Diabetes is a metabolic disorder caused by either lack of insulin or decreased sensitivity to insulin, resulting in high blood glucose levels. There are two main types: type 1 diabetes is caused by lack of insulin secretion and type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance. Type 1 diabetes often develops abruptly in youth and requires lifelong insulin treatment, while type 2 diabetes usually develops more slowly in adulthood and can sometimes be managed with lifestyle changes alone. Obesity and metabolic syndrome are major risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes.

2. Syndrome of impaired carbohydrate, fat and
protein metabolism caused by either lack of
insulin or decreased sensitivity of tissues to
insulin.

3.  A small protein
 Molecular weight of 5808
 Contains 2 amino acid chains linked by
disulfide bonds
 Helps to store excess energy

4.  TYPE I- IDDM (Insulin dependant Diabetes
Mellitus)
Caused by lack of insulin secretion.
 TYPE II- NIDDM (Non Insulin Dependant
Diabetes Mellitus.
Caused by insulin resistance.

6.  May develop abruptly or over a period of few
days
 3 important features of TYPE 1 DM:
1. Blood glucose
2. Utilization of fats for energy & formation
of cholesterol by liver
3. Depletion of body proteins

7. Blood glucose concentration rises to very
high levels
Increased blood glucose causes loss of
glucose in urine
Increased blood glucose leads to
dehydration
Chronic high glucose conc. causes tissue
injury
Increased utilization of fats and
metabolic acidosis
Depletion of body proteins

8.  More common than TYPE I
 Often between ages 50-60, thus called as
adult-onset diabetes
 Most important risk factor:
Increasing prevalence of OBESITY

9.  OBESITY
 INSULIN RESISTANCE
 METABOLIC SYNDROME which includes:
 Accumulation of abdominal fat
 Fasting hyperglycemia
 Lipid abnormalities(eg; blood triglycerides)

11.  POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME- Marked
increase in ovarian androgen production and
insulin resistance
 CUSHING’S SYNDROME(excess formation of
glucocorticoids) OR ACROMEGALY(excess
formation of growth hormone)

13.  URINARY GLUCOSE- glucose gets excreted in
urine unlike in normal conditions where
entire glucose is reabsorbed during tubular
reabsorption.
 FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE AND INSULIN
LEVELS-normal levels:80-90mg/100ml
 ACETONE BREATH
 GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST

14.  Normal fasting person:
1 gm glucose/kg body wt. ingested
Blood glucose rises from 90mg/100ml-
120mg/100ml-140mg/100ml
Falls back to control value in abt 2 hours
 Person with diabetes:
Since blood glucose is already above
110mg/100ml
Blood glucose rises higher on ingestion
Falls back only after 4-6hours but still fails to fall
below control value

15.  SINGLE DOSE OF ONE
OF THE LONGER
ACTING INSULINS
 SOMETIMES
ADDITIONAL
QUANTITIES ARE ALSO
FIVEN IN TIMES WHEN
BLOOD GLUCOSE RISES
TOO HIGH

16.  Dieting and exercises usually recommended
 Drugs may be administered
 EXOGENOUS INSULIN MUST BE USED TO
REGULATE BLOOD GLUCOSE