Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) is a technique that is widely used to characterize a material’s properties as a function of temperature, time, frequency, stress, atmosphere or a combination of these parameters.
Sintering is an important process for manufacturing ceramic products that involves consolidating powder materials into a dense mass without melting. It occurs through mass transport mechanisms like evaporation-condensation, vacancy diffusion, or viscous flow as particles bond together below melting temperatures. Liquid phase sintering uses a liquid that dissolves and reprecipitates solid particles to drive densification through capillary forces. Sintering progresses through initial, intermediate, and final stages characterized by changing pore shapes and densities.
The document discusses various thermal analysis techniques including thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). TGA measures mass changes as a function of temperature. DTA measures the temperature difference between a sample and reference, revealing phenomena like phase transitions. DSC independently measures the heat flow of a sample and reference as a function of temperature, allowing measurement of heat capacities and thermal properties. These techniques can characterize materials, measure decomposition reactions, identify phase transitions, and provide other thermal and kinetic data.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is introduced as a technique to measure the changes in mass of a material as it is heated. Key points made in the document include:
- TGA is commonly used to assess the thermal stability and determine the composition of polymers. It measures the mass of a sample as it is heated in a controlled atmosphere.
- Common factors analyzed from TGA curves include the shape, temperatures of mass changes, and magnitudes of mass changes. Temperature of initial degradation and 5% mass loss are used to compare thermal stability.
- Polymers typically undergo degradation through mechanisms like decomposition, desorption, or oxidation, which result in mass changes. TGA can be used
DSC ( differential scanning calorimetry) is a thermo-analytical technique for qualitative and quantitative assessment of our analyte on the basis of heat provision and heat withdrawn from pan with compensation of both pans.
Thermo mechanical analysis (TMA) measures the relationship between a sample's length or volume and temperature. TMA instruments precisely measure both the temperature of a sample and very small movements of a probe in contact with the sample. TMA is mainly used to study polymers, characterizing polymers and assessing their mechanical properties. Some applications of TMA include measuring the thermal expansion of materials like aluminum, studying the effect of cross-linking and plasticizers on polymers, and determining the relationship between hardness and indentation.
Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) measures dimensional changes in materials under temperature changes and applied forces. TMA can be used to determine coefficients of thermal expansion and glass transition temperatures of materials. The document describes the components and functioning of a TMA instrument, including sample probes, temperature sensors, and displacement transducers. Applications discussed include quality control testing of materials like polymers, waxes, and fibers to analyze thermal transitions and degradation effects.
The document discusses sintering, which is a thermal process used to increase the strength of powder or compact materials below their melting point by bonding particles together. It describes the objectives and stages of sintering as well as different types, including solid-state, liquid-phase, conventional, and advanced processes like microwave, spark plasma, and high frequency induction heat sintering. Microwave sintering is highlighted as a superior advanced ceramic processing method compared to conventional techniques due to benefits like reduced energy consumption, heating rates, sintering temperatures, and improved material properties.
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) is a technique that is widely used to characterize a material’s properties as a function of temperature, time, frequency, stress, atmosphere or a combination of these parameters.
Sintering is an important process for manufacturing ceramic products that involves consolidating powder materials into a dense mass without melting. It occurs through mass transport mechanisms like evaporation-condensation, vacancy diffusion, or viscous flow as particles bond together below melting temperatures. Liquid phase sintering uses a liquid that dissolves and reprecipitates solid particles to drive densification through capillary forces. Sintering progresses through initial, intermediate, and final stages characterized by changing pore shapes and densities.
The document discusses various thermal analysis techniques including thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). TGA measures mass changes as a function of temperature. DTA measures the temperature difference between a sample and reference, revealing phenomena like phase transitions. DSC independently measures the heat flow of a sample and reference as a function of temperature, allowing measurement of heat capacities and thermal properties. These techniques can characterize materials, measure decomposition reactions, identify phase transitions, and provide other thermal and kinetic data.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is introduced as a technique to measure the changes in mass of a material as it is heated. Key points made in the document include:
- TGA is commonly used to assess the thermal stability and determine the composition of polymers. It measures the mass of a sample as it is heated in a controlled atmosphere.
- Common factors analyzed from TGA curves include the shape, temperatures of mass changes, and magnitudes of mass changes. Temperature of initial degradation and 5% mass loss are used to compare thermal stability.
- Polymers typically undergo degradation through mechanisms like decomposition, desorption, or oxidation, which result in mass changes. TGA can be used
DSC ( differential scanning calorimetry) is a thermo-analytical technique for qualitative and quantitative assessment of our analyte on the basis of heat provision and heat withdrawn from pan with compensation of both pans.
Thermo mechanical analysis (TMA) measures the relationship between a sample's length or volume and temperature. TMA instruments precisely measure both the temperature of a sample and very small movements of a probe in contact with the sample. TMA is mainly used to study polymers, characterizing polymers and assessing their mechanical properties. Some applications of TMA include measuring the thermal expansion of materials like aluminum, studying the effect of cross-linking and plasticizers on polymers, and determining the relationship between hardness and indentation.
Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) measures dimensional changes in materials under temperature changes and applied forces. TMA can be used to determine coefficients of thermal expansion and glass transition temperatures of materials. The document describes the components and functioning of a TMA instrument, including sample probes, temperature sensors, and displacement transducers. Applications discussed include quality control testing of materials like polymers, waxes, and fibers to analyze thermal transitions and degradation effects.
The document discusses sintering, which is a thermal process used to increase the strength of powder or compact materials below their melting point by bonding particles together. It describes the objectives and stages of sintering as well as different types, including solid-state, liquid-phase, conventional, and advanced processes like microwave, spark plasma, and high frequency induction heat sintering. Microwave sintering is highlighted as a superior advanced ceramic processing method compared to conventional techniques due to benefits like reduced energy consumption, heating rates, sintering temperatures, and improved material properties.
Thermal analysis techniques measure properties of a sample as a function of temperature. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measures the heat flow into or out of a sample relative to a reference as both are heated. DSC can identify phase transitions like melting or glass transitions through endothermic or exothermic events. Common applications include determining melting points, characterizing materials, and analyzing polymer mixtures. DSC provides both quantitative and qualitative information about physical and chemical changes.
Intro
Principle
How it works
Types of dynamic Experiments
Instrumentation
Construction
Preparation of samples
Types of analysers
DMA of glass transition of polymers
Advantages
Applications
Limitations
Latest Research
References
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) are thermal analytical techniques that measure changes in the mass and temperature of a sample as it is heated. TGA measures weight changes that occur as a sample is heated, providing information on physical and chemical phenomena like phase transitions and decomposition. DTA measures the difference in temperature between a sample and an inert reference as both are heated, revealing endothermic and exothermic reactions in the sample. Together, TGA and DTA can be used to characterize materials and determine their composition, purity, and thermal stability.
The document summarizes key concepts in solid-state sintering including:
1) Sintering involves forming solid bonds between particles through heating without melting. Mass transport mechanisms like surface diffusion, grain boundary diffusion and plastic flow cause densification and coarsening.
2) Sintering progresses through initial, intermediate and final stages characterized by neck growth, pore rounding and grain growth respectively.
3) The dominant mass transport mechanisms depend on factors like temperature, particle size and material properties. Data analysis of sintering kinetics helps determine the controlling mechanisms.
The document summarizes several thermal analysis techniques such as TMA, DSC, TGA, DTA, and TPD. It explains that these techniques involve heating a sample at a constant rate while measuring its properties, such as weight, size, heat flow, or gases evolved. The data
This document discusses various materials testing techniques, including dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). It defines DMA as a technique that measures the stress and strain response of a material sample to an oscillating force over time. The document outlines the DMA testing process, describing how the sample is clamped and a sinusoidal force applied, while the deformation is measured. It states that DMA can be used to measure viscoelastic properties like storage and loss modulus, and how these properties change with temperature and frequency provide information about a polymer's molecular structure and motion.
Presentation on DSC (differential scanning calorimetry )Hamza Suharwardi
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermoanalytical technique that measures the heat flow into or out of a sample as it is heated, cooled, or held at constant temperature. A DSC instrument consists of a sample pan and an empty reference pan that are heated or cooled at a controlled rate. It detects transitions in materials, such as glass transitions, melting points, and crystallization events, by measuring the heat differential between the sample and reference. There are three main types of DSC instruments: power-compensated DSC, heat-flux DSC, and modulated DSC. DSC is widely used to characterize polymers and analyze their thermal transitions.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
this device help you for reverse engineering by using this device you can know about compounds glass transition temp or melting temp.
all credit goes to anal bhatt L.D COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
This document discusses different thermal analysis techniques including thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). TGA measures mass changes as a function of temperature. DTA measures the temperature difference between a sample and reference as they are heated. DSC directly measures heat flows into or out of a sample during transitions. The techniques are used to study physical and chemical transitions in materials and have applications in fields like polymers, food, pharmaceuticals, and ceramics for analyzing composition, stability, phase transitions, and melting/boiling points.
it is a method of miscellaneous instrumental analytical technique. it is one of the thermal analytical techniques used. it also has wide applications in the field of pharmacy.
The document discusses rate controlled sintering in advanced ceramic processes. It explains that sintering transforms ceramic powder compacts into dense materials through heating by reducing pores and growing grains. The driving force is lowering free energy. Sintering occurs in three stages and is affected by various factors. Rate controlled sintering controls the heating rate or temperature to control the sintering process for improved material properties. It provides examples demonstrating the effects of heating rate on microstructure.
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are thermal analysis techniques that can be used to analyze materials. DTA measures the temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference as both are subjected to identical temperature programs. DSC maintains the sample and reference at the same temperature during a thermal event in the sample by measuring the energy required. Both techniques can detect physical and chemical changes that occur in samples through endothermic or exothermic events as temperature is changed. DSC is now more commonly used as it provides calorimetric measurements of energy changes during transitions.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermoanalytical technique used to analyze characteristics of polymers and other materials. DSC measures heat flow into and out of a sample as it is heated, cooled, or held isothermally. By monitoring the heat difference between a sample and an inert reference, DSC can detect physical and chemical changes associated with phase transitions, such as glass transitions, melting points, and crystallization events. The document discusses the principles, instrumentation, applications, and interpretation of DSC analysis for studying various material properties and transitions.
This document discusses thermal analysis techniques such as differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry (TGA). It explains that DTA involves measuring the temperature difference between a sample and reference material as they are heated, allowing physical and chemical changes to be identified. TGA measures the mass change of a sample as it is heated to determine information about physical phenomena like phase transitions and chemical phenomena like decomposition. The document provides details on the principles, instrumentation, factors affecting the techniques, and applications of DTA and TGA.
This document discusses different types of refractory materials, which are inorganic materials that can withstand high temperatures without undergoing chemical changes. It describes how refractories are classified based on their chemical composition, manufacturing method, and physical form. Common types of refractories include fireclay bricks, high alumina refractories, mullite, corundum, silica, and magnesite. The uses and characteristics of insulating refractories are also outlined.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermal analysis technique that measures the heat flow into or out of a sample as it is heated, cooled, or held at constant temperature. DSC directly measures the energy required to establish a zero temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference material as both are subjected to an identical temperature program. This allows the determination of transition temperatures such as melting points and glass transition temperatures. DSC is commonly used in pharmaceutical analysis to characterize materials such as purity determination, polymorphism detection, and stability studies. The basic components of a DSC instrument include sample and reference pans, a furnace to heat the pans at a controlled rate, and sensors to measure the heat flow difference between
This document provides an overview of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA involves measuring the mass of a substance as it is heated or cooled over time in a controlled temperature program. It summarizes the principle, instrumentation, example curve, applications, limitations, and factors affecting results of TGA. The instrumentation section describes the sample holder, microbalance, programmable furnace, temperature control/sensor, and data readout components of a TGA instrument. Common applications include determining thermal stability, material characterization, and compositional analysis.
High temperature materials & super alloys pptSREE KRISHNA
This document discusses superalloys, which are metallic alloys that exhibit excellent strength and creep resistance at high temperatures. It describes how superalloys develop strength through solid solution strengthening and alloying techniques. The document also classifies superalloys into generations based on their composition, and lists some of their key properties and applications in gas turbines, jet engines, steam turbines, and other high-temperature industrial systems.
Thermal analysis techniques like differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) are used to analyze materials. DSC measures heat flows involved in physical and chemical changes as a function of temperature, providing information on transitions. TGA measures the weight change of a material over time and temperature in controlled environments. Both techniques involve heating samples in a controlled furnace and precisely measuring temperature, heat flows or weight changes to characterize materials and their transitions. They are useful for applications like determining phase changes, composition, and stability of materials like polymers, pharmaceuticals, foods and more.
Thermal analysis techniques measure properties of a sample as a function of temperature. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measures the heat flow into or out of a sample relative to a reference as both are heated. DSC can identify phase transitions like melting or glass transitions through endothermic or exothermic events. Common applications include determining melting points, characterizing materials, and analyzing polymer mixtures. DSC provides both quantitative and qualitative information about physical and chemical changes.
Intro
Principle
How it works
Types of dynamic Experiments
Instrumentation
Construction
Preparation of samples
Types of analysers
DMA of glass transition of polymers
Advantages
Applications
Limitations
Latest Research
References
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) are thermal analytical techniques that measure changes in the mass and temperature of a sample as it is heated. TGA measures weight changes that occur as a sample is heated, providing information on physical and chemical phenomena like phase transitions and decomposition. DTA measures the difference in temperature between a sample and an inert reference as both are heated, revealing endothermic and exothermic reactions in the sample. Together, TGA and DTA can be used to characterize materials and determine their composition, purity, and thermal stability.
The document summarizes key concepts in solid-state sintering including:
1) Sintering involves forming solid bonds between particles through heating without melting. Mass transport mechanisms like surface diffusion, grain boundary diffusion and plastic flow cause densification and coarsening.
2) Sintering progresses through initial, intermediate and final stages characterized by neck growth, pore rounding and grain growth respectively.
3) The dominant mass transport mechanisms depend on factors like temperature, particle size and material properties. Data analysis of sintering kinetics helps determine the controlling mechanisms.
The document summarizes several thermal analysis techniques such as TMA, DSC, TGA, DTA, and TPD. It explains that these techniques involve heating a sample at a constant rate while measuring its properties, such as weight, size, heat flow, or gases evolved. The data
This document discusses various materials testing techniques, including dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). It defines DMA as a technique that measures the stress and strain response of a material sample to an oscillating force over time. The document outlines the DMA testing process, describing how the sample is clamped and a sinusoidal force applied, while the deformation is measured. It states that DMA can be used to measure viscoelastic properties like storage and loss modulus, and how these properties change with temperature and frequency provide information about a polymer's molecular structure and motion.
Presentation on DSC (differential scanning calorimetry )Hamza Suharwardi
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermoanalytical technique that measures the heat flow into or out of a sample as it is heated, cooled, or held at constant temperature. A DSC instrument consists of a sample pan and an empty reference pan that are heated or cooled at a controlled rate. It detects transitions in materials, such as glass transitions, melting points, and crystallization events, by measuring the heat differential between the sample and reference. There are three main types of DSC instruments: power-compensated DSC, heat-flux DSC, and modulated DSC. DSC is widely used to characterize polymers and analyze their thermal transitions.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
this device help you for reverse engineering by using this device you can know about compounds glass transition temp or melting temp.
all credit goes to anal bhatt L.D COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
This document discusses different thermal analysis techniques including thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). TGA measures mass changes as a function of temperature. DTA measures the temperature difference between a sample and reference as they are heated. DSC directly measures heat flows into or out of a sample during transitions. The techniques are used to study physical and chemical transitions in materials and have applications in fields like polymers, food, pharmaceuticals, and ceramics for analyzing composition, stability, phase transitions, and melting/boiling points.
it is a method of miscellaneous instrumental analytical technique. it is one of the thermal analytical techniques used. it also has wide applications in the field of pharmacy.
The document discusses rate controlled sintering in advanced ceramic processes. It explains that sintering transforms ceramic powder compacts into dense materials through heating by reducing pores and growing grains. The driving force is lowering free energy. Sintering occurs in three stages and is affected by various factors. Rate controlled sintering controls the heating rate or temperature to control the sintering process for improved material properties. It provides examples demonstrating the effects of heating rate on microstructure.
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are thermal analysis techniques that can be used to analyze materials. DTA measures the temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference as both are subjected to identical temperature programs. DSC maintains the sample and reference at the same temperature during a thermal event in the sample by measuring the energy required. Both techniques can detect physical and chemical changes that occur in samples through endothermic or exothermic events as temperature is changed. DSC is now more commonly used as it provides calorimetric measurements of energy changes during transitions.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermoanalytical technique used to analyze characteristics of polymers and other materials. DSC measures heat flow into and out of a sample as it is heated, cooled, or held isothermally. By monitoring the heat difference between a sample and an inert reference, DSC can detect physical and chemical changes associated with phase transitions, such as glass transitions, melting points, and crystallization events. The document discusses the principles, instrumentation, applications, and interpretation of DSC analysis for studying various material properties and transitions.
This document discusses thermal analysis techniques such as differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry (TGA). It explains that DTA involves measuring the temperature difference between a sample and reference material as they are heated, allowing physical and chemical changes to be identified. TGA measures the mass change of a sample as it is heated to determine information about physical phenomena like phase transitions and chemical phenomena like decomposition. The document provides details on the principles, instrumentation, factors affecting the techniques, and applications of DTA and TGA.
This document discusses different types of refractory materials, which are inorganic materials that can withstand high temperatures without undergoing chemical changes. It describes how refractories are classified based on their chemical composition, manufacturing method, and physical form. Common types of refractories include fireclay bricks, high alumina refractories, mullite, corundum, silica, and magnesite. The uses and characteristics of insulating refractories are also outlined.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermal analysis technique that measures the heat flow into or out of a sample as it is heated, cooled, or held at constant temperature. DSC directly measures the energy required to establish a zero temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference material as both are subjected to an identical temperature program. This allows the determination of transition temperatures such as melting points and glass transition temperatures. DSC is commonly used in pharmaceutical analysis to characterize materials such as purity determination, polymorphism detection, and stability studies. The basic components of a DSC instrument include sample and reference pans, a furnace to heat the pans at a controlled rate, and sensors to measure the heat flow difference between
This document provides an overview of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA involves measuring the mass of a substance as it is heated or cooled over time in a controlled temperature program. It summarizes the principle, instrumentation, example curve, applications, limitations, and factors affecting results of TGA. The instrumentation section describes the sample holder, microbalance, programmable furnace, temperature control/sensor, and data readout components of a TGA instrument. Common applications include determining thermal stability, material characterization, and compositional analysis.
High temperature materials & super alloys pptSREE KRISHNA
This document discusses superalloys, which are metallic alloys that exhibit excellent strength and creep resistance at high temperatures. It describes how superalloys develop strength through solid solution strengthening and alloying techniques. The document also classifies superalloys into generations based on their composition, and lists some of their key properties and applications in gas turbines, jet engines, steam turbines, and other high-temperature industrial systems.
Thermal analysis techniques like differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) are used to analyze materials. DSC measures heat flows involved in physical and chemical changes as a function of temperature, providing information on transitions. TGA measures the weight change of a material over time and temperature in controlled environments. Both techniques involve heating samples in a controlled furnace and precisely measuring temperature, heat flows or weight changes to characterize materials and their transitions. They are useful for applications like determining phase changes, composition, and stability of materials like polymers, pharmaceuticals, foods and more.
The investigation of thermodynamic properties and reactivity yields interesting insights into the chemistry of newly synthesized substances. With thermal analysis extensive information can be gained from small samples (often only a few milligrams). In addition, the data obtained by thermal analysis can be used to plan and optimize a synthesis. Among the most important applications are identification and purity analysis, and the determination of characteristic temperatures and enthalpies of phase transitions (melting, vaporization), phase transformations, and reactions. Investigations into the kinetics of consecutive reactions and decomposition reactions are also possible. With the instruments available today such analyses can usually be performed quickly and easily. In this review the fundamentals of thermoanalytical methods are described and illustrated with selected examples of applications to low and high molecular weight compounds.
This project report examines the tribological properties of cryo-treated polymer composites. Cryogenic treatment involves cooling composite materials below -190°C to improve properties like hardness, wear resistance, and friction. Testing of polymers like PTFE, PA6, and PI found that cryo-treatment increased crystallinity and hardness. It also generally decreased wear and friction coefficients. However, results depended on the specific material and fillers used. Cryo-treatment was most effective for PTFE and PEI composites, enhancing abrasion resistance by up to 60% and 30%, respectively. The report concludes that optimized cryogenic treatment can improve composite tribological performance, but excess treatment may have negative effects.
Lyostat4 freeze drying microscope provides brighter, clearer images for easy analysis of formulations for freeze drying. Freeze drying microscopy is used to identify the collapse temperature of a product, which is necessary for product and process development.
Thermal analysis techniques such as thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) are used to study how the properties of materials change with temperature. TGA measures weight changes in a material as it is heated, revealing physical and chemical changes like decomposition and phase transitions. DTA detects exothermic or endothermic reactions in a sample material by comparing its temperature to a reference as both are heated. Common applications of these techniques include determining purity and stability, studying reaction kinetics, and characterizing complex mixtures.
This document discusses differential thermal analysis (DTA), which measures the difference in temperature between a sample and a reference material as both are heated. It describes phenomena like physical changes (melting, vaporization) and chemical reactions that cause temperature changes detectable by DTA. Instrumentation for DTA is also outlined, including furnaces, temperature programmers, and amplifiers. Factors that can affect DTA curves like heating rate, atmosphere, sample mass, and particle size are examined. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is also introduced as a related technique.
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is a thermal analysis technique that monitors the temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference material as both are subjected to a controlled temperature program. It detects endothermic or exothermic physical or chemical changes in the sample that cause temperature differences compared to the reference. A DTA instrument consists of sample and reference holders connected to thermocouples, a furnace, temperature programmer, and recording system to plot the differential temperature curve against time or temperature. DTA provides both qualitative and quantitative information about materials and is widely used in industries like pharmaceuticals, polymers, minerals, and cement.
Lauded as the fastest commercially available chip calorimeter, Flash DSC is ideal for studying rapid crystallization and reorganization processes, and is able to operate in temperatures from -95 to 1000 °C. These ultra-high cooling and heating rates have considerably progressed the study of thermally induced chemical processes and physical transitions, allowing the study of the crystallization and reorganization of a range of materials including metals and polymers like never before.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a technique used to investigate the response of
polymers to heating. DSC can be used to study the melting of a crystalline polymer or
the glass transition.
The DSC set-up is composed of a measurement chamber and a computer. Two pans
are heated in the measurement chamber. The sample pan contains the material being
investigated. A second pan, which is typically empty, is used as a reference. The computer
is used to monitor the temperature and regulate the rate at which the temperature of the
pans changes. A typical heating rate is around 10 ◦C/min.
The rate of temperature change for a given amount of heat will differ between the two
pans. This difference depends on the composition of the pan contents as well as physical
changes such as phase changes. For the heat flux DSC used in this lab course, the system
varies the heat provided to one of the pans in order to keep the temperature of both pans
the same. The difference in heat output of the two heaters is recorded. The result is a
plot of the difference in heat (q) versus temperature (T).
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is a technique that monitors the temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference material as both are subjected to a controlled temperature program. Changes in the sample, whether endothermic or exothermic, can be detected relative to the reference. DTA provides information about physical and chemical changes that occur as a material is heated, such as melting, oxidation, and decomposition. The instrument consists of sample and reference holders connected to thermocouples, a furnace for heating, a temperature programmer, and a recording system to plot the differential temperature versus temperature or time.
This document discusses differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), providing an overview of the technique in 3 paragraphs or less. It describes DSC as a technique that measures the difference in heat flow between a sample and reference material as they are heated. The document outlines some of the main components of a DSC including sample pans, purge gas, and cooling systems. It also briefly discusses sample preparation, the working principle of DSC, interpreting DSC curves, and some common applications and types of DSC instruments.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermal analysis technique that measures the heat flow into or out of a sample as it is heated, cooled, or held at constant temperature. DSC can be used to analyze physical and chemical changes that involve endothermic or exothermic processes, such as phase transitions, crystallization, melting, and curing. DSC provides quantitative and qualitative material characterization by measuring the heat flow and temperature differences between a sample and an inert reference sample as they undergo temperature changes. The heat flow is directly related to transitions in materials and can be used to determine transition temperatures and associated enthalpies.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures how the weight of a material changes as it is heated. During TGA, a sample is heated at a controlled rate while measuring its weight change. Physical changes like phase transitions and chemical changes like decomposition can be identified by changes in the weight of the sample over temperature. TGA curves plot weight change versus temperature. TGA is used to determine material properties over a range of temperatures, characterize materials and chemical compositions, and identify reaction kinetics. The sample environment, heating rate, and sample size can affect TGA results. Common applications include determining purity and thermal stability, analyzing complex mixtures, and studying catalysts.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the mass of a substance as the temperature changes. It provides quantitative data on weight changes from thermal transitions like decomposition or evaporation. TGA can be either dynamic, with continuous temperature increase, or isothermal at constant temperature. The technique graphs weight against temperature or time. The data can identify phases and stoichiometries of compounds. Factors like heating rate, atmosphere, and sample properties affect TGA results. It has advantages like minimal sample prep and fast analysis, but data interpretation can be complex.
The techniques in which some physical parameters of the systems are determined and /or recorded as a function of temperature.
DSC is a thermal technique in which differences in heat flow into a substance and a reference are measured as a function of sample temperature while the two are subjected to a controlled temperature program.
It include all the thermal methods widely used in large and small scale industries with detailed applications and examples for explanations.
Medha Thakur (M.Sc Chemistry)
In thermogravimetric analysis, the change in weight in
relation to a change in temperature in a controlled environment is measured. Heat is used in TGA to force
reactions and physical changes in materials. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is a reliable method to determine
endotherms, exotherms, measure oxidation processes, thermal stability, decomposition points of explosives,
characteristics of polymers, solvent residues, the level of organic and inorganic components of a mixture,
degradation temperatures of a material, and the absorbed moisture content of materials. Materials analyzed by
thermogravimetric analysis include explosives, petroleum, chemicals, biological samples, polymers, composites,
plastics, adhesives, coatings, organic materials, and pharmaceuticals.The thermogravimetric analysis instrument usually consists of a high-precision balance and sample pan.
The pan holds the sample
material and is located in a
furnace or oven that is
heated or cooled during the
experiment. A thermocouple
is used to accurately control
and measure the
temperature within the oven.
The mass of the sample is
constantly monitored during
the analysis. An inert or
reactive gas may be used to
purge and control the
environment. The analysis is
performed by gradually
raising the temperature and plotting the
substances weight against temperature. A
computer is utilized to control the
instrument and to process the output
curves.
This document discusses Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). TGA measures the change in weight of a sample during heating or cooling, while DSC measures the heat absorbed or released by a sample during phase transitions or chemical reactions. Both techniques provide information about physical and chemical changes in materials as functions of temperature. The document describes the principles, instrumentation, experimental procedures, sources of error, and applications of TGA and DSC for characterizing materials.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
4. Thermal Expansion - Background
Thermal Expansion
Background
Most materials undergo
dimensional changes during
heating or cooling.
Generally, the dimensions of
a solid or liquid increase
during heating and decrease
during cooling.
There are only few
exceptions.
Sintering, Shrinkage
• During phase transitions or
during a sintering process,
substances can show a
shrinkage.
• During a sintering process,
such shrinkages steps are
irreversible and lead to a
permanent increase in
density and robustness.
4
6. What is Dilatometry?
Dilatometry (DIL) is a technique in which a dimensional change of a substance under
negligible load is measured (e.g. expansion measurement or shrinkage
measurement) as a function of temperature while the substance is subjected to a
controlled temperature program in a specified atmosphere.
7
13. Dilatometry Samples
Metals & Alloys
Ceramics
Polymers
Green Bodies & Clay
Thin Films
Glasses
Solids , Powders, Liquids
14
14. Dilatometry Technical Specification
Sample length: 20 mm maximum
Maximum sample diameter: 7 mm
Maximum change of length: 4 mm
Length resolution: 10 nm
15
Sample holder: Fused silica
Atmosphere: air, vacuum, Liquid nitrogen
Temperature range: 100 – 1000°C
Maximum heating rate: 100°C/min
15. Applications
Linear Thermal Expansion
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Phase Transition Temperatures
Sintering Temperatures
Glass Transition Temperatures
Dilatometry Softening points
Volume expansion
Density Change
Sintering Kinetics
16
16. Interpretation of Dilatometer Graph
THERMAL
EXPANSION
DL/LO
TEMPERATURE C
Co-efficient
of
Thermal
Expansion
dl/dT
T1
T2
Axis Labels
Baseline
Expansion and Shrinkage
Slope
Inflection Points
Plateaus
Peaks and Troughs
Transition Temperatures
Comparisons
Data Analysis
18
20. 23
Glass — Thermal Expansion, Glass
Transition, Softening
Presented in the figure are three tests on the same type of glass but from different batches. It can
clearly be seen that the coefficients of thermal expansion are in good agreement within the instrument’s
uncertainty boundaries. The Glass Transition Temperature temperature and the softening point of
sample #3 (blue curve) show slightly lower values, indicating a slightly different composition.
25. 28
Iron – Phase Transition
The sample was measured at a heating rate of 5 K/min in a helium atmosphere. At 906°C (peak temperature in the
physical alpha) a shrinkage step was detected. This is due to a change in the lattice structure (bcc -> fcc). Another
change in the lattice structure (fcc -> bcc) was detected at 1409°C. The deviation between the measured and literature
transition temperatures is due to a small impurity content.
31. 34
Density
Thermal behavior of an aluminum-based alloy, heating rate: 5 K/min, He atmosphere, alumina sample holder, alumina
container. Displayed are the Volumetric Expansion (black solid line), the curve of the calculated density change (red
solid line) as well as the c-DTA® curve (blue dashed line).
32. Conclusion
• What is dilatometry and what is it used to measure
• Basic setup of a dilatometer
• Analysis of data from the instrument
35