Diabetes
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Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high blood sugar levels and a tendency to develop complications. It is diagnosed through fasting blood sugar levels over 125 mg/dl or random blood sugar over 199 mg/dl. Type 2 diabetes is a leading cause of blindness, stroke, heart attack, amputation and kidney disease. By 2025, it is estimated that over 300 million adults worldwide will have diabetes, with India and China having the highest numbers of people affected. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent or delay complications. Managing diabetes involves following a healthy diet, regular exercise, taking medication as prescribed, and regularly testing blood sugar levels.
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Diabetes
1. The document discusses the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus (DM), including hyperglycemia due to decreased peripheral utilization and increased hepatic glucose output, hypertriglyceridemia leading to ketosis and protein catabolism due to insulin's role in anabolism.
2. It describes the main types of DM: type 1 caused by destroyed insulin-producing cells and usually diagnosed in childhood requiring insulin; type 2 most common occurring in adulthood where the body does not respond to insulin due to obesity and lack of exercise.
3. Complications of DM include macrovascular, microvascular, and diabetic ketoacidosis. Management goals are to maintain normal blood glucose, ideal weight, be symptom-
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This document summarizes diabetes mellitus (DM), including its main types, causes, classification, prevalence, and complications. DM refers to high blood glucose caused by issues with insulin secretion or insulin resistance. It is classified into type 1 DM (caused by lack of insulin) and type 2 DM (caused by insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin). DM is a leading cause of kidney failure, lower limb amputations, blindness and cardiovascular disease. Its prevalence has greatly increased worldwide in recent decades.
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There are four main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and pre-diabetes. Type 1 is usually diagnosed in childhood and requires daily insulin injections. Type 2 is the most common type and is often linked to obesity. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy, and pre-diabetes means blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as type 1 or 2. Common symptoms of diabetes include frequent urination, thirst, hunger, and fatigue. Testing involves fasting plasma glucose tests and oral glucose tolerance tests. Managing diabetes involves diet, exercise, medication and monitoring blood sugar levels. Long-term complications can affect the heart, kidneys, eyes, nerves and skin if diabetes is
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gestational diabetes
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Management
Treatment with Insulin
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Diabetes mellitus
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Type-1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas stops producing insulin due to the destruction of insulin-producing cells. Type-2 diabetes usually occurs due to the body's cells becoming resistant to insulin for various reasons. The most common causes of type-2 diabetes include genetics, increasing age, obesity and physical inactivity which can cause insulin resistance, stress, high carbohydrate and sugar diets, certain medications, pregnancy, and diseases that damage the pancreas.
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This document discusses diabetes mellitus, including its definition, clinical features, complications, types, risk factors, screening, prevention, and management. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action that causes chronic hyperglycemia. It can lead to serious complications affecting small blood vessels (microvascular), large blood vessels (macrovascular), and other organs. The document outlines the different types of diabetes and risk factors. It also covers screening, prevention strategies, treatment options including lifestyle management and medications, and self-care education for diabetes patients.
Patho-2017.pptx
This document provides an overview of diabetes pathophysiology and discusses the following key points:
1. It outlines the objectives of discussing the current impact of diabetes, describing the pathophysiological defects associated with diabetes development, differentiating between prediabetes, type 1, type 2, LADA and GDM, describing diagnostic tests, and listing characteristics of insulin resistance.
2. It provides information on the prevalence of diabetes in the US, defining prediabetes and the types of diabetes, risk factors, diagnostic tests including A1C, and the natural progression from prediabetes to diabetes.
3. It describes the differences between type 1, type 2 and LADA diabetes, including causes, presentation, treatment
Diabetes mellitus
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM). It defines DM as a chronic condition characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. The document discusses the causes, risk factors, types (type 1, type 2, gestational, pre-diabetes), symptoms, complications, trends, and management of DM, including through prevention, treatment, nutrition, medication, exercise, and blood glucose monitoring. It also provides details on insulin action and the differences between type 1 and type 2 DM.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIABETES.pptx
hey! its sheral, am very interested in making creative, impressive and catchy power point presentations..just take a glance and come....
Student Work - Diabetes
Diabetes is a disease characterized by high blood sugar levels. There are two main types - type 1 caused by the immune system attacking insulin-producing cells, and type 2 which occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore insulin. Risk factors include family history, age, weight, and race/ethnicity. Symptoms include excessive thirst, hunger, urination and fatigue. Treatment involves diet, exercise, medication and insulin as needed to control blood sugar levels and prevent short and long term complications affecting organs like the eyes, kidneys and heart. Current research focuses on prediction, prevention and management of diabetes as well as its complications.
Diabetes in World and Bangladesh
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Diabetes pharmacotherapy(1)
This document discusses diabetes pharmacotherapy. It provides an overview of the different types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and maturity onset diabetes of youth. It describes the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The major components of diabetes treatment are diet, exercise, oral hypoglycemic medications, and insulin therapy. The document discusses the different types of insulin preparations, including their sources, structures, mechanisms of action, and uses. It provides guidance on calculating insulin doses and adjusting doses based on blood sugar levels.
Diabetes
This document provides an overview of diabetes including:
1. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder where the body cannot properly metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins due to defects in insulin secretion or action.
2. It discusses the classification, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and prevention of diabetes.
3. The management of diabetes involves diet, lifestyle modifications, oral medications, and possibly insulin therapy to control blood glucose and prevent complications.
Stop Diabetes-Children.ppt
The document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM) in children. It covers the types and causes of diabetes in children, symptoms, long-term complications, management through medication, diet, exercise, yoga practices, and the importance of controlling blood sugar levels.
Non drug management of diabetes
The document discusses non-drug management of diabetes mellitus through lifestyle changes including diet and exercise. It covers definitions of diabetes, types of diabetes, principles of diabetes care like learning about diabetes and monitoring health indicators. It provides details on healthy diet, types of exercise, testing before exercise and sample exercise programs. The non-drug management aims to control blood sugar levels through patient education, monitoring and encouraging lifestyle modifications.
Non drug management of diabetesPPT
The document summarizes non-drug management of diabetes mellitus. It discusses lifestyle changes like following a healthy diet, regular exercise, and weight control as important non-drug approaches. Monitoring health indicators like blood glucose, blood pressure, cholesterol and attending regular medical checkups are also emphasized to manage diabetes and prevent complications long-term without relying solely on medication.
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Diagnozing Diabetes
The document outlines the diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus, including symptoms of excess urination and thirst plus random venous plasma glucose over 200 mg/dl or fasting venous plasma glucose over 126 mg/dl. It also describes a glucose tolerance test procedure involving a fasting blood sample, drinking 75g of glucose, and a 2-hour post-drink blood sample to diagnose diabetes if over 200 mg/dl. Reasons for delayed diabetes diagnosis include lack of awareness, negligence, economic factors, and access to medical services.
Diabetes And Eye
Diabetes can cause several eye problems by damaging the retina such as diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. Around 25% of diabetics have some form of diabetic retinopathy, which increases to 60% for those with type 2 diabetes after 20 years, so annual eye exams are important for early detection and treatment. Laser treatment can be used to treat more severe cases of retinopathy and prevent vision loss, but screening and management of blood sugar levels are crucial to reduce the risk of eye damage from diabetes.
Diabetes And Heart
Diabetes increases the risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease through metabolic abnormalities like high blood sugar and insulin resistance. These alterations affect the function of endothelial cells, platelets, and smooth muscle cells in the arteries, leading to atherosclerosis and destruction of the arteries. A typical type 2 diabetic patient has equal risk of future heart attack as a past heart attack survivor without any other heart problems. Over 75% of people with diabetes die from coronary atherosclerosis and managing diabetes involves following a healthy diet, regular exercise, medication adherence, and regular blood glucose testing.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a major health problem in India, affecting over 43 million women. Some key facts are that over 61 million Indians have osteoporosis, with 80% being women. Indians also have the highest rates of osteopenia globally. Osteoporotic fractures occur earlier in Indians compared to other populations and are more common in Indian men. Poor calcium intake, lack of exercise, vitamin D deficiency, and low bone mineral density contribute to higher osteoporosis rates in India. Osteoporosis poses a serious burden through increased fracture risk and reduced quality of life.
Diabetes And Kidney
This document discusses diabetic kidney disease and nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of renal failure, with 50% of dialysis patients having diabetes. Risk factors include poor blood glucose control, long diabetes duration, hypertension, and family history. Symptoms include protein in urine, high blood pressure, and declining renal function. Screening for microalbuminuria is important. Strict glycemic control and keeping blood pressure below 130/80 can prevent or slow progression. Treatment involves diet, medication, fluid management, and potentially renal replacement therapies like hemodialysis if kidney function declines severely.
Inject Insulin
The document provides instructions for administering insulin injections and discusses insulin delivery devices. It explains that insulin can be injected into the abdomen, outer arms, thighs, buttocks or hips. Modern insulin pens and pumps have made injections easier to use and virtually painless. The document also addresses common myths about insulin and notes that newer insulin analogues are more convenient and effective than older forms.
Thyroid
The document discusses the thyroid gland and its relationship to other endocrine glands and hormones. It mentions that an enlarged thyroid gland is called a goiter and includes images showing a goiter, thyroid nodule, and prominent eyes associated with an overactive thyroid.
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Diabetes
- 5. Type I
- 8. King H, Diabetes Care, 1998. Top 10 List: Worldwide Epidemic of Diabetes: (Millions of Adults) 1995 India 19.4 China 16.0 U.S. 13.9 Russian Fed. 8.9 Japan 6.3 Brazil 4.9 Indonesia 4.5 Pakistan 4.3 Mexico 3.8 Ukraine 3.6 All others 49.7 Total 135.3 2025 India 57.2 China 37.6 U.S. 21.9 Pakistan 14.5 Indonesia 12.4 Russian Fed. 12.2 Mexico 11.7 Brazil 11.6 Egypt 8.8 Japan 8.5 All others 103.6 Total 300.0
- 10. Step care approach of type 2 DM Insulin ± oral agents Oral combination Oral monotherapy Diet & exercise