodopsin, halorhodopsin and sensory rhodopsin.
Functions of rhodopsins are as follows:
The importance of rhodopsins are as follows:.
1. The three bacteria that may be implicated in the given case are S.pdf
1. The three bacteria that may be implicated in the given case are Staphylococcus aureus,
Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Cardiobacterium hominis . These organisms generally occur in the
saliva as normal flora. However, drug users who lick the blood on syringes ingest them and thus,
they can casue polymicrobial endocarditis.
2. Cardiobacterium hominis is Gram negative bacillus that occurs as normal flora of mouth and
upper respiratory tract. The bacterium is grouped into HACEK group. The organism can cause
inflammation of heart valves. It produces beta lactamases
Haemophilus parainfluenzae: Gram negative, pleomorphic, facultative anaerobes. The organism
is mostly assocaited with upper respiratory tract infections and mitral valve inflammation. The
organism is generally found in coinfection with Streptococcus.
Cardiobacterium hominis: It is a Gram negative bacillus of HACEK group. It is part of normal
flora of upper respiratory tract and mouth.
These organisms are generally harmless, and occur as secondary infection. When there is a
disturbance to the mucosal surface, they gain access and enter the tissues. They cause infections
at abnormal tissues of heart like damages valves, in particular. They initiate an inflammatory
response.
3. The organisms are normally present as flora in the host. The patient acquired these bacteria
due to the use of syringe drugs. Licking of the blood on the syringe, and sterilizing the syringe by
licking makes the organism enter the sytem.
Solution
1. The three bacteria that may be implicated in the given case are Staphylococcus aureus,
Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Cardiobacterium hominis . These organisms generally occur in the
saliva as normal flora. However, drug users who lick the blood on syringes ingest them and thus,
they can casue polymicrobial endocarditis.
2. Cardiobacterium hominis is Gram negative bacillus that occurs as normal flora of mouth and
upper respiratory tract. The bacterium is grouped into HACEK group. The organism can cause
inflammation of heart valves. It produces beta lactamases
Haemophilus parainfluenzae: Gram negative, pleomorphic, facultative anaerobes. The organism
is mostly assocaited with upper respiratory tract infections and mitral valve inflammation. The
organism is generally found in coinfection with Streptococcus.
Cardiobacterium hominis: It is a Gram negative bacillus of HACEK group. It is part of normal
flora of upper respiratory tract and mouth.
These organisms are generally harmless, and occur as secondary infection. When there is a
disturbance to the mucosal surface, they gain access and enter the tissues. They cause infections
at abnormal tissues of heart like damages valves, in particular. They initiate an inflammatory
response.
3. The organisms are normally present as flora in the host. The patient acquired these bacteria
due to the use of syringe drugs. Licking of the blood on the syringe, and sterilizing the syringe by
licking makes the organism enter the sytem..
1. Pros and Cons of IP CCTVNew threats are introduced to the secu.pdf
1. Pros and Cons of IP CCTV:
New threats are introduced to the security world as systems migrate from traditional analogue to
IP network-enabled systems particularly in video surveillance. Internet Protocol (IP) provide an
open platform for integration at the data level of multiple security and life safety devices and
applications.
Pros:
Lower initial cost: Harnissing the IT infrastructure reduces installation costs in cabling,
associated containment and power outlets.
Wide-spread compatibility
Provides flexibility and scalability
Higher security and resilience
The tight software integraion between systems make them more intelligent and reduces security
gaps, speed up the response time.
Cons:
It revolves arond network security and hackers threat.
The risk increases if camera is accesses from the mobile or phone.
Threat to the security industry and thus security from the IT sector.
2.
3. User education about security:
It is one of the hardest security layers for administrators to implement.Some of the tips are:
4. There are many problems associated with the boimetrics like fingerprints, iris patterns, face
scan, voice recognization. Make sure that the biometric data is a sensitive data compared to
others and is encrypted in transit from the biometrics device to the directory or database housing
the authentication credentials. Some biometrics readers are on USB keys or tokens that connect
to the computer. These devices should provide encryption.
Either at rest or in transit, the key to protecting biometric data is encryption and then secure
storage in a directory service such as AD or LDAP.
5. Organizations need to take pro-active steps to define the accetable use of portable storage
devices like USB flash drives within the environment and then put the tools and technology in
place to help monitor and enforce the policy and protect the network and data from the risk
caused by USB flash drives. Many organizations have an acceptable use policy defined, which
users must agree to. The Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) essentially defines how users are allowed
to use the internet, e-mail, telephones and other cmmunications and network resources.
The Group policy is an effective tool for computer on the network and enforcing the security
policies.
Solution
1. Pros and Cons of IP CCTV:
New threats are introduced to the security world as systems migrate from traditional analogue to
IP network-enabled systems particularly in video surveillance. Internet Protocol (IP) provide an
open platform for integration at the data level of multiple security and life safety devices and
applications.
Pros:
Lower initial cost: Harnissing the IT infrastructure reduces installation costs in cabling,
associated containment and power outlets.
Wide-spread compatibility
Provides flexibility and scalability
Higher security and resilience
The tight software integraion between systems make them more intelligent and reduces security
gaps, speed up the response time.
Cons:
It revolves.
1. Activation of Vit. D involves Kidney and Liver and liver is part .pdf
1. Activation of Vit. D involves Kidney and Liver and liver is part of Digestive system. Answer
is Digestive system
2. Calcium homeostasis and phosphate homeostasis are intimately tied to each other for two
reasons. First, calcium and phosphate are the principal components of hydroxyapatite crystals
[Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)], which by far constitute the major portion of the mineral phase of bone.
Second, they are regulated by the same hormones, primarily parathyroid hormone (PTH) and
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) and, to a lesser extent, the hormone calcitonin. These
hormones act on three organ systems-the bone, the kidneys, and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract-to
control the levels of these two ions in plasma. Answer is Endocrine system
3. Answer is Muscular system
4. Nonspecific defenses include mechanical barriers such as skin, saliva, the lacrimal apparatus,
and mucous membranes, as well as the outward flow of urine, vaginal secretions, and blood
(from wounds). Phagocytosis, fever, inflammation, and molecular strategies. Answer is
Integumentary System
5. Answer is the Circulatory system, Renal artery perfusion pressure directly regulates sodium
excretion-a process known as pressure natriuresis-and influences the activity of various
vasoactive systems such as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
6. Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone produced in the kidney that acts on erythroid
progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Answer is Skeleton system
7. When the animal is in a situation of crisis or stress blood flow to the kidneys is reduced for the
sake of other organs such as the brain, heart and skeletal muscles. The sympathetic nervous
system and a heightened level of adrenalin in the plasma cause the contraction of both the
afferant and efferant arterioles. Answer is Nervous System
Solution
1. Activation of Vit. D involves Kidney and Liver and liver is part of Digestive system. Answer
is Digestive system
2. Calcium homeostasis and phosphate homeostasis are intimately tied to each other for two
reasons. First, calcium and phosphate are the principal components of hydroxyapatite crystals
[Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)], which by far constitute the major portion of the mineral phase of bone.
Second, they are regulated by the same hormones, primarily parathyroid hormone (PTH) and
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) and, to a lesser extent, the hormone calcitonin. These
hormones act on three organ systems-the bone, the kidneys, and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract-to
control the levels of these two ions in plasma. Answer is Endocrine system
3. Answer is Muscular system
4. Nonspecific defenses include mechanical barriers such as skin, saliva, the lacrimal apparatus,
and mucous membranes, as well as the outward flow of urine, vaginal secretions, and blood
(from wounds). Phagocytosis, fever, inflammation, and molecular strategies. Answer is
Integumentary System
5. Answer is the Circulatory system, Renal artery perfusion pressure directly regulates sodium
.
Rf = (distance the spot traveled)L there are fou.pdf
Rf = (distance the spot traveled)/L there are four spots, so from the left to the right:
Rf = 0.15 Rf = 0.40 Rf = 0.62 Rf = 0.87
Solution
Rf = (distance the spot traveled)/L there are four spots, so from the left to the right:
Rf = 0.15 Rf = 0.40 Rf = 0.62 Rf = 0.87.
No. Since sodium chloride is an ionic compound, i.pdf
No. Since sodium chloride is an ionic compound, it will be formula units, not
molecules. Molecules indicate equal sharing of electrons, whereas in sodium chloride it is a
complex of ions.
Solution
No. Since sodium chloride is an ionic compound, it will be formula units, not
molecules. Molecules indicate equal sharing of electrons, whereas in sodium chloride it is a
complex of ions..
Nacl is highly ionic in nature. where as CaO is s.pdf
Nacl is highly ionic in nature. where as CaO is slightly covalent
Solution
Nacl is highly ionic in nature. where as CaO is slightly covalent.
it is reduced as it accepts e- and goes from 0 to.pdf
it is reduced as it accepts e- and goes from 0 to -1 oxidation state
Solution
it is reduced as it accepts e- and goes from 0 to -1 oxidation state.
Iodine test is used to see if a compound has star.pdf
Iodine test is used to see if a compound has starch. Amylose has starch.
Solution
Iodine test is used to see if a compound has starch. Amylose has starch..
Borane-THF is flammable and highly reactive with .pdf
Borane-THF is flammable and highly reactive with water ie why the student might
have had an explosion on his hands if you had not intervened.
Solution
Borane-THF is flammable and highly reactive with water ie why the student might
have had an explosion on his hands if you had not intervened..
Ubiquity Internet is available everywhere namely at home, at work v.pdf
Ubiquity: Internet is available everywhere namely at home, at work via mobile phones,
computers and other devices at any time.
Customization: Technology has allowed the personalized messages to the individuals and
sometimes to the groups probabily when an order is placed or for some other purpose.
Universal Standards: Actually these are one set technology known as internet standards.
Information Density: Here technology may decrease the information cost and at the same time
quality will be raised to the higher levels.
Solution
Ubiquity: Internet is available everywhere namely at home, at work via mobile phones,
computers and other devices at any time.
Customization: Technology has allowed the personalized messages to the individuals and
sometimes to the groups probabily when an order is placed or for some other purpose.
Universal Standards: Actually these are one set technology known as internet standards.
Information Density: Here technology may decrease the information cost and at the same time
quality will be raised to the higher levels..
Water is the most used resource in our day to day life . When the wa.pdf
Water is the most used resource in our day to day life . When the water that is used for other than
driniking purposes such as house hold activities and industries etc where water used is termed as
waste water.In waste water we have different types of physical and chemical compunds which
are both toxic and harmfull to both our health and atmosphere. So this chemicals are treated by
using various technologies and reducing the risk factor .
THere are so many waste water treatment technologies that effectively reduce emerging
pollutants and ground water contaminents
1) Activated sludge process
2) Advanced oxidation process
3) Aerated lagoon
4) Aerobic granulation etc
We can see that process are aerobic in nature and some are anerobic which means in presence of
oxygen or in absence of nitrogen.
Ground water is also contaminated due to suspended solids and chemicals present in water .
Untreated waste water from septic tank which has toxic materials forms underground storage
tanks in landfills and contaminate ground water
We use ex-situ technology and in situ technology for prevention of ground water contamination.
Solution
Water is the most used resource in our day to day life . When the water that is used for other than
driniking purposes such as house hold activities and industries etc where water used is termed as
waste water.In waste water we have different types of physical and chemical compunds which
are both toxic and harmfull to both our health and atmosphere. So this chemicals are treated by
using various technologies and reducing the risk factor .
THere are so many waste water treatment technologies that effectively reduce emerging
pollutants and ground water contaminents
1) Activated sludge process
2) Advanced oxidation process
3) Aerated lagoon
4) Aerobic granulation etc
We can see that process are aerobic in nature and some are anerobic which means in presence of
oxygen or in absence of nitrogen.
Ground water is also contaminated due to suspended solids and chemicals present in water .
Untreated waste water from septic tank which has toxic materials forms underground storage
tanks in landfills and contaminate ground water
We use ex-situ technology and in situ technology for prevention of ground water contamination..
The initiation of the sporulation of the bacteria is a complex cellu.pdf
The initiation of the sporulation of the bacteria is a complex cellular event controlled by an
extensive network of regulatory proteins.
They serve to ensure that a cell begin on this differentiation process only when appropriate
conditions are met.
The major signal transduction pathway for the initiation of sporulation is phosphorelay ,which
responds to the environmental,cell cycle, and metabolic signals and phosphorylates the spo0A
transcription factor activating its function.
Signal input into phosphorelay occurs through activation of kinases to phosphorylate a second
messenger protein,spo0F.
Spo0F-P serves as a substrate for phosphoprotein phosphotransferase spo0B, which
phosphorylates spo0A.
The pathway is regulated by the transcriptional control of is component proteins and by
regulating phosphate flux through the pathway.
Thus two-component regulatory system control sporulation process in Bacillus subtilis.
Solution
The initiation of the sporulation of the bacteria is a complex cellular event controlled by an
extensive network of regulatory proteins.
They serve to ensure that a cell begin on this differentiation process only when appropriate
conditions are met.
The major signal transduction pathway for the initiation of sporulation is phosphorelay ,which
responds to the environmental,cell cycle, and metabolic signals and phosphorylates the spo0A
transcription factor activating its function.
Signal input into phosphorelay occurs through activation of kinases to phosphorylate a second
messenger protein,spo0F.
Spo0F-P serves as a substrate for phosphoprotein phosphotransferase spo0B, which
phosphorylates spo0A.
The pathway is regulated by the transcriptional control of is component proteins and by
regulating phosphate flux through the pathway.
Thus two-component regulatory system control sporulation process in Bacillus subtilis..
ANSWER Accounting concepts and conventions In dr.pdf
ANSWER Accounting concepts and conventions In drawing up accounting
statements, whether they are external \"financial accounts\" or internally-focused \"management
accounts\", a clear objective has to be that the accounts fairly reflect the true \"substance\" of the
business and the results of its operation. The theory of accounting has, therefore, developed the
concept of a \"true and fair view\". The true and fair view is applied in ensuring and assessing
whether accounts do indeed portray accurately the business\' activities. To support the
application of the \"true and fair view\", accounting has adopted certain concepts and
conventions which help to ensure that accounting information is presented accurately and
consistently. Accounting Conventions The most commonly encountered convention is the
\"historical cost convention\". This requires transactions to be recorded at the price ruling at the
time, and for assets to be valued at their original cost. Under the \"historical cost convention\",
therefore, no account is taken of changing prices in the economy. The other conventions you
will encounter in a set of accounts can be summarised as follows: Monetary measurement
Accountants do not account for items unless they can be quantified in monetary terms. Items that
are not accounted for (unless someone is prepared to pay something for them) include things like
workforce skill, morale, market leadership, brand recognition, quality of management etc.
Separate Entity This convention seeks to ensure that private transactions and matters relating to
the owners of a business are segregated from transactions that relate to the business. Realisation
With this convention, accounts recognise transactions (and any profits arising from them) at the
point of sale or transfer of legal ownership - rather than just when cash actually changes hands.
For example, a company that makes a sale to a customer can recognise that sale when the
transaction is legal - at the point of contract. The actual payment due from the customer may not
arise until several weeks (or months) later - if the customer has been granted some credit terms.
Materiality An important convention. As we can see from the application of accounting
standards and accounting policies, the preparation of accounts involves a high degree of
judgement. Where decisions are required about the appropriateness of a particular accounting
judgement, the \"materiality\" convention suggests that this should only be an issue if the
judgement is \"significant\" or \"material\" to a user of the accounts. The concept of
\"materiality\" is an important issue for auditors of financial accounts. Accounting Concepts
Four important accounting concepts underpin the preparation of any set of accounts: Going
Concern Accountants assume, unless there is evidence to the contrary, that a company is not
going broke. This has important implications for the valuation of assets and liabilities.
Consistency Transactions and val.
As ions are charged species a strong interactions.pdf
As ions are charged species a strong interactions(attractions) are possible between
the oppositely charged ions. Where as london dispersion forces(vanderwaal forces) are weak
forces as they are induced dipole-dipole attractions, these are temporary and weak attractions. ex:
between Na+& Cl- strong ionic attractions are present. between 2 molecules of water london
forces involve. and hence NaCl has high mp & bp than H2O
Solution
As ions are charged species a strong interactions(attractions) are possible between
the oppositely charged ions. Where as london dispersion forces(vanderwaal forces) are weak
forces as they are induced dipole-dipole attractions, these are temporary and weak attractions. ex:
between Na+& Cl- strong ionic attractions are present. between 2 molecules of water london
forces involve. and hence NaCl has high mp & bp than H2O.
SCADA Networks is a supervisory control data acquisition network con.pdf
SCADA Networks is a supervisory control data acquisition network contains computers and
applications that perform in providing essential services and commodities like gasoline ,
electricity , natural gas , water waste treatment transportation etc to all americans as they are part
of national critical security as they require protection from threats that are present in cyber space
and this network is widely used but it is very weak in providing security to the required
information and scada networks are harmful that could result in public safety concerns .
There are 21 steps to improve cyber security in scada networks -
1)identify all connections to the scada networks
2) disconnect unnecessary connections to the scada network
3)evaluate and strengthen the security of any remaining connections to the scada network
4)harden scada networks by removing or disabling unnecessary services .
5) do not rely on properietry protocols to protect your system
6)implement the security features provided by the system and system vendors
7) establish strong controls over any medium that is used as backdoor into the scada network
8) implement internal external intrusion detection systems and establish 24 hour day incident
monitoring
9) perform technical audits of scada devices and networks and any other connected networks to
identify security concerns
10) conduct physical security surveys and asses all remote sites connected to the scada network
to evaluate the security .
11) establish scada red teams to identify and evaluate possible attack scenarios
12) clearly define cyber security roles , responsibilities and authorities for managers , system
administrators and users
13) document network archietecture
14) eastablish rigorous and ongoing risk management process
15)establish network protection strategy
16) clearly certify cyber security requirements
17) establish effective configuration management process
18) condect routine self assessments
19) establish system backups and disastor recovery plans
20)senior organization leadership should establish expectations for cyber security performances
21) eastablish policies
Among these 21 steps to improve cyber security in scada network the 8th step ie
IMPLEMENT INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM AND
ESTABLISH 24 HOUR A DAY INCIDENT MONITORING - the security scanner can correlate
events from a wide variety of network intrusion detection system and the correlation includes
real time vulnerablity to event correlation such that only intrusion detection system which target
vulnerable servers are alerted on and it also include pre asset analysis such that all IDS events
going to or from a particular asset group are considered this makes analysis of any threat to a
specific scada network much easier lastly the log correlation engine can also accept logs from
many different NIDS as well as other sources of data include netflow , network monitoring ,
firewall logs and application logs and the LCE perform anomaly .
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