Presentation Diabetes mellitus by : almuataz bellah ahmad almujber Under supervision : Dr.Samah

1. Diabetes
mellitus

2. Definition
 Diabetes mellitus, disorder carbohydrate metabolism
characterized by impaired ability of the body to
produce or respond to insulin .. proper levels
of sugar (glucose) in the blood characterised by
 high blood glucose levels (Hyperglycemia).

3. Types

4. 1. Type I DM :
 It is due to insulin deficiency and is formerly known as.
 Type I
 Insulin Dependent DM (IDDM)
 Juvenile onset DM
 Type 1 diabetes accounts for about 5 to 10
percent of cases of diabetes. Most cases of
type 1 diabetes develop in children or
adolescents, but about 20 percent of new
patients are adults.
 Type 1 diabetes is usually caused by
autoimmune destruction of the islets of
Langerhans of the pancreas.

5. 2. Type II DM :
 It is a combined insulin resistance and relative deficiency in
insulin secretion and is frequently known as.
 Type II
 Noninsulin Dependent DM (NIDDM)
 Adult onset DM
 Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1 diabetes,
accounting for about 90 percent of all cases.
 Most patients with type 2 diabetes are adults, often older
adults, but it can also occur in children and adolescents.
 Many patients with type 2 diabetes are asymptomatic, and they
are often diagnosed with type 2 diabetes when routine
measurements reveal high blood glucose concentrations.
 Type 2 diabetes is strongly associated with obesity and is a
result of insulin resistance and insulin deficiency.

6. 3-Gestational diabetes
 Gestational diabetes is a temporary condition associated
with pregnancy.
 In this situation, blood glucose levels increase during
pregnancy but usually return to normal after delivery.

7. 4. Other types:
 Secondary DM

8. symptoms

9. symptoms
 polyuria
 polydypsia
 polyphagia
 weight loss

10. symptoms
 Many people are unaware that they have
diabetes.
 The disease is usually discovered when there
are typical symptoms of increased thirst and
urination and a clearly elevated blood sugar
level.

11. Treatment

12. Treatment General approaches
- Medications
- Dietary and exercise modification
- Regular complication monitoring
- Self monitoring of blood glucose
- Control of BP and lipid level

13. Treatment
 Treatment for diabetes mellitus is aimed at
reducing blood glucose concentrations to
normal levels.
 All diabetes patients are put on diets designed
to help them reach and maintain normal body
weight
 they often are encouraged to exercise
regularly, which enhances the movement of
glucose into muscle cells and blunts the rise
in blood glucose that follows carbohydrate
ingestion.

14.  Diabetics who are unable to produce insulin in
their bodies require insulin therapy. Traditional
insulin therapy entails regular injections of the
hormone, which are often customized
according to individual and variable
requirements.
 Research into other areas of insulin therapy
include pancreas transplantation, beta cell
transplantation, implantable mechanical
insulin infusion systems,

15. Drugs used to control
blood glucose levels
 There are several classes of oral drugs used
to control blood glucose levels, including
sulfonylureas, biguanides, and
thiazolidinediones. Sulfonylureas, such as
glipizide and glimepiride, are considered
hypoglycemic agents because they stimulate
the release of insulin from beta cells in the
pancreas, thus reducing blood glucose levels.

16. Complications

17. 1. Diabetes nephropathy
30-40 % of all type 1 DM patients develop
nephropathy in 20 years
15-20 % of type 2 DM patients develop
nephropathy
Manifested as:
- Microalbuminuria
- Progressive diabetic nephropathy leading to
end-stage renal disease
- ACE-inhibitors are recommended to decrease
the progression of nephropathy

18. 2- Diabetic Retinopathy
- It is characterized initially by retinal
capillary microaneurysms (background
retinopathy) and later by
neovascularization
- There are no early symptoms or signs .

19. 3-Cardiomyopathy
 Diabetic cardiomyopathy is thought to
result from many factors, including
epicardial atherosclerosis, hypertension
and left ventricular hypertrophy,
microvascular disease, endothelial and
autonomic dysfunction, obesity, and
metabolic disturbances.

20. ..Thanks

21. by :
Almuataz-Bellah Ahmad .
.Jamil Tarek Al-Abdullah