The document discusses several common diagnostic procedures for the urinary system: Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) testing measures nitrogen levels in the blood to evaluate kidney function. Urine culture (UC) examines a urine sample for bacteria to diagnose urinary tract infections and determine appropriate treatment. Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder (KUB) x-ray images the kidneys, ureters, and bladder without dye to detect abnormalities in the abdomen. Retrograde pyelogram (RP) uses dye injected into the urethra to visualize the kidneys and ureters and detect any obstructions. Cystoscopy (cysto) uses