The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Biomechanical principles of orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
GROWTH - BASIC CONCEPT & ASSESSMENT OF GROWTHDrFirdoshRozy
The document discusses various methods for assessing growth, including physical indicators like height and weight, biological maturity indicators like dental age and skeletal age, and radiological methods. Skeletal age assessment using hand-wrist radiographs is described in detail, outlining Greulich and Pyle's atlas method and Singer's 6-stage method. The key growth stages in Singer's method are defined by the ossification of bones in the hand and wrist. Assessing growth is important for orthodontic treatment planning and timing interventions.
Elastics in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Orthodontists use anthropological techniques to study facial structures and relationships. Anthropology involves measuring parts of the face, skull and teeth to understand growth and classify patients. It also studies human evolution over millions of years and compares features of living primates to humans. Orthodontists apply these techniques by taking precise measurements to develop diagnoses, treatment plans and assess growth. They measure facial indices to classify patients and compare dental features to primates to understand contemporary orthodontic issues like impacted teeth. Anthropological analysis provides important biological context for orthodontic assessment and treatment.
Lip bumper, quad helix, tongue crib,Tpa,Nance by Dr.Saurav Mishrasaurav mishra
This document discusses the lip bumper, quad helix, and tongue crib appliances. It provides details on the design, indications, and mechanisms of these appliances. The quad helix appliance is described as having anterior and posterior helical loops to provide a wide range of continuous, controlled force during maxillary expansion. Its fan-like sweeping action can buccally expand and distally rotate the maxillary molars. Indications for the quad helix include correcting crossbites through upper arch expansion and mild class II malocclusions requiring upper arch widening and molar rotation. Complications and clinical management are also briefly covered.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Orthodontic Case History and ExaminationAhmed Gamil
The document discusses essential and supplemental diagnostic aids used in orthodontic diagnosis. Essential aids include case history, clinical examination, study models, and certain radiographs. Supplemental aids provide additional information and include specialized radiographs, electromyography, and biopsy. A thorough case history covers chief complaint, medical/dental history, and family history. Clinical examination assesses facial symmetry, profile, jaw relationships, and soft tissues. Essential radiographs aid in case evaluation and treatment planning.
Biomechanical principles of orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
GROWTH - BASIC CONCEPT & ASSESSMENT OF GROWTHDrFirdoshRozy
The document discusses various methods for assessing growth, including physical indicators like height and weight, biological maturity indicators like dental age and skeletal age, and radiological methods. Skeletal age assessment using hand-wrist radiographs is described in detail, outlining Greulich and Pyle's atlas method and Singer's 6-stage method. The key growth stages in Singer's method are defined by the ossification of bones in the hand and wrist. Assessing growth is important for orthodontic treatment planning and timing interventions.
Elastics in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Orthodontists use anthropological techniques to study facial structures and relationships. Anthropology involves measuring parts of the face, skull and teeth to understand growth and classify patients. It also studies human evolution over millions of years and compares features of living primates to humans. Orthodontists apply these techniques by taking precise measurements to develop diagnoses, treatment plans and assess growth. They measure facial indices to classify patients and compare dental features to primates to understand contemporary orthodontic issues like impacted teeth. Anthropological analysis provides important biological context for orthodontic assessment and treatment.
Lip bumper, quad helix, tongue crib,Tpa,Nance by Dr.Saurav Mishrasaurav mishra
This document discusses the lip bumper, quad helix, and tongue crib appliances. It provides details on the design, indications, and mechanisms of these appliances. The quad helix appliance is described as having anterior and posterior helical loops to provide a wide range of continuous, controlled force during maxillary expansion. Its fan-like sweeping action can buccally expand and distally rotate the maxillary molars. Indications for the quad helix include correcting crossbites through upper arch expansion and mild class II malocclusions requiring upper arch widening and molar rotation. Complications and clinical management are also briefly covered.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Orthodontic Case History and ExaminationAhmed Gamil
The document discusses essential and supplemental diagnostic aids used in orthodontic diagnosis. Essential aids include case history, clinical examination, study models, and certain radiographs. Supplemental aids provide additional information and include specialized radiographs, electromyography, and biopsy. A thorough case history covers chief complaint, medical/dental history, and family history. Clinical examination assesses facial symmetry, profile, jaw relationships, and soft tissues. Essential radiographs aid in case evaluation and treatment planning.
The document provides an overview of the essential components of an orthodontic diagnosis and clinical examination. It lists key diagnostic aids including case history, clinical examination, study models, and certain radiographs. Supplemental diagnostic aids include specialized radiographs and tests. The medical, dental, and social history are important to obtain. The examination evaluates extra oral and intraoral structures as well as oral and craniofacial health, function, and speech. Facial proportions, symmetry, and divergence are analyzed. The anteroposterior jaw relationship and skeletal malocclusions are assessed. Tooth-lip relationships, soft tissue components, and microesthetics are also examined.
Pre & post surgical orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Curve of spee /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document summarizes a study that compared four methods for sterilizing orthodontic pliers: wrapped cassettes in an M11 ultraclave sterilizer, V-shaped pouches in an M11 ultraclave, wrapped cassettes in a Statim 5000 sterilizer, and V-shaped pouches in a Statim 5000. The study found that the most efficient method was using V-shaped pouches in the larger M11 ultraclave sterilizer, while the least efficient was using wrapped cassettes in the smaller Statim 5000 sterilizer. Following CDC guidelines and using pouches designed for hinged instruments like pliers allows for better sterilization than cassettes. While all methods
This document provides information about nasoalveolar molding (NAM) for treating cleft lip and palate. It defines cleft lip and cleft palate, and describes presurgical NAM which reshapes the alveolar and nasal segments before surgical repair. The key steps of NAM include taking an impression, fabricating an acrylic molding plate with a nasal stent, inserting the plate and using tape for retention, and making weekly adjustments to reshape the tissues over 3-5 months before surgery. The goals of NAM are to decrease the cleft deformity and improve symmetry, with benefits such as reducing the need for future bone grafts or surgeries.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
1. There are several methods to assess skeletal maturity including hand-wrist radiographs, cervical vertebrae shape assessment, and tooth development stages.
2. Hand-wrist radiographs can be assessed using the Greulich-Pyle atlas method or the Bjork, Grave, and Brown method which divides skeletal development into 9 stages.
3. Cervical vertebrae shape changes through 6 stages of maturation and can indicate how much growth remains.
4. Tooth development through 8 stages of calcification as shown in the Demirjian Index also corresponds to skeletal maturity.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document summarizes Nance appliances, transpalatal arches, and quad helix appliances. It describes the design, indications, and disadvantages of each appliance. For transpalatal arches, it notes they are used to prevent mesial migration of upper first molars and can provide anchorage, arch width stabilization, and be used as a retainer. Quad helix appliances are used to expand arches and derotate molars through a fan-like sweeping action. Nance appliances maintain posterior tooth positions and can be modified to provide an anterior bite plane.
Dental age can be determined through two methods - stage of eruption and stage of tooth mineralization on radiograph. The stage of eruption method is limited during quiescent eruption periods, while the stage of mineralization method relies on comparing the development of individual teeth to a fixed scale. This second method uses a point system to assess development and calculate a total that correlates to a dental age. It is considered sufficiently accurate when examining teeth 1-7 on the left lower quadrant.
This document provides an overview of cleft lip and palate, including:
- The incidence of cleft lip and palate is approximately 1 in 600 births worldwide. It is the second most common birth defect.
- The embryology of facial development and how failures in processes like fusion of the medial nasal processes can result in clefting.
- Cleft lip and palate have multifactorial etiology involving both genetic and environmental factors. Risk is increased with positive family history or exposure to teratogens.
- Classification systems have evolved over time but still categorize clefts as involving the lip, palate, or both, and as unilateral or bilateral. The Victor Veau system from 1931 remains influential
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document describes the steps for performing an orthodontic diagnostic setup using plaster study models. It involves:
1) Registering the midline, first molar positions, and lower arch form on the initial study models.
2) Cutting and repositioning the teeth on the setup models to simulate the proposed orthodontic treatment plan.
3) Mounting the teeth in the new positions and analyzing the occlusion and treatment objectives that can be achieved.
Diagnostic setups provide important information to assess treatment options and plan anchorage needs before starting orthodontic treatment. They allow simulation and verification of the proposed treatment results.
This document provides an overview of Class II malocclusions, including:
- Classification systems for Class II malocclusions described by Angle and Moyers.
- Common etiological factors like heredity and habits.
- Clinical features both intraorally and extraorally.
- Diagnostic tools and assessments including study models, photographs, and cephalometrics.
- Treatment modalities for Class II malocclusions in growing and non-growing patients, including functional appliances, headgear, fixed appliances, and orthognathic surgery.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
BASING AND TRIMMING OF ORTHODONTIC MODELSDr Susna Paul
This document discusses study model construction and trimming for orthodontic diagnosis. It describes making impressions, casts, and bases for maxillary and mandibular study models. Proper trimming involves using templates, squares, and guides to ensure models are symmetrical and meet standardized measurements for anatomical and artistic portions. Well-trimmed models accurately reproduce teeth and soft tissues for evaluating malocclusions and treatment planning.
Recent advances in orthodontics include improvements to brackets, bonding materials, wires, software, and appliances. Brackets are now made from stronger materials with coatings to reduce friction and promote oral health. New bonding materials bond more effectively in fewer steps. Wires now come in various alloys and shapes to apply lighter continuous forces. Software includes apps for patients and artificial intelligence to assist with treatment planning. These technological advances have improved orthodontic treatment outcomes.
Diabetes is raising health concern in India today. Heart health, impaired blood sugar levels are concerns for common man. Heart health and diabetes are categorised as lifestyle conditions. This case study represents dietary and nutritional management for both the conditions.
Module 2 of the Oral Health Tutorial, a production of UT HSC Libraries.
This module focuses on evidence-based dental health. View this tutorial to learn how to define evidence-based dental public health, learn effective retrieval strategy, be able to critique the literature and apply it to public health dental practice.
This tutorial is copyright Lara Sapp and Julie Gaines.
The document provides an overview of the essential components of an orthodontic diagnosis and clinical examination. It lists key diagnostic aids including case history, clinical examination, study models, and certain radiographs. Supplemental diagnostic aids include specialized radiographs and tests. The medical, dental, and social history are important to obtain. The examination evaluates extra oral and intraoral structures as well as oral and craniofacial health, function, and speech. Facial proportions, symmetry, and divergence are analyzed. The anteroposterior jaw relationship and skeletal malocclusions are assessed. Tooth-lip relationships, soft tissue components, and microesthetics are also examined.
Pre & post surgical orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Curve of spee /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document summarizes a study that compared four methods for sterilizing orthodontic pliers: wrapped cassettes in an M11 ultraclave sterilizer, V-shaped pouches in an M11 ultraclave, wrapped cassettes in a Statim 5000 sterilizer, and V-shaped pouches in a Statim 5000. The study found that the most efficient method was using V-shaped pouches in the larger M11 ultraclave sterilizer, while the least efficient was using wrapped cassettes in the smaller Statim 5000 sterilizer. Following CDC guidelines and using pouches designed for hinged instruments like pliers allows for better sterilization than cassettes. While all methods
This document provides information about nasoalveolar molding (NAM) for treating cleft lip and palate. It defines cleft lip and cleft palate, and describes presurgical NAM which reshapes the alveolar and nasal segments before surgical repair. The key steps of NAM include taking an impression, fabricating an acrylic molding plate with a nasal stent, inserting the plate and using tape for retention, and making weekly adjustments to reshape the tissues over 3-5 months before surgery. The goals of NAM are to decrease the cleft deformity and improve symmetry, with benefits such as reducing the need for future bone grafts or surgeries.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
1. There are several methods to assess skeletal maturity including hand-wrist radiographs, cervical vertebrae shape assessment, and tooth development stages.
2. Hand-wrist radiographs can be assessed using the Greulich-Pyle atlas method or the Bjork, Grave, and Brown method which divides skeletal development into 9 stages.
3. Cervical vertebrae shape changes through 6 stages of maturation and can indicate how much growth remains.
4. Tooth development through 8 stages of calcification as shown in the Demirjian Index also corresponds to skeletal maturity.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document summarizes Nance appliances, transpalatal arches, and quad helix appliances. It describes the design, indications, and disadvantages of each appliance. For transpalatal arches, it notes they are used to prevent mesial migration of upper first molars and can provide anchorage, arch width stabilization, and be used as a retainer. Quad helix appliances are used to expand arches and derotate molars through a fan-like sweeping action. Nance appliances maintain posterior tooth positions and can be modified to provide an anterior bite plane.
Dental age can be determined through two methods - stage of eruption and stage of tooth mineralization on radiograph. The stage of eruption method is limited during quiescent eruption periods, while the stage of mineralization method relies on comparing the development of individual teeth to a fixed scale. This second method uses a point system to assess development and calculate a total that correlates to a dental age. It is considered sufficiently accurate when examining teeth 1-7 on the left lower quadrant.
This document provides an overview of cleft lip and palate, including:
- The incidence of cleft lip and palate is approximately 1 in 600 births worldwide. It is the second most common birth defect.
- The embryology of facial development and how failures in processes like fusion of the medial nasal processes can result in clefting.
- Cleft lip and palate have multifactorial etiology involving both genetic and environmental factors. Risk is increased with positive family history or exposure to teratogens.
- Classification systems have evolved over time but still categorize clefts as involving the lip, palate, or both, and as unilateral or bilateral. The Victor Veau system from 1931 remains influential
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document describes the steps for performing an orthodontic diagnostic setup using plaster study models. It involves:
1) Registering the midline, first molar positions, and lower arch form on the initial study models.
2) Cutting and repositioning the teeth on the setup models to simulate the proposed orthodontic treatment plan.
3) Mounting the teeth in the new positions and analyzing the occlusion and treatment objectives that can be achieved.
Diagnostic setups provide important information to assess treatment options and plan anchorage needs before starting orthodontic treatment. They allow simulation and verification of the proposed treatment results.
This document provides an overview of Class II malocclusions, including:
- Classification systems for Class II malocclusions described by Angle and Moyers.
- Common etiological factors like heredity and habits.
- Clinical features both intraorally and extraorally.
- Diagnostic tools and assessments including study models, photographs, and cephalometrics.
- Treatment modalities for Class II malocclusions in growing and non-growing patients, including functional appliances, headgear, fixed appliances, and orthognathic surgery.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
BASING AND TRIMMING OF ORTHODONTIC MODELSDr Susna Paul
This document discusses study model construction and trimming for orthodontic diagnosis. It describes making impressions, casts, and bases for maxillary and mandibular study models. Proper trimming involves using templates, squares, and guides to ensure models are symmetrical and meet standardized measurements for anatomical and artistic portions. Well-trimmed models accurately reproduce teeth and soft tissues for evaluating malocclusions and treatment planning.
Recent advances in orthodontics include improvements to brackets, bonding materials, wires, software, and appliances. Brackets are now made from stronger materials with coatings to reduce friction and promote oral health. New bonding materials bond more effectively in fewer steps. Wires now come in various alloys and shapes to apply lighter continuous forces. Software includes apps for patients and artificial intelligence to assist with treatment planning. These technological advances have improved orthodontic treatment outcomes.
Diabetes is raising health concern in India today. Heart health, impaired blood sugar levels are concerns for common man. Heart health and diabetes are categorised as lifestyle conditions. This case study represents dietary and nutritional management for both the conditions.
Module 2 of the Oral Health Tutorial, a production of UT HSC Libraries.
This module focuses on evidence-based dental health. View this tutorial to learn how to define evidence-based dental public health, learn effective retrieval strategy, be able to critique the literature and apply it to public health dental practice.
This tutorial is copyright Lara Sapp and Julie Gaines.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Gypsum products/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Family seeks medical attention for their short child. The document discusses evaluation of short stature including criteria for pathological short stature, factors regulating growth, assessment of growth including height measurements and bone age, common causes of short stature like constitutional delay of growth and puberty, primary growth hormone deficiency, and hypothyroidism. Evaluation of a short child involves history, physical exam, laboratory tests, and assessing height, parental heights, and bone age.
The document discusses various methods for selecting anterior teeth for complete dentures. It describes the evolution of techniques from early dimensional measurements to more modern methods based on facial proportions, typal forms, and the golden ratio. The goals of anterior tooth selection are outlined as function, speech, esthetics, and tissue health. Size, form, and color are identified as key factors to consider when selecting teeth.
Short stature is defined as height below the 3rd percentile or more than 2 standard deviations below the median height for age and sex. Approximately 3% of children are short, with half having normal variants like familial or constitutional short stature. Investigations include blood tests, bone age, growth hormone stimulation tests, and karyotyping. Management depends on the underlying cause and may include dietary changes, medication like levothyroxine or growth hormone, or surgical procedures. Common causes of proportionate short stature include familial short stature, constitutional delay of growth, and certain genetic or medical conditions.
Soft tissue based diagnosis and treatment planning /certified fixed orthodont...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses the dental management of diabetic patients. It begins by defining diabetes and describing the two main types: type 1 resulting from a failure to produce insulin, and type 2 caused by insulin resistance. It then outlines the local and general complications of diabetes, including infections, periodontitis, and retinopathy. Regarding dental management, it stresses the importance of understanding a patient's diabetes status and treatment. For well-controlled diabetics, standard dental care is appropriate while poorly controlled or insulin-dependent patients require special precautions. It also provides guidance on preventing and treating hypoglycemic emergencies during dental visits.
This document outlines the dental management of patients with thyroid disease. It discusses taking a thorough medical history and examination. Treatment plans should consider the patient's thyroid condition and medications. Hyperthyroidism can increase risks of infection, bleeding, and cardiac issues while hypothyroidism increases infection risk. Dental procedures should minimize stress and avoid epinephrine for uncontrolled hyperthyroid patients. Vital signs must be monitored and treatment stopped if issues arise.
This document provides an overview of orthognathic surgery. It discusses the goals of orthognathic surgery which include obtaining normal function and facial harmony. It outlines the process of patient evaluation including history, examinations, investigations and treatment planning. Key parts of clinical evaluation such as frontal, vertical, transverse and profile assessments are described. The benefits of cephalometric analysis and dental model analysis are also summarized. Finally, it reviews various surgical techniques for treating mandibular and maxillary deficiencies and excesses, including osteotomies and distraction osteogenesis.
Case history & diagnosis in periodontics /certified fixed orthodontic course...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Diabetes Mellitus & Its Oral Manifestationskhateeb9
This document discusses oral manifestations and complications of diabetes mellitus. It notes that periodontal disease is more common in diabetics due to factors like hyperglycemia, microangiopathy, and altered immune response. Other oral issues include xerostomia, dental caries, infection risk, delayed wound healing, and drug side effects. Dental management of diabetics requires consideration of their medical history, glucose levels, medications and scheduling appointments when blood sugar is most stable. Hypoglycemia during treatment requires oral carbohydrates, while hyperglycemia may need medical intervention and insulin.
Orthodontic diagnosis deals with recognition of the various characteristics of the malocclusion. It involves collection of pertinent data in a systemic manner to help in the identifying the nature and cause of the problem.
This document provides information on taking a case history. It discusses the importance of gathering a patient's chief complaint, medical history, dental history, and personal history. It outlines the key components of a case history, including statistics, examination findings, diagnosis, and treatment plan. It also describes different methods for obtaining a patient's history, such as interviews, questionnaires, and a combination approach. The goal of a case history is to understand the nature of a patient's illness and provide relevant information to aid in diagnosis and treatment decisions.
This document discusses age estimation through analysis of bone development visible on x-rays. It begins by describing the different types of bones and how they develop. Next, it reviews early studies on using bone age to determine chronological age. It then discusses factors like race, nutrition, and climate that can cause variation between populations. The document proceeds to examine bone development timelines from several studies and populations. It concludes by outlining the typical chronological order of appearance and fusion of epiphyses in males and females.
This document discusses bone age assessment and skeletal maturity. It begins by explaining that bone age assessment is used to evaluate growth and diagnose endocrine disorders. It then describes the processes of endochondral and intramembranous ossification that govern bone development. Several key indicators of skeletal maturity are highlighted for different age groups from infancy to post-puberty. Bone age assessment is used to diagnose growth disorders and predict final adult height.
Diagnostic procedures /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental a...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document discusses various aspects of orthodontic diagnosis including:
1. Examination methods like radiography, models, and facial/intraoral photos are essential for diagnosis.
2. Diagnosis involves recognizing the problem, formulating it, interpreting examination results, and determining the overall orthodontic problem.
3. A comprehensive diagnosis summarizes the most important facts without insignificant details.
The document provides guidance on orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. It outlines the key steps in the diagnostic process, which include obtaining a patient history, performing a clinical examination, analyzing diagnostic records, classifying the malocclusion, developing a problem list, and formulating a treatment plan. The clinical examination involves assessing both extraoral and intraoral structures to identify abnormalities. The goals of orthodontic treatment are discussed as functional efficiency, structural balance, and esthetic harmony. An accurate diagnosis is emphasized as the foundation for providing appropriate orthodontic care.
This document discusses the examination and diagnosis of complete denture patients. It emphasizes the importance of a thorough case history and physical examination. The case history should explore the patient's dental history, medical history, habits, expectations and mental attitude. The physical examination involves both extraoral and intraoral assessment including facial form, profile, symmetry, complexion and lip support. A systematic examination allows for an accurate diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment plan.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis-orthodontic /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental a...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Treatment planning in rpd/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Psycological managemnt /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
for online course please visit www.idalectures.com
for online interactive live courses/classes please visit
www.gotolectures.com.
Diagnosis in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Treatment planning for partially edentulous patients /fixed orthodontics coursesIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely edentulous patientsDr ARYA SUDARSANAN
If you like to view in my youtube channel Dr Aaryas Vlogs please click on these links for parts 1 to 4
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment plan for complete dentures/certified fixed orthodonti...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Diagnosis and treatment plan for complete dentures-1 / dental implant cours...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Diagnosis and treatment plan for complete dentures/certified fixed orthodonti...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
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For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
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Thanks & Regards
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Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
4. INTRODUCTION
“ The first step
towards cure is
to know, what
the disease
is………..”
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. DIAGNOSIS
SOME DIAGNOSIS ARE
EASY,MANY ARE DIFFICULT
AND FEW ARE IMPOSSIBLE-YET
ALL ARE IMPORTANT,FOR
DIAGNOSIS IS THE TRUMP
FACTOR IN PROVIDING
ORTHODONTIC CARE.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. MEANING
STRANG: “There is nothing
complicated about making a diagnosis
in orthodontia, for the moment one has
detected a deviation from normal
occlusion and so determines that there
is malocclusion, the diagnosis is
complete.”
ANGLE: Normal occlusion, favorable
function& acceptable dentofacial
esthetics represented an identity.
This process could be called the
TRADITIONAL APPROACH.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. CASE,HELLMAN &SIMON: Orthodontic
diagnosis required a deeper understanding
of the orthodontic problem. The concepts of
dental and skeletal problem can be credited
to these men. RATIONAL APPROACH
MOORREES & GRON: Dental, skeletal,
muscular factors and the somatic and
emotional development of an individual.
They also considered personal and societal
factors. This view is called the OVERALL
DIAGNOSIS.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. DEFINITION
THOMAS RAKOSI: The recognition
and systematic designation of
anomalies, the practical synthesis of
the findings, permitting therapy to
be planned and indication to be
determined, thereby enabling the
doctor to act.
Orthodontic diagnosis requires a
broad overview of the patient’s
situation.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. RECOGNISING THE PROBLEM
FORMULATING THE PROBLEM
CARRYING THE NECESSARY EXAMINATIONS
INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS
DIAGNOSIS
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. COMPREHENSIVE DIAGNOSIS
Orthodontic diagnosis should be
routinely based on various methods
of examination.
The COMPREHENSIVE
DIAGNOSIS should be a summary
of the most important facts and
should not take insignificant
secondary symptoms into account.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. DIAGNOSIS &TREATMENT
PLANNING
Recognize the various characteristics of
malocclusion and dentofacial deformity.
Define the nature of the problem
including the etiology if possible.
Design a treatment strategy based on
specific needs and desires of the
individual.
Present the treatment strategy to the
patient in such a way that the patient
fully understands the ramifications of the
treatment.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. CASE HISTORY
Medical Dental
Family Patient
Patient
Prenatal Birth
Postnatal
www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. CASE HISTORY
PATIENT HISTORY
PERSONAL DETAILS:
NAME
AGE & DATE OF BIRTH
SEX
ADDRESS & OCCUPATION
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. PRENATAL PERIOD
MATERNAL
Tetracycline stains on teeth
Viral infection and cleft formation
INTRAUTERINE MOULDING :Pressure
during fetal growth distorts the
developing face. e.g. PIERRE ROBIN
SYNDROMME.
Uterine posture
Fibroids of the mother
Amniotic lesions
www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. Maternal diet
Metabolic differences: “Cephalometric
study of children with various endocrine
diseases” A.J.O 59:362-375 1971.These
appear to be unlikely causes. (SPEIGER
et al)
Injury to the mother
Drug induced deformities: Thalidomide
German measles
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. BIRTH HISTORY
Forceps deliveries injuries of the
TMJ. Pressure Ankylosis
Mandibular growth retardation.
BREECH DELIVERY
VOGELGESICHT: Inhibited growth of the
mandible due to ankylosis of the T.M.J
Cerebral Palsy
Delivery induced deformation of the upper
jaw.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
24. POST NATAL HISTORY
Type of feeding: Breast, Bottle
Advantageous: Activates jaw
muscle Increases functional
loading Moves mandible
anteriorly Compensates for
the physiologic retruded jaw
position at birth.
The child's sucking reflex is
satisfied. Fewer chances of habits.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. NON SOLID:TEMPORALIS CHEWER
Food chewed
superficially.
Low functional
load: incomplete
development of
framework.
Minimal abrasion of
teeth.
1st
molars unstable
Lower arch not
displaced
anteriorly.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. HABITS: Duration, frequency &
intensity. Duration is the most imp.
TRAUMA:# of the condyle.
PRIMARY FAILURE OF ERUPTION:
Lead to posterior open bite.
POSTURE: Head: Forward, Chin
extended associated with a long face.
Head backward: Short face
Extensive scar formation
MILWAUKEE BRACES
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. CHIEF COMPLAINT
Recorded in pt’s. Own words.
Mention what the pt. feels he/she is
suffering from.
Pt’s. perception.
What is important for the patient.
Why has the pt. come?
Esthetics or impaired function.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. DRUG HISTORY
Reveal systemic ds.
Epileptic pt. takes dilantin
-anticonvulsant drug-gingival
hyperplasia-impede tooth
movement.
Steroids: decreases resistance to
infection-difficulty in tolerating
orthodontic appliances.
Osteoporosis: resorption inhibiting
drugs (prostaglandin inhibitors)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. ALLERGY
Latex sensitivity: gloves, elastics
Nickel sensitivity: wires &
brackets. If sensitive titanium
brackets or ceramic brackets
may be used.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
32. DENTAL HISTORY
Past dental history will help in
assessing the pts. or parents
attitude.
Indicator of pt’s susceptibility
towards Pdl. ds. or caries.
H/O traumatic injury to teeth:
orthodontic treatment exacerbate
periapical symptoms that are
already present.
Dental health awareness
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. PSYCHOSOCIAL HISTORY
Social & behavioral history.
Difficult to obtain;
Parent is reluctant to speak.
Emotional problems are suspected
when :Thumb sucking, poor
progress in school, sleep
walking in a young child,
enuresis in an older child.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. SCHOOL PROGRESS
To know about learning disability.
If present modify approach.
Pts have short attention span
To much of detailed information
about treatment can produce
anxiety.
Reduce responsibility of the patient.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. MOTIVATION
EXTERNAL OR INTERNAL
External: supplied by pressure by another
individual.
Internal: comes from within based on his
or her own assessment of the situation.
A child or an adult who feels that the
treatment is being done for him will be a
more receptive patient than one who feels
that the treatment is being done to him.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
36. EXPECTATION
HIGH, MODERATE, LOW
What patient expects from
treatment is related to the type of
motivation.
If the patient expects social
adjustment problems to be solved
after treatment then he or she is a
poor candidate for orthodontic
treatment.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
37. COOPERATION
Problem with the child than the
adult.
Factors important are:
The extent to which the child sees
the treatment as benefit as opposed
to something else he or she is
required to undergo.
The degree of parental control. A
rebellious child with ineffective
parents is likely to become a
problem.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
38. FAMILY / GENETIC HISTORY
Any siblings of the patient require
any orthodontic treatment.
Parents ever underwent orthodontic
treatment.
The tissues primarily affected are:
NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
TEETH: Size, shape , number,
mineralization, path of eruption,
position of tooth germ, sequence of
eruption.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
39. BONE
SIZE: Hereditary micrognathia or
macrognathia.
SHAPE: Asymmetries – Crouzon’s
disease, cleidocranial dysostosis.
LOCATION: Prognathism,
retrognathism.
Class 2 div.2,Mand.prog.,bimax.
protrusion, skeletal open bite,
skeletal mand. retrognathism.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
40. SOFT TISSUE
Facial clefts
Microstomia
Anomalies of the frena
Ankyloglossia
www.indiandentalacademy.com
41. CLINICAL EXAMINATION
EXTRAORAL
GENERAL PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
To assess the amt. of growth that
has occurred & the potential of
future growth that remains.
Best results-good growers-amt.,
rate, direction, pattern that
facilitates treatment.
Modifiability of a problem &
treatment prognosis are strongly
influenced by growth.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
42. PHYSICAL GROWTH EVALUATION
Whether the child has recently
grown rapidly?
Whether there is a change in the
size of the clothes?
Whether there are signs of sexual
maturation?
Whether there is a change in the
voice?
www.indiandentalacademy.com
43. GENERAL BODY TYPE(PHYSIQUE)
ASTHETIC: Thin physique, possess
narrow dental arches.
PLETORIC: Obese, have large
square dental arches.
ATHLETIC: Normally built, being
neither thin nor obese. Have normal
sized dental arches.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
44. BODY BUILD
SHELDON
ECTOMORPHIC: Tall & thin
physique. Grow more slowly &
reach the pubertal growth spurt
later.
MESOMORPHIC: Average
physique.
ENDOMORPHIC: Short & obese.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
45. Clue to the physical growth
HEIGHT & WEIGHT
www.indiandentalacademy.com
46. GAIT
It is the way the person walks.
Abnormalities of gait are associated
with neuromuscular disorders.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
47. POSTURE
Poor postural conditions either
lead to malocclusion or
accentuate it.
A stoop shouldered child with
the head hung, chin rests on the
chest: Mandibular retrusion.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
48. CEPHALIC EXAMINATION
The shape of the
head is assessed.
MARTIN & SALLER
(1957):
DOLICOCEPHALIC
Long & narrow head.
Narrow dental
arches.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
51. CEPHALIC INDEX
Based on anthropometric
determination of the max. width of
the head and max. length.
Cephalic index: Max. skull width
Max. skull length
Dolicocephalic: -75.9
Mesocephalic:76-80.9
Brachycephalic:81-85.4
Hyperbrachycephalic:85.5-
www.indiandentalacademy.com
52. QUADRATE CAPUT
Square
deformity of the
skull in rickets
caused by the
protuberances
of the frontal
and parietal
bones.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
53. CRANIOMETRY
Used to study growth.
Involves measurement of the skulls
found amongst the human skeletal
remains.
Adv: Precise measurement can be
made on dry skulls.
Disadv: The growth study is cross-
sectional.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
54. FACIAL EXAMINATION
“Beauty/esthetics lies in the
eyes of the beholder”
Goal: Detect disproportion.
Done with patient either standing in
a relaxed manner or seated in a
straight chair. The upright position
enables to assume a NHP.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
55. FRONTAL VIEW (FACIAL FORM)
MARTIN &
SALLER(1957)
EURYPROSOPIC:B
road & short face
Apical base is wide
in trans.
dimension. Dental
crowding is
confined to coronal
part, coronal
crowding. Trans.
expansion
indicated.
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56. LEPTOPROSOPIC/HYPERLEPTOPROSO
Long & narrow
face.
Reduced
bizygomatic width.
Narrow apical base
in trans. dimen.
Extraction therapy
should be done
incase of crowding.
Reduced overbite.
Steep mand. Plane.
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58. SYMMETRY
The width of the
base of the nose
should be approx.
same as the inter
inner canthal
distance, while the
width of the mouth
should be approx.
the distance b/w
the irises.
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60. ANTHROPOMETRY
Enables measurement of skeletal
dimensions on living patients.
Establishes facial proportion.
Various landmarks established in
the studies of dry skulls are
measured in living individuals by
using soft tissue points overlying
the bony landmarks.
Measurement made with st. or bow
calipers.www.indiandentalacademy.com
62. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Allows to follow
the growth of an
individual directly,
making the same
measurement
repeatedly at diff.
times.
Assessment of
general pattern of
craniofacial
growth.
Soft tissue
introduces
variation.
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64. MIDLINE DEVIATIONS
Dentoalveolar midline shift in the upper
arch.
The contat of the upper CI does not
coincide with the center of the philtrum.
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65. MIDLINE SHIFT IN THE LOWER
ARCH
Dentoalveolar: Results from tooth
migration.
The mental spine of the mandible coincides
with the midsagittal plane of the skull only
contact pt. of the incisors is deviated.
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66. SKELETAL DEVIATION OF THE
MANDIBULAR MIDLINE
The skeletal midline of the mandible
& the contact pt. of the lower
incisors is deviated.
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67. LATERAL VIEW-PROFILE
“Poor man’s cephalometric analysis”
Goals: To establish whether the jaws
are placed proportionately in the
anteroposterior plane of space.
2 lines are drawn: one from the bridge of
the nose to the base of the upper lip &
the 2nd
one extending from that pt.
downward to the chin. These line
segments should form a straight line.
Angle: CONVEX PROFILE: Skeletal
class2
CONCAVE PROFILE: Skeletal class 3
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69. DIVERGENCE OF FACE
MILO HELLMAN
Defined as an anterior or posterior
inclination of the lower face relative to the
forehead.
Profile: straight: does not matter whether
it slopes anteriorly (anterior
divergence) or posteriorly (posterior
divergence)
Divergence does not indicate facial or
dental disproportion whereas profile
concavity or convexity does indicate
disproportion, but does not by itself
indicate which jaw is at fault.
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71. EVALUATION OF LIP POSTURE
&INCISOR PROMINENCE
Teeth protrude: The lips are prominent &
everted.
The lips are separated at rest by more than
3-4mm.
Excessive protrusion: Revealed by
prominent lips that are separated when
relaxed, so that the pt. must strain to bring
the lips together, RETRACTION of the
teeth alone tend to improve lip function &
facial esthetics.
But if the lips are prominent & close over
the teeth without strain, the lip posture is
largely independent of tooth position. In
these individuals retracting the incisors
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72. The lip posture &
prominence should be
evaluated by viewing
the profile with the
pts. lip relaxed.
The upper lip is
related to a true
vertical line passing
through the soft tissue
pt. A & the lower lip is
related to a true
vertical line passing
through the soft tissue
pt.B.
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73. lips fall forward from the line-PROMINENT
Lips fall backward from the line-
RETRUSIVE
Both lips are prominent & incompetent-
Anterior teeth are protrusive.
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74. EVALUATION OF THE VERTICAL FACIAL
PROPORTION & THE MANDIBULAR PLANE
ANGLE
A well proportioned face can be
divided into vertical thirds. This is
called as the LAW OF THIRDS
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75. INCLINATION OF THE MANDIBULAR
PLANE
Steep: open bite,
long ant. facial ht.
Flat: Deep bite,
short ant. facial
ht.
Visualized by
placing a finger or
a mirror handle
along the lower
border.
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77. EXTRA ORAL VIEWS- FRONTAL
Assesses major
disproportions &
asymmetries of
the face.
The camera should
be placed
perpendicular to
the facial midline
during exposure.
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78. PHOTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS-FRONTAL
PLANE-ASSESS SYMMETRY
Vertical reference
plane: skin nasion to
the subnasal pt.
Upper horizontal
plane: Bipupillary
plane.
Lower horizontal
plane: parallel to the
bipupillary plane
through the stomion.
Mild degree of
asymmetry occurs b/w
the 2 sides of the face.
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79. FRONTAL DYNAMIC SMILE
Demonstrates the
amount of incisor
& gingival display
while the pt.
smiles.
Reduction of large
overjets or
overbites can
greatly enhance
the pts. smile.
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80. CLOSE UP IMAGE OF POSED SMILE
For the analysis of
the smile
relationship.
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81. THREE QUARTER EXTRA ORAL
VIEW- 45 DEGREE PHOTOGRAPH
Mid face
deformities.
Nasal
deformities
Assessment of
the way the pts.
Face is viewed
by others.
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82. THE PROFILE
Helpful since the
profile of the pt.
can change during
orthodontic
treatment.
Left profile-routine
diagnosis
Rt. profile-facial
asymmetry
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83. CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACIAL
PROFILE-A.M SCHWARZ-1958
Eye ear plane
(Frankfort
horizontal plane)
Skin Nasion
perpendicular
Orbital
perpendicular
according to
Simon.
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84. JAW PROFILE FIELD: Lies b/w both
the perpendiculars.
Children:13-14mm wide
Adults:15-17mm wide
Ideal average value face: the
subnasal pt. touches the skin nasion
perpendicular.
The soft tissue chin point: lies in the
center of the “jaw profile field”. It is
the most ventral point of the soft
tissue part of the chin.
The skin gnathion (the most inferior
chin pt.) lies on the orbital pointer.
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85. NINE POSSIBLE PROFILE VARIANTS-
A.M SCHWARZ –ST. JAW PROFILE
Average face: The subnasale lying on the
skin nasion perpendicular.
Anteface: Subnasale lying in front of the
skin nasion perpendicular.
Retroface: Subnasale lying behind the skin
nasion perpendicular.
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86. BACKWARD SLANTING PROFILE
The soft tissue pogonion is displaced too far
posteriorly relative to the subnasal point.
Backward slanting average face
Backward slanting anteface
Backward slanting retroface.
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87. FORWARD SLANTING PROFILE
The soft tissue of the chin is too far anterior
in relation to the subnasal pt.
Forward slanting average face
Forward slanting anteface
Forward slanting retroface
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88. STEREO PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Use of stereophotogrammetry was first
reported by Thalmaan-degen in 1964.
It involves photographing a three
dimensional object from 2 different
coplanar views in order to derive a 3
dimensional reconstruction of an image.
The landmarks are identified in 3
dimensions to allow tracking of relative
changes in the location of the landmarks as
a result of growth, development,
mandibular movement, injury, skeletal
malformation & treatment.
Captures the human face well.
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89. A 3 dimensional X-ray stereometry is
produced from paired coplanar images in
order to allow accurate merging of 3
dimensional coordinate data from head
films, study casts & facial photographs.
Two photographs are taken with 2 semi-
metric cameras, which form a
STEREOPAIR. The cameras are mounted
on a frame with a dist. Of 50cm b/w
them,& positioned convergently with an
angle of 15 degrees. With the use of a
analytical plotter & a stereopair a 3
dimensional image of an object is created.
ADV.-Noninvasive
By combining X-rays with the principles of
stereophotogrammetry changes in the bone
density can be tracked in 2 dimensions.
Gives a good impression of the surface of
the object.
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90. ORTHODONTIC APPLICATIONS
“Method for quantifying facial asymmetry in
3 dimensions using stereophotogrammetry”
Angle orthod. Vol.65 No.3 1995
Is a 3 dimensional method to quantify facial
morphology for the purpose of diagnosis.
Detect changes in the facial morphology
during growth & development.
Detects asymmetries.
Assessing facial contour, surface
appearance of the face.
Evaluation of treatment results.
Quantitative data on facial proportions &
profile indices.
The life like 3D model of the pt. can be
rotated enlarged, measured in 3
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91. CONTOUR PHOTOGRAPHY
Uses grid projections during exposure
resulting in standardized contour lines on
the face.
It is a light scanning technique for three
dimensional facial measurement, in which
telecentric lences are used to eliminate
divergence.
Suited for smoothly contoured surfaces.
Used as an alternative to
stereophotogrammetry for three
dimensional facial measurement.
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92. USES DISADVANTAGES
Records the shape
of the face.
Facial symmetry
Changes due to
growth.
To study changes
following surgery.
Profile
Difficulties are
encountered if a
surface has sharp
features.
Great care is
needed in
positioning the
head since small
change in the head
position produces a
large change in the
pattern.
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93. SOFT TISSUE EXAMINTION
EXTRA ORAL
Forehead
Nose
Lips
Chin
INTRA ORAL
Lips & cheek frenal
attachments
Gingiva
Palatal & oral mucosa
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94. EXTRA ORAL-FOREHEAD
The ht. of the forehead (dist. From hairline
to glabella) should be 1/3rd
of the entire face
ht.& is as long as the midthird (dist. of the
glabella to the subnasal line)& the lower
third (dist. From subnasale to menton.
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95. Relationship of the forehead is considered
to the bizygomatic width. It can be
described as Narrow or wide.
The lateral forehead contour or the slope of
the forehead could be Flat, protruding,
steep. The dental bases are more
prognathic than incases with a flat
forehead.
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96. NOSE
Nasal growth & its
contribution to profile.
Can be in both vertical & antero-
posterior projection. More in
vertical.
Males>Females-10-16 yrs. The
center of this spurt at the age of
12yrs.
Females-spurt for nasal growth-
12yrs.
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97. Genecov et al “Development of nose & soft
tissue profile” Angle orthod 60(8)191,1990
stated that:
Nasal projection in females remains virtually
constant from age 12.Thus a orthodontist
evaluating a pt. of class 2 at this age could
expect only a reasonable increase in the
nasal projection. There is a sharp peak in the
nasal tip projection b/w ages 9&10
Nasal projection in males continued from
ages 12-17yrs.Thus any procedure that
results in upper lip retraction in combination
with anterior nasal growth would produce
less than optimal relationship b/w the lips &
the nose
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98. SIZE OF THE NOSE
The vertical nasal length measures 1/3rd
of
the total facial ht. (dist. From hairline to
gnathion)
The relationship b/w vertical & horizontal
length of the nose is 2:1.
Microhinic type: The root of the nose is
high, short nasal bridge & an elevated tip.
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99. SHAPE & WIDTH
OF NOSTRILS:
Should be assessed
since they indicate
impairment of nasal
breathing.
Nostrils: oval &
bilaterally symmetrical
NASAL CONTOUR:
Straight, convex, crooked
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100. LIPS
COMPETENT: Slight contact of the lips
when the musculature is relaxed.
Up to 4mm of lip separation is normal
especially in young children.
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101. INCOMPETENT LIPS
Is defined as the inability to seal the lips without
excessive strain.
Anatomically short upper lip which do not contact
when the musculature is relaxed.
Lip seal is achieved after active contraction of
orbicularis oris & mentalis muscle.
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102. Vig & Cohen “Vertical growth of the
lips, A serial cephalometric study”
A.J.O 75:405 1979
Both upper & lower lip grew more
than the skeletal lower face.
The lower lip grew vertically more
than the upper lip.
Most children exhibited lip
incompetence at age 6-8 yrs. This is
due to incomplete soft tissue growth
& should be considered normal.
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103. POTENTIALLY INCOMPETENT EVERTED LIPS
Lip seal is
prevented due to
protruding max.
incisors despite
normally
developed lips.
These are
hypertrophied lips
with redundant
tissue & weak
muscular tonicity
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104. VERTICAL LIP RELATIONSHIP
In a balanced face the length of the
upper lip measures 1/3rd
the lower
lip & the chin 2/3rd
of the lower face
ht.
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105. The upper incisal edge exposure with
the upper lip at rest should be
normally 2mm.
It is important to distinguish
excessive exposure of teeth caused
by over eruption of the incisors from
that caused by underdevelopment of
the upper lip.
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106. LIP STEP-KORKHAUS
Positive lip step: Protrusion of the
lower lip in relation to the upper lip.
Seen in class 3 malocclusion.
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107. NORMAL LIP PROFILE
Slightly negative lip profile. The
lower lip slightly behind the upper
lip.
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108. NEGATIVE LIP STEP
Marked retrusion of the lower lip as
a symptom of class 2 malocclusion.
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109. MAMANDRAS “Linear changes of the
maxillary & mandibular lips” A.J.O
94:405,1988
Max. lip length in females-14yrs.The
mand. vertical lip length growth
-16yrs.They attained the max. Lip
thickness by age 14 followed by
thinning.
Males attained max lip length-18yrs,it
was not complete. Max lip thickness
was attained by 16yrs.
Thus the effect of extraction therapy
would be more noticeable in females
with straight or convex profile than in
males.
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110. NASOLABIAL ANGLE-110degree
Formed b/w a tangent to the lower border
of the nose & a line joining the subnasale
with the tip of the upper lip. (Labrale
Superius)
Reduces: max. prog., proclined ant.
Obtuse: Retrognathic maxilla
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111. CHIN
The bone structure
Thickness & tone of the mentalis
muscle
Morphology & craniofacial relation of
the mandible.
Recessive, adequate or
prominent.
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112. MENTALIS ACTIVITY
The mentalis muscle becomes
hyperactive.
Seen in class 2 div 1 cases where
puckering of the chin may be seen.
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113. MENTOLABIAL SULCUS
It is the concavity
present below the
lower lip.
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115. OVER DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHIN
HT. (Mentolabial sulcus to menton)
Lip closure is difficult in this type of facial
morphology.
Hyperactivity of the mentalis muscle
Genioplasty required to change the
insertion of the mentalis muscle.
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116. CHIN FORMATION & PROFILE
CONTOUR
Protruded chin, marked mentolabial
sulcus – retruded lip profile.
Negative chin, absence of the mentolabial
sulcus causing a protruded lip profile.
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117. ASYMMETRY OF THE CHIN:MIDLINE
OF THE MANDIBLE
Rotation of the entire mandible to the left
side- MANDIBULAR LATEROGNATHY
Placement of the chin on to the left side.
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118. TONGUE
Small, Long &
broad.
Long tongue: Tip
of the nose.
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119. TONGUE WIDTH
Class3:Broad ,low lying
Imprints of the teeth on the lateral margins
of the tongue indicate a discrepancy b/w
the width of the dental arch & width of the
tongue. Size of the oral cavity should not
be decreased further by ortho treat.
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120. LINGUAL FRENUM
Tongue tie-can lead to impaired tongue
movements.
The tongue lies low.
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122. FRENECTOMY
Only indicated when the attachment is inserted
deeply with the fibre inserted into the interdental
papilla.
Done after the eruption incisors.
X ray shows a bony fissure b/w the roots of upper
CI.
BLANCH TEST: Upper lip is held away - pull is
exerted on the frenum-Area around the incisive
papilla becomes blanched.
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123. MANDIBULAR LABIAL FRENUM
Broad insertion which exerts a strong pull
on the FREE & ATTACHED GINGIVA can
lead to gingival recession.
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124. GINGIVA
Gingival type:
Thick fibrous or
thin fragile.
Gingival
inflammation
Mucogingival
regions
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125. THIN FRAGILE GINGIVA
Alv. Process is narrow
Roots can be palpated
through the mucosa.
Gingival recessions
develop around the
lower incisors.
Visible vascular pattern
of mucous membrane
Increased tendency of
the tissue to produce
periodontal damage by
labiolingual orthodontic
movement
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127. OCCLUSAL TRAUMA LINGUAL RECESSIONS
Lead to
mucogingival
problems
Anomalous
relation b/w the
tip of the tongue &
the lower incisors.
Tongue dyskinesia
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128. PALATE
Palatal depth & shape varies in
accordance with the facial form.
Brachycephalic pt.- have broad &
shallow palate.
Rugae can be used as a diagnostic
criteria for ant. proclination. Third
rugae can be seen in line with the
canine.
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130. MUCOSAL INDENTATIONS SCAR TISSUE
Traumatic deep bite -
class2 div 1
Groove in the palatal
mucosa caused by the
lower anterior teeth
due to long standing
vertical occlusion.
Scarred palate after
surgical closure of an
isolated palatal cleft.
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131. DENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
No. of teeth present, unerupted,
missing
The counting must include not only
the teeth seen but those developing
or not developing within the jaws.
Girls develop teeth earlier than
boys.
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132. APICAL BASE
Balanced relationship b/w the width of the
dental arches & transverse development of
the apical bases.
Tangents along the outer surfaces of
posterior teeth are parallel to each other.
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133. DISHARMONY IN WIDTH OF APICAL BASE &
MAX. DENTAL ARCH (APICAL CROWDING)
Upper post. teeth are tilted buccally in comparison
to their apical base.
Cranially convergent tangents of the posterior
buccal tooth surface imply that the basal bone is
smaller than the dental arch.
Expansion of the dental arch is contraindicated.
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134. BROAD APICAL BASE
The apical base is wider than the dental arch & the
posterior teeth are tipped lingually. Discrepancy is
indicated by interdental spacing.
The tangents of the post. buccal surfaces converge
occlusally.
Expansion therapy is indicated.
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135. CARIOUS TEETH
Orthodontic treatment is
contraindicated when carious teeth
are present.
There is reduced enamel resistance
which is a contraindication for fixed
appliance treatment.
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136. WEAR FACETS
Occlusal abrasions are a result of
attrition & indicative of
parafunctional mandibular
movements.
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138. INTERARCH DISCREPANCIES
NEUTRO-OCCLUSION
The anteroposterior relationship of the
maxillary and mandibular molars is correct,
with the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary
1st molar occluding in the mesiobuccal
groove of the mandibular 1st
molar.
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139. CLASS - 2
DISTO OCCLUSION
The lower dental arch is in a distal
relationship to the upper dental arch. The
mesiobuccal groove of the mandibular 1st
molar contacts the distobuccal cusp of the
maxillary 1st
molar
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140. CLASS - 3
MESIO-OCCLUSION
The mandibular 1st
molar is mesial to the
maxillary 1st
molar and the mandibular
incisors are in anterior crossbite.
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141. OVERBITE
The vertical overlap 0f
the maxillary incisors
over the mandibular
incisors is termed as
OVERBITE.
The maxillary and the
mandibular incisors
should be in contact in
order to prevent supra
eruption of the
mandibular incisors
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142. VARIATIONS IN THE BITE - DEEP
BITE
INVERTED OVERBITE CROWN LENGTH
CLOSED BITE: Due to premature
loss of posteriors.
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143. OVERJET- MEAN VALUE-2mm
Is the term used to
express the horizontal
distance between the
most labial surface of
the mand. Incisor and
the incisal edge of the
max. incisor.
Equal to the labio
lingual thickness of the
max. incisor edge.
Reflects the
anteroposterior
relationship
Sensitive to abnormal
lip and tongue function.
Variations are due to
abnormal position of
either upper or lower
incisors.
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144. CURVE OF SPEE
It refers to the
anteroposterior
curvature of the
occlusal surface
beginning at the tip of
the lower cuspid &
following cusp tip of
bicuspids & molars
continuing as an arc
through the condyle.
Results in the alignment
of teeth to offer max.
resistance to functional
loading.
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145. Excessive:
restricts the amt.
space available for
the upper teeth.
Normal: Flat
Reverse: creates
excessive space in
the upper jaw.
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146. CROSS BITE
An abnormal relationship of one or more teeth to
one or more teeth of the opposite arch ,in the
buccolingual or labiolingual direction.
Can be dental or skeletal.
Can be either unilateral or bilateral.
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148. INTRA ARCH DISCREPANCY
Occlusal view of the orthodontic casts:
crowding, spacing & rotation.
“Arch width and form” A.J.O
1999:115:305-313 Robert et al:
Male arches grow wider than female.
Lower intercanine width does not increase
after 12yrs.
Little changes occur in the premolar arch
width after the age of 12.
The upper & lower intermolar width
increases to a considerable extent b/w ages
7 & 18.
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149. Expansion can be applicable to a
growing child. There is no evidence
that appliance can stimulate growth
beyond that which would occur
normally.
Arch expansion is more stable in the
absence of extractions & is most
effective in the posterior region. There
is unlikely to be stable expansion in the
lower intercanine width unless the
canines are displaced lingually.
Expansions of the arches posteriorly
can be achieved more readily where
anteroposterior movement of the
arches take place.
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150. VISUAL TREATMENT OBJECTIVE
Can give an excellent clue whether any
functional appliance that postures the
mandible forward would improve the
facial appearance & the profile.
The patient is asked to to posture the
mandible forward into a correct sagittal
relationship.
Profile improves-motivates the pt. to
achieve a treatment goal.
Not improved-other forms of treatment
are required.
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151. Indicated in: Functinal retrusion,
deep overbites excessive
interocclusal clearances with a
normally positioned maxilla.
V.T.O: manually or cephalometric
tracing
Tracing represents the changes
expected or desired during
treatment.
In a child the V.T.O would have to
incorporate the expected growth,
any growth changes induced during
treatment & any repositioning of
teeth expected from orthodontic
tooth movement.
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152. STUDY MODELS
Replica of the
patients oral
condition.
Serves as an
important
reference as the
case progresses.
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153. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Records dental
anatomy.
Records
intercuspation.
Arch form
Measures progress-
Aids in pt. motivation
Space analysis
Permanent record
medico legal
considerations
Inexpensive
Occupy large amt. of
space.
Liable to damage
during storage &
transportation.
Difficult to discuss a
particular case over
the phone.
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154. HOLOGRAMS
Holography uses laser light to reproduce
a very high quality, three dimensional
image of the cast. The recorded image is
called a HOLOGRAM.
The first hologram was produced by
LEITH & UPATNIEKS in 1964.
They permit three dimensional model
analysis, superimpositions & storage.
HOLOGRAPHIC VIEWS: Frontal,
occlusal,Rt. buccal & left buccal.
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155. Holograms in orthodontics: A.J.O Oct
1995
SYSTEM:
Holocamera, the
automatic
developer,
illumination &
measureing system.
Holocamera: easy to
handle. The model
being photographed is
placed on glass plate
for exposure.
The laser beam used
in the camera is
divergent.
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156. AUTOMATIC DEVELOPER
Developed to expose
plates without
assistance.
Consists of series of
trays that contain the
various chemicals used,
a mechanical engine
that controls the
movements of the
holder in which plates
can be placed.
30 plates can be
developed
simultaneously.
The holder carries the
plate from tray to tray
each having a different
function during
exposure.
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157. MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Illumination
element: Halogen
lamp: to illuminate
the hologram.
Analysis or
measuring element:
Plate holder mounted
on an x-y-z
positioner. The z
micropositioner has an
optical fiber which is
connected to a laser
diode that projects a
small red spot light
used for depth
measurement.
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158. ORTHODONTIC APPLICATIONS
Measurement of incisor intrusion.
Study the effects of high pull headgear.
Tooth position measurements.
Study the effect of max. expansion on
facial skeleton.
Study the effect of class2 elastics on bone
displacement.
Study the effect of cervical headgear on
maxilla.
Facial & dental arch symmetry.
Determine the centre of rotation produced
by orthodontic forces.
Lower incisor space analysis.
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159. ADVANTAGES
Convenient, low bulk
Resistant to almost all destructive agents apart
from fire. These films may be scratched or bent or
covered in dust without interfering with the latent
image.
Superimposition of images is possible, thus
detection of any changes & tooth movement are
possible.
Holographic image can be measured in 3
dimensions.
Ease in storage, transportation
Cost similar to conventional photography.
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160. DISADVANTAGES
Inability to place the holograms
immediately next to the patient’s
mouth to make side by side
comparisons.
Cannot be adjusted once made.
Incorrect occlusion of the models
when the holograms are being
made.
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161. OCCLUSOGRAMS
Involves positive-print 1:1 photographs of
dental casts. The tracings of these
photographs are called as occlusograms.
These are actual size photographs of the
occlusal surface of the dental cast.
Developed by C.J BURSTONE in 1961.
Thus combining occlusograms &
cephalometric head films it now possible to
make treatment discussions in all three
planes of space.
TECHNIQUES: Photographic &
photocopying
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162. OCCLUSOGRAM SET-UP
4 into 5 inch box camera mounted on a sliding
rack so that the distance from the track is
adjusted.
registration track on the oclusostat for the
placement of the cast.
The occlusal surfaces of the teeth are flush with
the leading edge of the oclusostat which is also
the focal length of the camera.
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163. The recommended focal length of
the camera:210mm & can be stopped
down to f:45 for the best depth of
field.
The dist. from the leading edge of the
occlusostat to the camera lens &
from the camera lens to the film is
abt.42cm.At these settings no
enlargement is found.
Exposure time:5-30 secs. depending
on the lighting (incandescent to
florescent) & the film can be
processed with X-ray developer &
fixer.
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164. OCCLUSOGRAM PROCEDURE
The occlusal surfaces of the upper & lower dental
casts are photographed in a 1:1 ratio & a tracing is
made using the photographs.
4 into 5 inch positive film transparencies are ideal.
These transparencies allow the occlusograms to be
held one over the other to examine cuspal relations.
However for treatment planning purpose tracings
are still required.
These photographs can be taken either with a
35mm camera & enlarged to a 1: 1 magnification or
with a 4 into 5 inch Polaroid camera for 1:1 instant
photographic prints. Photographic prints are ideal for
tracing purposes. One problem with these positive
film traspararencies is the maintenance of the
accurate orientation of the dental cast, which needs
to be trimmed in the centric relation positionwww.indiandentalacademy.com
165. Impressions are made-casts are poured &
trimmed.
The posterior borders are trimmed
perpendicular to the occlusal plane & the
palatal midline. They are in flush with
each other when the casts are in C.R. The
bases are parallel to the occlusal plane.
Wax jaw registration is made with the
mandible in most retruded position,
recording the occlusal surfaces without
perforating the wax.
For lateral orientation each cast has an
extended registration groove.
The casts are then finished & polished.
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166. OCCLUSOGRAM TRACING
For the occlusogram tracing acetate paper with the
rough side up is placed over the occlusograms & the
max. & mand. teeth are outlined ,showing the
gingival tooth contour, incisal edges, buccal cusp
ridges, central grooves & cusp tips, the upper &
lower registration lines, mid sagittal reference line
based on the mid palatal raphe & incisive papilla.
“R” & “L” should be marked on the right & left sides
to avoid confusion.
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167. TECHNIQUE USING
PHOTOCOPYING
The study models are prepared as
described earlier.
With models in the centric relation & teeth
in occlusion three marks on each model
are made. i.e. on the rt. & lt. side of the
buccal segment & in the midline.
The casts are then photocopied on a
Xerox machine & the occlusal photocopy
is used to obtain a tracing.
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168. ORTHODONTIC APPLICATIONS
Determine arch form & width.
Arch length discrepancies (crowding or spacing).
To estimate occlusal relationships.
To estimate tooth movements in all three planes.
Anchorage requirements in each quadrant for
extraction cases.
The presence & extent of skeletal asymmetries.
Presence & extent of tooth mass discrepancies.
Determines changes in the cant of occlusal plane.
Aid in arch wire construction.
Growth changes in the arch can be seen with the
help of the tracings.
Quantifying treatment progress.
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169. DISADVANTAGES
Not very accurate.
Time consuming
Possibility of using a occlusogram
with a head film produces difference
in magnification.
To overcome this a user friendly
software was developed…………!
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170. 3-D OCCLUSOGRAM SOFTWARE
A.J.O Sept. 1999
The procedure includes :
Image scanning & setting.
Occlusal view processing
Lateral cephalometric processing
Occlusogram construction
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171. ADVANTAGES
Combination of lateral cephalometric image
with the occlusal views of the upper & lower
dental casts complete the 3 dimensional set
up of the patient.
Demonstrates all the treatment
possibilities. All the needed movements of
the teeth are clearly visible on the occlusal
views in the 3 planes of space allowing the
design for the “custom made appliance” &
the lateral cephalogram shows the planned
displacement for the molars & the incisors.
The software can simulate the results of
standard surgical procedures.
Ease in using
Accurate & precise
Rapid www.indiandentalacademy.com
172. e-MODELS-3D Digital dental models using
laser technology- J.C.O (2)-2003
Three dimensional digital study model.
Methods of producing digital models:
Destructive imaging: Removes the part
of the cast ,a little at a time ,while it is
being imaged.
Non destructive imaging: Uses
structural light ,laser light or x-rays to
image while leaving the original cast
intact.
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173. e - models: are
constructed through a
laser scanning process
that digitally maps the
geometry of a patient’s
dental anatomy to a
high resolution 3D
digital image with an
accuracy of .+ 01mm.A
laser stripe is projected
onto the surface of the
plaster cast & a digital
camera is used to
analyze distortions in
the stripe. The plaster
cast is oriented on all
axes to expose all its
surfaces for scanning.
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174. This process produces 3D vertices
that are connected into thousands
of triangles to form the 3D image.
The software then displays the e-
model on the computer screen by
assigning color shades to each
triangle based on its relative
orientation to a digital light source.
This results in a high-resolution 3D
image that can be viewed measured
& manipulated on the computer
screen as if the cast is in your hand.
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175. ADVANTAGES OF e-model
Measurements can be made in any plane or
orientation.
Various analysis such as Bolton’s analysis, arch
width & length analysis can be done.
Cross-sectional tools allow e-models to be sliced in
any vertical or horizontal plane to check symmetry,
overjet, overbite & complete measurements at any
location.
Permits analysis of occlusal relationships.
Improves accuracy & efficiency of orthodontic
diagnosis, treatment planning & bracket placement.
Midline analysis (skeletal or dental asymmetries can
be evaluated).
Mock surgeries & presurgical evaluation can be
done.
Record keeping
Ease in storage
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176. e-plan
Latest innovation in 3D
treatment planning.
Simulates multiple
treatment options to help
determine the most
effective treatment plan.
Enables the clinician to
simulate tooth rotations
,movements & extractions
with a click of the mouse.
They allow pts. to watch
the movement of their own
teeth from a malocclusion
view to a post treatment
view.
Effective communication
tool for pts., their families
& referring dentists.www.indiandentalacademy.com
177. PHOTOCOPYING
Photocopies of models appear to be valid
for:
Comparing pre & post treatment arch
forms.
Checking original tooth rotations
For ease in communication
Producing occlusograms for
demonstration purposes.
For maintaining pt. record.
Adv: Easy to handle & store
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178. DISADVANTAGES
Less precise for measuring arch
length.
Less precise for producing
occlusograms for space analysis
Can produce varying degree of
distortion since the models are 3
dimensional. The distortion can be
limited to 1-2% enlargement.
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179. DIGIGRAPH
Is a synthesis of video imaging,
computer technology & three
dimensional sonic digitizing.
It enables the clinician to perform
non invasive & non radiographic
cephalometric analysis.
Product of DOLPHIN IMAGING
SYSTEMS
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180. DIGIGRAPH WORK STATION
EQUIPMENT
Measures about 5 feet into 3 feet into 7 feet.
The main cabinet contains electronic circuitry & the
pt. sits next to the cabinet in an adjustable chair.
The head holder is suspended from a boom,
supported by a vertical column attached to the
cabinet. Two videocameras, permanently armed &
focused are mounted on a vertical column. Light
emanates from sources inside the boom, thus
ensuring all images are properly illuminated.
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181. This device uses sonic digitizing
electronics to record cephalometric
landmarks by lightly touching the
sonic digitizing probe to the pt. skin.
This emits a sound which is then
recorded by a microphone as x, y,z
coordinates.
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182. OPTIONAL COMPONENTS INCLUDE
A consultation unit that transports
information into the operatory, doctors
office or consultation area thus allowing
viewing & comparison of information &
development of visual treatment
objectives.
2nd
high resolution video camera with a
telephoto lens for taking intra oral views
Light box for x-rays & a study model
holder for video imaging.
Camera & video printer for producing
copies of video monitor information.
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183. CAPABILITIES OF THE MACHINE
A landmark can be identified as a
point in three dimensions.
A cephalometric analysis can be
made independent of head position.
Neither parallelism of the x-ray in
the mid sagittal plane nor the
symmetry of anatomic morphology
b/w left & rt. side is necessary.
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184. ORTHODONTIC APPLICATIONS
Perform cephalometric analysis e.g.
Holdaway, Jaraback, Down, Steiner,
Burstone, Tweed, Ricketts
Superimpositions
Monitor patient treatment progress
VTO
Useful in quantifying facial asymmetries
Allows pts. radiograph, photos& models to
be stored on a small disk thereby
reducing storage requirements.
Valuable tool for improving
communication among clinician patient &
staff.
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185. ADVANTAGES
Non invasive
Consistent & reproducible
No radiation exposure
With practice relatively efficient.
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186. 3 DIMENSIONAL CONE BEAM
COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY IN
ORTHODONTICS
Computerized tomography was developed
by GODFREY HOUNSFIELD in 1967.
It utilizes conventional x-ray technology &
computerized volumetric reconstruction to
reproduce a three dimensional image.
The object to be evaluated is captured as
the radiation source falls onto a 2
dimensional detector.
Images may be a full head view, skull view
or regional components.
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187. Produces a more focused beam & less
scatter radiation as compared to the
conventional fan shaped CT devices.
Increases x-ray utilization & reduces the X-
ray tube capacity.
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189. ORTHODONTIC APPLICATIONS
To locate ectopic cuspids & to design
treatment strategies that allow minimally
invasive surgery.
Location of oral abnormalities (oral cysts,
ectopic/ buried teeth & supernumeraries).
Airway & volumetric analysis
Assessment of bone density, dimensions.
quality & alveolar bone height.
Implant therapy
Imaging TMJ
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190. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Radiation exposure is
less than conventional
CT. It depends upon
the settings used- kVp
& mA.
Effective dose as low as
45uSv to as high as
650uSv.
Less expensive &
smaller than
conventional CT.
Does not map out
muscle structures &
their attachments.
Does not capture color
texture of the skin.
Long capture time for
the full view of the
subject:30-40 secs.
during which
involuntary muscle
movements (nostrils &
breathing) will lead to
inaccuracies in the soft
tissue capture.
High maintenance
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191. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Orthodontic diagnosis: Thomas Rakosi
Graber Vanarsdall: Orthodontics current
principles & techniques
Athanasios: Orthodontic cephalometry
Proffit: Contemporary orthodontics
Swain: Orthodontics: Current principles &
techniques
T.M Graber: Orthodontics principles &
practice
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