Effective learning is driven by challenge and ambition, while ineffective learning is driven by fear and compulsion. Learning interventions should throw challenges at individuals and fuel their ambition by showing successful examples. Tools for challenge-driven learning include case scenarios, real-life problem solving, and new experiences. To make fear- and compulsion-driven learning more effective, assessments should be non-judgmental and focus on building skills rather than testing. Teaching is only effective when the learner is ready.