Pontics

Pontics
Presentation by:
Dr. Vanshree Sorathia
MDS Prosthodontist
Total no. of slides: 107

Objectivesof Discussion…
o Introduction
o History
o Definition
o Requirements
o Function
o Principles
o Surfaces
o Edentulous ridge classification
o Prerequisites
o Classification of Pontic design
2

Objectivesof Discussion…
o Considerations for pontic design
o Specifications for pontic design
o Pontic selection
o Pontic fabrication
o Postinsertion hygiene
o Review of literature
o Recent advancements
o Conclusion
o References
3

Etymology
Pontic derived from Latin word “Pons” meaning “Bridge”.
“Tic” is the suffix added to signify the “doer”.
Pons + Tic= Pontic
Rosenstiel SF, Land MF, Fujimoto J. Contemporary fixed prosthodontics. 5th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier;
2016. Chapter 20: Pontic designs; p. 546-575. 5

Shillingburg HT.Hobo S, Whisett LD, Jacobi R, Brackett SE. Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics. 3 Edition,
Quintessence Publication, 2007. 6

History
o Phoenicians were the first to construct dental bridges -
calf bone or ivory.
o Mancy (1928) - laid the foundation to present day FPD
design.
o Pierre Fauchard (1923) - ‘tenons’
o Selberg (1936) - gold or porcelain.
7

Definition
An artificial tooth on a fixed partial denture that replaces a missing natural
tooth, restores its function, and usually restores the space previously
occupied by the clinical crown.
- Glossary of Prosthodontic terms 9
The suspended member of fixed partial denture which replaces the lost
natural tooth, restores function and occupies the space of the missing
tooth.
- Tylman
1. The Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms, 9th edition. J. Prosthet Dent. May 2017; 117(5S):e1-e105.
2. Tylman’s. Theory and practice of fixed prosthodontics. 8th edition, All India publishers and distributors
2002. 8

The pontic, or artificial tooth is the raison d’être of a fixed partial
denture.
- Shillingburg
Pontics are the artificial teeth of a partial fixed dental prosthesis
(FDP) that replace missing natural teeth, restoring function and
appearance.
- Rosenstiel
1. Herbert T. Shillinburg. Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics. 4th edition, Quintessence Publishing Co 2012.
2. Rosenstiel SF, Land MF, Fujimoto J. Contemporary fixed prosthodontics. 5th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier 2016.
9

Requirementsof pontics…
Restore function
Provide
aesthetics and
function
Be biologically
acceptable
Permit effective
oral hygiene
Preserve
underlying oral
mucosa
Tylman’s. Theory and practice of fixed prosthodontics. 8th edition, All India publishers and distributors
2002.
10

Function
Appearance Occlusion Masticatory
function
Bernard GN Smith. Planning and making crowns and bridges. 3rd edition, London. Chapter 9:
Components of bridges: retainers, pontics and connectors; p. 191-206. 11

Principles
Bernard GN Smith. Planning and making crowns and bridges. 3rd edition, London. Chapter 9: Components of
bridges: retainers, pontics and connectors; p. 191-206.
12
Cleansability
Appearance
Strength

Surfaces
Bernard GN Smith. Planning and making crowns and bridges. 3rd edition, London. Chapter 9: Components of
bridges: retainers, pontics and connectors; p. 191-206. 13
Ridge surface Occlusal surface
Buccal, lingual surface Approximate surface

Pre-requisites
1. Pontic space
2. Edentulous ridge
1) Ridge contour
2) Ridge deformities
3) Bony spicules
4) Excessive gingival tissues
Rosenstiel SF, Land MF, Fujimoto J. Contemporary fixed prosthodontics. 5th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2016. Chapter
20: Pontic designs; p. 546-575. 14

1. Pontic space
15
 Adjacent teeth
 Opponent teeth
Herbert T. Shillinburg. Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics. 4th edition, Quintessence Publishing Co; 2012.
Chapter 25: Pontics and edentulous ridges; p. 471-491.

a) Mesiodistal space:
If tilting is within 25⁰, acceptable for conventional
FPD.
16
Chapter 7: Treatment planning for the replacement of missing teeth; p. 93-95.

If > 25⁰, alternative treatment considered….
Chapter 7: Treatment planning for the replacement of missing teeth; p. 93-95. 17

Herbert T. Shillinburg. Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics. 4th edition, Quintessence Publishing Co;
2012. Chapter 7: Treatment planning for the replacement of missing teeth; p. 93-95. 18
Orthodontic up righting Mesial half crown
Key and key way
Telescopic crown

b) Occlusocervical space:
Craddock & Youngson (2004):
Supraerupted tooth
19
Al Ahmari N. M, Aldhalail M. A, Abidi N. H, Mohamed M. S, Alraawi M. A, Al Moaleem M. M. Techniques for Management of
Supraerupted Teeth Prior to Prosthetic Treatment: Updated Review. Biosc.Biotech.Res.Comm. 2020;13(1).
Category Description
Mild Supraerupted tooth extends between 0.1–1.5
mm
Moderate Supraeruption of the occlusal surface is
between 1.6–3.5 mm.
Severe Exceeds 3.5 mm in relation to the level of the
occlusal plane.

Management
Conservative Semi Conservative Non Conservative
1. Posterior bite plane
appliance
2. Fixed composite bite
plane
3. Intrusion only
1. Enameloplasty or
coronoplasty (0.1-
1.5mm)
2. Endocrowns with
intentional RCT
3. Intrusion with RCT
and crowning
1. Orthognathic surgical
treatment
2. Corticotomy
3. Extraction
Al Ahmari N. M, Aldhalail M. A, Abidi N. H, Mohamed M. S, Alraawi M. A, Al Moaleem M. M. Techniques for Management of
Supraerupted Teeth Prior to Prosthetic Treatment: Updated Review. Biosc.Biotech.Res.Comm. 2020;13(1). 20

2. Edentulous ridge
1) Ridge contour
3) Bony spicules
2016. Chapter 20: Pontic designs; p. 546-575.
21

1) Ridge contour:
Ideal ridge should be…
o Smooth and regular surface of
attached gingiva.
o Slightly concave.
o Sufficient height and width.
o Facially free of frenal attachment.
22
Rosenstiel SF, Land MF, Fujimoto J. Contemporary fixed prosthodontics. 5th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2016.
Chapter 20: Pontic designs; p. 546-575.

Loss of ridge contour…
o Black triangles
o Food impaction
o Percolation of saliva
23

2) Ridge deformities:
Chapter 20: Pontic designs; p. 546-575. 24
Horizontal / Vertical

Seibert’sclassification1983
25
Class N
Class I
Class II
Class III
Normal
Faciolingual
bone loss
Apicocoronal
Bone loss
Combination

Shahroom NS and Jain AR. Prevalence of (alveolar ridge defect) using Seibert’s classification in fixed partial
denture patient. Drug invention today 2018;10:753-58.
26

Management
for ridge
deformities
Surgical
approach
Class I – Pouch
technique, Roll
technique
Class II –
Interpositional
graft
Class II and III
– Onlay
technique
Non- surgical
approach
Andrew’s
bridge
Gingival
porcelain
Rosenstiel SF, Land MF, Fujimoto J. Contemporary fixed prosthodontics. 5th ed. St. Louis:
Elsevier; 2016. Chapter 20: Pontic designs; p. 546-575.
27

1. Roll technique
Indication: Seibert’s Class I

29
Class I ridge defect
– Frontal view
Post operative
Final
restoration
Mucosal flap
elevation
Class I ridge defect
– Occlusal view
Rolled flap

2. Pouch technique
Indication: Seibert’s Class I

31
Class I ridge
defect
Graft
placement
Full thickness
mucosal flap
elevation
Abutment
preparation
Suture
Facial view -
Suture
Post operative
Final
restoration

3. Interpositional graft
Indication: Seibert’s Class II

4. Onlay graft
Indication:
Seibert’s Class II and III

34
Initial situation
Graft
placement
Abutment preparation
Corrected contour

35
1. Gingival porcelain
Indication: Seibert’s Class II and III
Chu SJ and Mieleszko AJ. Ceramic Veneers With Gingiva-Shaded Porcelain to Replace Lost Interdental Papillae: A
Case Report. Compedium 2017:38.

Tambe A, et al. Andrew’s bridge system: an aesthetic and functional option for rehabilitation of
compromised maxillary anterior dentition. BMJ Case Rep 2014.
36
2. Andrew’s bridge
Indication: Seibert’s Class II and III

3) Bony spicules:
Alveoloplasty
37

4) Excessive gingival tissues:
Excision of hyperplastic tissues.
38

39
Gingival architecture preservation

Classificationof pontic design
A. Depending on mucosal contact: (Rosenstiel)
40
1. Mucosal contact:
a) Ridge lap
b) Modified ridge lap
c) Ovate
d) Conical
2. No mucosal contact:
a) Sanitary pontic
b) Modified sanitary
pontic

B. Depending on shape of surface contacting the
ridge:
41
Tylman’s. Theory and practice of fixed prosthodontics. 8th edition, All India publishers and
distributors 2002.

C. Depending on material:
a) All metal pontic
b) Metal and porcelain veneered
c) Metal and resin veneered
d) All ceramic pontic
42
Tylman’s. Theory and practice of fixed prosthodontics. 8th edition, All India publishers and
distributors 2002.

D. Depending on method of fabrication:
• Prefabricated pontic
1. Custom made
2. Prefabricated pontic:
1) Trupontic
2) Interchangeable facing
3) Sanitary pontic
4) Pin facing
5) Modified pin facing
6) Reverse pin facing
7) Harmony pontic
8) Porcelain fused to metal
9) Prefabricated custom modified
43
Tylman’s. Theory and practice of fixed prosthodontics. 8th edition, All India publishers and distributors
2002.

1. Saddle or Ridge lap pontic
Definition –
“The Surface of artificial tooth that has been shaped to accommodate the residual
ridge. The tissue surface of it is concave & envelope both buccal & lingual
surfaces of the ridge.”
44
Location Not recommended
Advantages Esthetics
Disadvantages Poor oral hygiene
Indications Not recommended
Contra indications Not recommended
Materials Metal Ceramic

2. Modified Ridge lap pontic
Definition
“A ridge lap surface of a pontic that is adapted to only the facial or buccal aspect
of residual ridge “
Rosenstiel SF, Land MF, Fujimoto J. Contemporary fixed prosthodontics. 5th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2016. Chapter 20: Pontic
designs; p. 546-575.
Herbert T. Shillinburg. Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics. 4th edition, Quintessence Publishing Co; 2012. Chapter 25: Pontics
45
Tissue contact – “T”

Location Esthetic zone
Advantages Good esthetics
Disadvantages Moderately easy to clean
Indications Area with esthetic concern – anterior
teeth, premolar and 1st molar.
Contra indications Where minimal esthetic concern exist
Materials Metal ceramic
All resin
All ceramic

3. Conical pontic
Synonyms: Egg-shaped or bullet-shaped or heart-shaped pontic.
Definition
“Pontic which is having one point contact at the center of the residual ridge ”
47

48
Location Mandibular posteriors with less esthetic
concern
Advantages Good access for oral hygiene
Disadvantages Poor esthetics
Indication Thin mandibular ridge
Contra indications Broad, flat ridge
Materials All metals,
Metal ceramics,
All resin

4. Ovate pontic
49
Definition
A pontic that is shaped on its tissue surface like an egg in two dimensions,
typically partially submerged in a surgically prepared soft tissue depression to
enhance the illusion that a natural tooth is emerging from the gingival tissue.
Most esthetic.

Site preparation for ovate pontic
Socket
preservation
technique (during
extraction) Surgical augmentation
(edentulous ridge)
50

Lückerath W. Modern procedure for the creation of an ovate pontic. A new, minimally invasive surgical prosthetic
protocol - The “Bonn Concept”. Italian Journal of Dental Medicine 2016;1:60-66.
51
1. Socket preservationtechnique
“Bonnconcept”

52
Initial situation Atraumatic extraction Socket ecochelation
Grafting
Provisionalisation
Final
prosthesis

Gahan MJ, Nixon PJ, Robinson S, WY Chan MF. The ovate pontic for fixed bridgework. Dental update. 2012 Jul 2;39(6):407-15. 53
2. Surgical
augmentation
o Surgical diamonds
o Electrosurgery
o Dental lasers
Site
preparation
Provisional restoration
Post healing
Prepared site
Final
restoration

Elsevier; 2016. Chapter 20: Pontic designs; p. 546-575. 54
Location Maxillary anteriors
Advantages Superior esthetics, hygenic
and strength.
Disadvantages Requires surgical preparation,
Cost, additional appointment
for revaluation.
Indications Broad, flat ridge
Contra indications Patient unwilling for surgery,
Residual ridge defect
Materials Metal ceramic,
All resins
All ceramic

Modified Ovate pontic (Liu)
55
Location Very high esthetic requirement
Advantages Superior esthetics, hygenic and strength.
Disadvantages Requires surgical preparation, Cost,
additional appointment for revaluation.
Indications Horizontal ridge width is not sufficient for
conventional ovate pontic
Contra indications Patient unwilling for surgery
Materials Metal ceramic,
All resins
All ceramic

5. Spheroidal pontic
56
Definition:
The pontic contacts without pressure. Only the tip contacts the ridge or
buccal surface, depending on the relationship of the residual ridge, the
opposing occlusion.

6. Sanitary pontic
57
Synonyms:
Hygienic pontic, Fish belly pontic.
2mm

Location Posterior mandible
Advantages Good access for oral hygiene
Disadvantages Poor esthetics
Indications Non esthetic zones & impaired
oral hygiene
Contra indications Where esthetics is important,
Minimal vertical dimensions
Materials All metal

7. Modified Sanitary pontic
59
Synonyms:
Arc-fixed partial denture, Modified sanitary pontic, Perrel pontic.
Definition:
“ A pontic that is easier to clean because it has a dome shaped or bullet shaped
cervical form & does not overlap the edentulous ridge.
Hyperbolic paraboloid configuration.

60
Modified ridge lap
Ovate pontic
Modified ovate pontic
Hygienic pontic
Conical pontic
Modified ridge lap pontic

61
Location Primary pontic choice Secondary pontic choice
Maxillary anteriors Ovate Modified ridge lap
Maxillary posteriors Modified ridge lap ---
Mandibular anteriors Ovate Modified ridge lap
Mandibular posteriors Modified Sanitary pontic Modified ridge lap

Prefabricated pontic
62
Trupontic
Interchangeable facings/
flat back facing
Sanitary facing
Shoher I, Whiteman AE, Whiteman Aharon E, Prefabricated dental pontic, pontic connector and assembly.
United States patent 1990;18:439-457.

63
Pin facing Modified Pin Facing
Reverse pin facing

64
Harmony facing Porcelain fused to metal facing
Pontips

1. Occlusal bar
Feature: Does not contact the edentulous ridge.
Indication: Edentulous space is small mesiodistal, large occlusocervical, or both.
Disadvantage: Food lodgement.
Oswal MM, Oswal MS. Unconventional pontics in fixed partial dentures. J Dental and Allied Sciences
2016;5:84.
65
Unconventionalponticdesignfor special cases

2. Stein pontic
Variation of the modified ridge lap pontic.
Exhibits minimal tissue contact
Indication: Sharp edentulous ridges.
Contraindication: Edentulous ridges with broad
buccolingual dimensions.
Advantage: Acceptable esthetics.
2016;5:84. 66

3. Inzoma pontic
Malone and Koth Alton.
Feature: Horizontal ridges were added.
In a posterior inzoma pontic, the buccal and lingual ridges are added on
abutments for porcelain support.
In an anterior inzoma pontic, the labial horizontal ridges are added to prevent flaw
migration.
2016;5:84. 67

4. Hollow pontic
The technique given is carving a solid pontic in wax and then hollowing the
center of the wax pontic from underneath
Porcelain application involves filling the hollow center with porcelain firing two or
more times.
Advantage:
• Reduction in metal porosity as there was less metal in the pontic.
• Easier soldering when necessary, due to the absence of large heat sinks.
• Potential improvement in strength due to the sandwich of porcelain-metal, it
presents high resistance to tensile force
2016;5:84. 68

5. Tenon and mortise pontic
Chapter 26: Solder joints and other connectors; p. 493-517.. 69

70
Chapter 26: Solder joints and other connectors; p. 493-517..

6. Split pontic

7. Cross pin and wing pontic

Considerationfor ponticdesign
73
Biologic
Cleansable tissue surface
Access to abutment teeth
No pressure on ridge
Aesthetic
Shaped to look like tooth
it replaces
Appears to ‘grow’ out of
edentulous ridge
Sufficient space for
porcelain
Mechanical
Rigid
Strong connectors
Metal-ceramic
framework

74
A. Biological considerations
1. Ridge contact
2. Oral hygiene consideration
3. Pontic material
4. Occlusal force

1. Ridge contact
Close contact – diminished blood flow – inflammation, ulceration and tissue
necrosis.
Pontic with mucosal – saddle pontic.

Pontic design:
Conical pontic Ovate pontic Sanitary pontic Perrel pontic

Cleaningaids:
77
Proxa brush Floss Pipe cleaners
Waterpik

3. Pontic material
Esthetic
Biocompatible
Rigid
Strength
Longitivity
Glazed porcelain
Porcelain metal junction

4. Occlusal force
o Reducing Buccolingual width of pontic – 30%
o Normal mesiodistal width
o Parafunctional forces
o Malposed teeth – food impaction, difficulty in chewing, no cheek
support.
o Normal occlusal width – recommended.

B. Mechanicalconsiderations
1. Metal ceramic pontic
2. Resin veneered pontic
3. Fiber reinforced composite resin pontic
80

Principles of framework
design:
1. Uniform veneer of
porcelain (1-2 mm)
2. Metal surface – smooth
3. Sharp angles – rounded
4. Location of porcelain
metal junction.
Occlusal centric contact
– 1.5 mm away from jun.

2. Resin - veneered pontic
Only as long term interim restoration.
Advantage Disadvantage
Easy to manipulate and repair Lower resistance to abrasion
New generation indirect
resins
Dimensional change and
thermocycling
High flexural strength No chemical bond between
resin and metal
Minimal polymerization
shrinkage
Discoloration of restoration

3. Fiber – reinforced composite resin pontic
Impregnated glass or polymer fiber.

Meiers JC & Kazemi RB. Chairside replacement of posterior teeth using a prefabricated fiber-reinforced resin
composite framework technique: A case report. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 2005;17:335–42. 84
Prefabricated FRC frame
Pontic build up
Adaptation on cast
Final
restoration

85
C. Estheticconsiderations
1. Gingival interface
2. Incisogingival length
3. Mesiodistal width

Shadow below margin
Ovate pontic
Modified ridge lap pontic

To recontour a substantial portion of facial surface (B) to minimize shadow or
food trap at cervical of pontic (C)

To contour crown normally and o shape and stain apical extension to simulate
exposed root surface

3. Mesiodistal
width
89
a) Anterior pontic space
b) Posterior pontic space

Specificationsfor pontic design
Posterior pontic design:
Tylman’s. Theory and practice of fixed prosthodontics. 8th edition, All India publishers and distributors 2002. 90
1. All surfaces -
convex, smooth &
properly finished
2. Contact buccally
– minimal and
pressure free
3. Occlusal table –
functional harmony
4. Buccal & lingual
shunting – same as
adjacent tooth
5. Overall length –
same as adjacent
tooth or pontic

Specificationsfor pontic design
Anterior pontic design:
1. All surfaces -
convex, smooth &
properly finished
2. Contact labially –
minimal and
pressure free
Esthetics – black
triangles
Lingual contour –
harmony with adjacent
tooth or pontic

Pontic selection
1. Retainers
2. Aesthetics
3. Occlusal gingival width
and mesiodistal space
4. Ridge resorption and
contour

Pontic fabrication
Herbert T. Shillinburg. Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics. 4th edition, Quintessence Publishing Co;
2012. Chapter 25: Pontics and edentulous ridges; p. 471-491.
93
1. Sable brush
2. Plaster bowl
3. Spatula
4. Quick setting plaster
5. Bunsen burner
6. PKT waxing instruments-No 1,2,3,4,5
7. Beavertail burnisher No 7 wax spatula
8. Inlay casting wax
9. Die lubricant
10. Cotton pliers
11. Hollow plastic sprue

All metal hygiene pontic fabrication
Chapter 25: Pontics and edentulous ridges; p. 471-491.
94

Chapter 25: Pontics and edentulous ridges; p. 471-491. 95

Metal ceramic pontic fabrication

Cut back procedure
97
Use a sharp explorer to outline the area that will
be veneered with porcelain. The porcelain-metal
junction must be placed sufficiently lingual to
ensure good esthetics.
Complete the cut-back as far as access will
allow with the units connected and on the
master cast.
Section one wax connector with a thin ribbon
saw (sewing thread is a suitable alternative)
and remove the isolated retainer from
the master cast.

98
Refine the pontic cut-back where
access is improved by removal of the
first retainer.
Reseat the first retainer, reattach it to
the pontic, section the other connector,
and repeat the process.
Sprue the units and do any final
reshaping as needed.
Invest and cast

Post insertion hygiene

Summary…
1.Definition
2.Prerequisites:
1. Pontic space
2. Edentulous ridge
1) Ridge contour
3) Bony spicules
100
3.Classification:
1. Mucosal contact:
a) Ridge lap
b) Modified ridge lap
c) Ovate
d) Conical
2. No mucosal contact:
a) Sanitary pontic
b) Modified sanitary pontic

Summary…
4. Considerations:
A. Biological considerations
1. Ridge contact
3. Pontic material
4. Occlusal force
B. Mechanical considerations
2. Resin veneered pontic
3. Fiber reinforced composite resin pontic
101
C. Esthetic considerations
3. Mesiodistal width

Brooks JK, Powers LK. Subpontic osseous hyperplasia: Comprehensive review of the literature and
presentation of new case history. Int J Prosthodont 2019;32:339-344. 103

Lee JH, Lee CH. Completely digital approach to an ovate pontic. J Prosthet Dent 2016.
105
A, Preoperative clinical view. B, Interim fixed dental prosthesis
with ovate pontic. C, Sculpted soft tissue.

Lee JH, Lee CH. Completely digital approach to an ovate pontic. J Prosthet Dent 2016. 106
Intraoral digital impression of
interim fixed dental prosthesis
and remaining teeth, frontal view.
Extraoral digital impression of
intaglio surface of ovate pontic,
apical view.
Intraoral digital impression of
abutments and pontic site,
occlusal view.

Lee JH, Lee CH. Completely digital approach to an ovate pontic. J Prosthet Dent 2016. 107
A, Virtually designed fixed dental prosthesis, frontal view. B,
Duplicated ovate pontic, apical view.
A, Comparison between interim fixed dental prosthesis and definitive
fixed dental prosthesis. Note replicated contour. B, Definitive fixed
dental prosthesis in place.

References
1. The Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms, 9th edition. J. Prosthet Dent. May 2017;
117(5S):e1-e105.
2. Rosenstiel SF, Land MF, Fujimoto J. Contemporary fixed prosthodontics. 5th ed. St. Louis:
3. Herbert T. Shillinburg. Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics. 4th edition, Quintessence
Publishing Co; 2012. Chapter 25: Pontics and edentulous ridges; p. 471-491.
4. Herbert T. Shillinburg. Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics. 4th edition, Quintessence
Publishing Co; 2012. Chapter 7: Treatment planning for the replacement of missing
teeth; p. 93-95.
5. Tylman’s. Theory and practice of fixed prosthodontics. 8th edition, All India publishers and
distributors 2002.
109

References
6. Bernard GN Smith. Planning and making crowns and bridges. 3rd edition, London.
Chapter 9: Components of bridges: retainers, pontics and connectors; p. 191-206.
7. Shahroom NS and Jain AR. Prevalence of (alveolar ridge defect) using Seibert’s
classification in fixed partial denture patient. Drug invention today 2018;10:753-58.
8. Lückerath W. Modern procedure for the creation of an ovate pontic. A new, minimally
invasive surgicalprosthetic protocol - The “Bonn Concept”. talian Journal of Dental
Medicine 2016;1:60-66.
9. Gahan MJ, Nixon PJ, Robinson S, WY Chan MF. The ovate pontic for fixed bridgework.
Dental update. 2012 Jul 2;39(6):407-15.
10. Shoher I, Whiteman AE, Whiteman Aharon E, Prefabricated dental pontic, pontic
connector and assembly. United States patent 1990;18:439-457.
110

References
11. Oswal MM, Oswal MS. Unconventional pontics in fixed partial dentures. J
Dental and Allied Sciences 2016;5:84.
12. Brooks JK, Powers LK. Subpontic osseous hyperplasia: Comprehensive
review of the literature and presentation of new case history. Int J Prosthodont
2019;32:339-344.
13. Lee JH, Lee CH. Completely digital approach to an ovate pontic. J Prosthet
Dent 2016.
14. Meiers JC & Kazemi RB. Chairside replacement of posterior teeth using a
prefabricated fiber-reinforced resin composite framework technique: A case
report. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 2005;17:335–42.
111

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