Developmental biology notes-Zoology, third year, Delhi University

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It cover various topics including: Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis, oogenesis, fertilization, block to polyspermy, metamorphosis in insects and amphibians, vitellogenesis process, regeneration- epimorphosis in salamnder limb, morphollaxis-hydra, aging, teratology/teratogens, infertility, This is in accordance to syllabus of various institutions including Delhi University.

Science

The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Cellular differentiation is the process in which a cell changes from one cell type to another. Usually, the cell changes to a more specialized type. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover.

FATE Map

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A chart showing the fate of each part of an early embryo, in a particular blastula stage is called fate maps. It is done because the correct interpretation of gastrulation is impossible without the knowledge of the position which are the presumptive germinal layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm) occupy in blastula. Fate mapping is a method used in developmental biology to study the embryonic origin of various adult tissues and structures. The "fate" of each cell or group of cells is mapped onto the embryo, showing which parts of the embryo will develop into which tissue. When carried out at single-cell resolution, this process is called cell lineage tracing. It is also used to trace the development of tumors.

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steffythomasmsc

Polyspermy describes an egg that has been fertilized by more than one sperm. Diploid organisms normally contain two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. The cell resulting from polyspermy The first issue that an egg and a sperm of any organism type face in successfully producing an embryo is the possibility of polyspermy. Polyspermy is the fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm, and the results of such unions are lethal. If multiple sperm fertilize an egg, the embryo inherits multiple paternal centrioles. This causes competition for extra chromosomes and results in the disruption of the creation of the cleavage furrow, thus causing the zygote to die. As an important model organism in the study of fertilization and embryonic development, polyspermy in sea urchins has been studied in detail. The sea urchin’s methods of polyspermy prevention have been broken down into two main pathways. These two primary pathways are known as the fast block and the slow block to polyspermy After the sperm’s receptors come into contact with the egg’s jelly layer and the acrosomal enzymes are released and break down the jelly layer, the sperm head comes into contact with the vitelline and plasma membranes of the egg. When the two plasma membranes contact one another, signals in the egg are initiated. First, Na+ channels in the egg open, allowing Na+ to flood into the egg. This causes a depolarization of the egg from it’s normal resting potential of -70 mV. While depolarization is occurring, the remainder of the jelly layer is dissolving. With the dissolution of the jelly layer and the depolarization of the plasma membrane, the first block to preventing fertilization by multiple sperm is put into place. These two simple changes are part of the first block to polyspermy, known as the fast block. Within 1/10th of a second of contact, the fast block t

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Integument of vertebrates

Govt.college,Nagda, ujjain.M.P

The integumentary system comprises the skin and its appendages. Skin + derivatives= Integument. It aims to protect the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or damages from outside. The integumentary system in chordates includes hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails. It may serve to water proof, and protect the deeper tissues. Excrete wastes, and regulate body temperature. It is the attachment site for sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature.

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embryonic-induction.pdf

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Cleavage, Types of cleavage

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block to polyspermy.pptx

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