The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. He found that photographic plates were sensitive to these new rays, which he called X-rays. In one experiment, he placed his wife's hand on a photographic plate and saw the bones and rings on her finger clearly after developing the image. Since then, specialized radiography techniques have been developed like panoramic radiography, CT, MRI, and CBCT to provide detailed cross-sectional views of anatomy for diagnostic purposes like dental implant planning. Diagnostic templates can also be used to incorporate proposed treatment plans into radiographic exams.
The document discusses various imaging modalities used for dental implant planning and placement, including their principles, advantages, and limitations. It provides details on conventional radiographs like periapical films, panoramic, and cephalometric radiographs. It also describes advanced 3D imaging techniques like computed tomography (CT) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), which allow for evaluation of bone quality and quantity in multiple planes. Proper case selection and use of the appropriate imaging method based on a patient's needs are important for achieving optimal implant treatment outcomes.
This document discusses various imaging modalities used in dental implants, including their evolution and principles. It provides a classification of imaging techniques, covering conventional 2D modalities like panoramic radiography and advanced 3D techniques like CT and CBCT. Key factors in selecting the appropriate modality include determining bone quantity and quality, ideal implant position and orientation, and visualizing relationships between structures.
1) The document discusses various imaging modalities used in oral implantology such as periapical radiography, panoramic radiography, tomography, cone beam computed tomography, and computed tomography.
2) Key factors in selecting a radiographic technique include evaluating bone quantity and quality, relationship to vital structures, cost, and radiation exposure.
3) Advanced imaging such as cone beam computed tomography provides high resolution cross-sectional views with low radiation exposure and is useful for implant planning and assessment of vital structures.
Diagnostic imaging / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Diagnostic imaging in implants /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. He found that photographic plates were sensitive to these new rays, which he called X-rays. In one experiment, he placed his wife's hand on a photographic plate and saw the bones and rings on her finger clearly after developing the image. Since then, specialized radiography techniques have been developed like panoramic radiography, CT, MRI, and CBCT to provide detailed cross-sectional views of anatomy for diagnostic purposes like dental implant planning. Diagnostic templates can also be used to incorporate proposed treatment plans into radiographic exams.
The document discusses various imaging modalities used for dental implant planning and placement, including their principles, advantages, and limitations. It provides details on conventional radiographs like periapical films, panoramic, and cephalometric radiographs. It also describes advanced 3D imaging techniques like computed tomography (CT) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), which allow for evaluation of bone quality and quantity in multiple planes. Proper case selection and use of the appropriate imaging method based on a patient's needs are important for achieving optimal implant treatment outcomes.
This document discusses various imaging modalities used in dental implants, including their evolution and principles. It provides a classification of imaging techniques, covering conventional 2D modalities like panoramic radiography and advanced 3D techniques like CT and CBCT. Key factors in selecting the appropriate modality include determining bone quantity and quality, ideal implant position and orientation, and visualizing relationships between structures.
1) The document discusses various imaging modalities used in oral implantology such as periapical radiography, panoramic radiography, tomography, cone beam computed tomography, and computed tomography.
2) Key factors in selecting a radiographic technique include evaluating bone quantity and quality, relationship to vital structures, cost, and radiation exposure.
3) Advanced imaging such as cone beam computed tomography provides high resolution cross-sectional views with low radiation exposure and is useful for implant planning and assessment of vital structures.
Diagnostic imaging / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Diagnostic imaging in implants /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dental CT imaging is a technique developed in 1987 to image the complex jaw bone structures. It involves acquiring high resolution axial CT scans of the jaw and using reconstruction software to generate panoramic and cross-sectional views for examination of jaw anatomy and implant planning. Dental CT provides detailed images of teeth, bone quality, anatomy, and any pathologies present to aid in dental procedures and implant placement. Reformatted views allow evaluation of bone cortices and precise measurements for implant planning and simulation.
This document summarizes the history and importance of radiography in endodontics. It discusses pioneers like Roentgen who discovered x-rays and Walkoff who took the first dental x-ray. Radiographs are described as the single most important diagnostic tool for determining anatomy, diagnosis, and monitoring treatment. The document outlines ideal requirements for endodontic films and film holders, advantages of bitewings, indications for occlusal films, and principles of positioning films and adjusting cone angulation. It emphasizes that radiographs are essential for treatment but should be fixed, dried, and documented properly.
triple scan protocol (Dr. Gross) - a new and effective protocol for 3D planni...Michael Gross
triple scan protocol (Dr. Gross) - a new and effective protocol for 3D planning and guided surgery of partially edentulous cases
Cortex guide - complete service for advanced 3D planning and guided surgery of dental implants
CBCT has many uses in orthodontics including for impacted teeth, root resorption, and boundary conditions. It provides more accurate 3D information than 2D imaging. CBCT is particularly useful for impacted or transposed teeth to localize them, for root resorption diagnosis, and to understand boundary conditions that may impact treatment planning. CBCT also has applications for craniofacial anomalies, TMJ assessment, and orthognathic surgery planning by providing detailed 3D visualization of structures.
Imaging in implantology /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Recent advances in radiographic technique /certified fixed orthodontic course...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
CBCT provides high quality 3D images that allow for more accurate implant planning compared to traditional 2D radiography. It allows visualization of anatomical structures in multiple planes, and accurate measurements. While it provides more information, inexperienced clinicians may misinterpret data. CBCT is recommended for implant planning in aesthetic zones, complex cases, and when vital anatomy needs to be assessed. Virtual planning with CBCT can be used to determine grafting needs, tumor resection plans, and angled implant positions to avoid lifting sinus floors.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
CBCT provides high resolution 3D imaging of the maxillofacial region using a low radiation cone-shaped x-ray beam. It acquires full volume data in a single 10 second scan, allowing visualization of hard and some soft tissues from multiple angles. CBCT has numerous applications in dentistry due to its improved accuracy over 2D imaging such as panoramic x-rays. It is useful for implant planning, maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics, temporomandibular joint assessment, trauma cases, and oral pathology diagnosis.
CBCT provides 3D images of the jaws and teeth using low-dose x-rays and computer reconstruction. It allows visualization of bone quality, morphology, and proximity to anatomical structures for applications in dental implant planning, oral surgery, endodontics, orthodontics, and more. CBCT is particularly useful when traditional 2D imaging is limited by anatomical superimposition or inability to assess 3D bone characteristics. Some key uses of CBCT include implant planning, assessment of impacted teeth, maxillofacial trauma, airway imaging, and evaluation of periodontal defects.
The document discusses the advantages of dental CT imaging over traditional dental radiographs. Dental CT provides accurate multi-planar views of the jaw anatomy, allowing for precise measurement of bone dimensions and identification of vital structures. It indicates dental CT is particularly useful for dental implant planning and assessment of complex dental conditions like tumors, cysts, fractures and trauma. The technique of dental CT involves thin slice imaging of the jaw to generate panoramic and cross-sectional views for detailed evaluation.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Evaluation of Hard and Soft Tissue Dimensions Around Zirconium Oxide Implant–...Dr Ripunjay Tripathi
journal club Evaluation of Hard and Soft Tissue Dimensions Around Zirconium Oxide Implant–Supported Crowns: A 1-Year Retrospective Study
Kniha at el , J Periodontol 2016;87:511-518.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document outlines general rules for dental X-ray exposure, including explaining the procedure to the patient, positioning the patient correctly, adjusting exposure factors, ensuring the film is parallel to the tooth, and taking precautions like using lead shields. Key steps are positioning the patient, setting exposure factors to get the right angle and focus, placing the film properly, and processing it safely after capturing the image.
Cephalometric analysis has evolved from traditional 2D radiographs to 3D digital techniques. Broadbent is considered the father of radiographic cephalometry for developing the technique in 1937. While conventional cephalometry is useful for diagnosis, treatment planning and evaluation, it has disadvantages like errors and manual processing. Photocephalometry introduced in 1970s allowed measuring soft tissue changes but was complex. Digital cephalometry since 1980s has advantages like dose reduction and storage. 3D modeling using CT, stereophotogrammetry and laser scans now allows accurate anatomical models for pre-operative simulation and custom implants. Stereolithography is used to produce 3D printed models but has limitations of cost and radiation dose. 3D navigation during
Technological advances in dental implant surgeryPeriowiki.com
This document discusses recent technological advances in dental implant surgery, including computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology and computer-guided implant surgery techniques. It describes computerized tomography (CT) imaging and how CT data can be used for virtual surgical planning and fabrication of surgical guides. The document compares computer-guided implant surgery (CGIS), which uses static surgical guides, to computer-navigated implant surgery (CNIS), which allows for intraoperative modification of the surgical plan. Both techniques aim to increase the accuracy and predictability of dental implant placement.
CBCT imaging allows for more accurate implant planning compared to traditional 2D radiographs. It provides 3D views of the bone that are crucial for determining implant placement and potential augmentation procedures. For a patient with severe maxillary resorption, CBCT revealed thin bone in the premaxilla requiring grafting and sufficient bone in the molar region but requiring sinus lifts. Implants were successfully placed following the CBCT-based treatment plan with grafts and have sufficient bone support and integration.
This document discusses various radiographic techniques used in dental implant planning and assessment. It describes the key phases of implant imaging as pre-surgical, surgical/intraoperative, and post-prosthetic. Various 2D and 3D imaging modalities are discussed, including periapical radiography, panoramic radiography, tomography, computed tomography, cone beam computed tomography, and interactive CT. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are provided. Critical anatomic structures that require careful imaging for implant planning are also outlined.
A very precise and intimate description on radiographic considerations in dental implants, since the advent of the first radiographic modality in 1905, the dental health care professionals have been striving to achieve clarity & excellence in the development & usage of dental radiographic imaging modalities.
I hope this presentation will make this wonderful topic more understandable and easier to digest in the minds of young and experienced dental health care professionals.
by Dr Ishaan Adhaulia
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dental CT imaging is a technique developed in 1987 to image the complex jaw bone structures. It involves acquiring high resolution axial CT scans of the jaw and using reconstruction software to generate panoramic and cross-sectional views for examination of jaw anatomy and implant planning. Dental CT provides detailed images of teeth, bone quality, anatomy, and any pathologies present to aid in dental procedures and implant placement. Reformatted views allow evaluation of bone cortices and precise measurements for implant planning and simulation.
This document summarizes the history and importance of radiography in endodontics. It discusses pioneers like Roentgen who discovered x-rays and Walkoff who took the first dental x-ray. Radiographs are described as the single most important diagnostic tool for determining anatomy, diagnosis, and monitoring treatment. The document outlines ideal requirements for endodontic films and film holders, advantages of bitewings, indications for occlusal films, and principles of positioning films and adjusting cone angulation. It emphasizes that radiographs are essential for treatment but should be fixed, dried, and documented properly.
triple scan protocol (Dr. Gross) - a new and effective protocol for 3D planni...Michael Gross
triple scan protocol (Dr. Gross) - a new and effective protocol for 3D planning and guided surgery of partially edentulous cases
Cortex guide - complete service for advanced 3D planning and guided surgery of dental implants
CBCT has many uses in orthodontics including for impacted teeth, root resorption, and boundary conditions. It provides more accurate 3D information than 2D imaging. CBCT is particularly useful for impacted or transposed teeth to localize them, for root resorption diagnosis, and to understand boundary conditions that may impact treatment planning. CBCT also has applications for craniofacial anomalies, TMJ assessment, and orthognathic surgery planning by providing detailed 3D visualization of structures.
Imaging in implantology /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Recent advances in radiographic technique /certified fixed orthodontic course...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
CBCT provides high quality 3D images that allow for more accurate implant planning compared to traditional 2D radiography. It allows visualization of anatomical structures in multiple planes, and accurate measurements. While it provides more information, inexperienced clinicians may misinterpret data. CBCT is recommended for implant planning in aesthetic zones, complex cases, and when vital anatomy needs to be assessed. Virtual planning with CBCT can be used to determine grafting needs, tumor resection plans, and angled implant positions to avoid lifting sinus floors.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
CBCT provides high resolution 3D imaging of the maxillofacial region using a low radiation cone-shaped x-ray beam. It acquires full volume data in a single 10 second scan, allowing visualization of hard and some soft tissues from multiple angles. CBCT has numerous applications in dentistry due to its improved accuracy over 2D imaging such as panoramic x-rays. It is useful for implant planning, maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics, temporomandibular joint assessment, trauma cases, and oral pathology diagnosis.
CBCT provides 3D images of the jaws and teeth using low-dose x-rays and computer reconstruction. It allows visualization of bone quality, morphology, and proximity to anatomical structures for applications in dental implant planning, oral surgery, endodontics, orthodontics, and more. CBCT is particularly useful when traditional 2D imaging is limited by anatomical superimposition or inability to assess 3D bone characteristics. Some key uses of CBCT include implant planning, assessment of impacted teeth, maxillofacial trauma, airway imaging, and evaluation of periodontal defects.
The document discusses the advantages of dental CT imaging over traditional dental radiographs. Dental CT provides accurate multi-planar views of the jaw anatomy, allowing for precise measurement of bone dimensions and identification of vital structures. It indicates dental CT is particularly useful for dental implant planning and assessment of complex dental conditions like tumors, cysts, fractures and trauma. The technique of dental CT involves thin slice imaging of the jaw to generate panoramic and cross-sectional views for detailed evaluation.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Evaluation of Hard and Soft Tissue Dimensions Around Zirconium Oxide Implant–...Dr Ripunjay Tripathi
journal club Evaluation of Hard and Soft Tissue Dimensions Around Zirconium Oxide Implant–Supported Crowns: A 1-Year Retrospective Study
Kniha at el , J Periodontol 2016;87:511-518.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document outlines general rules for dental X-ray exposure, including explaining the procedure to the patient, positioning the patient correctly, adjusting exposure factors, ensuring the film is parallel to the tooth, and taking precautions like using lead shields. Key steps are positioning the patient, setting exposure factors to get the right angle and focus, placing the film properly, and processing it safely after capturing the image.
Cephalometric analysis has evolved from traditional 2D radiographs to 3D digital techniques. Broadbent is considered the father of radiographic cephalometry for developing the technique in 1937. While conventional cephalometry is useful for diagnosis, treatment planning and evaluation, it has disadvantages like errors and manual processing. Photocephalometry introduced in 1970s allowed measuring soft tissue changes but was complex. Digital cephalometry since 1980s has advantages like dose reduction and storage. 3D modeling using CT, stereophotogrammetry and laser scans now allows accurate anatomical models for pre-operative simulation and custom implants. Stereolithography is used to produce 3D printed models but has limitations of cost and radiation dose. 3D navigation during
Technological advances in dental implant surgeryPeriowiki.com
This document discusses recent technological advances in dental implant surgery, including computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology and computer-guided implant surgery techniques. It describes computerized tomography (CT) imaging and how CT data can be used for virtual surgical planning and fabrication of surgical guides. The document compares computer-guided implant surgery (CGIS), which uses static surgical guides, to computer-navigated implant surgery (CNIS), which allows for intraoperative modification of the surgical plan. Both techniques aim to increase the accuracy and predictability of dental implant placement.
CBCT imaging allows for more accurate implant planning compared to traditional 2D radiographs. It provides 3D views of the bone that are crucial for determining implant placement and potential augmentation procedures. For a patient with severe maxillary resorption, CBCT revealed thin bone in the premaxilla requiring grafting and sufficient bone in the molar region but requiring sinus lifts. Implants were successfully placed following the CBCT-based treatment plan with grafts and have sufficient bone support and integration.
This document discusses various radiographic techniques used in dental implant planning and assessment. It describes the key phases of implant imaging as pre-surgical, surgical/intraoperative, and post-prosthetic. Various 2D and 3D imaging modalities are discussed, including periapical radiography, panoramic radiography, tomography, computed tomography, cone beam computed tomography, and interactive CT. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are provided. Critical anatomic structures that require careful imaging for implant planning are also outlined.
A very precise and intimate description on radiographic considerations in dental implants, since the advent of the first radiographic modality in 1905, the dental health care professionals have been striving to achieve clarity & excellence in the development & usage of dental radiographic imaging modalities.
I hope this presentation will make this wonderful topic more understandable and easier to digest in the minds of young and experienced dental health care professionals.
by Dr Ishaan Adhaulia
A 4 part seminar on 3D cbct technology for seminar presentations. with added technical details and considerations with differences between a CT technology.
Also it features the technical parameters ,uses and how it is considered useful in each departments of medicine and dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of the use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in endodontics. It discusses the role of imaging in endodontics, compares 2D and 3D imaging, describes the principles and types of CBCT equipment, and reviews the clinical applications, advantages, limitations, and radiation dosage of CBCT. Key applications of CBCT in endodontics include evaluation of root canal anatomy, detection of apical periodontitis, assessment of root canal treatment outcomes, and pre-surgical planning.
Cephalometry (2) /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses various imaging modalities used for dental implants. It begins by introducing implants as a viable option for tooth replacement and outlines three phases of implant imaging: pre-surgical, surgical/intraoperative, and post-prosthetic. Several imaging techniques are described including panoramic, periapical and cephalometric radiography as well as computed tomography. Advantages and limitations of each technique are provided. The document emphasizes that diagnostic imaging should be interpreted alongside a clinical examination.
This document discusses various imaging techniques used in periodontics, including radiography, digital radiography, subtraction radiography, panoramic imaging, CT scans, MRI, and bone scanning. Radiography is described as the most common and important technique for assessing periodontal disease as it provides information on bone levels, furcation involvement, and other factors. Digital radiography provides advantages over traditional films such as instant viewing and reduced radiation exposure.
Cephalometric radiography provides valuable spatial information but has limitations. It produces a two-dimensional image from a three-dimensional object, leading to structure superimposition. Landmark identification can be ambiguous and measurements unreliable without standardized procedures. Radiation exposure is a risk but minimized by modern techniques. Overall, cephalometry remains useful when its limitations are considered.
Diagnostic imaging plays an important role in treatment planning for dental implants. This document discusses various imaging modalities and their use at different phases of implant treatment. 2D imaging like panoramic radiographs provide an overall view but lack detail. Cross-sectional imaging like CT provides more detailed assessment of bone dimensions, quality and proximity to anatomical structures, important for accurate implant planning and placement. The selection of an appropriate imaging technique depends on the treatment phase and desired information.
Evaluating spatial and frequency domain enhancement techniques on dental imag...IJECEIAES
Dental imaging provides the patient's anatomical details for the dental implant based on the maxillofacial structure and the two-dimensional geometric projection, helping clinical experts decide whether the implant surgery is suitable for a particular patient. Dental images often suffer from problems associated with random noise and low contrast factors, which need effective preprocessing operations. However, each enhancement technique comes with some advantages and limitations. Therefore, choosing a suitable image enhancement method always a difficult task. In this paper, a universal framework is proposed that integrates the functionality of various enhancement mechanisms so that dentists can select a suitable method of their own choice to improve the quality of dental image for the implant procedure. The proposed framework evaluates the effectiveness of both frequency domain enhancement and spatial domain enhancement techniques on dental images. The selection of the best enhancement method further depends on the output image perceptibility responses, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and sharpness. The proposed framework offers a flexible and scalable approach to the dental expert to perform enhancement of a dental image according to visual image features and different enhancement requirements.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Videocephalometry/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Recent advances in radiographic technique /certified fixed orthodontic course...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
1) Advances in digital radiographic techniques have provided alternatives to conventional film-based radiography. Two-dimensional digital imaging modalities include intraoral and extraoral techniques like periapical, panoramic, and cephalometric imaging.
2) Digital intraoral imaging can be achieved indirectly by scanning conventional films, semi-directly using photo-stimulable phosphor plates, or directly with solid-state sensors like CCD and CMOS devices. Extraoral imaging uses CCD sensors in panoramic and cephalometric units.
3) Digital images allow for enhancements like adjustments to contrast and brightness as well as measurements not possible with conventional radiography. However, two-dimensional imaging can
Videocephalometry /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
There are several imaging modalities that can be used at different phases of the implant process. Pre-prosthetic imaging determines bone quality and structure. Surgical imaging assists with optimal implant positioning and orientation. Post-prosthetic imaging evaluates long-term fixation and bone levels. Common modalities include panoramic radiography for multiple sites, periapical radiography for single sites, and computed tomography for precise measurements. Three-dimensional imaging like CT provides advantages over conventional two-dimensional imaging but also has limitations like cost and special software requirements. The goal is to select the appropriate imaging technique based on a patient's needs and what is available.
There are several imaging modalities that can be used at different phases of the implant process. Pre-prosthetic imaging determines bone quality and structure. Surgical imaging assists with optimal implant positioning and orientation. Post-prosthetic imaging evaluates long-term fixation and bone levels. Common modalities include panoramic radiography for multiple sites, periapical radiography for single sites, and computed tomography for precise measurements. Three-dimensional imaging like CT provides advantages over conventional two-dimensional imaging but also has limitations like cost and specialized software/equipment needs. The goal is to select the appropriate imaging technique based on a patient's clinical needs and what is available.
This document discusses cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and its applications in dental practice. CBCT provides sub-millimeter resolution images of the maxillofacial skeleton in a fraction of the time and radiation dose of conventional CT. It allows reconstruction of 3D volumetric data into multiplanar reformatted images. Specific applications discussed include implant planning, pathology assessment, temporomandibular joint imaging, and orthodontics. Advanced display modes like curved planar reformation and volume rendering provide familiar views useful for clinical evaluation and measurement.
Similar to Diagnostic imaging /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy (20)
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
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at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
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1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
2. INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. Introduction
Diagnostic imaging and techniques help to develop
and implement a cohesive and comprehensive
treatment plan for the implant team and the
patient. The decision of when to image along with
which imaging modality to use depends on the
integration of these factors and can be organized
into three phases
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. Phase one is termed pre-prosthetic implant imaging
and involves all past radiologic examinations along
with new radiologic examinations chosen to assist the
implant team in determining the patient’s final and
comprehensive treatment plan. The objectives of this
phase of imaging include all necessary surgical and
prosthetic information to determine the quantity,
quality, and angulation of bone; the relationship of
critical structures to the prospective implant sites;
and the presence or absence of disease at the
proposed surgery sites.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. Phase two is termed surgical and interventional
implant imaging and is focused on assisting in the
surgical and prosthetic intervention of the patient.
The objectives of this phase of imaging are to evaluate
the surgery sites during and immediately after
surgery, assist in the optimal position and orientation
of dental implants, evaluate the healing and
integration phase of implant surgery, and ensure
abutment position and prosthesis fabrication are
correct.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. Phase three is termed post-prosthetic implant
imaging. It commences just after the prosthesis
placement and continues as long as the implants
remain in the jaws. The objectives of this phase of
imaging are to evaluate the long-term maintenance
of implant rigid fixation and function, including
the crestal bone levels around each implant, and to
evaluate the implant complex.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. Imaging modalities
Once a decision to image the patient has been
made, the imaging modality is employed that
yields the necessary diagnostic information
related to the patient’s clinical needs and results
in the least radiologic risk. Some of the imaging
modalities that have been reported as useful for
dental implant imaging include,
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. The imaging modalities listed above can be sub
divided into planar two dimensional, quasi three
dimensional,
and
three-dimensional
imaging
modalities.
Planar imaging modalities include
periapical bite wings, occlusal and cephalometric
imaging and are simply two dimensional projections
of the patient’s anatomy. Thus, it is not possible for
the clinician to develop a three-dimensional
perspective of the patient’s anatomy with a single
image.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. Quasi three-dimensional imaging modalities include
x-ray tomography and some cross sectional
panoramic imaging techniques.
With these
techniques, a number of closely spaced tomographic
images are produced and the three dimensional
perspective of the patient’s anatomy is developed by
viewing each image and mentally filling in the gaps.
Three-dimensional imaging techniques
include computed tomography and magnetic
resonance imaging and enable the clinician to view a
volume of the patient’s anatomy. These techniques
are quantitatively accurate and three-dimensional
www.indiandentalacademy.com
models of the patient’s anatomy can be derived from
11. Most dentists are more familiar with analog, twodimensional imaging. Analog imaging modalities are
two-dimensional systems that employ x-ray film and/or
intensifying screens as the image receptors
Digital images can also be produced with each
imaging modality listed before.
A digital twodimensional image is described by an image matrix that
has individual picture elements called pixels. A digital
image is described by its width and height and pixels
(i.e., 512 by 512). For larger digital image (i.e., 1.2M by
1.2M [M= megapixel]), the image is alternatively
described as a 1.5 megapixel image. Each picture
element or “pixel” has a discrete digital value that
describes the image intensity at that particular point.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The value of a pixel element is described by a scale,
12. which may be as low as 8 bits (256 values) or as high as
12 bits (4096 values) for black and white imaging
systems, or 36 bits (65 billion values) for color imaging
systems. Black and white digital images are optimally
displayed on a dedicated black and white monitor.
Generally, 8 bits or 256 levels can be effectively
displayed on a monitor
A digital three-dimensional image is described by
an image matrix that has individual image/picture
elements called voxels. A digital three-dimensional
image is described not only by its width and height and
pixels (i.e., 512 by 512), but additionally, by its
depth/thickness.
An imaging volume or threedimensional characterization of the patient is produced
www.indiandentalacademy.com
by contiguous images, which produces a three
13. dimensional structure of volume elements (i.e.,
computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging
and interactive computed tomography). Each volume
element has a value that describes its intensity level.
Typically, three-dimensional modalities have an
intensity scale of 12 bits or 4096 values. The threedimensional imaging modalities are as follows,
•
Computed tomography
•
Magnetic resonance imaging
•
Interactive computed tomography
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. Preprosthetic imaging
This phase of implant imaging is intended to evaluate
the current status of the patient’s teeth and jaws and to
develop and refine the patient’s treatment plan.
The specific objectives of preprosthetic imaging are to,
1. Identify disease
2. Determine bone quantity
3. Determine bone density
4. Identify critical structures at the proposed implant
regions
5.
Determine the optimum position of implant
www.indiandentalacademy.com
placement relative to occlusal loads.
15. Periapical radiography
Periapical radiographs are images of a limited region
of the mandibular or maxillary alveolus. Periapical
radiographs are produced by placing the film
intraorally parallel to the body of the alveolus with the
central ray of the x-ray device perpendicular to the
alveolus at the region of interest, producing a lateral
view of the alveolus. Periapical radiographs provide a
lateral view of the jaws and no cross sectional
information.
Periapical radiographs may suffer from both distortion
and magnification. The long cone paralleling
technique will eliminate distortion and limit
magnification to lesswww.indiandentalacademy.com
than 10%.
16. Burn out effects are common when standard kV and mA
are used, making crestal bone loss with digital intraoral
systems of benefit in these situations.
In terms of the objectives of pre-prosthetic imaging,
periapical radiography is
1. A useful high yield modality for ruling out local
bone or dental disease.
2. Of limited value in determining quantity because
the image is magnified, may be distorted, and does not
depict the third dimension of bone width,
3. Of limited value in determining bone density or
mineralization (the lateral cortical plates prevent accurate
interpretation and cannot differentiate subtle trabecular
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. bone changes) .
4. Of value in identifying critical structures, but of
little use in depicting the spatial relationship between
the structures and the proposed implant site. In the
pre-prosthetic phase, these films are most often used for
single tooth implants in regions of abundant bone
width.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. Occlusal radiography
Occlusal radiographs are planar radiographs
produced by placing the film intraorally parallel to the
occlusal plane with the central x-ray perpendicular to
the film for the mandibular image and oblique (usually
45 degrees) to the film for the maxillary image.
Occlusal radiography produces high-resolution planar
images of the body of the mandible or the maxilla.
Maxillary occlusal radiographs are inherently oblique
and so distorted they are of no quantitative use for
implant dentistry, for either determining the geometry
or the degree of mineralization of the implant site.
Additionally, critical structures such as the maxillary
sinus, nasal cavity and nasal palatine canal are
www.indiandentalacademy.com
demonstrated but the cavity, and nasal palatine canal
19. are demonstrated, but the spatial relationship to the
implant site is generally lost with this projection.
Because the mandibular occlusal radiograph is an
orthogonal projection, it is less distorted projection
than the maxillary occlusal radiograph. However, the
mandibular alveolus generally flares anteriorly and
demonstrates a lingual inclination posteriorly. It
produces an oblique and distorted image of the
mandibular alveolus, which is of little use in implant
dentistry. As a result, occlusal radiographs are rarely
indicated for diagnostic pre-prosthetic phases in
implant dentistry.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. Cephalometric radiographs
Cephalometric radiographs are oriented planar
radiographs of the skull. A cross sectional image of the
alveolus of both the mandible and the maxilla in the
midsagittal plane is demonstrated by this radiograph.
With a slight rotation of the cephalometer, a cross
sectional image of the mandible or maxilla can be
demonstrated in the lateral incisor or in the canine
regions as well. The lateral cephalometric radiograph
is useful because it demonstrates the geometry of the
alveolus in the anterior region and the relationship of
the lingual plate to the patient’s skeletal anatomy. The
width of bone in the symphysis region and the
relationship betweenwww.indiandentalacademy.com and the roots of
the buccal cortex
21. the anterior teeth may also be determined before
harvesting this bone for ridge augmentation.
Together with regional periapical radiographs,
quantitative spatial information is available to
demonstrate the geometry of the implant site and
spatial relationship between the implant site and the
spatial relationship between the implant site and
critical structures such as the floor of the nasal palatine
canal. Additionally the lateral cephalometric view can
help evaluate a loss of vertical dimension, skeletal arch
interrelationship, anterior crown implant ratio,
anterior tooth position in the prosthesis and resultant
moment of forces.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. If desired foil can be placed over the anterior teeth in
a set of dentures, which if worn during exposure of
the lateral cephalogram, can demonstrate clearly the
relationship of the teeth to the ridge and the ridge
relationship. This provides insight as to angulation of
the implants to place them in ideal locations for the
implant supported or tissue supported prosthesis.
However, this technique is not useful for
demonstrating bone quality.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. Panoramic radiography
Panoramic radiography is a curved plane
tomographic radiographic technique used to depict
the body of the mandible, maxilla and the lower one
half of the maxillary sinuses in a single image.
Panoramic images offer the following advantages,
1.
Opposing landmarks are easily identified.
2.
The vertical height of bone initially can be
assessed
3. The procedure is performed with convenience,
ease, and speed in most dental offices.
4.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Gross anatomy of the jaws and any related
24. Panoramic Magnification:
Panoramic radiography is characterized by an image
of the jaws that demonstrates both vertical and
horizontal magnification, along with a tomographic
section, thickness that varies according to the
anatomic position.
Nonuniform magnification of structures produces
images with distortion that cannot be compensated
for in treatment planning. The posterior maxillary
regions are generally the least distorted regions of a
panoramic radiograph.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. Panoramic radiography
1.
Does not
mineralization
demonstrate
bone
quality/
2. Is misleading quantitatively because of
magnification and because the third dimension,
cross-sectional view, is not demonstrated
3.
Is of some use in demonstrating critical
structures but of little use in depicting the spatial
relationship between the structures and dimensional
quantitation of the implant site.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. Because panoramic radiography is such a popular
and widely available technique in dentistry, clinicians
have developed means to compensate for panoramic
radiography’s shortcomings.
It has been demonstrated recently that the use of
templates with incorporated metal spheres of known
diameter in situ when the radiograph is taken can
effectively eliminate the distortion problems. The
metal spheres appear radiopaque in the final film.
Because their diameter is known, it is easy to calculate
the true bone height.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. Here is an example of the calculation for the posterior
region: The true diameter of the sphere (D-real) is 5
mm, but its diameter on the radiograph (D-PR) is
measured at 6 mm. The distance between the alveolar
crest and the mandibular canal is measured on the film
as 18mm (A-PR). To determine the real distance
between the alveolar crest and the mandibular canal
(A-real), simply solve the following equation.
A-real / A-PR = D-real / D-PR
A-real = 18 × 5 / 6
A-real = 15 mm
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28. However, studies have demonstrated the mandibular
foramen cannot be identified 30% of the time on the x-ray
and when visible may not identified correctly.
Dimensions of inclined structures cannot be relied
upon in panoramic radiographs.
Recently a modification of the panoramic x-ray
machine has been developed that has the capability of
making a cross sectional image of the jaws. These devices
employ limited angle linear tomography (zonography) and
a means for positioning the patient. The tomographic
layer is approximately 5 mm. This technique enables the
appreciation of spatial relationship between the critical
structures and the implant site and quantification of the
geometry of the implant site. This technique is not useful
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. for determining the differences in most bone densities
or identifying disease at the implant site.
Tomography
Tomography is a generic term, formed from the Greek
words tomo (slice) and graph (picture). Body section
radiography is a special x-ray technique that enables
visualization of a section of the patient’s anatomy by
blurring regions of the patient’s anatomy above and
below the section of interest.
There have been many ingenious tomographic
methods and devices. However, the basic principle of
tomography is that the x-ray tube and film are
connected by a rigid www.indiandentalacademy.com
bar called the fulcrum bar, which
30. pivots on a point called the fulcrum. When the system
is energized, the x-ray tube moves in one direction with
the film plane moving in the opposite direction and
system pivoting about the fulcrum. The fulcrum
remains stationary and defines the section of interest,
or the tomographic layer. Factors that affect
tomographic quality are the amplitude and direction
of tube travel. The greater the amplitude of tube
travel, the thinner the tomographic section. Linear
tomography is the simplest form of tomography where
the x-ray tube and film move in a straight line.
Circular, spiral, and hypocycloidal are tube motions
employed in complex tomography. Magnification
varies from approximately 10% to 30% with higher
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. magnification generally producing higher quality
images.
For dental implant patients high quality complex
motion tomography demonstrates the alveolus, and
taking magnification into consideration, enables
quantification of the geometry of the alveolus. This
technique also enables determination of the spatial
relationship between the critical structures and the
implant site. Ideally, tomographic section spaced every
1 or 2 mm enable evaluation of the implant site region,
and with mental integration, enable appreciation of the
quasi three dimensional appearance of the alveolus.
The quantity of alveolar bone available for implant
placement can be determined by compensation for
www.indiandentalacademy.com
magnification. Post imaging digitization of tomographic
32. implant images enables use of a digital ruler to aid
in the determination of alveolar bone for implant
placement. Image enhancement can aid in
identifying critical structures such as the inferior
alveolar canal.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. Computed tomography
Computed tomography (CT) is a digital and
mathematical imaging technique that creates
tomographic sections where the tomographic layer is
not contaminated by blurred structures from
adjacent anatomy.
Additionally, and probably most important,
computed tomography enables differentiation and
quantification of both soft and hard tissues.
CT was invented by sir Hounsfield and announced to
the imaging world in 1972. CT images are inherently
three dimensional digital images typically 512 by 512
pixels with a thickness described by the slice spacing
www.indiandentalacademy.com
of the imaging technique.
36. The individual element of the CT image is called a
voxel, which has a value, referred to in Hounsfield
units, that describes the density of the CT image at
that point. Each voxel contains 12 bits of data and
ranges from –1000 (air) to +3000 (enamel/dental
materials) Hounsfield units.
CT scanners are
standardized at a Hounsfield value of 0 for water.
The CT density scale is quantitative and meaningful
in identifying and differentiating structures and
tissues.
The density of structures within the image is
absolute and quantitative and can be used to
differentiate tissues and the region and characterize
www.indiandentalacademy.com
bone quality.
37. CT enables identification of disease, determination
of bone quantity, identification of critical structures
at the proposed regions, and determination of the
position and orientation of the dental implants.
Thus CT is capable of determining all five of the
radiologic objectives of pre-prosthetic implant
imaging
www.indiandentalacademy.com
40. Interactive computed tomography
This technique enables the radiologist to transfer the
imaging study to the clinician as a computer file and
enable the clinician to view and interact with the
imaging study on their own computer.
The
clinician’s computer becomes a diagnostic radiologic
workstation with tools to measure the length and the
width of the alveolus, measure bone quality and
change the window and level of the gray scale of the
study to enhance the perception of critical structures.
An important feature of ICT is that the
clinician and radiologist can perform “electronic
surgery” (ES) by selecting and placing arbitrary size
www.indiandentalacademy.com
41. cylinders that stimulate root form implants in the
images. With an appropriately designed diagnostic
template, ES can be performed to electronically
develop the patient’s treatment plan in three
dimensions.
With the number and size of implants accurately
determined along with the density bone at the
proposed implant sites, characteristics of implants can
be accurately determined before surgery. At this time,
ICT is the most accurate imaging technique for
implant imaging and surgery but suffers some
limitations.
ES enables placement of electronic
implants in the imaging study but refinement and
exact relative orientation of the implant positions is
www.indiandentalacademy.com
42. difficult and cumbersome. Transfer of the plan to the
patient at the time of surgery can be accomplished by
simple visualization and comprehension by a skilled
and experienced surgeon, using positions and
orientations obtained from ICT and ES to convert the
diagnostic template into a surgical template. It can
also be accomplished by the production of the
computer generated, three-dimensional stereotactic
surgical templates from the digital ICT and ES data.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
43. Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a technique
developed in medical imaging that is probably the most
innovative and revolutionary other than computed
tomography. MR is an imaging technique used to image
the protons of the body by employing magnetic field,
radio frequencies, electromagnetic detectors, and
computers. The technique was first announced by
Lauterbur in 1972.
Digital MR images are characterized by voxels with
an in-plane resolution measured pixels (512 by 512) and
millimeters and section thickness measured in
millimeters (2 to 3 mm) for high resolution imaging
www.indiandentalacademy.com
acquisitions.
44. MR is used in implant imaging as a secondary imaging
technique when primary imaging techniques such as
complex tomography, CT, or ICT fail. Complex
tomography fails to differentiate the inferior alveolar
canal in 60% of implant cases and CT fails to
differentiate the inferior alveolar canal in
approximately 2% of implant cases. Failure to
differentiate the inferior alveolar canal may be caused
by osteoporotic trabecular bone and poorly corticated
inferior alveolar canal. MR visualizes the fat in
trabecular bone and differentiates the inferior alveolar
canal and neurovascular bundle from the adjacent
trabecular bone.
MR is not useful in characterizing bone mineralization
www.indiandentalacademy.com
or for identifying bone or dental disease.
45. Diagnostic templates
The purpose of diagnostic radiographic templates is
to incorporate the patient’s proposed treatment
plan into the radiographic examination.
This
requires that a treatment plan be developed prior to
the imaging procedure.
The pre-prosthetic imaging procedure enables
evaluation of the proposed implant site at the ideal
position and orientation identified by radiographic
markers incorporated into the template.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
46. Computed tomography
The precision of CT enables use of complex and
precise diagnostic template. The exact position and
orientation of the implant, which many times
determines the actual length and diameter of the
implant, is often dictated by the prosthesis. As such,
a diagnostic template used during imaging is most
beneficial. The surfaces of the proposed restorations
and the exact position and orientation of each dental
implant should be incorporated into the diagnostic
CT template.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
47. There are two diagnostic templates, one
produced from the vacuform reproduction, and one
produced from a processed acrylic reproduction of the
diagnostic wax-up.
The processed acrylic template is modified by coating
the proposed restoration with a thin film of barium
sulfate and filling a hole drilled through the occlusal
surface of the restoration with gutta percha. The
surfaces of the proposed restoration then become
radiopaque in the CT examination and the position and
orientation of the proposed implant is identified by the
radiopaque plug of gutta percha within the proposed
restoration.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
48. The vacuform template has a number of variations.
One design involves coating the proposed restorations
with a thin film of barium sulfate. Another design
involves filling the proposed restoration sites in the
vacuform of the diagnostic wax up with a blend of
10% barium sulfate and 90% cold cure acrylic. This
results in a radiopaque tooth appearance of the
proposed restorations in the CT examination. The last
design modifies the previous design by drilling a 2 mm
hole through the occlusal surface of the proposed
restoration at the ideal position and orientation of the
proposed restoration at the ideal position and
orientation of the proposed implant site with a twist
drill. This results in a natural tooth like appearance to
the proposed restoration in the CT examination where
www.indiandentalacademy.com
all the surfaces for the restoration are evident along
49. with a 2-mm. radiolucent channel through the
restoration, which precisely identifies the position and
orientation of the proposed implant.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
55. The circumference guide only traces the outline of the
planned prosthesis; it does not provide necessary
transposition of prosthetic and/ or bone angulation
information. The vertical lead strip and gutta-percha
guides serve primarily as imaging indicators and
allow for some surgical latitude in preparation of
osteotomy sites. The metal sleeve guide used in
conjunction with a set up disk appears to be the most
accurate imaging and surgical guide. It serves as an
imaging and a precision surgical osteotomy guide,
ensuring consistency between the planned prosthetic
angulation (confirmed by diagnostic imaging) and the
trajectory of osteotomy during the surgical phase.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
56. Although intracoronal cylinders and barium sulfate
allowed one to evaluate the relationship of the final
restoration to available bone, problems still existed.
First, the adjacent cross-sections in the CT study
appeared similar, and identifying a specific area posed
problems. Second, because intracoronal markers were
removed before or during surgery, the ability to
maintain the proper orientation determined from the
CT scan was lost.
Maintaining proper orientation can be achieved by use
of a diagnostic/surgical template with an external guide
wire and precision milled cylinders, used initially
during the radiographic imaging phase and then
subsequently duringwww.indiandentalacademy.com
the surgical phase. The location
57. and inclination of theintended implant placement can
be transferred accurately to the diagnostic/surgical
template by use of precision milled cylinders. These
cylinders are placed in the template at the proper
angulation and linear dimensions are extrapolated
from the CT. Incorporation of wires placed on the
buccal surface of the template allows identification of
the preferred implant site. Once the cylinder is
removed, the externally placed buccal wire remains a
constant and consistent reference point to be used
throughout the surgery. Kevin. C. Kopp etal in their
article illustrated a technique to allow precise implant
placement
with
customized
barium-coated
diagnostic/surgical templates, internal precision
www.indiandentalacademy.com
58. milled cylinders, external guide wires with a CT scan,
and interactive software to facilitate improved
presurgical implant diagnostics and prosthetically
directed implant placement.
Fig. 1. Acrylic resin teeth luted in place and occlusion
verified
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59. Fig. 2. Buccal wire luted in place.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
60. Fig. 3. Cross-sections in SIM/Plant of desired sections.
Frame 37 demonstrates buccal wire (arrow).
www.indiandentalacademy.com
61. Fig. 4. Implant replica placed at ideal
angulation.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
62. Fig. 5. A, Angulation to buccal wire is calculated.
B, Linear relationship to buccal wire is calculated.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
63. Fig. 6. A, Modified surveyor table is adjusted to correct
buccal-lingual and mesiodistal angulation as
determined from SIM/Plant. Protractor is used to
determine angle on surveyor table. B, Finalized position
of surveyor table spatially.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
64. Fig. 7. A, Cylinders fixed in proper position with guide
pins to verify alignment. B, Final implant placement.
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65. Fig. 8. A, Prepared abutments.
B, Provisional restoration.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
66. Tomography
Diagnostic templates for tomography examinations are
generally less precise than those required in CT
examinations. The diagnostic information available
from tomography examinations is not as detailed or as
a precise as that available from CT examinations. The
simplest tomography template is produced by
obtaining a vacuform of the patient’s diagnostic cast
with 3-mm. ball bearing placed at the proposed
implant positions. A number of tomograms of the
implant region are produced with the implant site
identified by the one in which the ball bearing is in
sharp focus. The ball bearing can additionally serve as
www.indiandentalacademy.com
a measure of the magnification of the imaging system.
67. Templates that incorporate metal cylinder or tubes at
the proposed implant sites also enable evaluation of
tomograms for the orientation along with the
position of the proposed implant.
Surgical templates
Diagnostic templates can be modified and used as
surgical templates.
If metamorphosis from
diagnostic template to surgical template is the
objective of the surgeon, the diagnostic template
should be selected and fabricated with that in mind.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
68. CAD CAM stereotactic surgical templates
Anatomically accurate three-dimensional models of
the patient’s alveolar anatomy can be produced by a
number of cadcam and rapid prototyping procedures.
Cadcam surgical stereotactic templates can be
produced from CT examinations that have used
interactive CT to develop a three-dimensional
treatment plan for the patient of the position and
orientation of dental implants.
A stereotactic surgical template is derived from the
model by aligning guide cylinders at the implant sites,
which just accommodate a pilot drill, and producing a
vacuform using surgical template material of the model
www.indiandentalacademy.com
and guide cylinders. This results in a plastic surgical
69. template that fits and conforms to patient’s bony
anatomy and supports the position and orientation of
the guide cylinders, which precisely reproduce the
position and orientation of the proposed implants.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
70. Surgical and Interventional imaging
Surgical and interventional imaging involves
imaging the patient during and immediately after
surgery, and during the placement of the prosthesis.
The purpose of surgical imaging is to evaluate the
depth of implant placement, the position and
orientation of implants/osteotomies, and to evaluate
donor or graft sites.
The patient can be generally imaged at chair
side with periapical radiography to determine implant
osteotomy depth position, and orientation.
Corrections for magnification, similar to those
employed in endodontics, are necessary to quantify the
www.indiandentalacademy.com
depth of the osteotomy. The disadvantage of
71. periapical radiography is that a darkroom and
approximately 5 minutes per radiograph for film
processing is generally required. Digital periapical
image receptors enable virtually instantaneous image
acquisition, produce image quality similar to that of
dental film, and enable the surgical procedure to
proceed without undue delay. For extensive implant
procedures that may involve the entire jaw, both jaws,
large donor graft sites, or sinus graft augmentation
panoramic radiography will provide a more global
view of the patient’s anatomy.
Periapical or digital periapical radiography are useful
modalities to determine if the implant components and
prosthesis are seatedwww.indiandentalacademy.com
or fitted appropriately.
72. The anti-rotation devices of the implant body may
prevent the abutment form seating in the correct
position. This may be difficult to ascertain because
the implant crest module is often at the bone crest
and the tissue is several millimeters thick. An x-ray
examination is also performed to determine if the
metal framework and or final restoration is
completely seated, and the margins are acceptable
around the implants and/or teeth. The important
portion to image is the crestal aspect of the implant
not the apex.
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73. Post-prosthetic imaging
The purpose of post prosthetic implant imaging
is to evaluate the status and prognosis of the dental
implant. The bone adjacent to the dental implant
should be evaluated on a routine basis for changes in
mineralization or bone volume. Loss of cylindrical
bone volume adjacent to the implant surface may
indicate excessive axial or shear loading, bone
damage during implant placement, integration failure
with an epithelial bone implant interface,
inflammation, and/or infection.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
74. Periapical radiography
The implant bone interface is depicted only at the
mesial, or distal, inferior, and crestal aspects or, where
the central ray the x-ray source is tangent to the
implant surface.
Other regions of the implant
interface are simply not depicted well by this modality.
Bite-wing radiographs
The short and long-term evaluation of crestal
bone loss around implants is best evaluated with
intraoral radiographs. Threaded implants make
qualification of marginal bone loss easier to read.
Most threaded implants have a smooth crestal region
that measures 0.8 towww.indiandentalacademy.com on the
2 mm, depending
75. manufacturer, before the threads begin. Once the
threads begin, there is a consistent pitch (distance
between the threads). As a result, the amount of
crestal bone loss can be determined when compared to
the original implant insertion and initial radiograph of
the prosthesis.
The image is optimal when the implant body threads
can be seen clearly on both sides.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
76. Temporal digital subtraction radiography
Temporal digital subtraction radiography (SR) is a
radiographic technique that enable two radiographs made
at different points of time of the same anatomic region to
be subtracted resulting in an image of the difference
between the two original radiographs. The resulting
substraction image depicts changes in the patient’s
anatomy such as alveolar mineralization or volume
changes during the time between which the two
radiographs were made. In addition to identifying mesial
and distal changes in the alveolar bone, SR can also depict
buccal and lingual changes in alveolar bone.
SR has had limited utilization in clinical practice because
of the difficulty in www.indiandentalacademy.com
obtaining reproducible periapical
radiographs.
77. Computed tomography
Although CT cannot match the resolution of SR or
periapical radiography, the quantitative gray scale
and three-dimensional characteristics of CT enable
evaluation of the bone implant interface in all
orientations.
Failing implants characterized by
trabecular and crestal demineralization; resorption of
the bone implant interface; cortical plate fenestration;
and perforation of the inferior alveolar canal cortical
plates, and nasal cavity or maxillary sinus floor can be
identified with CT.
The three dimensional imaging capabilities of CT
enable precise evaluation of the position of dental
implants relative to www.indiandentalacademy.com such as the
critical structures
78. inferior alveolar canal, the mental foramen,
maxillary sinus, nasal cavity incisive foramen,
anterior loop, adjacent teeth, buccal or lingual
cortical plates, and so on.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
79. Review of Literature
1. Siu AS, Li TK, Chu FC, Comfort MB, Chow TW
( 2003)
A new contrast medium, Lipiodol ethiodized oil
(Laboratoire Guerbet, Paris, France), can easily be
mixed with the monomer of autopolymerizing acrylic
resin. The resultant acrylic template has several
advantages. the radiopaque template is optically
transparent (with a slight yellow tint), which
facilitates good visibility of surgical sites when the
template is modified to become the surgical guide for
implant placement. Implant Dent. 2003;12(1):35-40.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
80. 2.
Kopp
KC,
Koslow
AH,
Abdo
OS.(
2003)
The technique described facilitates precise dental
implant placement. A barium-coated template with
external guide wires used in conjunction with a
computed tomography scan and interactive software
may provide superior presurgical diagnostics,
treatment planning, and prosthetically directed
implant placement. Measurements predetermined on
the computed tomography scan can be transferred
accurately to the diagnostic/surgical template by use of
a precision milled cylinder placed into the template at
the proper angulation and linear dimensions. The
diagnostic/surgical template shows the surgeon the
www.indiandentalacademy.com
optimal position for implant placement, thus
81. establishing greater clinical confidence when placing
implants. (Predictable implant placement with a
diagnostic/surgical
template
and
advanced
radiographic imaging.) J Prosthet Dent. 2003
Jun;89(6):611-5.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
82. 3. Dov Along et al (2001) described fabrication of
imaging and surgical guides for dental implants. They
concluded that the circumference guide only traces the
outline of the planned prosthesis; it does not provide
necessary transposition of prosthetic and/ or bone
angulation information. The vertical lead strip and
gutta-percha guides serve primarily as imaging
indicators and allow for some surgical latitude in
preparation of osteotomy sites. The metal sleeve guide
used in conjunction with a set up disk appears to be
the most accurate imaging and surgical guide. It
serves as an imaging and a precision surgical
osteotomy guide, ensuring consistency between the
www.indiandentalacademy.com
83. planned prosthetic angulation (confirmed by
diagnostic imaging) and the trajectory of osteotomy
during the surgical phase. JPD 2001:85:504-508.
4. Aryatawong S, Aryatawong K. (2000). The aim of
their study was to evaluate the possibility of locating
the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) before mandibular
posterior osteotomy or implant surgery using a
computer-controlled hypocycloidal tomographic
system. The visibility of the IAC was graded as
excellent or good in 74% and fair in 11.7% of the
sites. In 14.3% of cases, the canal was graded as
invisible. Conventional hypocycloidal tomography
has been shown to be a useful radiographic technique
www.indiandentalacademy.com
for preoperative assessment of the IAC in the
84. posterior mandible. (Evaluation of the inferior
alveolar canal by cross-sectional hypocycloidal
tomography.). Implant Dent. 2000;9(4):339-45.
5. Cehreli MC, Aslan Y, Sahin S. (2000). In this
article, the fabrication of a bilaminar dual-purpose
stent that facilitates ease in implant placement with
improved verification of implant positioning is
described. The outer lamina is designed for use in
the computed tomography evaluation, using
radiopaque markers. The verification of implant
alignment and positioning, according to the
determined prosthesis, is also performed with this
template after modifying it for surgery. The inner
lamina is designed www.indiandentalacademy.com
to accept 2 removable surgical
85. acrylic resin stents with different guide channels that
avoids the risk of surgical malpractice. J Prosthet Dent.
2000 Jul;84(1):55-8.
6. Dov M. Almog, Rodolfo Sanchez. (1999) evaluated
correlation between planned prosthetic and residual
bone trajectories in dental implants.
They used
tomographic survey in conjunction with imaging
guides. They found that the discrepancies between the
planned prosthetic and the residual bone trajectories
were greater in the mandibular molar area. J Prosthet
Dent 1999: 81:5: 562.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
86. 7. Cem Devge et al (1997).
Studied magnetic
resonance imaging in patients with dental implants.
They concluded that a patient with intra oral or extra
oral Branemark implants may be exposed to an MRI
examination without any risk. The resulting artifacts
are minor. If the patient has any fixation magnets or
magnet keepers attached to the implants or the
prosthesis for its retention, these should be
temporarily removed not only to avoid major
artifacts, but also to eliminate the risk of implant loss.
IJOMI 1997: 12:3:354-359
www.indiandentalacademy.com
87. 8. Gray CF, Redpath TW, Smith FW (1996). Unlike
computerized tomography (CT) and other xradiographic techniques, MRI uses no ionizing
radiation, and is capable of angulating and offsetting its
scan plane at will. Good bone detail is available because
cancellous bone yields a strong signal from the marrow
fat, while cortical bone and dental enamel are dark. The
excellent anatomic detail provided by thin-slice highresolution MRI allows for assessment of the suitability
of sites to receive an implant in terms of bone quality
and thickness, and the relative position of the site to
important structures such as the inferior dental nerve
and nasal sinuses. J Oral Implantol. 1996;22(2):147-53.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
88. 9. Takeshita F, Suetsugu T (1996). This article
describes a method of fabricating a template with a
stainless steel tube sprue for accurate radiographic
evaluation and implant placement. Stainless steel tube
sprues are inexpensive, indicate the eventual implant
inclination, and facilitate precise placement, from the
CT scan without any interference from scattered
radiation. J Prosthet Dent. 1996 Dec;76(6):590-1.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
89. 10. Lam E.W Reprecht and Yang (1995).
Panoramic radiography and 2-D orthoradially
reformatted CT images were used to measure bone
height in the mandible and maxillae of patients
undergoing preoperative assessments for dental
implant placement.
The greatest differences
between the two techniques occurred in instances in
which the use of dental implants would be
particularly advantageous, that is in regions with
less than 15 mm of remaining bone. JPD
1995:74:42-46.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
90. 11. Basten CH. ( 1995)
The computer tomogram prepared with the aid of
the radiopaque template allows the evaluation of the
implant sites in relation to the outline of the planned
restoration. The radiographic template is converted
into the surgical template, which contains
information regarding the optimal position and
angulation of implants. Because the surgical template
is a modification of the radiographic template, which
rests rigidly on the teeth during all procedures,
implant placement is more predictable. Quintessence
Int. 1995 Sep;26(9):609-12.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
91. 12.TanKB.(1995). Besides the basic clinical examination
and the use of mounted study models, radiographic
imaging is an essential adjunctive aid in treatment
planning. The latest imaging modality, multiplanar
reformatted CT (MPR-CT) is the most comprehensive
and accurate presently available. It allows precise
assessment of the three-dimensional architecture and
internal anatomy of the jaws. This enables accurate
preoperative evaluation for planning implant fixture
placement with maximal use of bone. The use of
radiographic stents (with radiographic markers
incorporated) derived from diagnostic wax-ups or setups is essential. This provides reference points to
determine the available bone at the exact spatial
www.indiandentalacademy.com
location and orientation of the planned implant fixture
92. at all primary and alternate sites. The same
radiographic stent is then converted to a surgical guide
stent for precise location of surgical implant sites. Ann
Acad Med Singapore. 1995 Jan;24(1):68-75.
13. Ludlow JB, Nason RH Jr, Hutchens LH Jr,
Moriarty J. (1995). This study evaluated the diagnostic
accuracy of periapical, tomographic, and crosssectional occlusal radiographic techniques in the
assessment of facial and lingual bone loss at implant
obscured sites. Cross-sectional occlusal views provided
significantly greater mean observer confidence scores
than either periapical images or tomograms (P < .01).
However, tomograms may provide greater utility in
actual
clinicalpractice.
Implant
Dent.
1995
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Spring;4(1):13-8.
93. 14.
Siddiqui AA, Caudill R, Beatty K. (1995)
A technique for the measurement of bone loss around
endosseous implants using an optical comparator was
investigated. The bone loss around the implant was
calculated by taking the average of the mesial and
distal measurements. Statistical analysis at the 95
percent confidence level demonstrated that there was
no significant difference among the measurements.
Although the initial results are encouraging, additional
research is necessary with a larger sample size to
validate theaccuracy of optical comparator readings
and compare the efficacy of this technique with other
currently used methods for determining bone loss
around root form implants. Implant Dent. 1995
Summer;4(2):85-8. www.indiandentalacademy.com
94. 15. Lawrence A Weinberg (1993). In his article, “CT
scan as a radiologic data base for optimum implant
orientation” concluded that optimum orientation is
aided by the three-dimensional radiologic database
provided by a CT scan. JPD 1993: 69: 381-385
16. Modica, et al (1991) described an original prosthetic
planning involving CT scan. They summarized that the
use of the CT scan as a diagnostic aid provides a three
dimensional study of the bone and a specially developed
positioner device estimates the position, angulation and
depth of the fixtures to be implanted. J Prosthet dent.
1991:65:541-546
www.indiandentalacademy.com
95. 17. Michael J. Engelman et al (1988). The average
surface dose of a tomographic exposure is 1 to 6 m
rad or 50 m rads per tomographic examination. This
is less than the exposure of a normal full mouth
radiographic survey. A CT scan has a radiation
exposure of two rads per slice or many times the dose
of a conventional tomographic examination. The
tomogram provides a more accurate image of the
quantity and quality of the osseous structures.
Through careful planning and systematic control, the
predictable placement of osseointegrated implants
can be achieved. J Prosthet dent 1988:59:4:467-473.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
96. 18. Ramuald J. Fernadez et al (1987) evaluated a
cephalometric tomographic technique to visualize
the buccolingual and vertical dimensions of the
mandible. The results of this study demonstrate
the following,
a. A uniquely designed cephalostat in conjunction
with an intra oral section indicating jig may be
used to visualize and measure true buccolingual
and vertical dimensions of an edentulous mandible.
b. Images of similar bone regions or sections were
proved to be reproducible with accuracy not
obtainable by other radiographic techniques. JPD
1987:58:466-470
www.indiandentalacademy.com
97. 19.
Harold P. Truitt et al (1986). Studied the
feasibility of the use of computerized tomographic
scanner data in solid modeling of a specimen of
dry human skull. They concluded that it is highly
accurate and usable three-dimensional database
for use in solid modeling. J. Prosthet Dent.
1986:44:494-7.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
98. References
1. Contemporary implant dentistry. Carl E Misch.
Second edition.
2. Atlas of dental and maxillofacial radiology and
imaging. Roger M Brown, Hugh D Edmondson, P
G John Rout. 1995.
3. Current oral and maxillofacial imaging. Razmus,
Williamson. 1996.
4. Essentials of dental radiography and radiology.
Eric Whaites. Third edition. 2002. Michael J.
Engelman et al. Optimum placement of
osseointegrated implants. J Prosthet dent
1988:59:4:467-473.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
99. 5. Harold P. Truitt et al. Non invasive technique for
mandibular subperiosteal implant. A preliminary
report. J Prosthet Dent. 1986:44:494-7.
6. Ramuald J. Fernadez et al. A cephalometric
tomographic
technique
to
visualize
the
buccolingual and vertical dimensions of the
mandible. J Prosthet Dent 1987:58:466-470
7. Cem Devge et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in
patients with dental implants. A clinical report.
IJOMI 1997: 12:3:354-359
www.indiandentalacademy.com
100. 8. Lam E.W Reprecht and Yang. Comparison of two
dimensional orthoradially reformatted computed
tomography and panoramic radiography for dental
implant treatment planning. J Prosthet Dent
1995:74:42-46.
9. Lawrence A Weinberg. CT scan as a radiologic data
base for optimum implant orientation. J Prosthet
Dent 1993: 69: 381-385 Dov M
10. Almog, Rodolfo Sanchez. Correlation between
planned prosthetic andresidual bone trajectories in
dental implants. J Prosthet Dent 1999: 81:5: 562.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
101. 11. Modica, et al. Radiologic prosthetic planning
of the surgical phase of the treatment of
edentulism by osseointegrated implants. An
invitro study. J Prosthet Dent 1991:65:541-546
12. Dov Along et al. Fabrication of imaging and
surgical guides for dental implants. J Prosthet
Dent 2001:85:504-508.
13. Kopp KC, Koslow AH, Abdo OS. Predictable
implant placement with a diagnostic/surgical
template and advanced radiographic imaging.)
J Prosthet Dent. 2003 Jun;89(6):611-5.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
102. 14. Siu AS, Li TK, Chu FC, Comfort MB, Chow TW.
The use of lipiodol in spiral tomography for dental
implant imaging. Implant Dent. 2003;12(1):35-40.
15. Basten CH. The use of radiopaque templates for
predictable implant placement. Quintessence Int. 1995
Sep;26(9):609-12
16. Aryatawong S, Aryatawong K. Evaluation of the
inferior alveolar canal by cross-sectional hypocycloidal
tomography. Implant Dent. 2000;9(4):339-45.
17. Tan KB. The use of multiplanar reformatted
computerised
tomography
in
the
surgicalprosthodontic planning of implant placement.) Ann
Acad Med Singapore. 1995 Jan;24(1):68-75.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
103. 18.
Siddiqui AA, Caudill R, Beatty K. Use of an
optical comparator for radiographic measurement
of bone loss around endosseous implants: a pilot
study. Implant Dent. 1995 Summer;4(2):85-8.
19. Ludlow JB, Nason RH Jr, Hutchens LH Jr,
Moriarty J. Radiographic evaluation of alveolar
crest obscured by dental implants. Implant Dent.
1995 Spring;4(1):13-8.
20. Gray CF, Redpath TW, Smith FW. Pre-surgical
dental implant assessment by magnetic resonance
imaging. J Oral Implantol. 1996;22(2):147-53.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
104. 21. Takeshita F, Suetsugu T. Accurate presurgical
determination for implant placement by using
computerized tomography scan. J Prosthet Dent.
1996 Dec;76(6):590-1.
22. Cehreli MC, Aslan Y, Sahin S. Bilaminar dualpurpose stent for placement of dental implants. J
Prosthet Dent. 2000 Jul;84(1):55-8.
www.indiandentalacademy.com