This document provides an overview of virtual private network (VPN) security. It discusses what a VPN is and how it uses encryption and tunneling to securely transmit data over an insecure public network like the Internet. Common VPN tunneling technologies are described, including IPsec, PPTP, L2TP and SSL/TLS. Potential security risks of VPNs are outlined. The document also covers VPN deployment considerations and security best practices for remote access, intranet and extranet VPNs.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Avoiding Man in the Middle Attack Based on ARP Spoofing in the LANEditor IJCATR
As technology is running on its wheels, networking has turned into one of our basic aspects. In this world along with
networking inimical vulnerabilities are also advancing in a drastic manner, resulting in perilous security threats. This calls for the great
need of network security. ARP spoofing is one of the most common MITM attacks in the LAN. This attack can show critical
implications for internet users especially in stealing sensitive information’s such as passwords. Beyond this it can facilitate other
attacks like denial of service(DOS), session hijacking etc..,. In this paper we are proposing a new method by encrypting MAC address
to shield from ARP cache poisoning
TRUST VALUE ALGORITHM: A SECURE APPROACH AGAINST PACKET DROP ATTACK IN WIRELE...IJNSA Journal
Wireless ad-hoc networks are widely used because these are very easy to deploy. However, there are
various security issues and problems. Two most important issues are interoperability and interaction
among various security technologies which are very important to consider for configuration and
management point of view. The packet drop ratio in the wireless network is very high as well as packets
may be easily delayed by the attacker. Ii is very difficult to detect intruders, so it results into high false
positive rate. Packets may be dropped or delayed by intruders as well as external nodes in wireless
networks. Hence, there is the need of effective intrusion detection system which can detect maximum
number of intruders and the corresponding packets be forwarded through some alternate paths in the
network. In this paper we propose an alternate solution to detect the intruders/adversary with help of trust
value. It would remove the need of inbuilt IDS in the wireless networks and result into improving the
performance of WLAN.
A novel approach to information security using safe exchange of encrypted dat...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this modern era, with the vast improvement in the field of internet, security is a major issue at hand. A lot of crimes, or to say, hacking is prevalent. This system "Safe Exchange of Encrypted Data (SEED)" handles sharing secret data between the sender and receiver in a cryptic manner by providing a new approach to symmetric encryption with ensured confidentiality, authenticity, integrity and availability of a secure communication, and protection against Man-in-the-Middle attacks even without a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) or endpoint certificates, in the unprotected network space. This system makes use of an efficient concept called 'ephemeral shared session key', which being a combination of public and private keys can only be generated at both ends and negates the need of having to transmit a symmetric key between the users. The text data is encrypted using a new symmetric key algorithm known as “Xenacrypt” which is more secure than any other existing symmetric key algorithms. This system provides integrity through an efficient algorithm which we have implemented to indicate data thefts by any malicious attacks or threats. Application of this crypto-system will have a huge impact in the future of transmitting secure data especially in the field of business transaction and military operations. Keywords:-encryption;signed diffie hellman;signature;VOIP Integrity,verification,decryption,authentication.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks and network security. It defines what a wireless sensor network is and common applications. It then discusses protocols used for communication between nodes, including what they are, how they perform tasks, and their role in security. The document outlines various security threats like denial of service attacks, and mechanisms to protect against them, including cryptography, key management protocols, and encryption protocols. It emphasizes the importance of security protocols for wireless sensor networks.
http://www.skyriver.net/ - Skyriver Communications – Fixed Wireless Security. Skyriver is a leading business ISP, specializing in Fixed Wireless. Learn about Skyrivers’ innovative high performance broadband for business visit the site now.
Hybrid cryptographic technique using rsa algorithm and scheduling conceptsIJNSA Journal
The RSA algorithm is one of the most commonly used efficient cryptographic algorithms. It provides the required amount of confidentiality, data integrity and privacy. This paper integrates the RSA Algorithm with round -robin priority scheduling scheme in order to extend the level of security and reduce the effectiveness of intrusion. It aims at obtaining minimal overhead, increased throughput and privacy. In this method the user uses the RSA algorithm and generates the encrypted messages that are sorted priority-wise and then sent. The receiver, on receiving the messages decrypts them using the RSA algorithm according to their priority. This method reduces the risk of man -in-middle attacks and timing attacks as the encrypted and decrypted messages are further jumbled based on their priority. It also reduces the power monitoring
attack risk if a very small amount of information is exchanged. It raises the bar on the standards of
information security, ensuring more efficiency.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Avoiding Man in the Middle Attack Based on ARP Spoofing in the LANEditor IJCATR
As technology is running on its wheels, networking has turned into one of our basic aspects. In this world along with
networking inimical vulnerabilities are also advancing in a drastic manner, resulting in perilous security threats. This calls for the great
need of network security. ARP spoofing is one of the most common MITM attacks in the LAN. This attack can show critical
implications for internet users especially in stealing sensitive information’s such as passwords. Beyond this it can facilitate other
attacks like denial of service(DOS), session hijacking etc..,. In this paper we are proposing a new method by encrypting MAC address
to shield from ARP cache poisoning
TRUST VALUE ALGORITHM: A SECURE APPROACH AGAINST PACKET DROP ATTACK IN WIRELE...IJNSA Journal
Wireless ad-hoc networks are widely used because these are very easy to deploy. However, there are
various security issues and problems. Two most important issues are interoperability and interaction
among various security technologies which are very important to consider for configuration and
management point of view. The packet drop ratio in the wireless network is very high as well as packets
may be easily delayed by the attacker. Ii is very difficult to detect intruders, so it results into high false
positive rate. Packets may be dropped or delayed by intruders as well as external nodes in wireless
networks. Hence, there is the need of effective intrusion detection system which can detect maximum
number of intruders and the corresponding packets be forwarded through some alternate paths in the
network. In this paper we propose an alternate solution to detect the intruders/adversary with help of trust
value. It would remove the need of inbuilt IDS in the wireless networks and result into improving the
performance of WLAN.
A novel approach to information security using safe exchange of encrypted dat...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this modern era, with the vast improvement in the field of internet, security is a major issue at hand. A lot of crimes, or to say, hacking is prevalent. This system "Safe Exchange of Encrypted Data (SEED)" handles sharing secret data between the sender and receiver in a cryptic manner by providing a new approach to symmetric encryption with ensured confidentiality, authenticity, integrity and availability of a secure communication, and protection against Man-in-the-Middle attacks even without a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) or endpoint certificates, in the unprotected network space. This system makes use of an efficient concept called 'ephemeral shared session key', which being a combination of public and private keys can only be generated at both ends and negates the need of having to transmit a symmetric key between the users. The text data is encrypted using a new symmetric key algorithm known as “Xenacrypt” which is more secure than any other existing symmetric key algorithms. This system provides integrity through an efficient algorithm which we have implemented to indicate data thefts by any malicious attacks or threats. Application of this crypto-system will have a huge impact in the future of transmitting secure data especially in the field of business transaction and military operations. Keywords:-encryption;signed diffie hellman;signature;VOIP Integrity,verification,decryption,authentication.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks and network security. It defines what a wireless sensor network is and common applications. It then discusses protocols used for communication between nodes, including what they are, how they perform tasks, and their role in security. The document outlines various security threats like denial of service attacks, and mechanisms to protect against them, including cryptography, key management protocols, and encryption protocols. It emphasizes the importance of security protocols for wireless sensor networks.
http://www.skyriver.net/ - Skyriver Communications – Fixed Wireless Security. Skyriver is a leading business ISP, specializing in Fixed Wireless. Learn about Skyrivers’ innovative high performance broadband for business visit the site now.
Hybrid cryptographic technique using rsa algorithm and scheduling conceptsIJNSA Journal
The RSA algorithm is one of the most commonly used efficient cryptographic algorithms. It provides the required amount of confidentiality, data integrity and privacy. This paper integrates the RSA Algorithm with round -robin priority scheduling scheme in order to extend the level of security and reduce the effectiveness of intrusion. It aims at obtaining minimal overhead, increased throughput and privacy. In this method the user uses the RSA algorithm and generates the encrypted messages that are sorted priority-wise and then sent. The receiver, on receiving the messages decrypts them using the RSA algorithm according to their priority. This method reduces the risk of man -in-middle attacks and timing attacks as the encrypted and decrypted messages are further jumbled based on their priority. It also reduces the power monitoring
attack risk if a very small amount of information is exchanged. It raises the bar on the standards of
information security, ensuring more efficiency.
This document discusses virtual private networks (VPNs), including how they work, types of VPNs and protocols, VPN devices, advantages and disadvantages, features of VPNs, and concludes that VPNs allow companies to securely expand their services globally over the internet by acting as a private gateway for remote access.
The document discusses the WPA2 Hole196 vulnerability that allows a malicious insider on a WPA2 secured wireless network to decrypt and read private data from other authorized users on the network. It describes how the vulnerability works and exploits such as ARP poisoning that can be used. It then discusses potential mitigation strategies including client isolation, fixing the vulnerability in wireless infrastructure, and using a wireless intrusion prevention system.
Encryption converts data when exchanged digitally over networks so that others cannot access it, according to set regulations. A virtual private network (VPN) uses public circuits to connect enterprise networks between locations, suppressing costs compared to dedicated leased lines. A wide area network (WAN) connects computers using lines and leased lines. A firewall controls communication between an internal computer network and outside networks through hardware and software to maintain network security, blocking intrusions like a wall holds back fire.
The document provides an overview of web security concepts including:
- Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) which provide data encryption, server authentication, integrity and confidentiality over TCP.
- Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) which defines security protocols and formats to protect credit card transactions on the internet involving cardholders, merchants, issuers, acquirers and certificate authorities.
- The SSL/TLS handshake protocol establishes a secure connection between a client and server by authenticating the server, negotiating encryption algorithms, and exchanging keys to encrypt further communication.
Sen 214 simple secure multicast transmissionSenetas
This document discusses how to securely transmit multicast traffic when encrypting at the data link layer. It describes how Senetas Ethernet encryptors use group encryption and key management to encrypt multicast traffic without the need for an external key server. The encryptors automatically discover multicast groups, distribute and update encryption keys, and allow new members to securely join groups. This approach avoids vulnerabilities of insecure multicast and provides confidentiality without compromising efficiency or performance of multicast delivery.
Encryption converts data during network communication so that others cannot access it, according to set regulations. A virtual private network (VPN) uses a public circuit like a leased line to connect networks between locations like business sites, suppressing costs compared to a leased line. A wide area network (WAN) connects computers over lines and leased lines. A firewall is hardware and software that controls communication between a computer network and outside to maintain the internal network's security, analogous to a wall blocking a fire from spreading.
This document discusses web security and Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) / Transport Layer Security (TLS). It defines key web security terminology like hackers, viruses, worms, and Trojans. It then explains what SSL/TLS is, how it provides security for web communications through encryption, message authentication codes, and authentication. The document outlines the SSL/TLS architecture, components, sessions and connections. It also discusses how SSL/TLS has been widely implemented in applications like HTTPS to secure internet traffic.
Access control lists (ACLs) determine which devices can access routers based on IP address. ACLs can filter packets based on port numbers and are configured for inbound or outbound traffic. Standard ACLs filter based on source IP, while extended ACLs can filter based on additional attributes like protocol, ports, and IP addresses. Virtual private networks (VPNs) use protocols like IPSec and SSL with authentication methods such as certificates to securely transmit data over unsecured networks.
A firewall disrupts free communication between trusted and untrusted networks by managing information flow and restricting access. There are various mechanisms employed by firewalls, ranging from completely preventing packet flow to allowing free exchange. Stateful inspection firewalls add context to packet filtering by considering traffic history and only allowing established conversations. Network address translation is a technique that allows internal networks to use private IP addresses while communicating externally using a single public address, but has limitations for some applications.
Encryption encodes information in a way that only authorized parties can access it. There are two main types: symmetric-key encryption which uses the same secret key between two parties, and public-key encryption which uses a public and private key pair. Popular implementations of public-key encryption include PGP for encrypting files and SSL/TLS for secure web browsing and transactions.
Performance Comparison of File Security System using TEA and Blowfish Algorithmsijtsrd
With the progress in data exchange by the electronic system, the need for information security has become a necessity. Due to the growth of multimedia application, security becomes an important issue of communication and storage of different files. To make its reality, cryptographic algorithms are widely used as essential tools. Cryptographic algorithms provide security services such as confidentiality, authentication, data integrity and secrecy by encryption. Different cryptographic algorithms are commonly used for information security in many research areas. Although there are two encryption techniques, asymmetric and symmetric, the simpler symmetric encryption technique is employed for testing file security system. In this study, the performance evaluation of the most common two symmetric encryption algorithms such as TEA and Blowfish algorithm is focused on the execution time intervals. Simulation has been conducted with many types of file encryption like .pdf, .txt, .doc, .docx, .xlsx, .pptx, .ppt, .xls, .jpg, .png and most common video file formats by using Java Programming Language. Win Myat Thu | Tin Lai Win | Su Mu Tyar "Performance Comparison of File Security System using TEA and Blowfish Algorithms" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26462.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/26462/performance-comparison-of-file-security-system-using-tea-and-blowfish-algorithms/win-myat-thu
IRJET- Analysis of Router Poisoning using Network AttacksIRJET Journal
This document discusses security threats in wireless ad hoc networks. It begins by describing the key security goals of confidentiality, availability, authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation. It then categorizes attacks as either passive or active. Passive attacks involve eavesdropping without altering data, while active attacks disrupt normal network functioning. Specific active attacks discussed include black holes, gray holes, worm holes, jellyfish attacks, spoofing, Sybil attacks, eavesdropping, Byzantine attacks, jamming attacks, and state pollution attacks. The document provides an overview of these prominent attacks on routing protocols in ad hoc networks.
The document introduces security issues for e-commerce and web authentication. It discusses why security is important due to risks like information theft and fraud online. It then covers various types of security breaches and outlines requirements for secure transactions, including privacy, integrity, authentication, authorization, and non-repudiation. The document also summarizes key security concepts like firewalls, public key cryptography, SSL, and digital certificates.
Welcome to the world of 'network security' which is an unavoidable term in cyber security. This white paper of Network security encompasses the most significant and predominantly used networking security concepts which are highly important for maintaining your network environment secure.
A novel paradigm in authentication systemIJNSA Journal
Maintaining the security of your computer, network and private/sensitive data against unauthorized access
and a wide variety of security threats can be challenging. Verifying data integrity and authentication are
essential security services in order to secure data transmission process. In this paper we propose a novel
security technique which uses new encryption and decryption algorithms to achieve authenticated
communication and enhanced data integrity. The proposed technique is very complex for attackers to
decode, and it is applicable to client-server architecture.
Security Delivery Platform: Best practicesMihajlo Prerad
Security Delivery Platform: Best practices
The traditional Security model was one that operated under simple assumptions. Those assumptions led to deployment models which in todays’ world of cyber security have been proven to be quite vulnerable and inadequate to growing amount and diversity of threats.
A Security Delivery Platform addresses the above considerations and provides a powerful solution for deploying a diverse set of security solutions, as well as scaling each security solution beyond traditional deployments. Such platform delivers visibility into the lateral movement of malware, accelerate the detection of ex-filtration activity, and could significantly reduce the overhead, complexity and costs associated with such security deployments.
In today’s world of industrialized and well-organized cyber threats, it is no longer sufficient to focus on the security applications exclusively. Focusing on how those solutions get deployed together and how they get consistent access to relevant data is a critical piece of the solution. A Security Delivery Platform in this sense is a foundational building block of any cyber security strategy.
ASYMTOTIC ANALYSIS IN SECURED MESSAGE DELIVERYAM Publications
Wireless networking is a method by which homes, telecommunications networks and enterprise (business) installations avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a building, or as a connection between various equipment locations. For such a reasons this technology has become popular. Though it is familiar, its wireless channel is vulnerable to the eavesdroppers during message delivery (security is the major problem). In the previous cases this problem was solved by cryptographic methods such as RSA public key cryptosystem. But due to expensive key distribution and improvement in decoding technology, the message transmitted is said to be unsecured. The problem can be overcome by using artificial noise generation. This paper investigates and studies how to deliver the message securely in the wireless network using artificial noise generation concept.
In recent times, there’s been a lot of mass traction and crazy talk that is going about the digital currency community. Many of the leading Organizations are experimenting with Blockchain Technology.
A VPN creates a secure connection over a public network like the Internet by using encryption, authentication, and tunneling. It allows remote users to securely access a private network. There are different VPN protocols like PPTP, L2TP, and IPsec that use encryption, encapsulation, and authentication to securely tunnel network traffic over the public Internet. VPNs can be used for remote access VPNs, intranet VPNs between offices, or extranet VPNs for partners and suppliers.
Describe the major types of VPNs and technologies- protocols- and serv.docxearleanp
Describe the major types of VPNs and technologies, protocols, and services used to deploy VPNs. Also describe the business benefits of VPNs.
Solution
A virtual private network (VPN) is a technology that creates an encrypted connection over a less secure network. The benefit of using a VPN is that it ensures the appropriate level of security to the connected systems when the underlying network infrastructure alone cannot provide it. The justification for using a VPN instead of a private network usually boils down to cost and feasibility: It is either not feasible to have a private network (e.g., for a traveling sales rep) or it is too costly to do so. The most common types of VPNs are remote-access VPNs and site-to-site VPNs
A remote-access VPN uses a public telecommunication infrastructure like the Internet to provide remote users secure access to their organization\'s network. A VPN client on the remote user\'s computer or mobile device connects to a VPN gateway on the organization\'s network, which typically requires the device to authenticate its identity, then creates a network link back to the device that allows it to reach internal network resources (e.g., file servers, printers, intranets) as though it was on that network locally. A remote-access VPN usually relies on either IPsec or SSL to secure the connection, although SSL VPNs are often focused on supplying secure access to a single application rather than to the whole internal network. Some VPNs provide Layer 2access to the target network; these require a tunneling protocol like PPTP or L2TP running across the base IPsec connection.
A site-to-site VPN uses a gateway device to connect the entire network in one location to the network in another, usually a small branch connecting to a data center. End-node devices in the remote location do not need VPN clients because the gateway handles the connection. Most site-to-site VPNs connecting over the Internet use IPsec. It is also common to use carrier MPLS clouds rather than the public Internet as the transport for site VPNs. Here, too, it is possible to have either Layer 3 connectivity (MPLS IP VPN) or Layer 2 (Virtual Private LAN Service, or VPLS) running across the base transport.
VPNs can also be defined between specific computers, typically servers in separate data centers, when security requirements for their exchanges exceed what the enterprise network can deliver. Increasingly, enterprises also use VPNs in either remote-access mode or site-to-site mode to connect (or connect to) resources in a public infrastructure as a service environment. Newer hybrid-access scenarios put the VPN gateway itself in the cloud, with a secure link from the cloud service provider into the internal network.
.
There are two main types of virtual networks: virtual private networks (VPNs) and virtual local area networks (VLANs). VPNs use encryption to create a secure "tunnel" between two systems across a public network like the Internet. VLANs split a local area network into logical segments to reduce broadcast traffic. Both VPNs and VLANs serve different purposes due to how they operate and are used on networks.
This document discusses virtual private networks (VPNs), including how they work, types of VPNs and protocols, VPN devices, advantages and disadvantages, features of VPNs, and concludes that VPNs allow companies to securely expand their services globally over the internet by acting as a private gateway for remote access.
The document discusses the WPA2 Hole196 vulnerability that allows a malicious insider on a WPA2 secured wireless network to decrypt and read private data from other authorized users on the network. It describes how the vulnerability works and exploits such as ARP poisoning that can be used. It then discusses potential mitigation strategies including client isolation, fixing the vulnerability in wireless infrastructure, and using a wireless intrusion prevention system.
Encryption converts data when exchanged digitally over networks so that others cannot access it, according to set regulations. A virtual private network (VPN) uses public circuits to connect enterprise networks between locations, suppressing costs compared to dedicated leased lines. A wide area network (WAN) connects computers using lines and leased lines. A firewall controls communication between an internal computer network and outside networks through hardware and software to maintain network security, blocking intrusions like a wall holds back fire.
The document provides an overview of web security concepts including:
- Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) which provide data encryption, server authentication, integrity and confidentiality over TCP.
- Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) which defines security protocols and formats to protect credit card transactions on the internet involving cardholders, merchants, issuers, acquirers and certificate authorities.
- The SSL/TLS handshake protocol establishes a secure connection between a client and server by authenticating the server, negotiating encryption algorithms, and exchanging keys to encrypt further communication.
Sen 214 simple secure multicast transmissionSenetas
This document discusses how to securely transmit multicast traffic when encrypting at the data link layer. It describes how Senetas Ethernet encryptors use group encryption and key management to encrypt multicast traffic without the need for an external key server. The encryptors automatically discover multicast groups, distribute and update encryption keys, and allow new members to securely join groups. This approach avoids vulnerabilities of insecure multicast and provides confidentiality without compromising efficiency or performance of multicast delivery.
Encryption converts data during network communication so that others cannot access it, according to set regulations. A virtual private network (VPN) uses a public circuit like a leased line to connect networks between locations like business sites, suppressing costs compared to a leased line. A wide area network (WAN) connects computers over lines and leased lines. A firewall is hardware and software that controls communication between a computer network and outside to maintain the internal network's security, analogous to a wall blocking a fire from spreading.
This document discusses web security and Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) / Transport Layer Security (TLS). It defines key web security terminology like hackers, viruses, worms, and Trojans. It then explains what SSL/TLS is, how it provides security for web communications through encryption, message authentication codes, and authentication. The document outlines the SSL/TLS architecture, components, sessions and connections. It also discusses how SSL/TLS has been widely implemented in applications like HTTPS to secure internet traffic.
Access control lists (ACLs) determine which devices can access routers based on IP address. ACLs can filter packets based on port numbers and are configured for inbound or outbound traffic. Standard ACLs filter based on source IP, while extended ACLs can filter based on additional attributes like protocol, ports, and IP addresses. Virtual private networks (VPNs) use protocols like IPSec and SSL with authentication methods such as certificates to securely transmit data over unsecured networks.
A firewall disrupts free communication between trusted and untrusted networks by managing information flow and restricting access. There are various mechanisms employed by firewalls, ranging from completely preventing packet flow to allowing free exchange. Stateful inspection firewalls add context to packet filtering by considering traffic history and only allowing established conversations. Network address translation is a technique that allows internal networks to use private IP addresses while communicating externally using a single public address, but has limitations for some applications.
Encryption encodes information in a way that only authorized parties can access it. There are two main types: symmetric-key encryption which uses the same secret key between two parties, and public-key encryption which uses a public and private key pair. Popular implementations of public-key encryption include PGP for encrypting files and SSL/TLS for secure web browsing and transactions.
Performance Comparison of File Security System using TEA and Blowfish Algorithmsijtsrd
With the progress in data exchange by the electronic system, the need for information security has become a necessity. Due to the growth of multimedia application, security becomes an important issue of communication and storage of different files. To make its reality, cryptographic algorithms are widely used as essential tools. Cryptographic algorithms provide security services such as confidentiality, authentication, data integrity and secrecy by encryption. Different cryptographic algorithms are commonly used for information security in many research areas. Although there are two encryption techniques, asymmetric and symmetric, the simpler symmetric encryption technique is employed for testing file security system. In this study, the performance evaluation of the most common two symmetric encryption algorithms such as TEA and Blowfish algorithm is focused on the execution time intervals. Simulation has been conducted with many types of file encryption like .pdf, .txt, .doc, .docx, .xlsx, .pptx, .ppt, .xls, .jpg, .png and most common video file formats by using Java Programming Language. Win Myat Thu | Tin Lai Win | Su Mu Tyar "Performance Comparison of File Security System using TEA and Blowfish Algorithms" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26462.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/26462/performance-comparison-of-file-security-system-using-tea-and-blowfish-algorithms/win-myat-thu
IRJET- Analysis of Router Poisoning using Network AttacksIRJET Journal
This document discusses security threats in wireless ad hoc networks. It begins by describing the key security goals of confidentiality, availability, authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation. It then categorizes attacks as either passive or active. Passive attacks involve eavesdropping without altering data, while active attacks disrupt normal network functioning. Specific active attacks discussed include black holes, gray holes, worm holes, jellyfish attacks, spoofing, Sybil attacks, eavesdropping, Byzantine attacks, jamming attacks, and state pollution attacks. The document provides an overview of these prominent attacks on routing protocols in ad hoc networks.
The document introduces security issues for e-commerce and web authentication. It discusses why security is important due to risks like information theft and fraud online. It then covers various types of security breaches and outlines requirements for secure transactions, including privacy, integrity, authentication, authorization, and non-repudiation. The document also summarizes key security concepts like firewalls, public key cryptography, SSL, and digital certificates.
Welcome to the world of 'network security' which is an unavoidable term in cyber security. This white paper of Network security encompasses the most significant and predominantly used networking security concepts which are highly important for maintaining your network environment secure.
A novel paradigm in authentication systemIJNSA Journal
Maintaining the security of your computer, network and private/sensitive data against unauthorized access
and a wide variety of security threats can be challenging. Verifying data integrity and authentication are
essential security services in order to secure data transmission process. In this paper we propose a novel
security technique which uses new encryption and decryption algorithms to achieve authenticated
communication and enhanced data integrity. The proposed technique is very complex for attackers to
decode, and it is applicable to client-server architecture.
Security Delivery Platform: Best practicesMihajlo Prerad
Security Delivery Platform: Best practices
The traditional Security model was one that operated under simple assumptions. Those assumptions led to deployment models which in todays’ world of cyber security have been proven to be quite vulnerable and inadequate to growing amount and diversity of threats.
A Security Delivery Platform addresses the above considerations and provides a powerful solution for deploying a diverse set of security solutions, as well as scaling each security solution beyond traditional deployments. Such platform delivers visibility into the lateral movement of malware, accelerate the detection of ex-filtration activity, and could significantly reduce the overhead, complexity and costs associated with such security deployments.
In today’s world of industrialized and well-organized cyber threats, it is no longer sufficient to focus on the security applications exclusively. Focusing on how those solutions get deployed together and how they get consistent access to relevant data is a critical piece of the solution. A Security Delivery Platform in this sense is a foundational building block of any cyber security strategy.
ASYMTOTIC ANALYSIS IN SECURED MESSAGE DELIVERYAM Publications
Wireless networking is a method by which homes, telecommunications networks and enterprise (business) installations avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a building, or as a connection between various equipment locations. For such a reasons this technology has become popular. Though it is familiar, its wireless channel is vulnerable to the eavesdroppers during message delivery (security is the major problem). In the previous cases this problem was solved by cryptographic methods such as RSA public key cryptosystem. But due to expensive key distribution and improvement in decoding technology, the message transmitted is said to be unsecured. The problem can be overcome by using artificial noise generation. This paper investigates and studies how to deliver the message securely in the wireless network using artificial noise generation concept.
In recent times, there’s been a lot of mass traction and crazy talk that is going about the digital currency community. Many of the leading Organizations are experimenting with Blockchain Technology.
A VPN creates a secure connection over a public network like the Internet by using encryption, authentication, and tunneling. It allows remote users to securely access a private network. There are different VPN protocols like PPTP, L2TP, and IPsec that use encryption, encapsulation, and authentication to securely tunnel network traffic over the public Internet. VPNs can be used for remote access VPNs, intranet VPNs between offices, or extranet VPNs for partners and suppliers.
Describe the major types of VPNs and technologies- protocols- and serv.docxearleanp
Describe the major types of VPNs and technologies, protocols, and services used to deploy VPNs. Also describe the business benefits of VPNs.
Solution
A virtual private network (VPN) is a technology that creates an encrypted connection over a less secure network. The benefit of using a VPN is that it ensures the appropriate level of security to the connected systems when the underlying network infrastructure alone cannot provide it. The justification for using a VPN instead of a private network usually boils down to cost and feasibility: It is either not feasible to have a private network (e.g., for a traveling sales rep) or it is too costly to do so. The most common types of VPNs are remote-access VPNs and site-to-site VPNs
A remote-access VPN uses a public telecommunication infrastructure like the Internet to provide remote users secure access to their organization\'s network. A VPN client on the remote user\'s computer or mobile device connects to a VPN gateway on the organization\'s network, which typically requires the device to authenticate its identity, then creates a network link back to the device that allows it to reach internal network resources (e.g., file servers, printers, intranets) as though it was on that network locally. A remote-access VPN usually relies on either IPsec or SSL to secure the connection, although SSL VPNs are often focused on supplying secure access to a single application rather than to the whole internal network. Some VPNs provide Layer 2access to the target network; these require a tunneling protocol like PPTP or L2TP running across the base IPsec connection.
A site-to-site VPN uses a gateway device to connect the entire network in one location to the network in another, usually a small branch connecting to a data center. End-node devices in the remote location do not need VPN clients because the gateway handles the connection. Most site-to-site VPNs connecting over the Internet use IPsec. It is also common to use carrier MPLS clouds rather than the public Internet as the transport for site VPNs. Here, too, it is possible to have either Layer 3 connectivity (MPLS IP VPN) or Layer 2 (Virtual Private LAN Service, or VPLS) running across the base transport.
VPNs can also be defined between specific computers, typically servers in separate data centers, when security requirements for their exchanges exceed what the enterprise network can deliver. Increasingly, enterprises also use VPNs in either remote-access mode or site-to-site mode to connect (or connect to) resources in a public infrastructure as a service environment. Newer hybrid-access scenarios put the VPN gateway itself in the cloud, with a secure link from the cloud service provider into the internal network.
.
There are two main types of virtual networks: virtual private networks (VPNs) and virtual local area networks (VLANs). VPNs use encryption to create a secure "tunnel" between two systems across a public network like the Internet. VLANs split a local area network into logical segments to reduce broadcast traffic. Both VPNs and VLANs serve different purposes due to how they operate and are used on networks.
Virtual private networks (VPNs) allow organizations to securely connect to a private network over a shared public infrastructure like the Internet. VPNs work by encrypting data that is sent between devices so that it can only be read by the intended recipient. This creates a secure "tunnel" to transmit data privately across a public network. VPNs provide benefits like extending a private network's reach, improving security, and reducing costs compared to traditional private leased lines. However, VPNs still face security risks such as hacking attacks, weak user authentication, client-side vulnerabilities, and virus/malware infections that could compromise the private network.
VPN, Its Types,VPN Protocols,Configuration and Benefitsqaisar17
VPN allows users to securely connect to private networks over the internet. There are two main types of VPNs: remote access VPNs that allow users to access private networks remotely, and site-to-site VPNs that connect networks of different office locations. VPNs use various protocols like IPsec, L2TP, PPTP, OpenVPN, SSL/TLS, and SSH to encrypt data transmission and establish secure tunnels between devices. VPNs provide benefits such as accessing blocked websites, more secure online activity, protecting public WiFi connections, and allowing remote access to private networks.
Virtual Private Networks (VPN) allow secure connections over public networks like the Internet. VPNs use encryption to create "virtual private tunnels" between devices. This allows remote users to access resources on a private network as if they were directly connected. There are two main types - remote access VPNs for individual users and site-to-site VPNs to connect multiple office locations. VPNs work by encapsulating data packets within encrypted "tunnels" to securely transmit them between endpoints across public networks while maintaining privacy and security.
A virtual private network (VPN) allows users to securely send and receive data across shared or public networks as if they are directly connected to a private network. VPNs use authentication and encryption to allow employees to access a company's private network remotely. There are three main types of VPNs: remote access VPNs for employees to connect from various locations, intranet VPNs to connect locations within an organization, and extranet VPNs to securely connect organizations. Common VPN protocols include PPTP, L2TP/IPSec, and OpenVPN. VPNs provide security benefits like authentication, access control, confidentiality and data integrity while allowing remote access and mobility.
VPN (virtual private network) allows users to connect securely over a public network like the internet. It uses encryption and authentication to provide a secure connection through an otherwise insecure network. The main benefits of VPNs are reduced costs compared to dedicated private networks using leased lines or dial-up. VPNs work by encapsulating packets inside packets of another protocol, called "tunneling", to create and maintain a virtual private circuit between two endpoints.
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) allow private network communication over a public network like the internet. The document discusses VPN topology, types of VPNs including remote access, intranet, and extranet VPNs. It covers VPN components such as security protocols, appliances, and management. Finally, it discusses the productivity and cost benefits of VPNs, such as extending connectivity, boosting employee productivity, and reducing costs compared to private lines.
This document provides an overview of virtual private networks (VPNs). It begins by defining a VPN as a technology that creates an encrypted connection over a public network like the internet. It then discusses the main types of VPNs, how VPNs work, common VPN protocols, the role of firewalls in VPN security, advantages and disadvantages of VPNs, key VPN features, and the future outlook for VPN technology. The document serves to introduce VPN concepts at a high level in preparation for a seminar presentation.
This document provides instructions for setting up a virtual private network (VPN) server on Fedora Linux. It begins by having the user gather necessary network configuration information for the server like IP addresses. It then walks through using VirtualBox to set up a bridged network for the VPN virtual machine. The instructions continue by showing how to configure a static IP address for the server and enable port forwarding on the router. Finally, it covers installing the PPTPD VPN software and configuring user accounts and network settings to set up the VPN service. Following these steps will allow remote clients to securely connect to the server's private network via the VPN.
A VPN creates a secure connection over a public network like the Internet by tunneling link layer protocols. It allows remote users to access private networks. VPNs provide security by using an encrypted connection with another IP address and separating IP traffic. Key functions include authentication, access control, confidentiality, and ensuring data integrity. Common protocols are PPTP, L2TP, IPsec, and SSL/TLS.
A VPN (Virtual Private Network) extends a private network across a public network, such as the
Internet.
A VPN is a network that uses a public telecommunication infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide
remote offices or individual users with secure access to their organization's network. A VPN ensures
privacy through security procedures and tunneling protocols such as the Layer Two Tunneling Protocol
(L2TP). Data is encrypted at the sending end and decrypted at the receiving end.
This document provides an overview of virtual private networks (VPNs). It discusses the history of VPNs and how they arose from the need for secure remote access and communication between corporate networks without needing expensive dedicated private lines. The document defines key VPN terms and concepts, describes the main types of VPN topologies, and examines the components, benefits, and quality of service aspects of VPNs. It aims to serve as an introduction to VPNs, their implementation, and applications in business networks.
Virtual private networks (VPNs) allow users to connect to a private network from a public network like the Internet. VPNs use encryption and other security mechanisms to ensure only authorized users can access the private network and data cannot be intercepted. There are different types of VPNs for both consumers and corporations, with the main ones being IPsec, PPTP, and L2TP protocols. Corporations commonly use VPNs for remote workers to securely access internal networks, while consumers use free VPN services for privacy and accessing censored websites when using public WiFi networks.
Virtual private network feature and benefitsAnthony Daniel
Virtual Private Network (VPN) allows users to securely access remote networks and resources as if they were locally connected. It works by encrypting data in transit and tunneling internet connections to maintain integrity and confidentiality. VPNs offer benefits like remote access to files/devices, connecting branch offices globally, and accessing restricted websites by changing the IP address. There are different types of VPN connections that use various encryption protocols at different layers. VPN services are an easy and flexible way for businesses and individuals to securely access networks from anywhere at any time on any device.
Virtual private networks (VPNs) allow users to securely access a private network over a public network like the Internet. VPNs use tunneling, encryption, and authentication to provide security. Common VPN protocols include PPTP, L2TP, and IPsec. VPNs allow remote access for users and can connect multiple office sites through site-to-site VPNs. VPNs provide benefits like security, reliability, cost savings, and ability to connect globally but can have lower bandwidth and inconsistent performance compared to dedicated connections.
VPN allows organizations to connect remote sites and users over a shared public network while maintaining privacy and security. It uses encryption, authentication, and tunneling protocols to create a secure connection between devices. VPNs can extend an organization's intranet to remote offices, partners, suppliers and customers. They reduce costs compared to dedicated private networks. However, VPNs still face security risks from hacking attacks, weak authentication, client-side vulnerabilities, and malware infections that could compromise the private network. Proper firewalls, encryption, authentication and other security measures are needed to ensure VPN safety.
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2. VPN Security Page 1 of 23
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Summary............................................................................................................................. 3
I. What is VPN? ................................................................................................................. 4
VPN Security .................................................................................................................. 4
II. Business Considerations................................................................................................. 6
VPN Deployment............................................................................................................ 6
Types of VPN product .................................................................................................... 7
III. Common VPN Tunneling Technologies...................................................................... 8
IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) ................................................................................... 8
PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol)................................................................... 12
L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol).............................................................................. 13
SSL / TLS...................................................................................................................... 14
IV. Risks & Limitations of VPN...................................................................................... 16
Hacking Attacks............................................................................................................ 16
User Authentication ...................................................................................................... 16
Client Side Risks........................................................................................................... 17
Virus / Malware Infections ........................................................................................... 17
Incorrect Network Access Rights.................................................................................. 18
Interoperability.............................................................................................................. 18
V. Security Considerations ............................................................................................ 19
General VPN Security Considerations.......................................................................... 19
Extranet VPN Security Considerations......................................................................... 20
3. VPN Security Page 2 of 23
Client Side VPN Security Considerations .................................................................... 20
Common Security Features in VPN Products............................................................... 21
VI. Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 23
4. VPN Security Page 3 of 23
SUMMARY
There is an increasing demand nowadays to connect to internal networks from distant
locations. Employees often need to connect to internal private networks over the Internet
(which is by nature insecure) from home, hotels, airports or from other external networks.
Security becomes a major consideration when staff or business partners have constant
access to internal networks from insecure external locations.
VPN (Virtual Private Network) technology provides a way of protecting information
being transmitted over the Internet, by allowing users to establish a virtual private
“tunnel” to securely enter an internal network, accessing resources, data and
communications via an insecure network such as the Internet.
This paper provides a general overview of VPN and core VPN technologies. We discuss
the potential security risks as well as the security considerations that need to be taken into
account when implementing a virtual private network.
5. VPN Security Page 4 of 23
I. WHAT IS VPN?
VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a generic term used to describe a communication
network that uses any combination of technologies to secure a connection tunnelled
through an otherwise unsecured or untrusted network1
. Instead of using a dedicated
connection, such as leased line, a "virtual" connection is made between geographically
dispersed users and networks over a shared or public network, like the Internet. Data is
transmitted as if it were passing through private connections.
VPN transmits data by means of tunnelling. Before a packet is transmitted, it is
encapsulated (wrapped) in a new packet, with a new header. This header provides routing
information so that it can traverse a shared or public network, before it reaches its tunnel
endpoint. This logical path that the encapsulated packets travel through is called a tunnel.
When each packet reaches the tunnel endpoint, it is “decapsulated” and forwarded to its
final destination. Both tunnel endpoints need to support the same tunnelling protocol.
Tunnelling protocols are operated at either the OSI (Open System Interconnection) layer
two (data-link layer), or layer three (network layer). The most commonly used tunnelling
protocols are IPsec, L2TP, PPTP and SSL. A packet with a private non-routable IP
address can be sent inside a packet with globally unique IP address, thereby extending a
private network over the Internet.
VPN SECURITY
1
http://cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/vpn.htm
6. VPN Security Page 5 of 23
VPN uses encryption to provide data confidentiality. Once connected, the VPN makes use
of the tunnelling mechanism described above to encapsulate encrypted data into a secure
tunnel, with openly read headers that can cross a public network. Packets passed over a
public network in this way are unreadable without proper decryption keys, thus ensuring
that data is not disclosed or changed in any way during transmission.
VPN can also provide a data integrity check. This is typically performed using a message
digest to ensure that the data has not been tampered with during transmission.
By default, VPN does not provide or enforce strong user authentication. Users can enter a
simple username and password to gain access to an internal private network from home
or via other insecure networks. Nevertheless, VPN does support add-on authentication
mechanisms, such as smart cards, tokens and RADIUS.
7. VPN Security Page 6 of 23
II. BUSINESS CONSIDERATIONS
VPN DEPLOYMENT
VPN is mainly employed by organisations and enterprises in the following ways:
1. Remote access VPN: This is a user-to-network connection for the home, or
from a mobile user wishing to connect to a corporate private network from a
remote location. This kind of VPN permits secure, encrypted connections
between a corporate private network and remote users.
2. Intranet VPN: Here, a VPN is used to make connections among fixed locations
such as branch offices. This kind of LAN-to-LAN VPN connection joins
multiple remote locations into a single private network.
3. Extranet VPN: This is where a VPN is used to connect business partners, such
as suppliers and customers, together so as to allow various parties to work with
secure data in a shared environment.
4. WAN replacement: Where VPN offers an alternative to WANs (Wide Area
Networks). Maintaining a WAN can become expensive, especially when
networks are geographically dispersed. VPN often requires less cost and
administration overhead, and offers greater scalability than traditional private
networks using leased lines. However, network reliability and performance
might be a problem, in particular when data and connections are tunnelled
through the Internet.
8. VPN Security Page 7 of 23
TYPES OF VPN PRODUCT
VPNs can be broadly categorised as follows2
:
1. A firewall-based VPN is one that is equipped with both firewall and VPN
capabilities. This type of VPN makes use of the security mechanisms in
firewalls to restrict access to an internal network. The features it provides
include address translation, user authentication, real time alarms and extensive
logging.
2. A hardware-based VPN offers high network throughput, better performance and
more reliability, since there is no processor overhead. However, it is also more
expensive.
3. A software-based VPN provides the most flexibility in how traffic is managed.
This type is suitable when VPN endpoints are not controlled by the same party,
and where different firewalls and routers are used. It can be used with hardware
encryption accelerators to enhance performance.
4. An SSL VPN3
allows users to connect to VPN devices using a web browser.
The SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) protocol or TLS (Transport Layer Security)
protocol is used to encrypt traffic between the web browser and the SSL VPN
device. One advantage of using SSL VPNs is ease of use, because all standard
web browsers support the SSL protocol, therefore users do not need to do any
software installation or configuration.
2
http://www.processor.com/editorial/article.asp?article=articles%2Fp2634%2F31p34%2F31p34.as
p
3
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/SP800-113/Draft-SP800-113.pdf
9. VPN Security Page 8 of 23
III. COMMON VPN TUNNELING TECHNOLOGIES
The following tunnelling technologies are commonly used in VPN:
IPSEC (INTERNET PROTOCOL SECURITY)
IPsec was developed by IETF (the Internet Engineering Task Force) for secure transfer of
information at the OSI layer three across a public unprotected IP network, such as the
Internet. IPsec enables a system to select and negotiate the required security protocols,
algorithm(s) and secret keys to be used for the services requested. IPsec provides basic
authentication, data integrity and encryption services to protect unauthorised viewing and
modification of data. It makes use of two security protocols, AH (Authentication header)
and ESP (Encapsulated Security Payload), for required services. However, IPsec is
limited to only sending IP packets.
Security Protocols for Traffic Security
IPsec makes use of the AH and ESP protocols to provide security services:
1. AH (Authentication Header) protocol provides source authentication, and
integrity of IP packets, but it does not have encryption. An AH header added
to the IP packet contains a hash of the data, a sequence number etc., and
information that can be used to verify the sender, ensure data integrity and
prevent replay attacks.
10. VPN Security Page 9 of 23
2. ESP (Encapsulated Security Payload) protocol provides data confidentiality,
in addition to source authentication and integrity. ESP uses symmetric
encryption algorithms, such as 3DES, to provide data privacy. The algorithm
needs to be the same on both communicating peers. ESP can also support
encryption-only or authentication-only configurations. However, research in
2007 showed that any RFC-compliant implementations of IPsec that make
use of encryption-only ESP can be broken4
.
Modes of Operation
Each security protocol supports two modes of operation: a tunnel mode and a transport
mode. Tunnel mode encrypts and/or authenticates the header and the data of each packet
while transport mode only encrypts and/or authenticates the data itself.
4
http://eprint.iacr.org/2007/125
11. VPN Security Page 10 of 23
1. Tunnel mode (end-to-end)
Here the entire packet is protected. The original IP packet, with original
destination address, is inserted into a new IP packet and the AH and ESP are
applied to the new packet. The new IP header points to the end point of the
tunnel. Upon receipt of the packet, the tunnel end point will decrypt the
content and the original packet is further routed to its final destination in the
target network.
2. Transport mode (host-to-host)
Here the AH and ESP headers are applied to the data of the original IP
packet. The mode encrypts and / or authenticates the data but not the IP
header. The overhead added is less than that required in tunnel mode.
However, the final destination and source addresses could be sniffed.
Attackers can perform traffic analysis based on header information in this
type of header. It is generally only used for host-to-host connections.
Key Exchange and Management
IPsec supports two types of key management over the Internet: automated and manual.
1. Automated Key Management
IKE (Internet Key Exchange) is the default protocol used in IPsec to
determine and negotiate protocols, algorithms and keys, and to authenticate
12. VPN Security Page 11 of 23
the two parties. It is useful for widespread, scalable deployments and
implementations of VPN.
The IKEv2 protocol was released in 2005. It preserves most of the
functionalities of IKEv1 protocol, but also supports the Network Address
Translation (NAT) traversal and provides more flexibility.
IKE also supports the use of digital certificates. Users authenticate by first
signing the data with their digital signature key. The other endpoint will then
verify the signature. IKE creates an authenticated, secure tunnel between two
entities, then negotiates a security association (SA) between the two entities,
and exchanges key(s). SA is a set of parameters used by negotiating peers to
define the services and mechanisms for protecting traffic. These parameters
include algorithm identifiers, modes, keys, and so on. IKE also keeps track of
the keys and updates them between communicating peers. IKE uses protocols
like ISAKMP (The Internet Security Association and Key Management
Protocol) and Oakley to define procedures for key generation, creation and
management of SA and authentication.
There are several authentication methods that an IPsec VPN gateway works
with IKE for remote user authentication5
, including hybrid authentication,
eXtended authentication (Xauth), challenge/response authentication for
cryptographic keys (CRACK), and digital certificates. This allows additional
third-party authentication services to be used to strengthen the access control
process.
2. Manual key management
Secret keys and security associations are manually configured in both VPN
communicating peers before a connection starts. Only the sender and
recipient know the secret key for the security services at hand. If the
authentication data is valid, the recipient knows that the communication
5
http://www.networkworld.com/community/node/23073
13. VPN Security Page 12 of 23
came from the sender and it was not modified. This approach is easy to use
in small, static environments, but it does not scale well. All keys should be
distributed to communicating peers securely beforehand. If the keys are
compromised, another person could pose as the user and make a connection
into the VPN.
PPTP (POINT-TO-POINT TUNNELING PROTOCOL)
PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunnelling Protocol) is an OSI layer two protocols built on top of
the PPP (Point-to-point protocol). PPP is a multi-protocol, dial-up protocol used to
connect to the Internet. Remote users can access a private network via PPTP by first
dialling into their local ISP. PPTP connects to the target network by creating a virtual
network for each remote client. PPTP allows a PPP session, with non-TCP/IP protocols
(e.g. IP, IPX or NetBEUI), to be tunnelled through an IP network. PPTP is documented in
RFC 2637 as an informational draft.
The same authentication mechanism used for PPP connections is supported in a PPTP-
based VPN connection. These include EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, MS-
CHAP (Microsoft Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol), CHAP, SPAP (Shiva
Password Authentication Protocol), and PAP (Password Authentication Protocol). For
encryption, PPP data can be optionally encrypted using MPPE (Microsoft Point-to-Point
Encryption) which is based on the RSA RC4 (40/56/128 bit) standard for link encryption.
PPTP data tunnelling is accomplished through multiple levels of encapsulation. PPTP
encapsulates PPP frames as tunnelled data for transmission over an IP network, such as
14. VPN Security Page 13 of 23
the Internet or a private intranet, using a modified version of GRE (Generic Routing
Encapsulation). GRE provides a flow and congestion controlled encapsulated service for
carrying PPP packets. The data in the encapsulated PPP frames can be encrypted (and/or
compressed). The resulting GRE-and-PPP-encapsulated data is then encapsulated with an
IP header containing the appropriate source and destination IP addresses for the PPTP
client and PPTP server. Upon receipt of the PPTP tunnelled data, the PPTP server
processes and removes the IP, GRE and PPP headers, then decrypts (and/or
decompresses) the PPP data.
L2TP (LAYER 2 TUNNELING PROTOCOL)
L2TP (Layer 2 Tunnelling Protocol) is a combination of Microsoft PPTP (Point-to-Point
Tunnelling Protocol) and Cisco L2F (Layer 2 Forwarding). L2TP can be used as a
tunnelling protocol to encapsulate PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) frames to be sent over
IP, X.25, Frame Relay or ATM networks. Multiple connections are allowed through
one tunnel. Like PPTP and L2F, L2TP operates on OSI layer two. Layer two VPN
protocols encapsulate data in PPP frames and are capable of transmitting non-IP protocols
over an IP network. L2TP is documented in RFC 3931 as standards track.
L2TP connections use the same authentication mechanisms as PPP connections, such as
EAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP, PAP and SPAP. L2TP tunnelling is accomplished through
multiple levels of encapsulation. The PPP data is encapsulated within a PPP header and
an L2TP header. The L2TP encapsulated packet is further wrapped in a UDP header with
the source and destination ports set to 1701. The final packet is encapsulated with an IP
header containing the source and destination IP addresses of the VPN client and VPN
server.
15. VPN Security Page 14 of 23
Due to the lack of confidentiality provided by L2TP, it is often used in conjunction with
IPsec and referred to as L2TP/IPsec. When L2TP is running over IPsec, security services
are provided by IPsec, AH and ESP. All L2TP controls and data appear as homogeneous
IP data packets to the IPsec system.
SSL / TLS6
SSL / TLS is a transport-layer protocol that use TCP port 443. SSL protocol is defined by
the IETF and there are no versions of SSL beyond version 3.1. TLS 1.0 and TLS 1.1 are
two standardised versions of TLS, and TLS 1.0 is the same as SSL 3.1.
There are a number of cryptographic features provided by SSL / TLS and these include
confidentiality, integrity, and digital signatures. Unlike IPsec, in which the two
communicating parties agree to cryptographic functions, SSL / TLS uses cipher suites to
define the set of cryptographic functions for a client and server to use when
communicating.
6
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/SP800-113/Draft-SP800-113.pdf
16. VPN Security Page 15 of 23
An SSL VPN gateway can authenticate itself to the Web user using a SSL server
certificate signed by a trusted CA (Certification Authority), in order that the user can
verify that he / she is talking to a trusted server via their browser. In practice, some SSL
VPNs may use a self-signed digital certificate that is not normally trusted in most web
browsers. In this case, the user might need to add the SSL VPN's server certificate to the
user's own list of trusted certificates, or accept „yes‟ to trust the certificate.
17. VPN Security Page 16 of 23
IV. RISKS & LIMITATIONS OF VPN
HACKING ATTACKS
A client machine may become a target of attack, or a staging point for an attack, from
within the connecting network. An intruder could exploit bugs or mis-configuration in a
client machine, or use other types of hacking tools to launch an attack. These can include
VPN hijacking or man-in-the-middle attacks:
1. VPN hijacking is the unauthorised take-over of an established VPN
connection from a remote client, and impersonating that client on the
connecting network.
2. Man-in-the-middle attacks affect traffic being sent between communicating
parties, and can include interception, insertion, deletion, and modification of
messages, reflecting messages back at the sender, replaying old messages and
redirecting messages.
USER AUTHENTICATION
By default VPN does not provide / enforce strong user authentication. A VPN connection
should only be established by an authenticated user. If the authentication is not strong
enough to restrict unauthorised access, an unauthorised party could access the connected
network and its resources. Most VPN implementations provide limited authentication
methods. For example, PAP, used in PPTP, transports both user name and password in
18. VPN Security Page 17 of 23
clear text. A third party could capture this information and use it to gain subsequent
access to the network.
CLIENT SIDE RISKS
The VPN client machines of, say, home users may be connected to the Internet via a
standard broadband connection while at the same time holding a VPN connection to a
private network, using split tunnelling. This may pose a risk to the private network being
connected to.
A client machine may also be shared with other parties who are not fully aware of the
security implications. In addition, a laptop used by a mobile user may be connected to the
Internet, a wireless LAN at a hotel, airport or on other foreign networks. However, the
security protection in most of these public connection points is inadequate for VPN
access. If the VPN client machine is compromised, either before or during the connection,
this poses a risk to the connecting network.
VIRUS / MALWARE INFECTIONS
A connecting network can be compromised if the client side is infected with a virus. If a
virus or spyware infects a client machine, there is chance that the password for the VPN
connection might be leaked to an attacker. In the case of an intranet or extranet VPN
connection, if one network is infected by a virus or worm, that virus / worm can be spread
quickly to other networks if anti-virus protection systems are ineffective.
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INCORRECT NETWORK ACCESS RIGHTS
Some client and/or connecting networks may have been granted more access rights than
is actually needed.
INTEROPERABILITY
Interoperability is also a concern. For example, IPsec compliant software from two
different vendors may not always be able to work together.
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V. SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
GENERAL VPN SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
The following is general security advice for VPN deployment:
1. VPN connections can be strengthened by the use of firewalls.
2. An IDS / IPS (Intrusion Detection / Prevention System) is recommended in
order to monitor attacks more effectively.
3. Anti-virus software should be installed on remote clients and network servers to
prevent the spread of any virus / worm if either end is infected.
4. Unsecured or unmanaged systems with simple or no authentication should not
be allowed to make VPN connections to the internal network.
5. Logging and auditing functions should be provided to record network
connections, especially any unauthorised attempts at access. The log should be
reviewed regularly.
6. Training should be given to network/security administrators and supporting
staff, as well as to remote users, to ensure that they follow security best
practices and policies during the implementation and ongoing use of the VPN.
7. Security policies and guidelines on the appropriate use of VPN and network
support should be distributed to responsible parties to control and govern their
use of the VPN.
8. Placing the VPN entry point in a Demilitarised Zone (DMZ) is recommended in
order to protect the internal network.
9. It is advisable not to use split tunnelling to access the Internet or any other
insecure network simultaneously during a VPN connection. If split tunnelling is
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used, a firewall and IDS should be used to detect and prevent any potential
attack coming from insecure networks.
10. Unnecessary access to internal networks should be restricted and controlled.
EXTRANET VPN SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
The following are additional security considerations for extranet VPN deployment:
1. Strong user authentication mechanisms should be enforced.
2. The VPN entry point should be placed inside a DMZ to prevent partners from
accessing the internal network.
3. Access rights should be granted on an as-needed basis. Only necessary
resources should be available to external partners. Owners of these resources
should review access permissions regularly.
CLIENT SIDE VPN SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
The following are general security considerations for VPN users:
1. Strong authentication is required when users are connecting dynamically from
disparate, untrusted networks, for example:
a) By means of certificates and/or smart cards, or tokens:
A smart card is used to store a user profile, encryption keys and
algorithms. A PIN number is usually required to invoke the smart card.
A token card provides a one-time password. When the user
authenticates correctly on the token by entering the correct PIN number,
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the card will display a one-time passcode that will allow access to the
network.
b) By means of add-on authentication system, like TACACS+, RADIUS.
This kind of central authentication system contains a profile of all VPN
users, controlling the access to the private network.
2. Personal firewalls should be installed and configured properly on client VPN
machines to block unauthorised access to the client, ensuring it is safe from
attack. Many of the more recent remote access VPN clients include personal
firewalls. Some may also include other configuration checks, such as the client
not being able to connect to the network if anti-virus software is not running, or
if virus signatures are out of date.
3. The client machine should have anti-virus software installed, with up-to-date
signatures, to detect and prevent virus infections.
4. The user should remain aware of the physical security of the machine, in
particular when authentication information is stored on the machine.
5. All users should be educated on good Internet security practices. Access from
home should be considered an insecure channel, as traffic is routed over the
Internet.
COMMON SECURITY FEATURES IN VPN PRODUCTS
The following are security features to look for when choosing a VPN product:
1. Support for strong authentication, e.g. TACACS+, RADIUS, smart cards /
tokens.
2. Industry-proven strong encryption algorithms, with long key strength support to
protect data confidentiality during transmission.
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3. Support for anti-virus software, and intrusion detection / prevention features.
4. Strong default security for all administration / maintenance ports.
5. Digital certificate support, such as using certificates for site to site
authentication
6. Address management support, such as the capability to assign a client address
on the private network and ensuring all addresses are kept private.
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VI. CONCLUSION
VPN provides a means of accessing a secure, private, internal network over insecure
public networks such as the Internet. A number of VPN technologies have been outlined,
among which IPsec and SSL VPN are the most common. Although a secure
communication channel can be opened and tunneled through an insecure network via
VPN, client side security should not be overlooked.