difference between Gre tunnel and vpn tunneling-Solution1- VPN tunneli.docx
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difference between Gre tunnel and vpn tunneling? Solution 1. VPN tunneling means Virtual private networks. This network is used to connect two locations for transferring the data over the two locations using internet. Where GRE means Generic routing encapsulation. This will create private point to point connection between two networks for transferring the data using internet. 2. VPN tunneling uses many number of Encryption methods to secure the data while transferring the data, so that the data cannot be attacked by the third party. GRE tunneling uses the Encapsulation method to transfer the data. That means the encapsulated packet will be routed using internet to the destination. It works with the encapsulating the payload. When the packet is encapsulated the inner packet payload will not change. As the outer packet reaches the destination the encapsulation is removed and the final payload is forwarded to the destination. 3. VPN tunneling requires an internet connection and some software applications and some installations. So it is less expensive and less installation to connect the two new networks. GRE tunneling does not have any mechanisms for the flow control and security by default. By this feature this tunneling can be easily configured. 4. VPN tunneling cannot forward the data from discontiguous network through a single tunnel. GRE tunneling can forward the data from discontiguous network through a single tunnel. 5. VPN tunneling cannot be used to forward multicast traffic. GRE tunneling can forward multicast traffic. By this reason advertisements sent by routing protocols can be easily transferred between remote sites. .
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Define tunneling in the VPN environment and explain the difference bet.docx
Define tunneling in the VPN environment and explain the difference between voluntary and compulsory tunnels
Solution
Tunneling is a way in which data is transferred between 2 networks securely. All the data being transferred is fragmented into smaller packets or frames and then passed through the tunnel.this process is different from a normal data tranfer between nodes. Every frame passing through the tunnel will be encrypted with an additional layer of tunneling encryption and encapsulation, which is also used for routing the packets to the right direction.this encapsulation would then be reverted at the destination with decryption of data which is later sent to the desired node.
A Tunnel is logical path between the source and the destination endpoints between two networks.Every packet is encapsulated at the source and de capsulated at the destination.this process will keep happening as long as the logical tinnel is persistent between two endpoints.
tunneling is also known as the encapsulation and transmission of VPN data or packets. IPSec tunnel mode enables IP payloads to be encrypted and encapsulated in an IP header so that it can be sent over the corporate IP internetwork or internet.
IPSec protects secure and authenticates data between IPSec peer devices by providing per packet data authentication. IPSec peer can be teams of hosts or teams of security gateways. Data flows between IPSec peers are confidential and protected. The source and destination addresses are encrypted. The original IP datagram is left in tact. The original IP header is copied and moved to the left and becomes a new IP header. The IPSec header is inserted between these two headers. The original IP datagram can be authenticated and encrypted.
The tunnel is the logical path or connection that encapsulated packets travel through the transit internetwork. The tunneling protocol encrypts the original frame so that its content cannot be interpreted. The encapsulation of VPN data traffic is known as tunneling. The Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol provides the underlying transport mechanism for VPN connectivity.
The two different types of tunneling ar e :
In this case, the client dials-in to the remote access server, by using whichever of the following methods:
The remote access server produces a tunnel, or VPN server to tunnel the data, thereby compelling the client to use a VPN tunnel to connect to the remote resources.
VPN tunnels can be created at the following layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model:
.
Vpn
A VPN creates a secure connection over a public network like the Internet by using encryption, authentication, and tunneling. It allows remote users to securely access a private network. There are different VPN protocols like PPTP, L2TP, and IPsec that use encryption, encapsulation, and authentication to securely tunnel network traffic over the public Internet. VPNs can be used for remote access VPNs, intranet VPNs between offices, or extranet VPNs for partners and suppliers.
Transport mode virtual private network(vpn)
Virtual private networks (VPNs) provide a secure connection over public networks by encrypting data transmission. VPNs use encryption and authentication to securely transmit data across unsecured networks like the internet. There are two main types of VPNs - transport mode VPNs encrypt only the data portion of network packets, while tunnel mode VPNs encrypt the entire client packet.
Transport mode virtual private network(vpn)
Virtual private networks (VPNs) provide a secure connection over public networks by encrypting data transmission. VPNs use encryption and authentication to securely transmit data across unsecured networks like the internet. There are two main types of VPNs - transport mode VPNs encrypt only the data portion of network packets, while tunnel mode VPNs encrypt the entire client packet.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Running head SECURE VPN CONNECTIONS1SECURE VPN CONNECTION.docx
Running head: SECURE VPN CONNECTIONS 1
SECURE VPN CONNECTIONS 23
VPN Connections
Name
Institution
Abstract
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are beneficial to a company to create secure connections within, and remotely. However, establishing VPN is a complex task that requires making choices on what type of VPN and what VPN technologies to use. There are two types of VPN, but each type serves a different purpose. Further, establishing these types of VPNs require different hardware and software. Therefore, it is important to understand what is required for the type of VPN that one intends to establish. Above all, security is a major concern for VPNs. In addition to enjoying the benefits of VPN companies want to have their connection secure. This means ensuring data confidentiality so that the sent data is seen by the authorized users only. Data integrity defines that the data sent over the network is not altered or tampered with, and authentication entails users of the network to verify their identity. Different protocols provide different aspects of security. In addition, to set up a VPN one should choose the most appropriate protocol that offers the desired security elements. Therefore this paper explores VPN types, hardware and software required for the different types of VPNs and the VPN topologies. The paper starts with an introduction which is followed by a detailed discussion of VPN and the VPN types namely; the remote access VPN and the site to site VPN. VPN technologies continue within the paper and discusses how VPN meets the confidentiality, integrity and availability factors. Under the VPN technologies a more detailed discussion is provided for the IP Sec and GRE tunnelling and SSL VPN.
Table of Contents
Introduction 4
Virtual Private Networks 6
Site to Site VPN 7
Remote Access VPN 10
VPN Technologies 12
Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) 15
IPsec VPN 16
SSL VPN 20
Conclusion 21
References 23
Secure VPN ConnectionsIntroduction
The world is changing rapidly every day, more so in the technology industry. Businesses are now forced to cope with regional concerns in addition to their local ones. Many businesses are forced to consider the global markets and logistics. These organizations have established branches in different regions of the country or the world. Additionally, these companies need to be secure, fast, connected, and able to communicate effectively.
Until recently, communication between distant branches has been done using leased lines in a Wide Area Network (WAN) form of connection. Leased lines used have ranged from optical carrier-3 which has a speed of 155Mbps or ISDN with a speed of 144Kbps (Comer, 2015). These WAN networks have been advantageous in that the security, performance and reliability resulting in high proficiency. However, setting up and maintaining WAN networks over a large area using leased lines is expensive. Further, leased lines are not viable in terms of mobility .
VPN (virtual private network)
A VPN (Virtual Private Network) extends a private network across a public network, such as the
Internet.
A VPN is a network that uses a public telecommunication infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide
remote offices or individual users with secure access to their organization's network. A VPN ensures
privacy through security procedures and tunneling protocols such as the Layer Two Tunneling Protocol
(L2TP). Data is encrypted at the sending end and decrypted at the receiving end.
Types of VPN
Layer 1 Overlay VPNs use dedicated connections like T1/E1 leased lines to connect branches in a secure manner. Layer 2 Overlay VPNs connect branches over multi-access networks like frame relay. Layer 2.5 Overlay VPNs use MPLS, which inserts an MPLS header between layer 2 and 3 headers. Layer 3 Overlay VPNs use IPSec to encrypt data and GRE for routing/multicast over public networks. Layer 4 Overlay VPNs use SSL/TLS to encrypt data at the transport layer for applications like web browsing.
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Define tunneling in the VPN environment and explain the difference bet.docx
Define tunneling in the VPN environment and explain the difference between voluntary and compulsory tunnels
Solution
Tunneling is a way in which data is transferred between 2 networks securely. All the data being transferred is fragmented into smaller packets or frames and then passed through the tunnel.this process is different from a normal data tranfer between nodes. Every frame passing through the tunnel will be encrypted with an additional layer of tunneling encryption and encapsulation, which is also used for routing the packets to the right direction.this encapsulation would then be reverted at the destination with decryption of data which is later sent to the desired node.
A Tunnel is logical path between the source and the destination endpoints between two networks.Every packet is encapsulated at the source and de capsulated at the destination.this process will keep happening as long as the logical tinnel is persistent between two endpoints.
tunneling is also known as the encapsulation and transmission of VPN data or packets. IPSec tunnel mode enables IP payloads to be encrypted and encapsulated in an IP header so that it can be sent over the corporate IP internetwork or internet.
IPSec protects secure and authenticates data between IPSec peer devices by providing per packet data authentication. IPSec peer can be teams of hosts or teams of security gateways. Data flows between IPSec peers are confidential and protected. The source and destination addresses are encrypted. The original IP datagram is left in tact. The original IP header is copied and moved to the left and becomes a new IP header. The IPSec header is inserted between these two headers. The original IP datagram can be authenticated and encrypted.
The tunnel is the logical path or connection that encapsulated packets travel through the transit internetwork. The tunneling protocol encrypts the original frame so that its content cannot be interpreted. The encapsulation of VPN data traffic is known as tunneling. The Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol provides the underlying transport mechanism for VPN connectivity.
The two different types of tunneling ar e :
In this case, the client dials-in to the remote access server, by using whichever of the following methods:
The remote access server produces a tunnel, or VPN server to tunnel the data, thereby compelling the client to use a VPN tunnel to connect to the remote resources.
VPN tunnels can be created at the following layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model:
.
Vpn
A VPN creates a secure connection over a public network like the Internet by using encryption, authentication, and tunneling. It allows remote users to securely access a private network. There are different VPN protocols like PPTP, L2TP, and IPsec that use encryption, encapsulation, and authentication to securely tunnel network traffic over the public Internet. VPNs can be used for remote access VPNs, intranet VPNs between offices, or extranet VPNs for partners and suppliers.
Transport mode virtual private network(vpn)
Virtual private networks (VPNs) provide a secure connection over public networks by encrypting data transmission. VPNs use encryption and authentication to securely transmit data across unsecured networks like the internet. There are two main types of VPNs - transport mode VPNs encrypt only the data portion of network packets, while tunnel mode VPNs encrypt the entire client packet.
Transport mode virtual private network(vpn)
Virtual private networks (VPNs) provide a secure connection over public networks by encrypting data transmission. VPNs use encryption and authentication to securely transmit data across unsecured networks like the internet. There are two main types of VPNs - transport mode VPNs encrypt only the data portion of network packets, while tunnel mode VPNs encrypt the entire client packet.
Cn36539543
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Running head SECURE VPN CONNECTIONS1SECURE VPN CONNECTION.docx
Running head: SECURE VPN CONNECTIONS 1
SECURE VPN CONNECTIONS 23
VPN Connections
Name
Institution
Abstract
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are beneficial to a company to create secure connections within, and remotely. However, establishing VPN is a complex task that requires making choices on what type of VPN and what VPN technologies to use. There are two types of VPN, but each type serves a different purpose. Further, establishing these types of VPNs require different hardware and software. Therefore, it is important to understand what is required for the type of VPN that one intends to establish. Above all, security is a major concern for VPNs. In addition to enjoying the benefits of VPN companies want to have their connection secure. This means ensuring data confidentiality so that the sent data is seen by the authorized users only. Data integrity defines that the data sent over the network is not altered or tampered with, and authentication entails users of the network to verify their identity. Different protocols provide different aspects of security. In addition, to set up a VPN one should choose the most appropriate protocol that offers the desired security elements. Therefore this paper explores VPN types, hardware and software required for the different types of VPNs and the VPN topologies. The paper starts with an introduction which is followed by a detailed discussion of VPN and the VPN types namely; the remote access VPN and the site to site VPN. VPN technologies continue within the paper and discusses how VPN meets the confidentiality, integrity and availability factors. Under the VPN technologies a more detailed discussion is provided for the IP Sec and GRE tunnelling and SSL VPN.
Table of Contents
Introduction 4
Virtual Private Networks 6
Site to Site VPN 7
Remote Access VPN 10
VPN Technologies 12
Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) 15
IPsec VPN 16
SSL VPN 20
Conclusion 21
References 23
Secure VPN ConnectionsIntroduction
The world is changing rapidly every day, more so in the technology industry. Businesses are now forced to cope with regional concerns in addition to their local ones. Many businesses are forced to consider the global markets and logistics. These organizations have established branches in different regions of the country or the world. Additionally, these companies need to be secure, fast, connected, and able to communicate effectively.
Until recently, communication between distant branches has been done using leased lines in a Wide Area Network (WAN) form of connection. Leased lines used have ranged from optical carrier-3 which has a speed of 155Mbps or ISDN with a speed of 144Kbps (Comer, 2015). These WAN networks have been advantageous in that the security, performance and reliability resulting in high proficiency. However, setting up and maintaining WAN networks over a large area using leased lines is expensive. Further, leased lines are not viable in terms of mobility .
VPN (virtual private network)
A VPN (Virtual Private Network) extends a private network across a public network, such as the
Internet.
A VPN is a network that uses a public telecommunication infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide
remote offices or individual users with secure access to their organization's network. A VPN ensures
privacy through security procedures and tunneling protocols such as the Layer Two Tunneling Protocol
(L2TP). Data is encrypted at the sending end and decrypted at the receiving end.
Types of VPN
Layer 1 Overlay VPNs use dedicated connections like T1/E1 leased lines to connect branches in a secure manner. Layer 2 Overlay VPNs connect branches over multi-access networks like frame relay. Layer 2.5 Overlay VPNs use MPLS, which inserts an MPLS header between layer 2 and 3 headers. Layer 3 Overlay VPNs use IPSec to encrypt data and GRE for routing/multicast over public networks. Layer 4 Overlay VPNs use SSL/TLS to encrypt data at the transport layer for applications like web browsing.
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Discuss reaction strategies to handle Malware?
Solution
Malware:
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Strategies:
There are two ways :
1.Protecting the enclave boundaries
2.Protecting the computing environment.
Enclave Boundaries:
Enclave Boundary is the point where the organisation interacts with internet.
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Operating systems hardening: Operating systems should be hardened to improve the ability to withstand attacks.
Anti virus updating: Anti virus updation is a very important strategy to control malware. Every updation of viruses will clean up the system particularly and prevent by network malwares.
Change control process: A change control has to be processed for the document and review firewall and other network changes before they are implemented.
Host based firewall: These are  helpful to identify applications that may have been trojanized after initial installation. It is also used to validate the application.
Vulnerability scanning:It is used to scan results in which hosts are vulnerable of various attacks.
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Solution
Reports are only used to extract and present data for viewing and printing.
Forms are a generic term for windows used to interact with users. A form can accept data from a user for data entry or to provide input to a query. A form can present data to a user, e.g. the results of a query.
Forms are intended more for simple/limited data interaction where reports are used to present, typically, larger volumes of data
Communication is the essence of life. Every day, millions of messages are sent and received both verbally and nonverbally. Whether it is the president making a speech, a billboard promoting a product or a professor lecturing to a class, communication has the power to shape and change culture, society and the lives of individuals. Communication is simply conveying information to another person in a way they fully understand. Ineffective communication can lead to confusion, frustration and low morale.
Function
The function of effective communication is to accurately relay a particular message in such a way that the listener understands. Communication is used to inform, correct, share emotions and educate. If communication is ineffective it has the power to hurt, confuse and misinform the listener. The function of effective communication can be best seen in the business world. If a company is able to effectively communicate with its workers, they will feel empowered, informed and appreciated.
Types
The two types of communication are verbal and nonverbal. Verbal communication is the oral use of words to send a message. Nonverbal communications are messages that are sent and received without the use of words. For example, if you say,
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Tunneling in VPNs refers to the process of encapsulating VPN data packets within regular IP packets for transmission through a public network like the Internet. This encapsulation creates a "tunnel" between the VPN endpoints that provides security and allows private network traffic to be carried across a shared infrastructure.
Virtual private network feature and benefits
Virtual Private Network (VPN) allows users to securely access remote networks and resources as if they were locally connected. It works by encrypting data in transit and tunneling internet connections to maintain integrity and confidentiality. VPNs offer benefits like remote access to files/devices, connecting branch offices globally, and accessing restricted websites by changing the IP address. There are different types of VPN connections that use various encryption protocols at different layers. VPN services are an easy and flexible way for businesses and individuals to securely access networks from anywhere at any time on any device.
COMP8045 - Project Report v.1.3
This document discusses an encrypted covert channel project implemented on mobile devices and a server. It encrypts data using RSA or AES cryptography before hiding the encrypted bytes in forged DNS packets. The mobile apps generate DNS request packets containing small pieces of encrypted data. A server reassembles the full encrypted message by extracting data from packets. The goal is to transmit secret data within ordinary-looking packets to avoid detection by network monitors.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...
This document summarizes a research paper on secure cooperative caching in wireless peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. The paper proposes using encryption and digital signatures to authenticate data and ensure its integrity as it is cached and shared between wireless nodes. It describes greedy cache placement and mutual cache-based data access schemes to efficiently manage caching in wireless P2P networks. Experimental results show that a hybrid caching approach, which dynamically selects between caching data or caching paths to data, has better performance than solely caching data or paths. Future work areas include mechanisms for data owners to control caching scope while maintaining flexibility, and defending against security threats to data consistency.
online-module-guide.pdf
This document provides instructions for setting up a virtual private network (VPN) server on Fedora Linux. It begins by having the user gather necessary network configuration information for the server like IP addresses. It then walks through using VirtualBox to set up a bridged network for the VPN virtual machine. The instructions continue by showing how to configure a static IP address for the server and enable port forwarding on the router. Finally, it covers installing the PPTPD VPN software and configuring user accounts and network settings to set up the VPN service. Following these steps will allow remote clients to securely connect to the server's private network via the VPN.
Packet switching
This document is an assignment report for a course on data communication and networks. It contains an acknowledgement section thanking the course teacher and others for their support. The content section lists 12 topics that will be covered in the report, including introductions to packet switching, datagram and virtual circuit networks, encryption, and approaches to encryption across packet switching networks like link encryption and end-to-end encryption. Figures and tables are included to illustrate key concepts.
AWS VPC .pptx
This document discusses virtual private networks (VPNs). It defines a VPN as a network that uses public network paths while maintaining security and protection like private networks. It describes two main types of VPNs: remote access VPNs that enable remote connectivity, and site-to-site VPNs that connect LANs either within a company (intranet) or between companies (extranet). The document also discusses routing protocols and redistribution needed for VPN implementation in a wide area network (WAN), and provides example commands for configuring a VPN tunnel between source and destination routers.
Virtual private network
This document provides an overview of virtual private networks (VPNs). It discusses the history of VPNs and how they arose from the need for secure remote access and communication between corporate networks without needing expensive dedicated private lines. The document defines key VPN terms and concepts, describes the main types of VPN topologies, and examines the components, benefits, and quality of service aspects of VPNs. It aims to serve as an introduction to VPNs, their implementation, and applications in business networks.
What is a VPN 2.pdf
A VPN is a virtual private network that allows users to securely connect to a distant network. It encrypts data to provide privacy and allows users to access restricted content by changing their IP address or circumventing geo-restrictions. There are many benefits to using a VPN, including securing privacy, changing IP addresses, and accessing restricted content in different areas. A VPN works by encrypting data and connecting to a server in a different location, making it appear as if the user is located somewhere else. This allows users to transfer data privately to a server in another country.
IRJET- A Survey of Working on Virtual Private Networks
This document provides an overview of virtual private networks (VPNs). It discusses VPN architecture, including remote access VPNs that allow single users to connect from remote locations, and site-to-site VPNs that connect two private networks. The document explains how VPNs work by encrypting data packets and encapsulating them within IP packets to allow transmission over the public internet in a secure manner. Key advantages of VPNs are lower costs compared to leased lines and scalability to connect multiple office locations.
Similar to difference between Gre tunnel and vpn tunneling-Solution1- VPN tunneli.docx (20)
A NEW COMMUNICATION PLATFORM FOR DATA TRANSMISSION IN VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK
A NEW COMMUNICATION PLATFORM FOR DATA TRANSMISSION IN VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...
IRJET- A Survey of Working on Virtual Private Networks
IRJET- A Survey of Working on Virtual Private Networks
More from rtodd615
Discuss reaction strategies to handle Malware-SolutionMalware- Malware.docx
Discuss reaction strategies to handle Malware?
Solution
Malware:
Malware is a software that is dangerous, It can damage phone, desktop or tablet.
There are many types of malware:
Strategies:
There are two ways :
1.Protecting the enclave boundaries
2.Protecting the computing environment.
Enclave Boundaries:
Enclave Boundary is the point where the organisation interacts with internet.
Firewall: Firewall is used to access the control for inbound and outbound comunications.Various attacks will be reduced .The firewall needs to be configured for outbound network traffic.
Intrusion Detection system: It is used to identify network traffic in real time.They have signatures to detect malwars and abnormal network communications. The IDS placement is external to the organization as well as internally, just behind the firewall.
Computed Environments
Computing hardware and software from attack will be the first line of defence against the malware inside and outside.
Authorised local network devices: USB thumb-drives, MP3 players, personal or consultant laptops may be a threat ,therefore if an exception is required by business case, the owner should ensure the device is free of malware before allowed to connect to the network.
Operating systems hardening: Operating systems should be hardened to improve the ability to withstand attacks.
Anti virus updating: Anti virus updation is a very important strategy to control malware. Every updation of viruses will clean up the system particularly and prevent by network malwares.
Change control process: A change control has to be processed for the document and review firewall and other network changes before they are implemented.
Host based firewall: These are  helpful to identify applications that may have been trojanized after initial installation. It is also used to validate the application.
Vulnerability scanning:It is used to scan results in which hosts are vulnerable of various attacks.
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Discuss the differences between a form and a report- What characterist.docx
Discuss the differences between a form and a report. What characteristics make a form or report good (bad) and effective (ineffective)? Give examples of good and bad reports and forms.
Solution
Reports are only used to extract and present data for viewing and printing.
Forms are a generic term for windows used to interact with users. A form can accept data from a user for data entry or to provide input to a query. A form can present data to a user, e.g. the results of a query.
Forms are intended more for simple/limited data interaction where reports are used to present, typically, larger volumes of data
Communication is the essence of life. Every day, millions of messages are sent and received both verbally and nonverbally. Whether it is the president making a speech, a billboard promoting a product or a professor lecturing to a class, communication has the power to shape and change culture, society and the lives of individuals. Communication is simply conveying information to another person in a way they fully understand. Ineffective communication can lead to confusion, frustration and low morale.
Function
The function of effective communication is to accurately relay a particular message in such a way that the listener understands. Communication is used to inform, correct, share emotions and educate. If communication is ineffective it has the power to hurt, confuse and misinform the listener. The function of effective communication can be best seen in the business world. If a company is able to effectively communicate with its workers, they will feel empowered, informed and appreciated.
Types
The two types of communication are verbal and nonverbal. Verbal communication is the oral use of words to send a message. Nonverbal communications are messages that are sent and received without the use of words. For example, if you say,
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DQuestion 23 10 pts Explain how the de Broglie wavelength is related t.docx
DQuestion 23 10 pts Explain how the de Broglie wavelength is related to the stability of the electron orbit in the atom
Solution
The Bohr model for the atom, proposed by Niels Bohr in 1913, had negatively charged particles called electrons orbiting around the positively charged nucleus in fixed circular orbits.
Orbits close to the nucleus were of less energy than orbits further away from the nucleus.
This model was designed to explain the hydrogen emission spectrum, which it did quite well, but it was an uncomfortable mix of classical physics and the quantisation of energy.
It did not answer the question of why electrons should move in circular orbits at fixed distances from the nucleus.
In 1905, Albert Einstein showed that light could be considered as both a wave and a particle. This is referred to as the wave-particle dualism of radiation.In 1924, French physicist Louis de Broglie suggested that particles might also have a wave-particle dualism and sometimes act as waves.
He said that the wavelength (?) of a particle should be inversely proportional to both the :
Increasing the mass of a particle reduces its wavelength. Increasing the speed of a particle reduces its wavelength (and thereby increases its frequency) In the Bohr model of the atom, an electron close to the nucleus has less energy (lower speed) than an electron further from the nucleus (faster moving electron).If electrons can be considered as a wave, then an electron close to the nucleus would have a longer wavelength than an electron further from the nucleus.
Louis de Broglie realized that if an electron is confined to an orbit around the nucleus, standing waves would be set up, that is, the orbit of an electron would correspond to a fixed whole number of wavelengths for the electron. Fractions of wavelengths are not allowed. You can have 1 wavelength or 2 wavelengths, but you can\'t have ½ a wavelength nor can you have 1.75 wavelengths. 2
Close to the nucleus, n=1 of the Bohr model, the energy of the electron provides for an orbit corresponding to 1 wavelength. The next orbit, n=2, corresponds to an orbit two wavelengths long. Then the n=3 orbit can fit three wavelengths, etc
Bohr’s theory works! It generates the correct formula for the energy levels in a hydrogen atom. This is because the Bohr postulate: inadvertently makes use of the de Broglie wave associated with an electron. m o vr = n (h/2?) Supposing the classical orbit is circular, let’s look at that the associated de Broglie wave following the motion: in order for the wave to return to its initial value (i.e. we are requiring that the wave be single valued), we must have 2?r = circumference = n ?
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Discuss in scholarly detail implications of any considerations that sh.docx
Discuss in scholarly detail implications of any considerations that should be emphasized by firms seeking to manage a strategy-culture relationship.
Solution
Suspicion of corporations, corporate executives, and a general mistrust of business in the minds of the public grew in two waves. The first of these was the late 1960?s in which issues management was formed in reaction to these pressures as a process in which corporations could better understand, anticipate, and proactively manage issues of public concern. The second wave of heightened mistrust was in the late 1990?s to early 2000s, as a reaction to huge corporate scandals such as that of Enron. As thousands of former-Enron employees lost their retirement funds in the collapse, Enron executives maintained in the news media that they had done nothing wrong. Yet, as facts emerged, ethical transgressions of the public trust were unearthed and criminal charges against many top executives were filed; later convictions followed (for more discussion of this case, see Bowen & Heath (2005) or Sims & Brinkman (2003). The shockwaves following Enron, and other scandals of this period such as Tyco and WorldCom, resulted in new demands for ethical responsibility and corporate governance. One result was the implementation of the 2002 Sarbanes-Oxley Act (http://www.sarbanes-oxley.com/index.php) in which the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) required new standards of financial compliance and record keeping. From these cases and the new legislation, a renewed concern for corporate ethics, compliance, regulation, governance, transparency, and honest financial reporting procedures resulted. Many of these issues are the domain of the public relations function, and all of them are communicated about by the public relations function.
Research conducted recently by the International Association of Business Communicators (IABC) Research Foundation (http://www.iabc.com/rf/) studied public relations ethics and reported survey results from 1,827 IABC members and other professional communicators worldwide (Bowen & Heath, 2006). The study (Bowen et al., 2006) revealed a number of surprising and interesting findings in public relations ethics. Public relations practitioners around the world reported that 65% of them have regular access to the
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Does adding debt increase or decrease the flexibility of a healthcare.docx
Does adding debt increase or decrease the flexibility of a healthcare provider? Why?
Solution
Firms need financial sources to grow. The sources include equity funds and debt funds. Debt financing is borrowing money from outside sources to run the business. The financing can be in the form of bank loans, bonds, financing of receivables, equipment leasing etc. Basically debit financing has two components of payment viz., periodical interest payment and the repayment of debt after a pre-determined period. Debt financing has its own advantages like access to funds without any compromise on ownership, tax deductions on interest payments, lower interest rates. It also inculcates the financial discipline in the borrowing organisation as it needs to make repayment of debt obligation failing which the entity may be forced to go into bankruptcy. Revenue sources of health care providers are mainly from services provided to patients in the form of receipts from insurance companies and private payments.
Most of the hospitals are operated as non-profit organisations and are scrutinised by several organisations like donors, Health Administration etc. Under these circumstances debt financing adds additional burden on these organisations in the form or additional scrutiny, pledging of assets to secure loans which needs several clearances, payment obligations from sources which are limited. The organisations also need to keep a strict control over its costs in order to maintain the cash flows to meet the debt obligations. Hence there is a possibility of reduction in charitable treatments or treatments offered at a reduced cost to the patients. Also those which are non-tax paying entities find the attraction of tax exemption of interest payments is not available to them.
However the debt financing do have some benefits for health care providers. For example, equipment leasing is an option taken by many health care providers to buy hospital equipment. This is done to
Based on the general structure of the healthcare providers are not for profit organisations, adding debt do affect flexibility of the operations of the entity.
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Discuss the difference between Financial Accounting and Managerial Acc (1).docx
Discuss the difference between Financial Accounting and Managerial Accounting, especially in relationship to costs. Provide a definition of Opportunity Costs and Accounting Costs and discuss how we can further analyze these costs and provide subcategories of each.
Solution
The differences between management accounting and financial accounting include:[1]
Management accounting provides information to people within an organisation while financial accounting is mainly for those outside it, such as shareholders
Financial accounting is required by law while management accounting is not. Specific standards and formats may be required for statutory accounts such as International Financial Reporting Standards.
Financial accounting covers the entire organisation while management accounting may be concerned with particular products or cost centres.
Managerial accounting is used primarily by those within a company or organization. Reports can be generated for any period of time such as daily, weekly or monthly. Reports are considered to be \"future looking\" and have forecasting value to those within the company.
Financial accounting is used primarily by those outside of a company or organization. Financial reports are usually created for a set period of time, such as a fiscal year or period. Financial reports are historically factual and have predictive value to those who wish to make financial decisions or investments in a company. Management Accounting is the branch of Accounting that deals primarily with confidential financial reports for the exclusive use of top management within an organization. These reports are prepared utilizing scientific and statistical methods to arrive at certain monetary values which are then used for decision making. Such reports may include:
Sales Forecasting reports
Budget analysis and comparative analysis
Feasibility studies
Merger and consolidation reports
Financial Accounting, on the other hand, concentrates on the production of financial reports, including the basic reporting requirements of profitability, liquidity, solvency and stability. Reports of this nature can be accessed by internal and external users such as the shareholders, the banks and the creditors.
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Distinguish between individual barriers and organizational barriers to.docx
Distinguish between individual barriers and organizational barriers to communication. Explain two examples of each beside those referenced in the textbook.
Solution
Organizational barriers : The barriers that generate form within the organization are known as organizational barriers may be of the following types:
Negative organizational climate : The main aspect of organizational climate that acts as communication barrier is the negative attitude of top management. Negative attitude of top management discourages communication initiative of the employees.
Absence of communication policy : Well-designed communication policy encourages communication in the organization. In the absence of such policies, employees fail hesitate to communicate.
Excessive authority layers : Excessive authority layers acts as a severe impediment to successful communication. In the case of excessive authority impediment to successful communication. In the case of excessive authority layers, information reaches to its final destination passing through several hierarchical levels. As a result, information may be distorted or lost. Excessive authority layers also causes delay in communication.
Filtering : Filtering implies willful distortion of information. This problem usually arise in upward communication. In upward communication, employees tend to pass only those messages that create positive impression about them.
Examples of organizational barriers are poor planning, Cultural Differences, Workplace Stress
Individual Barriers : Barriers created by the sender and receiver are known as individual barriers. Such barriers include the following:
Differences in personality : Personality is the set of attributes that define a person. Every person holds a distinct personality. This individual nature of personality acts as barrier to communication.
Perceptual differences : Perception is the unique way in which people respond or interpret an object. Difference in perception is a very common problem in effective communication. It for example, a subscriber of BTTB
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Discussion Topic 1- Internal control consists of the policies and proc.docx
Discussion Topic 1: Internal control consists of the policies and procedures established to prevent or detect errors or fraud. The internal control structure is the cornerstone to good financial practices. Review the Management Antifraud Programs and Controls (14-step program) and select one of the steps to discuss. Be sure to share your thoughts on how this step helps to enhance the reliability of financial reporting.
Solution
An Internal Control is a business practice, policy or procedure that is established within an organization to minimize the risk of of fraud and errors.Management is primarily responsible for maintaining proper internal control in such way that will provide reasonable assurance regarding achivement of objectives in following ways-
1- Effectiveness and efficiency of operations
2- Safeguarding of assets
3- Reliability of financial reporting
4- Compliance with applicable laws and regulations
Management Antifraud programs and controls-
It is guidance to help prevent, prevent, Deter and Detect Fraud. Neither fraudulent financial reporting nor misappropriation of assets can occur without a perceived opportunity to commit and conceal the act. This document offers the ways in which management can identify and measure the risk of fraud as well as step to mitigate those risk and implement preventive internal Controls. Management Antifraud Programs and Controls is a 14-step program that any organization can use to detect and prevent fraud.
Creating a Culture of Honesty and high ethics- It is responsibility of Management to create a culture of honesty and ethics and to communicate clearly acceptable behaviour and exception for each emloyee. Creating a culture of honesty it should inclue the following-
1- Setting the tone at the top for ethical behaviour in Organizatio.
2- Creating a positive workplace envouionment.
3- Independent Auditors.
4- Certified Fraud Auditors
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Discuss the tools and technologies for collaboration and teamwork that.docx
Discuss the tools and technologies for collaboration and teamwork that are available and how they provide value to an organization.
Solution
Answer:)
1.Document Collaboration: These tools provide the ability to not just share a document with others, but to actively work on it together, in real time. Google Docs is a well known example, but there are many other variations toGoogle Docs.
2. Profiles: We use to call them Employee Directories and had deep discussions about what information to capture in a user\'s profile. But profiles are much more today, enabling us to share details about ourselves, our interests, our knowledge and expertise, and much more.
3. Blogs and Wikis: Pretty standard stuff these days really. Blogs let us share information and knowledge and allow people to respond via comments, tagging and rating. Wikis allow multiple people to contribute to a subject.
4. Microblogging: Twitter and Yammer are the most notable microbloggingtechnologies, but there are other vendors like SocialText, NewsGatorand others who focus strongly on this capability. Sometimes also called an activity feed, you can let people know what you are working on (manually or via automation), discuss documents, projects, etc, and at the same time ask for help to the general community.
5. Communities: These are groupings of capabilities like those listed above set up for projects, communities of interest or practices, or around other topics and themes. There are many different types of communities, open or private, internal, external, mixed.
6. Calendars: Shared calendars allow you to have one calendar for all those involved in a project.
7. Idea Management: Also known as innovation management. These tools provide the ability for employees to participate in generating ideas for things like products and services, ways to improve existing products and services, business processes, etc..
8. Social Networks: How many times have you heard \"Facebook for the enterprise\". Social Networks enable employees to work together and play together. A prime example:Salesforce.com\'s Chatter.
9. Social Knowledge Networks: SKNs are tools that provide a place to share and find the organization\'s knowledge, pulling content from across the organization into a single location to share and collaboration. SKNs are specialized communities.
10. Web Conferencing: No more need to travel with the availability of numerous web conferencing tools.
11. User generated content: There are any number of tools to allow users to submit content, both moderated or un-moderated.
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Discuss the statement of cash flows Values Limitations This relates to.docx
Discuss the statement of cash flows
Values
Limitations
This relates to Intermediate Accounting 2, Statement of Cash Flows Revisited, Chapter 21, Intermediate Accounting 7th Edition, Spiceland, Sepe, Nelson.
Comment
Solution
2. Cash flow statement helps management in proper cash planning and maintaining matching between cash inflows and outflows.
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discuss the role of nanotechnology in today-'s information age-Solutio.docx
discuss the role of nanotechnology in today\'s information age.
Solution
Nanotechnology (\" nanotech \") is manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale. The earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred to as molecular nanotechnology. A more generalized description of nanotechnology was subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative, which defines nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers. This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale, and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter which occur below the given size threshold. It is therefore common to see the plural form \"nanotechnologies\" as well as \"nanoscale technologies\" to refer to the broad range of research and applications whose common trait is size. Because of the variety of potential applications (including industrial and military), governments have invested billions of dollars in nanotechnology research. Until 2012, through its National Nanotechnology Initiative, the USA has invested 3.7 billion dollars, the European Union has invested 1.2 billion and Japan 750 million dollars.
Nanotechnology as defined by size is naturally very broad, including fields of science as diverse as surface science, organic chemistry, molecular biology, semiconductor physics, microfabrication, etc. [4] The associated research and applications are equally diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to direct control of matter on the atomic scale.
Scientists currently debate the future implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in nanomedicine, nanoelectronics, biomaterials energy production, and consumer products. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as any new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials, and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special regulation of nanotechnology is warranted.
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Discuss the reasons for the growing interest in and availability of hi.docx
Discuss the reasons for the growing interest in and availability of high-speed alternatives for wide area networking.
Solution
A wide area network (WAN) is a telecommunications network, usually used for connecting computers, which spreads over large geographical area such as between cities , states or even countries .Generally WANs are used by organizations or corporations in order to exchange the data between their computers in offices .Most large corporations such as Verizon , ATT with facilities at multiple locations use WANs and even small businesses with just two remote sites increasingly use WANs. Internet is in essence a very large WAN.
Disadvantages of WAN
Most of the organizations are trying to reduce the number of data centers by consolidation, often by virtualizing servers and other hardware. This caused reduction in the number of data centers and growth in the number of users who work remotely greatly increase demands on the WAN. Growing volumes of data also stress WANs.
Network faces challenges with newer technologies, such as desktop virtualization, and voice and video applications. Whether deployed on a mobile device or some other network endpoint, these technologies produce large volumes of network traffic, which leads to congestion and saturation of network links. This can slow application response and degrade delivery of multimedia content. Network Optimization needs to be done in order to meet all the demands.
One way to address poor WAN performance is simply to acquire more bandwidth for the long-distance connections among data centers and branch offices.
Most of the Organizations would prefer to reduce, not increase, their operations and maintenance costs, which would provide more money for innovative application development related to the organization’s mission.
Cost and performance drives the organizations to look for high speed alternatives for wide area networking.
While the Internet and other networking developments have changed the face of WANs and have threatened some older forms of WAN technology, a number of experts believe they will become more important rather than less, as trends like globalization and telecommuting create new demand for high-power long-distance networking. Demand for network bandwidth will continue to grow. One technology forecast saw corporate WAN traffic rising by as much as 30 percent a year through 2002, and much of this traffic will increasingly be routed through public networks using virtual private network technology rather than the closed private networks of the past.
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Discuss the nature of Greek theater and the purpose it served in Ancie.docx
Discuss the nature of Greek theater and the purpose it served in Ancient Greece.
Solution
The Greek theatre history began with festivals honoring their gods. A god, Dionysus, was honored with a festival called by \"City Dionysia\". In Athens, during this festival, men used to perform songs to welcome Dionysus. Plays were only presented at City Dionysia festival.
Athens was the main center for these theatrical traditions. Athenians spread these festivals to its numerous allies in order to promote a common identity.
Orchestra : A large circular or rectangular area at the center part of the theatre, where the play, dance, religious rites, acting used to take place.
Skene : A large rectangular building situated behind the orchestra, used as a backstage. Actors could change their costumes and masks. Earlier the skene was a tent or hut, later it became a permanent stone structure. These structures were sometimes painted to serve as backdrops.
Rising from the circle of the orchestra was the audience. The theatres were originally built on a very large scale to accommodate the large number of people on stage, as well as the large number of people in the audience, up to fourteen thousand.
Acting
The cast of a Greek play in the Dionysia was comprised of amateurs, not professionals (all male).
Ancient Greek actors had to gesture grandly so that the entire audience could see and hear the story. However most Greek theatres were cleverly constructed to transmit even the smallest sound to any seat.
Costumes and Masks
The actors were so far away from the audience that without the aid of exaggerated costumes and masks.
The masks were made of linen or cork, so none have survived. Tragic masks carried mournful or pained expressions, while comic masks were smiling or leering.
The shape of the mask amplified the actor\'s voice, making his words easier for the audience to hear.
At the early Greek festivals, the actors, directors, and dramatists were all the same person. After some time, only three actors were allowed to perform in each play. Later few non-speaking roles were allowed to perform on-stage. Due to limited number of actors allowed on-stage, the chorus evolved into a very active part of Greek theatre. Music was often played during the chorus\' delivery of its lines.
Greek Theatre
Theatre buildings were called a theatron. The theaters were large, open-air structures constructed on the slopes of hills. They consisted of three main elements: the orchestra, the skene, and the audience.
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Discuss the impact of a strong culture on organization and managersSol.docx
Discuss the impact of a strong culture on organization and managers
Solution
Organization Culture is the sum total of the psychology and attitudes which are communicated by the leadership team to the employees and the ethics, values and beliefs which are incorporated for execution of work and obtaining business objectives.
Leadership: Organization culture is defined by the leadership of the organization. The CEO is the torch-bearer of organization culture. The mission, vision and strategy communicated by the senior management is the glue which holds the organization together and moves everybody in the same direction. Lack of clear direction, frequent and abrupt changes and arbitrary decisions in mission, vision and strategy contribute to the negativity in the organization culture. This also results in various departments having different work cultures and working in a counter-productive manner. This directly impacts the efficiency and effectiveness of business operations. Depending on the level and clarity of leadership communication, the organization at a macro level may be in high, medium or low risk as depicted in the adjoining chart.
Attitudes & Beliefs: The psychology and behavior shown throughout the organization by the employees for doing day-to-day operations reflect the organization culture. Organizations show healthy attitudes where employees are rewarded on performance, there is lack of discrimination due to age, race, color and gender and there is minimal harassment and workplace aggression. Organizations having aggressive work cultures, which are number driven and lack humanity, impact the control environment negatively. In such cases, for the sake of efficiency, legal requirements are compromised. Carried to an excessive stage, the organization may become unsafe for work and/or shareholder investments. The control environment is such cases maybe seriously impacted, as there is strong alignment towards unhealthy and corrupt business practices.
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Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of supporting links to files th.docx
Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of supporting links to files that cross mount points (that is, the file that is stored in a different volume).
Solution
Advantages and Disadvantages of supporting Links to Files that Cross Mount Points :
From the perspective of the user, they do not need to be alluded to the fact that the file exists on a different volume. The disadvantage is that when the related volume is not mounted, opening the file would raise an error to the user making it apparent that it is a dead link and sses file system boundaries. Inter-volume linking is only a convenience if the host volume is always available to provide the linked file.
Relative Merits of given each Approach :
With a single shared copy, several concurrent updates to the file may have an unintended effect but the file will not be left in an incoherent state – which can happen if multiple unresolvable copies of the same file were to exist. Furthermore, maintaining independent mirrors of a file would result in a waste of storage
Advantages and Disadvantages of associating with Remote File Systems :
The advantage is that there is greater transparency in the sense that the user does not need to be aware of mount points and create links in all scenarios. The disadvantage however is that the file system containing the link might be mounted while the file system containing the target file might not be, and therefore one can not provide transparent access to the file in such a scenario; the error condition would expose to the user that a link is a dead link and that the link does indeed cross file system boundaries.
Implications of supporting UNIX Consistency semantics :
Consistency semantics requires updates to a file to be immediately available to other processes. Supporting such a semantics for shared files on remote file systems could result in the following inefficiencies: all updates by a client have to be immediately reported to the file server instead of being batched (or even ignored if the updates are to a temporary file), and updates have to be communicated by thefile server to clients caching the data immediately, again resulting in
more communication.
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Discuss how engineers and risk experts view and deal with risks- (Appr.docx
Discuss how engineers and risk experts view and deal with risks. (Approximately 2 paragraphs).
Solution
Risk identification is one of the most important steps of risk management, and consists of discovering, defining, describing, documenting and communicating risks before they become a problem and adversely affect a project.
Engineers must deal with risks and uncertainties as a part of their professional work and, in particular, uncertainties are inherent to engineering models. Models play a central role in engineering but often represent an abstract and idealized version of the mathematical properties of a target. Using models, engineers can investigate and acquire understanding of how an object or phenomenon will perform under specified conditions. This paper defines the different stages of the modeling process in engineering, classifies the various sources of uncertainty that arise in each stage, and discusses the categories into which these uncertainties fall. The paper then considers the way uncertainty and modeling are approached in science and the criteria for evaluating scientific hypotheses, in order to highlight the very different criteria appropriate for the development of models and the treatment of the inherent uncertainties in engineering.
There is increasing awareness that discrepancies in risk judgments between experts, in addition to those with the public, are a major difficulty in achieving effective risk communication. This article reports on a survey of members of different environmental disciplines to determine the extent to which these individuals share similar beliefs and conceptual frameworks concerning basic assumptions in environmental health risk assessment. The results showed that divergent interpretations did exist among respondents on several issues, and even between members of the same discipline. In light of these difficulties in evaluating and communicating risk, experts should evaluate their own knowledge and understanding of these concepts and should be fully aware of the strengths and limitations of the methods used for risk assessment.
isk assessments are necessary to anticipate and prevent accidents from occurring or repeating. Since product design safety and reliability are affected the most by decisions made during the early design phases, a risk assessment that can be performed with less mature data during these design phases is needed. This study focuses on the relationship between function and risk in early design by presenting a mathematical mapping from product function to risk assessments that can be used in the conceptual design phase. An investigation of a spacecraft orientation subsystem is used to demonstrate these mappings.
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Discuss how complementary social- managerial- and organizational asset.docx
Discuss how complementary social, managerial, and organizational assets help optimize returns from information technology investments.
Solution
The research (Management Information System by Kenneth C Laudon and Jane P. Laudon, 12th Edition) says that itself doesnot provide best returns because company’s social, managerial, and organizational assets play important role on helping the company to optimize returns from information technology investments. The followings are some of main aspects that company’s social, managerial, and organizational assets help the company to optimize returns from information technology investments:
First, favorable organizational assets are supportive business culture that value efficiency and effectiveness, appropriate business model. Efficient business process, decentralized of authority, highly distributed rights, and strong information system development team. Organizational assets are so critical to information sharing across enterprise. In favorable organizational environment, each part of organization contributes their part of operation chain and then information is ready available to down-stream operation or up-stream operation. A well implemented and used supply chain system is a good example.
Second, important managerial complementary assets are strong senior management support for changes, incentive systems that monitor ad reward individual innovation and emphasis on teamwork and collaboration, training programs, and a management cultural that value flexibility and knowledge. Managerial asset are key success factors for company to introduce and then effectively utilize information technology. Let’s take ERP (enterprise resource planning) systems (such as SAP and PeopleSoft), if we have a strong senior management that supports for changes, we would have better outcome on introducing new technologies especially enterprise system.
Third, social assets such as the intern et. A digital firm is one in which nearly all of the organization’s significant business relationships with customers, suppliers, and employees are digitally enabled, and key corporate assets are managed through digital means.
When a firm goes digital, it’s not about just adding a computer system to the mix. Throwing a computer system at outdated business processes is exactly the wrong thing to do. A truly digital firm has several characteristics that distinguish it from most of the firms claiming to be digitized:
And the number one reason digital firms experience greater opportunities for success and profits is because they view information technology as the core of the business and a primary management tool.
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Effective managers stay abreast of current HR topics- Some relevant is.docx
Effective managers stay abreast of current HR topics.
Some relevant issues facing today\'s managers include: global HRM, labor relations, social media, whistleblower rules, e-HRM/self-service, moving from transactional to strategic HRM, the knowledge economy, outsourcing pros and cons, managing four different generations in the workforce, increasing age of the workforce, the glass ceiling, implications of baby boomer retirements, immigration, social responsibility, elder care, executive pay, and alternative work arrangements.
Select three topics from the list above (other than the topics you researched in Module 8 DQ 1). Research each topic. For each of your three chosen topics, provide a bulleted list of five or six relevant facts that you believe have significance for line managers.
Solution
SOCIAL MEDIA:
Marketers spend billions of dollars on social media every year, and they\'re increasingly turning to technology vendors to support their social programs. But for many marketers, the social technology vendor landscape verges on indecipherable. To select the right tools and technology for their social plans, marketing leaders must classify and choose vendors based not on the characteristics of their technologies but instead on the distinct business value those technologies offer. To aid in that process, this report introduces the four categories of social technology that marketers should consider:
Global Human Resource Management
With the advent of globalization, organizations - big or small have ceased to be local, they have become global! This has increased the workforce diversity and cultural sensitivities have emerged like never before. All this led to the development of Global Human Resource Management.
Even those organizations who consider themselves immune to transactions across geographical boundaries are connected to the wider network globally. They are in one way or the other dependent upon organizations that may even not have heard about. There is interdependence between organizations in various areas and functions.
The preliminary function of global Human Resource Management is that the organization carries a local appeal in the host country despite maintaining an international feel . To exemplify, any multinational / international company would not like to be called as local, however the same wants a domestic touch in the host country and there lies the challenge.
objectives:
LABOUR RELATIONS:
The main objectives of labour relations system are:-
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effective managers stay abreast of current HR topics- Some relevant is (1).docx
effective managers stay abreast of current HR topics.
Some relevant issues facing today\'s managers include: global HRM, labor relations, social media, whistleblower rules, e-HRM/self-service the knowledge economy, outsourcing pros and cons, managing four different generations in the workforce, increasing age of the workforce, employee privacy, the glass ceiling, implications of baby boomer retirements, immigration, social responsibility, elder care, executive pay, and alternative work arrangements.
Select three topics from the list above (or choose other current topics that are not included). Research each topic. For each of your three chosen topics, provide a bulleted list of four or five relevant points that you believe have significance for line managers.
Solution
The three topics that I have chose are :
1. Outsourcing.
2.Alternative Work Arrangements.
3.Labor relations.
1. Outsourcing :
Defination: Outsourcing is a process where one company hires another another company to get the job done. A company can hire a firm on contract basis and work until the contract is finished.The company offers to provides services to toher company , which was once produced within the company.
The most common outsourcing is done by the companies like :
Advantages of Outsourcing :
Disadvantages of Outsourcing :
2. Alternative Work Arrangements :
Defination : The arrangements stan ddifferent from the regular mode of office works. Thi sprovides more scope fro flexibility at time and work locations to the employees.
Advantages of Alternate Work Arrangements :
Disadvantages of alternative Work Arrangements :
3. Labor Relations.
Defination : The relationship between the management and its employees is known as labour management. Many acts and Laws have been passed to ensure good working conditions in the organization.Labour Acts are issued as per the working conditions and daily wages of the hiring company.
Advantages of Labour Relations:
Disadvantages of Labor Relations :
.
Discuss how the following court case illustrates how the courts- throu.docx
Discuss how the following court case illustrates how the courts, through judicially enunciated doctrines, impact the interpretation of tax law. Charles E Wolfe w 612 F. Supp 605 (DC Mont, 1985) aff d. 798 F.2d 1241 (9th Cir, 1986). Follow the format of the Case Brief Example on blackboard and include: Facts Issue Decision Reasons for Decision
Solution
Facts:
Wolfe & E company\'s into truck trailer lease , the sole shareholder and president is Mr.Wolfe , he is also the proprietorship of other \" on the road business\" under the name of Charles .e. wolfe d/b/a Evergreen express.Wolfe did not have a seperate bank account for the corporation , also he paid all the wages and salraies form the proprietorship account while claiming the expenses under the corpoeration
Issue : the wolfe Corporation incurred a federal tax liability of $114,472.91 for employment , fuel and highway use taxes and for penalties fees and interest.Wolfe paid the tax after ICC was laid on him but he contended that Service cannot look into his personal property for payment if the tax due.However IRS stated since corporation was alter ego of the Wolfe
Decision : It was decided that corporation was the alter ego of the Wolfe, thus justifying the piercing of viel.
Reasons for Decision:
The wolfe did not maintain a seperate bank account , also he paid salary and wages of the employees form the proprietorship,also wolfe was the sole shareholder and president of the corporation,He did not consulted other directors for decision making.his personal funds are premingled with corporations.His and corporations credit are used interchangebaly to acquire loans, they are in the same business,sharing same address, wolfe admits to third parties that they are one and the same, corporations income is distributed through other means than diividends.
thus corporation and shareholder share common identity, thus it was proper for the service to look into his personal property.
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