Data Communication and Optical Network Pradnya Saval
Defining Data Communication needs, Transmission Hierarchy, Optical Networks: SONET/SDH standard, Architecture, Format, Hardware, Configuration, advantages
Data Communications and Optical Network - ForouzanPradnya Saval
Defining Data Communication needs, Transmission Hierarchy
Optical Networks: SONET/SDH standard, Architecture, Format, Hardware, Configuration, advantages
an industrial training taken at BSNL CTTC Kolkata covered the whole syllabus of the training (Switching system, SDH, Optical Fibre Cable, GSM, CDMA, ISDN, IN networks, PCM, Broadband DSL Technology, IP fundamentals) Overviews of the total topics all the advantages and Disadvantages.
-Dhrubajyoti Adak(Camellia Institute of Technolgy)
Data Communication and Optical Network Pradnya Saval
Defining Data Communication needs, Transmission Hierarchy, Optical Networks: SONET/SDH standard, Architecture, Format, Hardware, Configuration, advantages
Data Communications and Optical Network - ForouzanPradnya Saval
Defining Data Communication needs, Transmission Hierarchy
Optical Networks: SONET/SDH standard, Architecture, Format, Hardware, Configuration, advantages
an industrial training taken at BSNL CTTC Kolkata covered the whole syllabus of the training (Switching system, SDH, Optical Fibre Cable, GSM, CDMA, ISDN, IN networks, PCM, Broadband DSL Technology, IP fundamentals) Overviews of the total topics all the advantages and Disadvantages.
-Dhrubajyoti Adak(Camellia Institute of Technolgy)
Fiber optics communication & TechnologyPrateek Kumar
Higher Education The growing importance of high-tech, interactive instruction – both in the classroom and online – places an ever-increasing load on your network. We help you assess your current and future demands and design a solution that satisfies tech-savvy students’ demands while delivering the effective content your instructional goals require. As technologies evolve and you’re ready to grow, we’ll be there, ready to grow with you.
K-12 Education With apps aimed at toddlers and pre-schoolers carrying personal tablets, you have no choice but to deliver current connectivity – both to meet expectations of tech-savvy kids and to ensure that less-privileged students have the opportunity to keep up with their peers. Our custom solutions address your current and future needs, as well as your budget restrictions. Get the exact connectivity you need now and we’ll be ready to help you expand when and if you need to.
These slides cover a topic on ISDN(integrated services digital network) part 2 in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
Course Code: CS-301
Course Title: Introduction to Computing.
Degree: BS (SE, CS, BIO)
Contents of this chapter:
Basic information about computer networks, types of computer networks. Other contents include:
1. List four major benefits of connecting computers to form a network.
2. Define the terms LAN, WAN, and MAN.
3. List the three types of networks.
4. Name the three physical topologies used to build networks.
Fiber optics communication & TechnologyPrateek Kumar
Higher Education The growing importance of high-tech, interactive instruction – both in the classroom and online – places an ever-increasing load on your network. We help you assess your current and future demands and design a solution that satisfies tech-savvy students’ demands while delivering the effective content your instructional goals require. As technologies evolve and you’re ready to grow, we’ll be there, ready to grow with you.
K-12 Education With apps aimed at toddlers and pre-schoolers carrying personal tablets, you have no choice but to deliver current connectivity – both to meet expectations of tech-savvy kids and to ensure that less-privileged students have the opportunity to keep up with their peers. Our custom solutions address your current and future needs, as well as your budget restrictions. Get the exact connectivity you need now and we’ll be ready to help you expand when and if you need to.
These slides cover a topic on ISDN(integrated services digital network) part 2 in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
Course Code: CS-301
Course Title: Introduction to Computing.
Degree: BS (SE, CS, BIO)
Contents of this chapter:
Basic information about computer networks, types of computer networks. Other contents include:
1. List four major benefits of connecting computers to form a network.
2. Define the terms LAN, WAN, and MAN.
3. List the three types of networks.
4. Name the three physical topologies used to build networks.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
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• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
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moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
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numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
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predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
ML for identifying fraud using open blockchain data.pptx
digital-communication-report.pptx
1.
2. Digital Communication
• Is an electronic transmission of information that has been
encoded digitally.
• Digital communications allows information to be
communicated over copper wire, fiber-optic cable, and the
air.
3. Standards
• An object of procedure considered by an authority or by
general consent as a basis of comparison.
• Authoritative principles or rules that imply a model or
pattern for guidance by comparison.
4. Digital Communication Standards
• Digital Communication systems and devices operate
using defined industry standards to exchange digital
messages. These standards define the syntax, semantics,
and synchronization of all digital communications and can
be implemented as hardware, software or both.
6. International Standards Organization (ISO)
ISO was started in 1946. The members of ISO are
selected from various governments throughout the world.
The ISO creates the sets of rules and standards for
graphics and document exchange and provides models for
equipment and system compatibility, quality and reduced
costs. The ISO is responsible for coordinating the work of
the other standards organizations. The member body of the
ISO from the United States is the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI).
7. International Telecommunications Union-
Telecommunications Sector(ITU-T)
It was formerly called as CCITT (Committe Consultant for International
Telephony and Telegraphy). It is situated in Geneva, Switzerland.
Membership in the ITU-T consists of government authorities and
representatives from many countires.
It develops the recommended sets of rules and standards for telephone
and data communications. It has developed three sets of specifications:(1).
The V series for modem interfacing and data transmission over telephone
lines (2). The X series for data transmission over public digital
networks,Email and directory serivces (3). The I and Q series for Integrated
Services Digital Network (ISDN) and its extension is Broadband ISDN. The
ITU-T is separated into 14 study groups
8. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
(IEEE)
• The IEEE is an international professional organization
founded in united states and is comprised of electronics,
computer and communications engineers.
• The IEEE works along with ANSI to develop
communications and information processing standards
with the aim of advancing theory, creativity and product
quality in any field associated with electrical engineering.
9. American National Standards Institute(ANSI)
• It is an official standards agency for the united states and
is the U.S voting representative for the ISO
• ANSI is a completely private, nonprofit organization
comprised of euipment manufacturers and users of data
processing equipment and services.
• ANSI membership is comprised of people from
professional societies, industry associations,
governmental and regulatory bodies and consumer
groups.
11. DIGITAL HIERACHY TRANSMISSION STANDARDS
• T-carrier(North america, Japan)
• E-carrier(Europe, South america)
• ISDN BRI / ISDN PRI
• Sonet/SDH(Worldwide new standards)
12. T-carrier
• T-carrier is a member of the series of carrier system that
developed by AT&T Bell Laboratories for digital
transmission of multiplexed telephone calls.
• The first version, the Transmission System 1(Tt1) was
introduced in 1962.
• T-1 is the method that is conventionally used by the
telephone companies for transporting digitized telephone
communincation among central offices
13. North American Standard Data Rates
8 bits/sample x 24 channels + framing bit = 193 bits/frame
The sampling rate of each channel is 8000 per second;
thus, in ordere to accommodate the entire group, 8000
frames must be submitted each second. The data rate for
this operation is:
193 bits/frame x 8000 frames/sec = 1,544,000 bits/sec
=1.544 Mb/s
15. T-1 Carrier
• T1 and up is the terminology for digital, two-way transmission of
voice, data, or video over a single highspeed circuit. The
transmission rate is based on the bandwidth for one voice channel
in digital form. This channel is called DS-0 and consists of 64 kbps
of bandwidth.
• By Time Division Multiplexing 24 DS-0 channels, T1 is formed. But
there is more. To separate the different channels a framing bit is
used. For framing 8000 bps are used.
• T1 gives you 24 analog voice channels plus the framing rate.
16.
17. T-1 carrier
• T-carrier technology is still being used today by Internet service
providers (ISPs), specifically the T-1. Owners of small businesses,
apartment buildings, and hotels once relied on T1 lines as their
primary method of internet access before business-class DSL
became prevalent. (T1) transmission are common in the US
(North America), Canada, and Japan.
• A T-1 physically includes two twisted pairs of copper wire. The
pairs use a full-duplex configuration in which one pair sends
information while the other receives information.
18. • T-2 are used in Japan, but not offered to the public in
the United States.
• T-4 is now obsolete, and used only in a few rare
instances.
19. European Standards Data Rates
• A hierarchy established for European
telecommunications, as defined by the Conference
Europeene des Postes et Telecommunications (CEPT)
standards
20. CEPT DATA RATES:
• Based on a group of 32 timeslots per frame, and two
channels transmit signaling and synchronization
information.
• (8 bits/sample) x (32 channels) x (8,000 frames/sec)
= 2,048,000 bits/sec = 2.048 Mb/s
21. EUROPEAN STANDARD DATA RATES:
• CEPT 0 (E0): 64Kb/s (1 standard PCM ch.)
• CEPT 1 (E1): 2.048 Mb/s (32 PCM ch.)
• CEPT 2 (E2): 8.448 Mb/s (4xCEPT 1, or 128 PCM ch.)
• CEPT 3 (E3): 34.368 Mb/s (4xCEPT 2, or 512 PCM ch.)
• CEPT 4 (E4): 139.264 Mb/s (4xCEPT 3, or 2,048 PCM
ch.
22.
23. E-carrier
• The E-carrier is a member of the series of carrier systems
developed for digital transmission of many simultaneous
telephone calls by time-division multiplexing. The European
Conference of Postal and Telecommunications
Administrations (CEPT) originally standardized the E-carrier
system, which revised and improved the earlier American T-
carrier technology, and this has now been adopted by the
International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication
Standardization Sector (ITU-T). It was widely adopted in
almost all countries outside the US, Canada, and Japan. E-
carrier deployments have steadily been replaced by Ethernet
as telecommunication networks transitions towards all IP.
24. E carrier
• E1 (or E-1) is a European digital transmission format
devised by the ITU-TS and given the name by the
Conference of European Postal and Telecommunication
Administration (CEPT). It's the equivalent of the North
American T-carrier system format. E2 through E5 are
carriers in increasing multiples of the E1 format. The E-1
is a member of the series of carrier systems developed for
digital transmission of many simultaneous telephone calls
by time-division multiplexing.
25. E carrier
• An E1 link operates over two separate sets of wires, usually
unshielded twisted pair (balanced cable) or using coaxial
(unbalanced cable). A nominal 3 volt peak signal is encoded
with pulses using a method avoiding long periods without
polarity changes.
• The E1 signal format carries data at a rate of 2.048 million bits
per second and can carry 32 channels of 64 Kbps each. E1
carries at a somewhat higher data rate than T-1 (which carries
1.544 million bits per second) because, unlike T-1, it does not
do bit-robbing and all eight bits per channel are used to code
the signal. E1 and T-1 can be interconnected for international
use.
26.
27. SYNCHRONOUS OPTICAL NETWORK(sonet)
• Acts as a carrier of multiple higher level application protocol.
• Like Ethernet, SONET provides layer 1 or interface layer technology
or physical layer.
• It was developed by AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS
INSTITUTE (ANSI) Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) was
developed by Consultative Committee for International Telephony
and Telegraphy (CCITT). Now International Telecommunications
Union – Telecommunications Service Sector (ITU-T).
• It also contains recommendation for the standardization of Fiber
Optic Transmission System (FOTS) equipment by different
manufacturers.
28.
29. STS DATA RATES:
• SONET defines a hierarchy of signaling levels called
Synchronous Transport Signals (STSs). Each STS level
supports a certain data rate.
• OC or the Optical Carriers are physical links defined to
carry each level of STS. OC levels describe the
conceptual and physical specifications of the links
required to support each level of signaling.
30.
31. • A SONET STS-n - signal is transmitted at 8000 frames per
second.
STS -1 Signal Data Rate w/ Overheads:
• STS-1, like other STS signals, sends 8000 frames per
second. Each STS-1 frame is made of 9 by (1 × 90) bytes.
Each byte is made of 8 bits.
32. STS -1 Signal Data Rate w/o Overheads:
• The user data part in an STS-1 frame is made of 9
rows and 86 columns.
35. The SONET Network
• Point-to-Point – In this configuration the SONET path and
the service path are identical and this synchronous island
can exist within an asynchronous network world.
36. The SONET Network
• Point-to-Multipoint – A point-to-multipoint architecture
includes adding and dropping circuits along the way. The
ADM (add/drop multiplexer) is typically placed along a
SONET link to facilitate adding and dropping tributary
channels at intermediate points in the network.
37. The SONET Network
• Hub Network - The hub network architecture
accommodates unexpected growth and change more
easily than simple point-to-point networks. A hub
concentrates traffic at a central site and allows easy re-
provisioning of the circuits.
38. The SONET Network
• Ring Architecture – The SONET building block for a ring
architecture is the ADM. The main advantage of the ring
topology is its survivability… if a fiber cable is cut, the
multiplexers have the intelligence to send the services
affected via an alternate path through the ring without
interruption.
40. ISDN history
• ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is a digital telephone
standard designed to replace analogue connections by utilizing
ordinary copper wires that are used in standard analogue
telephone systems.
• It started as a recommendation within the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU)'s Red Book in 1984, although
prior to 1992, the ITU was known as the International Telegraph
and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT).
• The ITU is responsible for developing recommendations on
international standards within the industry.
41. ISDN
• ISDN - is a set of
communication standards developed to provide
digital transmission of both voice and data,
resulting in better quality and speeds above those
traditional circuits of Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN) systems.
• ISDN – Used for voice, image and data
54. ISDN channels
Hybrid Channel (H-Channel)
• Used at high BW requirements
• 384/1536/1920 kbps
• Used for video, video-conferencing, high speed data/audio
etc,.
• Can be sub divided as per channel
• Can be used as B channel for high BW needs.
58. BRI (Basic Rate Interface)
• BRI can also be known as BA
(Basic Access). This operates a
single 16 Kbps D channel and two
64 Kbps B channels. Although it isn't
usually pointed out, the BRI total
speed is 192 Kbps; this is because
you have an additional 48 Kbps
overhead for framing and
synchronization on the D channel
(64 * 2) + (16 + 48) = (128 + 64) =
192 Kbps.
59. PRI (Primary Rate Interface)
• PRI can also be known as PA (Primary Access). This can operate in two different
modes, depending on geographic location.
• For European locations, PRI is made up of 30 x 64 Kbps B channels and a single 64
Kbps D channel, giving a total of 2.048 Mbps, which is also known as an E1 line (or
DS1).
• For American and Japanese locations, PRI is made up of 23 x 64 Kbps B channels
and a single 64 Kbps D channel, giving a total of 1.544 Mbps, which is also known
as a T1 line (or DS1).
• Framing and Synchronization is at 8 Kbps for T1 or 64 Kbps
for E1. T
I
E
I
T1 PRI is commonly referred to as
"23B+D"
E1 PRI is commonly referred to as
"30B+D"
65. ISDN Layer 1
• ISDN physical layer (Layer 1) frame formats differ depending on whether the frame
is outbound (from terminal to network) or inbound (from network to terminal).
• The frames are 48 bits long, of which 36 bits represent data.
• The bits of an ISDN physical layer frame are used as follows:
– F: Provides synchronization
– L: Adjusts the average bit value
– E: Ensures contention resolution when several terminals on a passive bus contend
for a channel
– A: Activates devices
– S: Is unassigned
– B1, B2, and D: Handle user data
66.
67. ISDN SPECIFICATIONS: Layer 1
• Multiple ISDN user devices can be physically attached to one
circuit.
• In this configuration, collisions can result if two terminals transmit
simultaneously.
• Therefore, ISDN provides features to determine link contention.
• When an NT receives a D bit from the TE, it echoes back the bit in
the next E-bit position.
68. ISDN SPECIFICATIONS: Layer 1
• Terminals cannot transmit into the D channel unless they first detect
a specific number of ones (indicating “no signal”) corresponding to
a pre-established priority.
• If the TE detects a bit in the echo (E) channel that is different from
its D bits, it must stop transmitting immediately.
• This simple technique ensures that only one terminal can transmit its
D message at one time.
69. ISDN SPECIFICATIONS: Layer 2
• Layer 2 of the ISDN signaling protocol is Link Access Procedure, D channel
(LAPD).
• As the expansion of the LAPD acronym indicates, this layer is used across the
D channel to ensure that control and signaling information flows and is
received properly.
• The LAPD protocol is formally specified in ITU-T Q.920 and ITU-T Q.921
70.
71. ISDN SPECIFICATIONS: Layer 3
• Two Layer 3 specifications are used for ISDN signaling: ITU-T (formerly
CCITT) I.450 (also known as ITU-T Q.930) and ITU-T I.451 (also known as
ITU-T Q.931).
• Together, these protocols support user-to-user, circuit-switched, and packet-
switched connections.
• A variety of call-establishment, call-termination, information, and
miscellaneous messages are specified, including SETUP, CONNECT,
RELEASE, USER INFORMATION, CANCEL, STATUS, and
DISCONNECT.