Gene mutations can affect the expression of genes and proteins in ways that impact diseases like diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is caused by mutations that affect the immune system's regulation, damaging the pancreas and preventing insulin production. Family history increases the chances of passing diabetes genes to offspring. Diabetes occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells do not respond properly to insulin, causing high blood sugar. The main types are type 1 (body does not produce insulin), type 2 (body does not produce enough insulin or cells do not respond), gestational (during pregnancy), and LADA (shares traits of type 1 and 2). Lifestyle changes like diet and exercise can help prevent and treat some diabetes, while insulin

1. By: Jonathan Casasola
Period:5

2. Standards
4c Students know how mutations in the DNA sequence of a
gene may or may not affect the expression of the gene, or the
sequence of amino acids in an encoded protein.
I understand that gene mutations do cause diabetes
because it is the gene that helps regulate the reactivity of the
immune system and later becomes a problem called type 1
diabetes.
3a Students know how to predict the probable outcome of
phenotypes in a genetic cross from the genotypes of the
parents and mode of inheritance (autosomal or X-linked,
dominant or recessive).
If family have the disease and you marry someone that
has the disease the chances you baby will have a baby
increase significantly up 50% chance.

3. What is
diabetes?
Diabetes (diabetes mellitus) is classed as a metabolism
disorder. Metabolism refers to the way our bodies use
digested food for energy and growth. Most of what we eat is
broken down into glucose which is a form of sugar in the
blood and the main source of fuel for our bodies. When our
food is digested the glucose makes its way into our
bloodstream. However, glucose cannot enter our cells
without insulin being present. Insulin is made in the
pancreas and is released automatically after eating and
makes it possible for our cells to take in the glucose.

4. What Causes
Diabetes? a
A person with diabetes has
condition in which the quantity of
glucose in the blood is too elevated
which happens because the body
either does not produce enough
insulin, produces no insulin, or has
cells that do not respond properly to
the insulin the pancreas produces.
This results in too much glucose
building up in the blood which is
eventually passed out of the body in
urine. So, even though the blood has
plenty of glucose, the cells are not
getting it.

5. Different types of diabetes/Type 1
Most people believe there are only two types of diabetes
while in fact there are many here are the 4 most common:
Diabetes type1, Diabetes type 2, Gestational diabetes , and
(LADA)
Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young
adults, but in rare cases can be diagnosed in middle aged
adults. In type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce insulin.
Around only 5% of people with diabetes have this type.

6. Diabetes Type
2
Type 2 diabetes, is the most common form of diabetes,
affecting 90% - 95% of the 21 million people with diabetes.
Unlike people with type 1 diabetes, people with type 2
diabetes produce insulin; however they do not produce
enough or the body cannot use the insulin adequately. This
is called insulin resistance. There are many factors that can
cause type two including diabetes type 2 including obesity,
women who have had gestational diabetes, genetics,
cholesterol, high blood pressure aging, people who smoke,
have inactive lifestyles, or have certain dietary patterns.

7. Gestational
diabetes pregnant and never
Woman who are
had any type of diabetes are said to
have gestational diabetes. It is
estimated that gestational diabetes
affects 18% of pregnancies.
Gestational diabetes starts when your
body is not able to make and use all
the insulin it needs for pregnancy.
Without enough insulin, glucose
cannot leave the blood and be
changed to energy. Glucose builds up
in the blood to high levels. Just
because you have gestational
diabetes doesn't mean you will have
diabetes in the future you will just
have an increased chance.

8. (LADA
)
(LADA) know as (latent autoimmune
diabetes in adults), and even as type 1.5 diabetes
because it has both characteristics of type 1 and
type diabetes. An estimated 10 percent of people
with diabetes have LADA, making it probably
more widespread than type 1.

9. What can we do to prevent
diabetes?
Diabetes type 2 and Gestational diabetes is the most
preventable as it does not involve that many genetics but more
lifestyle and physical traits. Its actually pretty simple eat healthy
workout at least 1 hour a day and try to spend as much time
outside as possible. Type 1 diabetes and LADA are not
preventable and doctors don’t know if a patient well be affected
for now.

10. What is the Treatment?
Diabetes type 2 and all types of diabetes can be treated by living a healthy
lifestyle, choices in diet, exercise, and not smoking or consuming alcohol. Some
people may also need insulin after checking their blood sugar levels. Diabetes
type 1 is treated the same except that u need insulin to survive without it death
is likely to occur. With Gestational diabetes you do everything you do to treat
type 2 except you have to be more careful so u wont arm your baby also you
may need to take insulin if your blood sugar is to low. Lastly LADA, Treatment
for LADA is different from treatment for Type 2 diabetes because the primary
problem is insulin deficiency caused by failing beta cells rather than insulin
resistance. So insulin will be need within 5-6 years for survival.

11. Symptoms and Signs.
Symptoms for type 1 diabetes come really fast and are seen in early
adolescence and childhood. These symptoms include things such as a
virus or urinary tract infection or injury. The extra stress can cause
diabetic ketoacidosis which can cause include nausea and vomiting
Dehydration and often-serious disturbances in blood levels of potassium
follow. Without any treatment it follows to comma and later death. All of
times people have diabetes 2 with ought even knowing it some
symptoms are Altered mental status, blurry vision, infections, poor
wound healing, excessive eating and urinating, unexplained weight loss
, and fatigue.

12. Symptoms and Signs part 2
 In gestational diabetes
symptoms include blurred
vision, fatigue, frequent
infections, including those of
the bladder, vagina, and
skin, increased thirst,
increased urination, nausea
and vomiting and weight loss
in spite of increased
appetite. LADA symptoms
are the hardest to recognize
because it is so often
mistaken with type 2
diabetes. Those include
tingling /numbness in feet
and blurred vision.

13. The Genetics behind diabetes?
Diabetes does indeed run in
the genes of your family but
genes alone aren't enough to
trigger diabetes of any type.
Although if you or your family
had diabetes you and your
children will have a higher risk
of getting in in the future than
other people with ought family
history of diabetes. In type 1
genes do play a part but not a
major one as what you where
given in your infancy factors like
if you where breastfed and
given solid foods.

14. The Genetics behind diabetes?
Continued….
In type 2 it involves a bigger role but lifestyle also has
a big part. If you have type 2 diabetes it is probably
because of a family history and of your lifestyle.
Gestational and LADA also involve genes but again
other factors affect if you may get the disease. In
conclusion genes do play a part.

15. statistics
 Diabetes affects an estimated 23.6 million people in the US (90
percent to 95 percent have type 2 diabetes) - 17.9 million have
been diagnosed, but 5.7 million are unaware they have the disease.
According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) and the American Diabetes Association,
those affected include:
 11.5 million US women (10.2 percent of all women age 20 years
and older)
 12 million US men (11.2 percent of all men age 20 years and older)
 186,300 people under age 20
 12.2 million adults over age 60
 3.7 million African Americans (14.7 percent of all African Americans
age 20 years and older)
 there own protection against certain diseases and weakness
against others.

16. Links
Ari S. Beckman,, D. Z. (2010, May 10). NY times. Retrieved from
http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/diabetes/overview.html
diabetes.about.com/od/symptomsdiagnosis/p/Symptoms.htmwww.medicinenet.com › ... ›
diabetes az list › diabetes mellitus index
MediLexicon International Ltd. (2011). Medical news today. Retrieved from
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/diabetes/
Robert Ferry Jr., MD, F. (n.d.). Diabetes mellitus. Retrieved from
http://www.emedicinehealth.com/diabetes/article_em.htm
LastGlaxoSmithKline. (2004, July 19). About type 2 diabetes. Retrieved from
http://www.diabetes.com/about-type-2-diabetes/about-type-2-
diabetes.htmlwww.cdc.gov/diabetes
(2006). type 2 diabetes. DOI: www.type2-diabetes-info.com
living with diebetes. (2011). Retrieved from www.diabetes.org/