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Digestion
• Phases Include
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Ingestion
Movement
Mechanical and Chemical Digestion
Absorption
Elimination
Digestion
• Types
– Mechanical (physical)
• Chew
• Tear
• Grind
• Mash
• Mix
– Chemical
• Enzymatic reactions to improve digestion of

– Carbohydrates
– Proteins
– Lipids
Digestive System Organization
• Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract
– Tube within a tube
– Direct link/path between organs
– Structures
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum

4
Mouth

• Teeth mechanically
break down food into
small pieces. Tongue
mixes food with saliva
(contains amylase,
which helps break down
starch).

• Epiglottis is a flap-like
structure at the back of
the throat that closes
over the trachea
preventing food from
entering it.
Esophagus
• Approximately 10” long
• Functions include:
1. Secrete mucus
2. Moves food from the throat to
the stomach using muscle
movement called peristalsis
• If acid from the stomach gets in
here that’s heartburn.
Stomach

• J-shaped muscular bag that stores the food
you eat, breaks it down into tiny pieces.
• Mixes food with digestive juices that
contain enzymes to break down proteins
and lipids.
• Acid in the stomach kills bacteria.
• Food found in the stomach is called chyme.

7
Small Intestine
• Small intestines are roughly 7 meters long
• Lining of intestine walls has finger-like
projections called villi, to increase surface
area.
• The villi are covered in microvilli which
further increases surface area for
absorption.

8
01/24/14

9
Small Intestine

• Nutrients from the food pass into the
bloodstream through the small
intestine walls.
• Absorbs:
– 80% ingested water
– Vitamins
– Minerals
– Carbohydrates
– Proteins
– Lipids
• Secretes digestive enzymes

10
Large Intestine
• About 5 feet long
• Accepts what small intestines don’t
absorb
• Rectum (short term storage which
holds feces before it is expelled).
• Functions

Large Intestine

– Bacterial digestion
• Ferment carbohydrates
• Protein breakdown
Absorbs more water
– Concentrate wastes
–
Accessory Organs
• Not part of the path
of food, but play a
critical role.
• Include: Liver, gall
bladder, and
pancreas
Liver
• Directly affects digestion by producing
bile
– Bile helps digest fat

• filters out toxins and waste including
drugs and alcohol

14
Gall Bladder
• Stores bile from the
liver, releases it into the
small intestine.
• Fatty diets can cause
gallstones
Pancreas
• Produces digestive
enzymes to digest fats,
carbohydrates and
proteins
• Regulates blood sugar
by producing insulin
Fun Facts
• HOW LONG ARE YOUR INTESTINES? At least 25 feet
in an adult. Be glad you're not a full-grown horse -- their
coiled-up intestines are 89 feet long!
• Food drying up and hanging out in the large intestine
can last 18 hours to 2 days!
• In your lifetime, your digestive system may handle
about 50 tons!!

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Digestive system1 added by arvi

  • 1.
  • 3. Digestion • Types – Mechanical (physical) • Chew • Tear • Grind • Mash • Mix – Chemical • Enzymatic reactions to improve digestion of – Carbohydrates – Proteins – Lipids
  • 4. Digestive System Organization • Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract – Tube within a tube – Direct link/path between organs – Structures • • • • • • • Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large Intestine Rectum 4
  • 5. Mouth • Teeth mechanically break down food into small pieces. Tongue mixes food with saliva (contains amylase, which helps break down starch). • Epiglottis is a flap-like structure at the back of the throat that closes over the trachea preventing food from entering it.
  • 6. Esophagus • Approximately 10” long • Functions include: 1. Secrete mucus 2. Moves food from the throat to the stomach using muscle movement called peristalsis • If acid from the stomach gets in here that’s heartburn.
  • 7. Stomach • J-shaped muscular bag that stores the food you eat, breaks it down into tiny pieces. • Mixes food with digestive juices that contain enzymes to break down proteins and lipids. • Acid in the stomach kills bacteria. • Food found in the stomach is called chyme. 7
  • 8. Small Intestine • Small intestines are roughly 7 meters long • Lining of intestine walls has finger-like projections called villi, to increase surface area. • The villi are covered in microvilli which further increases surface area for absorption. 8
  • 10. Small Intestine • Nutrients from the food pass into the bloodstream through the small intestine walls. • Absorbs: – 80% ingested water – Vitamins – Minerals – Carbohydrates – Proteins – Lipids • Secretes digestive enzymes 10
  • 11. Large Intestine • About 5 feet long • Accepts what small intestines don’t absorb • Rectum (short term storage which holds feces before it is expelled).
  • 12. • Functions Large Intestine – Bacterial digestion • Ferment carbohydrates • Protein breakdown Absorbs more water – Concentrate wastes –
  • 13. Accessory Organs • Not part of the path of food, but play a critical role. • Include: Liver, gall bladder, and pancreas
  • 14. Liver • Directly affects digestion by producing bile – Bile helps digest fat • filters out toxins and waste including drugs and alcohol 14
  • 15. Gall Bladder • Stores bile from the liver, releases it into the small intestine. • Fatty diets can cause gallstones
  • 16. Pancreas • Produces digestive enzymes to digest fats, carbohydrates and proteins • Regulates blood sugar by producing insulin
  • 17. Fun Facts • HOW LONG ARE YOUR INTESTINES? At least 25 feet in an adult. Be glad you're not a full-grown horse -- their coiled-up intestines are 89 feet long! • Food drying up and hanging out in the large intestine can last 18 hours to 2 days! • In your lifetime, your digestive system may handle about 50 tons!!

Editor's Notes

  1. A good way to describe peristalsis is an ocean wave moving through the muscle. These diagrams don’t separate the esophagus from the mouth functions, you might want to talk about what happens in the mouth too.
  2. The stomach takes around 4 hours to do it’s job on the food, depending on what kinds of food are digested.
  3. Depending on the maturity of the group, you can talk about the feces leaving via the anus. Mention the appendix at the bottom of the ascending colon and that it might have been used long ago but is not today Mention the portions of the large intestine, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, and rectum (last one if the audience is mature enough)
  4. Livers can regenerate missing pieces if necessary. Is one of the largest organs in the body.
  5. Explain to students that removing the stones typically means removing the gallbladder, but that the body eventually adjusts to not having the bile stored.
  6. Explain the difference between the two types of diabetes. In type 1, the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin. In type 2, the body stops responding properly to the insulin it creates.