Digital Hierarchy
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This document discusses digital telecommunications hierarchies and transmission modes. It describes: - Digital signal hierarchies including DS0, T1, E1, OC-1, STS-1, and STM-1. - Transmission modes like parallel, serial, synchronous, and asynchronous. - How digital voice is encoded by sampling at 8 kHz and using 8 bits per sample. - The framing structures of T1 and E1 interfaces, including how they are composed of DS0 channels and use timeslots like TS0 for framing and TS16 for signaling.
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Function name: massVigenere
Inputs:
(M x N) Cell array of coded phrases
(M x N) Cell array of secret keys
Outputs:
(1 x K) Vec of chars representing the decoded phrase
Description:
In cryptography, there is a encryption algorithm called, "Vigenere Cipher". To create a cipher like
this, you first start with a phrase (e.x.: "Attack Now!") and then you have a secret key associated
with the phrase (e.x.: "woot"). From these two pieces of information, you can create an updated
key that would look like: "Wootwo Otw!". As you can see, you repeat the secret key's sequence
and have capital characters from the secret key associated with capital letters from the original
phrase. Lower case with lower. And then ignore punctuation. Once you have the updated key, you
before a ceasar shift.
E.x.: char(updatedKey - originalPhrase) => 'Whhtyy Bhs!' When performing a shift like this, think of
'A' starting at 0.
'W' - 'A' = 'W';
'h' - 't' = 'o' (notice that there is potential to loop back around the alphabet)
and so on...
This is a single instance of encoding a vigenere cipher. For this question, you will be given a cell
array of several different
phrases with several different keys were cellArrayCodedPhrases(i,j) is the phrase associated with
the key cellArrayKeys(i,j).
Once you decode all of the phrases, you might have an array like:
{'This ' 'is' }
{' an' ' example.'}
Going from left to right, top to bottom, concat the phrases together to get a final decoded phrase:
'This is an example' which will be your output.
Examples:
cellArrayCodedPhrases = [{'Pvwl'} {' ez' };
{' kn '} {'slfadqs.'}]
cellArrayKeys = [{'woot' } {'wham'};
{'kapow'} {'oof' }]
output = massVigenere(cellArrayCodedPhrases,cellArrayKeys)
% output = 'This is an example.'
cellArrayCodedPhrases = [{'Whhtyy '} {'Jck!'}]
cellArrayKeys = [{'woot'} {'woot'}]
output = massVigenere(cellArrayCodedPhrases,cellArrayKeys)
% >> output = 'Attack Now!'
cellArrayCodedPhrases = {'Whhtyy Bhs!'}
cellArrayKeys = {'woot'}
output = massVigenere(cellArrayCodedPhrases,cellArrayKeys)
% >> output = 'Attack Now!'
Function name: massVigenere Inputs: - (M x N) Cell array of coded phrases - (MN) Cell array of
secret keys Outputs: - (1 K) Vec of chars representing the decoded phrase Description: In
cryptography, there is a encryption algorithm called, "Vigenere Cipher". To create a cipher like
this, you first start with a phrase (e.x.: "Attack Now!") and then you have a secret key associated
with the phrase (e.x.: "woot"). From these two pieces of information, you can create an updated
key that would look like: "Wootwo Otw!". As you can see, you repeat the secret key's sequence
and have capital characters from the secret key associated with capital letters from the original
phrase. Lower case with lower. And then ignore punctuation. Once you have the updated key, you
before a ceasar shift. E.x.: char(updatedKey - originalPhrase) 'Whhtyy Bhs!' When performing a
shift like this, think of 'A' starting at 0 . 'W' - 'A' = 'W'; ' .
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Solvedproblems 120406031331-phpapp01
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Lecture#5 21 4-2013
WCDMA uses code division multiple access (CDMA) to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously over the same frequency band. It uses orthogonal variable spreading factor codes and a scrambling code to discriminate between users. Power control is crucial to WCDMA to manage interference levels, maximize capacity, and ensure sufficient signal quality for all users. Tight power control allows the reuse of frequencies in each cell, improving spectral efficiency.
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Digital Hierarchy
- 1. Digital Hierarchy T1 STS4 OC1 DS3 DS0 STM 16 OC 256 T4
- 5. Serial Transmission The 8 bits are sent one after another
- 8. Voice Digitalization Digital Telephony -Sample 8 bits per sample 8 khz (8000 Samples/Sec) Voice Bandwidth = 200 Hz to 3000 Hz
- 9. T1 is made up of 24 DS0 Lines T1 speed is 1.544 Mbps T1 Hierarchy 1 0 1 2 22 23 DS0s T1 Frame 2 10101010 01010101 1111000 0 0 T1 Frame 12 10101010 01010101 11110000 0 T1 Framing bits 100011011100 T1 Frame 1 10101010 01010101 1111000 0 0 1 23
- 10. T1 Hierarchy T1 frame is made up of 192 (Voice) + 1 (parity) bits T1 frame is transmitted in a time of 0.125 milli seconds giving a total speed of 193/0.125 = 1544 kbps or 1.544 Mbps
- 11. T1 Hierarchy T1 is made up of 24 DS0 Lines T1 speed is 1.544 Mbps 0 1 2 22 23 T1 T1T1C T1CT2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T4 DS0s T1 1.544 Mbps T1C 3.152 MbpsT2 6.312 Mbps T3 44.736 Mbps T4 274.76 Mbps DS0 – 64kbps T2 T3 T1 = 24 DS0sT1C = 48 DS0sT2 = 96 DS0s T3 = 672 DS0s T4 = 4032 DSOs
- 12. E1 Interface • Supports 32 user channels( each of 64 kbps access rate) • Provides 2.048 Mbps access rate • Mostly only 30 are dedicated channels E1 supports 3 different bit structures 1. Frame 2. Multi frame 3. Unframed The mode of operation dictates how the bits are structured
- 13. E1 is made up of 32 DS0 Lines E1 speed is 2.048 Mbps E1 Hierarchy 0 1 2 30 31 DS0s E1 Frame 2 10011011 01010101 11110000 E1 Frame1610011011 01010101 11110000 E1 Frame 1 10011011 01010101 11110000 0 1 31
- 14. TS 0 TS 1 TS 31 E1 Frame 256 bits Multiframe E1 basic frame consists of 256 bits 32 time slots Each time slot contain 8 bits And provides 64kbps throughput E1 TIME SLOTS FUNCTIONS: TS0 - Synchronization - alarms - messages TS16 - for Signaling - can carry data as well (TS1-TS15) & (TS17-TS31) Structure of E1 Frame 011011 (bits 2 – 7) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 150
- 15. E1 Hierarchy TS0 TS1 TS30 TS31 E1 takes 32 DS0 Channels 30 Slots for Voice Two Special Timeslots TS0 is used for Framing and Synchronization TS16 is used for signaling Speed of an E1 line is 32 @ 64 kbps = 2.048 Mbps TS2 TS16
- 16. ITU-T Rec. G.704 E1 CAS Transmission Format • Time Slot 16 : Frames 2 through 15 are the same as frame 1 • Time Slot 0: Even number frames 2 through 14 are the same as frame 0 • Time Slot 0: Odd number frames 3 through 15 are the same as frame 1 1 = bit set to 1 0 = bit set to 0 1/0 = speech / signalling (varying data) X = unassigned bit (normally set to 1) Fr. Ch. Ch. 1 1 16 2 2 17 3 3 18 : : : 15 15 30 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Multiframe (16 frames) Frame 0 (32 Time Slots) 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1716 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Frame 1 (32 Time Slots) 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1716 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Time Slot 0 (8 bits) 0X 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 Time Slot 1 Speech (Ch. 1) Time Slot 16 (8 bits) 00 0 0 X 0 X X Time Slot 0 (8 bits) 1X 0 X X X X X Time Slot 16 Signalling Bits 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 Speech Ch. 1-15 Speech Ch. 16-30 Speech Ch. 1-15 Speech Ch. 16-30 Frame Time Slot Frame Alignment Word Multi- Frame Alignment Word Changes to 1 on loss of distant multiframe Changes to 1 on loss of distant frame (remote alarm) Not-Frame alignment word A B C D A B C D LSB
- 17. I 1 A N N N N N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Bit # - > Bit # - > Odd Frames Even Frames International Bit International Bit 1 Indicates ODD Frame 0 Indicates EVEN Frame National Bits Yellow Alarm (Alarm = 1) (Normal = 0) Frame Alignment pattern E1 Framing Format
- 18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 CI 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 Frame 0 4 Bit CRC 0 Indicates EVEN Frame Frame Alignment pattern 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 C3 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 Indicates EVEN Frame Frame Alignment pattern 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 C2 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 Indicates EVEN Frame Frame Alignment pattern 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 C4 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 Indicates EVEN Frame Frame Alignment pattern Frame 2 Frame 4 Frame 6 4 Bit CRC 4 Bit CRC 4 Bit CRC Timeslot 0 Optional Operation (With CRC-4)
- 19. OC – 1 51.840 Mbps OC – 3 155.520 Mbps OC – 9 466.560 Mbps OC – 12 622.080 Mbps OC – 18 933.120 Mbps OC – 24 1244.160 Mbps OC – 36 1866.240 Mbps OC – 48 2488.320 Mbps OC – 96 4976.640 Mbps OC – 192 9953.280 Mbps SONET STS –1 51.840 Mbps STM – 1 155.520 Mbps STM – 3 466.560 Mbps STM– 4 622.080 Mbps STM – 6 933.120 Mbps STM – 8 1244.160 Mbps STM – 12 1866.240 Mbps STM – 16 2488.32 Mbps STM – 32 4976.640 Mbps STM – 64 9953.240 Mbps SDH Optical Hierarchy
- 21. Thank You!
- 22. • Made up of 16 consecutive frames • This frame structure is used for two purposes 1.signaling(CAS): here each channel has a predetermined frame. Half of the TS16 is dedicated for the channel signaling information signaling (CCS): here one or more channels of 64kbps are dedicated for signaling 2. Error correcting code mechanism: CRC is carried in TS0. Multi Frame Structure
- 23. E1 Timeslot 16
- 24. E1 Timeslot 16