Learning objectives of this lesson:
Understand the definition of Diabetes.
Understand the pathogenesis of Diabetes.
Identify the types of Diabetes.
Understand the general symptoms of Diabetes?
Understand the definition of pre-diabetes.
Understand the causes of Diabetes.
Learning objectives of this lesson:
Understand the definition of Diabetes.
Understand the pathogenesis of Diabetes.
Identify the types of Diabetes.
Understand the general symptoms of Diabetes?
Understand the definition of pre-diabetes.
Understand the causes of Diabetes.
The term ‘diabetes’ means excessive urination and the word ‘mellitus’ means honey.
Diabetes mellitus is a lifelong condition caused by a lack, or insufficiency of insulin. Insulin is a hormone – a substance of vital importance that is made by your pancreas. Insulin acts like a key to open the doors into your cells, letting sugar (glucose) in. In diabetes, the pancreas makes too little insulin to enable all the sugar in your blood to get into your muscle and other cells to produce energy. If sugar can’t get into the cells to be used, it builds up in the bloodstream. Therefore, diabetes is characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels.
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Introduction Sign and symptoms
complications
Types Etiology
Risk factors
Comparison between type 1 & type 2 DM
Causes of gestational DM
Q. Is there any impact of gestational DM on children?
Insulin Mechanism of action
Clinical features
List of oral hypoglycemic drugs available in BD
The term ‘diabetes’ means excessive urination and the word ‘mellitus’ means honey.
Diabetes mellitus is a lifelong condition caused by a lack, or insufficiency of insulin. Insulin is a hormone – a substance of vital importance that is made by your pancreas. Insulin acts like a key to open the doors into your cells, letting sugar (glucose) in. In diabetes, the pancreas makes too little insulin to enable all the sugar in your blood to get into your muscle and other cells to produce energy. If sugar can’t get into the cells to be used, it builds up in the bloodstream. Therefore, diabetes is characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels.
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Introduction Sign and symptoms
complications
Types Etiology
Risk factors
Comparison between type 1 & type 2 DM
Causes of gestational DM
Q. Is there any impact of gestational DM on children?
Insulin Mechanism of action
Clinical features
List of oral hypoglycemic drugs available in BD
Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects how your body turns food into energy. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that causes your body to attack and destroy the cells that produce insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps your body's cells use glucose for energy. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes and occurs when your body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't make enough insulin to maintain normal glucose levels.
Diabetes is a disease that affects your body’s ability to produce or use insulin. Insulin is a hormone. When your body turns the food you eat into energy (also called sugar or glucose), insulin is released to help transport this energy to the cells. Insulin acts as a “key.” Its chemical message tells the cell to open and receive glucose.
Being a type 2 diabetic means that the individual has a condition where their body does not effectively use the hormone insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. This can lead to high blood sugar levels and an increased risk for health problems such as heart disease, kidney disease, nerve damage, and vision problems. Type 2 diabetes is typically managed through lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise, medication, and monitoring of blood sugar levels. A chronic illness called type 2 diabetes alters how your body processes blood sugar (glucose). It is the most common type of diabetes, and it occurs when your body doesn't use insulin properly or make enough insulin. A hormone called insulin helps in controlling the body's blood sugar levels.
When you have type 2 diabetes, your blood sugar levels may be consistently high. This can lead to various complications, such as heart disease, nerve damage, and kidney disease.
There are several risk factors for type 2 diabetes, including being overweight or obese, having a family history of diabetes, and being physically inactive. Some people may also be at higher risk due to their ethnicity, age, or other medical conditions.
Mixing medication and lifestyle modifications can help manage type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle changes may include eating a healthy diet, getting regular physical activity, and managing stress. Medications may include insulin injections or oral medications that help your body use insulin more effectively or make more insulin.
If you have been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, it is important to work closely with your healthcare team to create a treatment plan that works for you. By properly managing your diabetes, you can reduce your risk of complications and live a healthy, active life.
Genetics: Some people have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes due to their genetic makeup.
Obesity: Being overweight or obese increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, as excess fat in the body can interfere with the body's ability to use insulin effectively.
Physical inactivity: Lack of physical activity can lead to obesity and increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Poor diet: A diet high in refined carbohydrates, added sugars, and unhealthy fats can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Age: The risk of type 2 diabetes increases as people get older.
Race: Certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans, are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
High blood pressure: High blood pressure is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): PCOS is a hormonal disorder that can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Prediabetes: Prediabetes is a condition in which blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more likely to develop in those with prediabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is often associated with obesity and can be managed with lifestyle changes (such as diet a
Understanding and Managing Diabetes A Comprehensive Guide.pdfCarlNell3
Diabetes is a chronic medical condition that affects millions of
people worldwide. It is a metabolic disorder characterized by
high blood sugar levels due to the body's inability to properly
produce or use insulin. Understanding diabetes is crucial for
individuals living with the condition and their loved ones, as it
helps in effective management and promotes a better quality
of life. In this chapter, we will delve into the fundamental
aspects of diabetes, exploring its causes, symptoms, and the
impact it has on the body.
2. 4 8 21 you need to know about diabet_everything es.krishu80
Diabetes types
Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar. The hormone insulin moves sugar from the blood into your cells to be stored or used for energy. With diabetes, your body either doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t effectively use the insulin it does make.
Untreated high blood sugar from diabetes can damage your nerves, eyes, kidneys, and other organs.
There are a few different types of diabetes:
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. The immune system attacks and destroys cells in the pancreas, where insulin is made. It’s unclear what causes this attack. About 10 percent of people with diabetes have this type.
Type 2 diabetes occurs when your body becomes resistant to insulin, and sugar builds up in your blood.
Prediabetes occurs when your blood sugar is higher than normal, but it’s not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.
Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar during pregnancy. Insulin-blocking hormones produced by the placenta cause this type of diabetes.
A rare condition called diabetes insipidus is not related to diabetes mellitus, although it has a similar name. It’s a different condition in which your kidneys remove too much fluid from your body.
Each type of diabetes has unique symptoms, causes, and treatments. Learn more about how these types differ from one another.
Symptoms of diabetes
Diabetes symptoms are caused by rising blood sugar.
General symptoms
The general symptoms of diabetes include:
increased hunger
increased thirst
weight loss
frequent urination
blurry vision
extreme fatigue
sores that don’t heal
Symptoms in men
In addition to the general symptoms of diabetes, men with diabetes may have a decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction (ED), and poor muscle strength.
Symptoms in women
Women with diabetes can also have symptoms such as urinary tract infections, yeast infections, and dry, itchy skin.
Type 1 diabetes
Symptoms of type 1 diabetes can include:
extreme hunger
increase
Care to know how your diet has the potential to either exacerbate or improve your diabetic condition? Take note changes to make as you flip through these slides.
1. Diabetes
Mellitus
PRESENTERS: DAYNA KAYE JACKSON, KEREAN HOBSON, KERRY KAYE HAMILLTON,
SHANTEL HALL, TERRY ANN HARRISON
What is
Diabetes?
Types of
Diabetes
Symptoms of
diabetes
Causes of Diabetes
TYPE 1
DIABETES
Prevention
Myths
Treatment of
Diabetes
Gestational diabetes
Societal Effects
TYPE 2
DIABETES
2. What is Diabetes?
Diabetes is the condition in which the
body does not properly process food for
use as energy.
Most of the food we eat is turned into glucose, sugar, for our
bodies to use for energy.
The pancreas, an organ that lies near the stomach, makes a
hormone called insulin to help glucose get into the cells of
our bodies.
On the other hand, when you have diabetes, your body
either doesn't make enough insulin or can't use its own insulin
as well as it should.
This causes sugar to build up in your blood; this is how
diabetes got its popular name called “sugar.”
Diabetes causes blood glucose (sugar)
levels to rise higher than normal. This is
also called hyperglycaemia.
Types
Symptoms
Causes
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths
What is Diabetes
3. Types of Diabetes Mellitus
What is Diabetes
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths
4. TYPE 1 DIABETES
Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed
in children and young adults, and
was previously known as juvenile
diabetes.
Only 5% of people with diabetes have
this form of the disease.
In type 1 diabetes, the body does not
produce insulin.
Insulin is a hormone that is needed to
convert sugar, starches and other
food into energy needed for daily life.
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths
What is Diabetes
5. TYPE 1 DIABETES cont’d
The pancreas cannot make insulin to help body cells
convert sugar into energy, which causes the sugar to
build up in the blood that can cause life-threatening
complications.
Individuals with type I diabetes must take some form
of insulin for the rest of their lives.
6. TYPE 2 DIABETES
Type 2 diabetes is the most common
form of diabetes.
If you have type 2 diabetes your
body does not use insulin properly.
This is called insulin resistance.
At first, your pancreas makes extra
insulin to make up for it. But, over
time it isn't able to keep up and
can't make enough insulin to keep
your blood glucose at normal levels.
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths
What is Diabetes
7. GESTATIONAL DIABETES
Pregnant women who are not diabetic but
have high blood glucose (sugar) levels
during pregnancy.
Due to the fact that the placenta supports
the baby as it grows, hormones from the
placenta help the baby develop. However,
these hormones also block the action of the
mother's insulin in her body.
This is called insulin resistance as it makes it
hard for the mother's body to use insulin and
may need up to three times as much insulin.
Without enough insulin, glucose cannot
leave the blood and be changed to
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths
What is Diabetes
8. CAUSES OF DIABETES
In type 1 diabetes, the cause of this isn't
entirely clear but it may include genetic risk
factors and environmental factors.
One theory is that type 1 diabetes may occur
after having a specific virus.
For Type 2, genetics and lifestyle clearly play
roles. Type 2 diabetes has been linked to
obesity, genetic risk factors, and inactivity.
Some racial and ethnic groups are at higher
risk for type 2 diabetes. These include
American Indians, African Americans,
Hispanics/Latinos, Asian Americans and
Pacific Islanders
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths
What is Diabetes
9. Symptoms of Diabetes
The following symptoms of are typical. However,
some people with type 2 diabetes have symptoms
so mild that they go unnoticed.
Common symptoms of diabetes:
Urinating often
Feeling very thirsty
Feeling very hungry - even though you are eating
Extreme fatigue
Blurry vision
Cuts/bruises that are slow to heal
Weight loss - even though you are eating more
(type 1)
Tingling, pain, or numbness in the hands/feet (type
2)
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths
Symptoms
What is Diabetes
10. Treatment of Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes
THERE IS NO CURE
Insulin injections are required.
Insulin cannot be taken as a pill.
The insulin would be broken down during digestion just
like the protein in food. Insulin must be injected into the
fat under your skin for it to get into your blood.
In addition to insulin, Type 1 diabetes management also
includes healthy eating and regular activity.
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Societal Effects
Myths
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
What is Diabetes
11. Treatment of Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes:
When the body is unable to use the insulin properly it
is referred to as insulin resistance.
Your role in managing insulin resistance is eating
properly, being active and maintaining a healthy
body weight.
Pills are also commonly used to help control blood
sugar. Over time, insulin may be added to your
treatment plan
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths
What is Diabetes
12. TREATMENT ELEMENTS
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths
Symptoms
What is Diabetes
13. Prevention of Diabetes
Although it's not clear why, whole grains may reduce your
risk of diabetes and help maintain blood sugar levels. Try
to make at least half your grains whole grains.
Type 1
The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is not yet known, but we
do know that it is not caused by poor diet and lack of
activity. At this stage, nothing can be done to prevent or
cure type 1 diabetes.
Medication to help prevent diabetes- Some medication,
such as metformin, has been shown to lower the risk of
type 2 diabetes amongst particularly high-risk cases
where lifestyles interventions alone may not be enough.
Choose good fats instead of bad fats.
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths
Treatment of Diabetes
What is Diabetes
14. Prevention of Diabetes
Type 2
Get more physical activity
There are many benefits to regular physical activity.
Exercise can help you:
Lose weight, Lower your blood sugar, and boost your
sensitivity to insulin— which helps keep your blood sugar
within a normal range
Get plenty of fiber -It's rough, it's tough — and it may
help you:
Reduce your risk of diabetes by improving your blood
sugar control
Lower your risk of heart disease
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths
What is Diabetes
15. impact of diabetes
Over time, diabetes can lead to blindness, kidney failure, and nerve
damage.
These types of damage are the result of damage to small vessels,
referred to as microvascular disease.
Diabetes is also an important factor in accelerating the hardening
and narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis), leading to strokes,
coronary heart disease, and other large blood vessel diseases.
This is referred to as macrovascular disease.
16. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths
Treatment of Diabetes
What is Diabetes
17. Effects of Diabetes on Society
According to the Diabetes Society of Jamaica, this is the
2nd causes of death in Jamaica (Registrar General
Office, Statin, 2003).
Diabetes affected 17.9% of population, 15 years and
older, with 90% Type 2 and 10% Type 1. Approximately
327,000 persons in (2001) were affected with this disease
while 50% is at risk for developing diabetes.
Persons that are overweight, have limited physical
activity, have poor eating habits, or have a genetic
predisposition may be at risk for type 2 diabetes.
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths
What is Diabetes
18. Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths
What is Diabetes
19. Reference
http://www.projecthope.org/
American Diabetes Association. Standards of
medical care in diabetes -- 2013. Diabetes Care
Alemzadeh R, Ali O.(2011)Diabetes mellitus. In:
Kliegman RM, ed. Kliegman: Nelson Textbook of
Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier
Saunders
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths
What is Diabetes