A framework based on Taguchi parameter design was developed and successfully demonstrated to optimize two
quality characteristics- surface roughness and angular accuracy in Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM)
process. An orthogonal array (OA)L9was used in the Taguchi experiment design for four controllable
factors, each with three levels. With one non-controllable factor investigated, 18 experiments were conducted in
the Taguchi-based experiment setting, compared to 3
4
(=81) parameter combination as required by a traditional
DOE setting. Conducted for the two response variables, Taguchi experiments from the case study gave the
optimal combination of pulse on time at 9µs (A1), feed rate at 35 in/min (B2), voltage at 8v (C2), and wire
tension at 165g (D3) for surface roughness optmization, and pulse on time at 13µs (A3), feed rate at 35 in/min
(B2), voltage at 8v (C2), and wire tension at 160g (D2) for angular accuracy optmization. This optimal parameter
setting combination was verified through a confirmation run that confirms the optimal quality responses of
126.1µin for surface roughness and 0.024º for angular accuracy. This research ultimately showed the dual
output variable improvement and the framework established itself as a means to solve similar problems in other
machining applications. The developed framework can serve as guidance for researchers to obtain multivariable
optimal setting in a systematic way.
Optimization of WEDM Process Parameters on Titanium Alloy Using Taguchi MethodIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Optimization of edm process parameters using taguchi method a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract
Electrical discharge machining is assessed on the basis of Material Removal Rate (MRR), Tool Wear Rate (TWR), and Surface Roughness (SR). Process parameters that mostly affected the EDM Process are Pulse on Time, Pulse off Time, Discharge Current, Arc Gap and Duty Cycle. This paper reviews research for the optimization and improvement of various performance parameters measured in the experimentation on EDM by using Taguchi technique. In the study the main objectives of optimization is to minimize the tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness, and to maximize the material removal rate (MRR).Taguchi Method is widely used in the industry to optimize and improve various performance parameters associated with different machining processes. This paper also deals with the review of some of the work reported with the use of Taguchi method in last two decades.
Keywords: - EDM, Wire EDM, MRR, RWR, TWR, SR, Taguchi Technique
Optimization of the Process Parameters of Wire Cut EDM - A ReviewIJSRD
The objective of this paper is to study the effect of different process parameter of wire electrical discharge machine (WEDM) process on the performance measures such as material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness, dimensional accuracy and kerf width. It is necessary to evaluate the factors that affect the productivity and efficiency of WEDM process. It will directly contribute to increase cutting speed and dimensional accuracy.
Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is a specialized thermal machining process
capable of accurately machining parts of hard materials with complex shapes. Response surface
methodology (RSM) with central composite design is selected for experimentation. In the present
work, four factors are taken as input parameters, and the effect of these parameters on MRR are
studied. The influence of the input parameters on response in WEDM process has been examined.
The input parameters are Pulse on time (Ton), Pulse off time (Toff), Servo voltage (SV) and peak
current (IP). The experiments have been performed on high chromium high carbon steel with a wire
of diameter 0.2 mm and the obtained data has been analyzed with the help of RSM using design
expert software. The work piece material was a high carbon high chromium (HCHCr) die steel with
excellent wear resistance, hot toughness and good thermal shock resistance. The experiments shows
that Pulse on time (Ton), Pulse off time (Toff), Servo voltage (SV) and peak current (IP) influence
MRR. Results show that machining speed increases with increase in the pulse on-time and the pulse
off-time increases as the number of discharges within given period of time decreases. Moreover,
there is not much influence of servo voltage on MRR and it increases very slightly with increase in
peak current. Also, as the Ton increases the MRR increases and as Toff increases MRR decreases.
This is because as Ton increases number of sparks per unit time increases and as Toff increases the
sparks per unit time decreases.
Wire EDM Parameters for Surface Roughness in Straight Gear Manufacturing: An ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The gears are an essential component of any system. A gear is a spinning circular machine part with cut teeth, or inserted teeth (called cogs) in the case of a cogwheel or gearwheel, which mesh with another toothed part to convey torque. A gear is sometimes referred as a cog colloquially. Geared devices can adjust a power source's speed, torque, and direction. To eliminate backlash, high precision is required while making gears. Wire cut EDM is a high-precision machining technology that may manufacture high-precision straight gear. The goal of this research is to use the WEDM Process on an EMS 45 to determine the surface roughness of the workpiece and to optimise the influence of current and wire speed on the surface roughness of the straight gear. Wire cut machining parameters employed were 4, 6, and 8 amperes of current and 9, 11, and 13 mm/min of wire speed. Wire has a diameter of 0.25 mm, and the cutting material is brass. It has been demonstrated that as current and wire speed increase, surface roughness decreases, and vice versa. As a result, reduced machine settings can be used to generate a smoother and better workpiece surface.
Optimization of Surface Roughness for EN 1010 Low Alloy Steel on WEDM Using R...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document describes research into optimizing the surface roughness of EN 1010 low alloy steel using wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM). Experiments were conducted using a central composite design to investigate the effects of four process parameters (pulse on time, pulse off time, peak current, and servo voltage) on surface roughness. Analysis of variance was used to identify significant parameters and develop a mathematical model relating the parameters to surface roughness. The model achieved a good fit to the data and can be used to determine the optimal parameter settings that minimize surface roughness.
A Literature Review on Effect of Machining Parameters in Wire - EDMijsrd.com
The recent upgradation of newer and harder materials has made the machining task in WEDM quite challenging. Thus for the optimum use of all the resources it is essential to make the optimum use of parameters to get the best output to increase the productivity. Advances in technology have impacted with an increased cutting speed and tight tolerances in WEDM. This paper reviews the various notable works in field of WEDM and magnifies on effect of machining parameters on MRR, kerf width and surface roughness.
This document analyzes the effect of different wire electrodes on the material removal rate (MRR) of an MS workpiece using wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM). Experiments were conducted using copper, brass, and zinc-coated brass wire electrodes at various levels of current and pulse duration. The results showed that MRR was highest with copper wire and decreased with brass and zinc-coated brass wires. MRR also decreased with increasing current but increased with longer pulse duration. Statistical analysis through ANOVA confirmed that the wire material and pulse duration significantly affected the MRR while current had a lesser effect.
Optimization of WEDM Process Parameters on Titanium Alloy Using Taguchi MethodIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Optimization of edm process parameters using taguchi method a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract
Electrical discharge machining is assessed on the basis of Material Removal Rate (MRR), Tool Wear Rate (TWR), and Surface Roughness (SR). Process parameters that mostly affected the EDM Process are Pulse on Time, Pulse off Time, Discharge Current, Arc Gap and Duty Cycle. This paper reviews research for the optimization and improvement of various performance parameters measured in the experimentation on EDM by using Taguchi technique. In the study the main objectives of optimization is to minimize the tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness, and to maximize the material removal rate (MRR).Taguchi Method is widely used in the industry to optimize and improve various performance parameters associated with different machining processes. This paper also deals with the review of some of the work reported with the use of Taguchi method in last two decades.
Keywords: - EDM, Wire EDM, MRR, RWR, TWR, SR, Taguchi Technique
Optimization of the Process Parameters of Wire Cut EDM - A ReviewIJSRD
The objective of this paper is to study the effect of different process parameter of wire electrical discharge machine (WEDM) process on the performance measures such as material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness, dimensional accuracy and kerf width. It is necessary to evaluate the factors that affect the productivity and efficiency of WEDM process. It will directly contribute to increase cutting speed and dimensional accuracy.
Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is a specialized thermal machining process
capable of accurately machining parts of hard materials with complex shapes. Response surface
methodology (RSM) with central composite design is selected for experimentation. In the present
work, four factors are taken as input parameters, and the effect of these parameters on MRR are
studied. The influence of the input parameters on response in WEDM process has been examined.
The input parameters are Pulse on time (Ton), Pulse off time (Toff), Servo voltage (SV) and peak
current (IP). The experiments have been performed on high chromium high carbon steel with a wire
of diameter 0.2 mm and the obtained data has been analyzed with the help of RSM using design
expert software. The work piece material was a high carbon high chromium (HCHCr) die steel with
excellent wear resistance, hot toughness and good thermal shock resistance. The experiments shows
that Pulse on time (Ton), Pulse off time (Toff), Servo voltage (SV) and peak current (IP) influence
MRR. Results show that machining speed increases with increase in the pulse on-time and the pulse
off-time increases as the number of discharges within given period of time decreases. Moreover,
there is not much influence of servo voltage on MRR and it increases very slightly with increase in
peak current. Also, as the Ton increases the MRR increases and as Toff increases MRR decreases.
This is because as Ton increases number of sparks per unit time increases and as Toff increases the
sparks per unit time decreases.
Wire EDM Parameters for Surface Roughness in Straight Gear Manufacturing: An ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The gears are an essential component of any system. A gear is a spinning circular machine part with cut teeth, or inserted teeth (called cogs) in the case of a cogwheel or gearwheel, which mesh with another toothed part to convey torque. A gear is sometimes referred as a cog colloquially. Geared devices can adjust a power source's speed, torque, and direction. To eliminate backlash, high precision is required while making gears. Wire cut EDM is a high-precision machining technology that may manufacture high-precision straight gear. The goal of this research is to use the WEDM Process on an EMS 45 to determine the surface roughness of the workpiece and to optimise the influence of current and wire speed on the surface roughness of the straight gear. Wire cut machining parameters employed were 4, 6, and 8 amperes of current and 9, 11, and 13 mm/min of wire speed. Wire has a diameter of 0.25 mm, and the cutting material is brass. It has been demonstrated that as current and wire speed increase, surface roughness decreases, and vice versa. As a result, reduced machine settings can be used to generate a smoother and better workpiece surface.
Optimization of Surface Roughness for EN 1010 Low Alloy Steel on WEDM Using R...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document describes research into optimizing the surface roughness of EN 1010 low alloy steel using wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM). Experiments were conducted using a central composite design to investigate the effects of four process parameters (pulse on time, pulse off time, peak current, and servo voltage) on surface roughness. Analysis of variance was used to identify significant parameters and develop a mathematical model relating the parameters to surface roughness. The model achieved a good fit to the data and can be used to determine the optimal parameter settings that minimize surface roughness.
A Literature Review on Effect of Machining Parameters in Wire - EDMijsrd.com
The recent upgradation of newer and harder materials has made the machining task in WEDM quite challenging. Thus for the optimum use of all the resources it is essential to make the optimum use of parameters to get the best output to increase the productivity. Advances in technology have impacted with an increased cutting speed and tight tolerances in WEDM. This paper reviews the various notable works in field of WEDM and magnifies on effect of machining parameters on MRR, kerf width and surface roughness.
This document analyzes the effect of different wire electrodes on the material removal rate (MRR) of an MS workpiece using wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM). Experiments were conducted using copper, brass, and zinc-coated brass wire electrodes at various levels of current and pulse duration. The results showed that MRR was highest with copper wire and decreased with brass and zinc-coated brass wires. MRR also decreased with increasing current but increased with longer pulse duration. Statistical analysis through ANOVA confirmed that the wire material and pulse duration significantly affected the MRR while current had a lesser effect.
Multiple Optimization of Wire EDM Machining Parameters Using Grey Based Taguc...IJMER
Wire EDM is a non conventional machining process, which is used when the precision is prime importance. Multiple optimization (Grey based Taguchi) technique is used to find out the optimum machining setup for input parameter. This paper investigate the optimal set of process parameter such as Ton, Toff, Wp, Wf in wire EDM machining process to find out the variation in two output parameter such as material removal rate (MRR), and surface roughness (Ra) on material high chromium high carbon steel (HCHCr) using wire Brass/super alloy (coated).Experimentation was conducted on orthogonal array L-9 based on DOE. Analysis of experiment has been carried out using GRA. All the experimental data are fed into Minitab software, through which various tables, graphs & optimum values are obtained. The experimental result reveals that the optimum setting of input parameters significantly improves Wire EDM process.
Optimization of machining parameters in edm of cfrp composite using taguchi t...IAEME Publication
1. The document summarizes a study that used Taguchi methods to optimize machining parameters for electrical discharge machining (EDM) of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite material.
2. The study investigated the effects of gap voltage, discharge current, and pulse-on time on surface roughness. Experiments were conducted using an L9 orthogonal array.
3. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and signal-to-noise ratios were used to analyze the results. It was found that discharge current had the most significant influence on surface roughness, and confirmation experiments validated the optimum parameters identified.
This document summarizes a study that used response surface methodology and grey-Taguchi technique to model and optimize the wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) process. Experiments were conducted varying 6 process parameters (discharge current, pulse duration, etc.) at 3 levels. Models were developed relating the responses of material removal rate, surface finish, and kerf to the parameters. Predicted data from the models were used in a Taguchi design to find the optimal parameter combination for maximizing material removal rate and surface finish while minimizing kerf.
This document describes a study that uses Taguchi methods to optimize submerged arc welding (SAW) parameters. Experiments were conducted using mild steel with welding current, arc voltage, and welding speed as parameters. A Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used to design the experiments. Regression analysis found that welding current had the largest effect on bead width, the quality characteristic examined. The optimal parameters found were 600A current, 32V voltage, 450mm/min speed, and 28mm electrode stick out. This provided the highest signal-to-noise ratio, minimizing variability to achieve the desired weld bead width.
Parametric optimization for cutting speed – a statistical regression modeling...IAEME Publication
This document presents an experimental study to optimize cutting speed in wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) of EN-31 alloy steel. Experiments were conducted using a L27 orthogonal array to investigate the effects of eight machining parameters (pulse on time, pulse off time, peak current, spark gap voltage, wire feed rate, wire tension, servo feed, and dielectric flushing pressure) on cutting speed. Analysis of variance was used to determine the most significant parameters, and the optimal levels for maximizing cutting speed were found to be pulse on time at 128 μs, pulse off time at 53 μs, peak current at 230 A, spark gap voltage at 20 V, wire feed rate at 4 m/min, wire tension at
Comparison of fuzzy logic and neural network for modelling surface roughness ...ijmech
Surface roughness is the main indicator of technological performances of a component for electrical discharge machining (EDM). EDM process of manganese alloyed cold-work tool steel was modelled. In this paper we used the fuzzy logic (FL) and neural network (NN) to predict the effect of machining variables (discharge current and pulse duration) on the surface roughness of manganese alloyed cold-work tool steel in order to improve and increase its range of application. The experiments are carried out on
manganese alloyed cold-work tool steel, processed with electrodes made of copper. The values of surface
roughness predicted by these models are then compared. All models show good agreement with experimental results. When compared to the NN and FL models, the NN model has shown a significant forecast improvement. The results indicate that the NN model is an effective algorithm to forecast the surface roughness in EDM.
This document summarizes an investigation into the effects of machining parameters on the surface finish and material removal rate when machining an aluminum-copper alloy (AL6351) using wire electric discharge machining (WEDM). The study uses Taguchi's design of experiments method to analyze the effects of pulse on-time, pulse off-time, and peak current. Sixteen experiments were conducted and the material removal rate and surface roughness were measured. The results were analyzed using ANOVA to determine the most significant parameters for improving surface finish and removal rate. The goal of the research was to optimize the WEDM process for machining AL6351 alloy.
This document discusses using the Taguchi method to optimize WEDM parameters for machining EN 31 steel to achieve lower surface roughness. An experiment was conducted using an L9 orthogonal array to test different levels of pulse on time, pulse off time, gap voltage, and wire feed. Analysis of variance showed that pulse on time had the largest effect on surface roughness at 48.84%, followed by gap voltage at 36.81%. Confirmation experiments found that the optimized parameters of 4μs pulse on time, 6μs pulse off time, 40V gap voltage, and 4mm/min wire feed achieved a predicted surface roughness with only 11.5% error, validating the model. The Taguchi method was able to effectively optimize
Parametric Optimization of Graphite Plate by WEDMIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used the Taguchi method to optimize the wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) process parameters for machining graphite plates. Experiments were conducted using a WEDM machine to cut graphite plates with a 0.25mm brass wire. The process parameters investigated were current, pulse on time, pulse off time, and wire tension at three levels each based on an L9 orthogonal array design of experiments. Responses measured were material removal rate and surface roughness. Analysis of variance and signal-to-noise ratio graphs identified optimal parameters as 5A current, 5μs pulse on time, 25μs pulse off time, and 10gm wire tension for maximum material removal rate, and
Optimization of MRR and SR by employing Taguchis and ANOVA method in EDMIRJET Journal
The document describes research into optimizing material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR) in electric discharge machining (EDM). Experiments were conducted with four machining parameters (discharge current, source voltage, pulse-on time, and pulse-off time) at different levels using a Taguchi design of experiments approach. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) found that discharge current contributed most to MRR at 33.33%, while pulse-on time contributed most to SR at 30.62%. The study aims to apply Taguchi and ANOVA methods to optimize MRR and SR in EDM.
Modeling of wedm process for complex shape using multilayer perceptron and re...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Wire cut electric discharge machining is the present days requirement in manufacturing the intricate and complex shape parts as required in the modern industrial products. The process being complex in nature for control over the machining process parameters. In the present study Multilayer perceptron (MLP) model is developed to predict the Material removal rate. The mathematical regression model is also developed by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to establish the relationshIp between the MRR and input process parameters like pulse on time (Ton), Pulse off time (Toff), Peak current (IP) and Servo voltage (SV). The predicted value by using MLP and RSM were compared with the experimental values. The average percentage errors are found to be 1.29 and -0.36527 for MLP and RSM respectively. It is observed that the predicted values with RSM are closer to experimental values as compared to MLP model. Key Words: WEDM, Response Surface Methodology, Neural Network, Multi Layer Perception, Material Removal Rate, Surface Roughness
Optimization of Cutting Rate for EN 1010 Low Alloy Steel on WEDM Using Respon...IJAEMSJORNAL
The document describes an experiment to optimize cutting rate (CR) when machining EN 1010 low alloy steel using wire electric discharge machining (WEDM). Central composite design was used to plan experiments varying pulse on time, pulse off time, peak current, and servo voltage. 21 experiments were conducted and the average CR was measured for each. Response surface methodology was applied to develop a model relating the process parameters to CR. Analysis of variance showed the quadratic model adequately described the relationship with an R2 of 0.970641. An empirical equation was derived to predict optimal CR based on settings of the four process parameters.
IRJET-Experimental Analysis Optimization of Process Parameters of Wire EDM on...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the optimization of process parameters for wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) of stainless steel 316L. It conducts experiments using different controllable factors like discharge current, pulse on/off time, and arc gap. Taguchi design of experiments is used to optimize for maximum material removal rate. Experiments are conducted using a copper tool on 316L stainless steel workpieces. The results are analyzed to determine the optimum parameter levels for achieving higher material removal rate and better surface finish quality during WEDM of 316L stainless steel.
Investigation of mrr in wedm for wc co sintered compositeIAEME Publication
The document investigates the influence of wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) parameters on material removal rate when machining tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) sintered composite. Experiments were conducted using a response surface methodology with five control factors (pulse on-time, pulse off-time, peak current, servo voltage, and wire tension). The results were used to derive a mathematical model to predict material removal rate and optimize the WEDM process for machining WC-Co composite.
Study of surface roughness for discontinuous ultrasonic vibration assisted el...eSAT Journals
Abstract The objective of this paper is to study the effects of response parameters on the performance characteristics in the Ultrasonic vibration Assisted Electric Discharge Machining (UEDM) Process. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is used to investigate the effect of amplitude of vibration, peak current, pulse on-time, machining time and flushing pressure. To study the proposed second order polynomial model for surface roughness (SR), a Central Composite Design (CCD) is used for the estimation of the model coefficients of five factors, which are believed to influence the SR in UEDM process. Experiments are conducted on Aluminum alloy 6063 with copper electrode. The response is modeled on experimental data by using RSM. The separable influence of individual machining parameters and the interaction between these parameters are also investigated by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). It is found that amplitude of vibration, peak current; pulse-on time, flushing pressure and most of their interactions have significant affect on SR. Keywords: Central Composite Design, SR, UEDM, RSM, Aluminum alloy (Al6063)
This paper discuss of literature review of EDM and ANNOVA Technology used in on CNC. Today CNC technology has major contribution in i ndustries. CNC machines are main platform in the contribution of good quality products in industries. Basically CNC machines are automated operating machines which are based on code letters,numbers and special characters. The numerical data required for manufacturin g a part provided by machine is called CNC (Computer Numerical Controlled). To remain successful in today�s competitive market,the manufacturers should rely on their Engineer s and production professionals for quick and effective manufacturing setup and also to achie ve Quality products. The machining process on a CNC Milling is programmed by speed,feed rate,and cutting depth,which are frequently determined based on the job s hop experiences However,the machine performance and the product characteristics are not guaranteed to be acceptable.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of sliding wear rate of hot rolled steel specimen subjected to Zirconia...IJERA Editor
Wear is nothing but loss of material by usage. In a mechanical industry mechanical components will operate
under severe load, temperature and high speeds. Under such a type of situation, when metal to metal contact take
place the surfaces that comes in contact is subjected to wear. These should be considered as a serious affair in an
industry because if the process of wear continues it can reduce service life of the component and also to the
entire mechanical system to which the component has been used. In the light of the above the present work
mainly deals with the study of wear behavior of hot rolled steel with and without zirconia coating on the contact
surface and the effect of zirconia coating with varying thickness.
Electrical Evaluations of Manufactured Polyethylene Terephthalate with Dl-Ala...IJERA Editor
Manufactured polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was mixed with different percentages by weight of DL-Alanine.
PET and DL-Alanine diagnosis has been done by FTIR spectrophotometer. The electrical measurement has been
done at applied dc voltage 5 volt and has been calculated. The dielectric properties have been measured and
calculated. The measured dielectric properties are the quality factor (Q), dissipation factor (D), parallel
resistance (Rp), series resistance (Rs), Impedance (Z), parallel capacitance (Cp), series capacitance (Cs) and
phase angle (Φ). The calculated minimum and maximum electrical conductivity is 3.7*10Λ
-7 S m-1
for sample
(1) wt1% dl-alanine to polyethylene terephthalate weight and 787.5 S m-1
for sample (4) wt7.5% dl-alanine to
polyethylene terephthalate weight. The dielectric constant (έ) was calculated; the minimum and maximum
values are 1.6*10Λ
3 for sample (2) wt2.5% dl-alanine to polyethylene terephthalate weight and 2.9*10Λ
4 for
sample (1) wt1% dl-alanine to polyethylene terephthalate weight. The calculated minimum and maximum
dielectric loss(ε′′) is 136 for sample (2) and 3*10Λ
4 for sample (1). The frequency dependant ac conductivity
(σac), the frequency independent dc conductivity and the reactance at different percentages by weight of dlalanine
to the weight of PET has been calculated.
An Efficient Video Watermarking Using Color Histogram Analysis and Biplanes I...IJERA Editor
Video watermarking is a novel technology that has the ability to solve the problem of illegal digital video
manipulation and distribution. In video watermarking, the copyright bits are embedded into video bit streams.
This paper proposes an effective, robust and indiscernible video watermarking algorithm. A video can also
undergo several intentional attacks like frame dropping, averaging, cropping and median filtering and
unintentional attacks like addition of noise and compression which can compromise copyright information,
thereby denying the authentication. In this paper, the design and implementation of SVD and multiple bit plane
image based watermarking is proposed. The developed method embeds 8 bit-plane images, obtained from single
gray scale watermark image, into different frames of a video sequence. In this algorithm, some of the luminous
values in the video pictures are selected and divided into groups, and the watermark bits are embedded by
adjusting the relative relationship of the member in each group. A sufficient number of watermark bits will be
embedded into the video pictures without causing noticeable distortion. The watermark will be correctly
retrieved at the extraction stage, even after various types of video manipulation and other signal processing
attacks.
A Novel Approach for Diabetic Retinopthy ClassificationIJERA Editor
Sustainable Diabetic Mellitus may lead to several complications towards patients. One of the complications is
diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is the type of complication towards the retinal and interferes with
patient’s sight. Medical examination toward patients with diabetic retinopathy is observed directly through
retinal images using fundus camera. Diabetic retinopathy is classified into four classes based on severity, which
are: normal, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and
macular edema (ME). The aim of this research is to develop a method which can be used to classify the level of
severity of diabetic retinopathy based on patient’s retinal images. Seven texture features were extracted from
retinal images using gray level co-occurence matrix three dimensional method (3D-GLCM). These features are
maximum probability, correlation, contrast, energy, homogeneity, and entropy; subsequently trained using
Levenberg-Marquardt Backpropagation Neural Network (LMBP). This study used 600 data of patient’s retinal
images, consist of 450 data retinal images for training and 150 data retinal images for testing. Based on the result
of this test, the method can classify the severity of diabetic retinopathy with sensitivity of 97.37%, specificity of
75% and accuracy of 91.67%
Seismic Microzonation - Principles and MethodologyIJERA Editor
The string of earthquake in India has created a serious problem for engineers and administrators and even for
people also. Metro cities and other big cities in India have experienced severe earthquake hazard problem. This is
same for Himalayan region and even peninsular shield. On 26 jan 2001 , one of the greatest India has ever
experienced strikes in Kachchh , a region of Gujrat . Magnitude of this earthquake was 7.7 (MW) .This earthquake
spread a huge damage which was almost a radius of 400 Kms. This earthquake damaged major cities of Gujrat like
Ahmedabad , Bhavnagar , Surat. No one can say no for same threat for Delhi , national capital of India from local
and probable catastrophic earthquake due to central himalaya . There are many more other Indian cities which are
sitting in thick sedimentry basins along Indo-Gangetic plane and Brahmaputra valley . They have also the same
threat. To reduce the seismic hazard, it is now important to define a correct response in terms of peak ground
acceleration and spectral amplification . Both are highly dependent on local site conditions and also dependent on
source characterization of future expected earthquakes . Microzonation studies are now important for a detailed
ground motion modelling for urban and semi-urban cities of India. This paper presents an overview of seismic
microzonation . Steps required and methodology used for seismic microzoation is also discussed here.
Multiple Optimization of Wire EDM Machining Parameters Using Grey Based Taguc...IJMER
Wire EDM is a non conventional machining process, which is used when the precision is prime importance. Multiple optimization (Grey based Taguchi) technique is used to find out the optimum machining setup for input parameter. This paper investigate the optimal set of process parameter such as Ton, Toff, Wp, Wf in wire EDM machining process to find out the variation in two output parameter such as material removal rate (MRR), and surface roughness (Ra) on material high chromium high carbon steel (HCHCr) using wire Brass/super alloy (coated).Experimentation was conducted on orthogonal array L-9 based on DOE. Analysis of experiment has been carried out using GRA. All the experimental data are fed into Minitab software, through which various tables, graphs & optimum values are obtained. The experimental result reveals that the optimum setting of input parameters significantly improves Wire EDM process.
Optimization of machining parameters in edm of cfrp composite using taguchi t...IAEME Publication
1. The document summarizes a study that used Taguchi methods to optimize machining parameters for electrical discharge machining (EDM) of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite material.
2. The study investigated the effects of gap voltage, discharge current, and pulse-on time on surface roughness. Experiments were conducted using an L9 orthogonal array.
3. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and signal-to-noise ratios were used to analyze the results. It was found that discharge current had the most significant influence on surface roughness, and confirmation experiments validated the optimum parameters identified.
This document summarizes a study that used response surface methodology and grey-Taguchi technique to model and optimize the wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) process. Experiments were conducted varying 6 process parameters (discharge current, pulse duration, etc.) at 3 levels. Models were developed relating the responses of material removal rate, surface finish, and kerf to the parameters. Predicted data from the models were used in a Taguchi design to find the optimal parameter combination for maximizing material removal rate and surface finish while minimizing kerf.
This document describes a study that uses Taguchi methods to optimize submerged arc welding (SAW) parameters. Experiments were conducted using mild steel with welding current, arc voltage, and welding speed as parameters. A Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used to design the experiments. Regression analysis found that welding current had the largest effect on bead width, the quality characteristic examined. The optimal parameters found were 600A current, 32V voltage, 450mm/min speed, and 28mm electrode stick out. This provided the highest signal-to-noise ratio, minimizing variability to achieve the desired weld bead width.
Parametric optimization for cutting speed – a statistical regression modeling...IAEME Publication
This document presents an experimental study to optimize cutting speed in wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) of EN-31 alloy steel. Experiments were conducted using a L27 orthogonal array to investigate the effects of eight machining parameters (pulse on time, pulse off time, peak current, spark gap voltage, wire feed rate, wire tension, servo feed, and dielectric flushing pressure) on cutting speed. Analysis of variance was used to determine the most significant parameters, and the optimal levels for maximizing cutting speed were found to be pulse on time at 128 μs, pulse off time at 53 μs, peak current at 230 A, spark gap voltage at 20 V, wire feed rate at 4 m/min, wire tension at
Comparison of fuzzy logic and neural network for modelling surface roughness ...ijmech
Surface roughness is the main indicator of technological performances of a component for electrical discharge machining (EDM). EDM process of manganese alloyed cold-work tool steel was modelled. In this paper we used the fuzzy logic (FL) and neural network (NN) to predict the effect of machining variables (discharge current and pulse duration) on the surface roughness of manganese alloyed cold-work tool steel in order to improve and increase its range of application. The experiments are carried out on
manganese alloyed cold-work tool steel, processed with electrodes made of copper. The values of surface
roughness predicted by these models are then compared. All models show good agreement with experimental results. When compared to the NN and FL models, the NN model has shown a significant forecast improvement. The results indicate that the NN model is an effective algorithm to forecast the surface roughness in EDM.
This document summarizes an investigation into the effects of machining parameters on the surface finish and material removal rate when machining an aluminum-copper alloy (AL6351) using wire electric discharge machining (WEDM). The study uses Taguchi's design of experiments method to analyze the effects of pulse on-time, pulse off-time, and peak current. Sixteen experiments were conducted and the material removal rate and surface roughness were measured. The results were analyzed using ANOVA to determine the most significant parameters for improving surface finish and removal rate. The goal of the research was to optimize the WEDM process for machining AL6351 alloy.
This document discusses using the Taguchi method to optimize WEDM parameters for machining EN 31 steel to achieve lower surface roughness. An experiment was conducted using an L9 orthogonal array to test different levels of pulse on time, pulse off time, gap voltage, and wire feed. Analysis of variance showed that pulse on time had the largest effect on surface roughness at 48.84%, followed by gap voltage at 36.81%. Confirmation experiments found that the optimized parameters of 4μs pulse on time, 6μs pulse off time, 40V gap voltage, and 4mm/min wire feed achieved a predicted surface roughness with only 11.5% error, validating the model. The Taguchi method was able to effectively optimize
Parametric Optimization of Graphite Plate by WEDMIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used the Taguchi method to optimize the wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) process parameters for machining graphite plates. Experiments were conducted using a WEDM machine to cut graphite plates with a 0.25mm brass wire. The process parameters investigated were current, pulse on time, pulse off time, and wire tension at three levels each based on an L9 orthogonal array design of experiments. Responses measured were material removal rate and surface roughness. Analysis of variance and signal-to-noise ratio graphs identified optimal parameters as 5A current, 5μs pulse on time, 25μs pulse off time, and 10gm wire tension for maximum material removal rate, and
Optimization of MRR and SR by employing Taguchis and ANOVA method in EDMIRJET Journal
The document describes research into optimizing material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR) in electric discharge machining (EDM). Experiments were conducted with four machining parameters (discharge current, source voltage, pulse-on time, and pulse-off time) at different levels using a Taguchi design of experiments approach. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) found that discharge current contributed most to MRR at 33.33%, while pulse-on time contributed most to SR at 30.62%. The study aims to apply Taguchi and ANOVA methods to optimize MRR and SR in EDM.
Modeling of wedm process for complex shape using multilayer perceptron and re...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Wire cut electric discharge machining is the present days requirement in manufacturing the intricate and complex shape parts as required in the modern industrial products. The process being complex in nature for control over the machining process parameters. In the present study Multilayer perceptron (MLP) model is developed to predict the Material removal rate. The mathematical regression model is also developed by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to establish the relationshIp between the MRR and input process parameters like pulse on time (Ton), Pulse off time (Toff), Peak current (IP) and Servo voltage (SV). The predicted value by using MLP and RSM were compared with the experimental values. The average percentage errors are found to be 1.29 and -0.36527 for MLP and RSM respectively. It is observed that the predicted values with RSM are closer to experimental values as compared to MLP model. Key Words: WEDM, Response Surface Methodology, Neural Network, Multi Layer Perception, Material Removal Rate, Surface Roughness
Optimization of Cutting Rate for EN 1010 Low Alloy Steel on WEDM Using Respon...IJAEMSJORNAL
The document describes an experiment to optimize cutting rate (CR) when machining EN 1010 low alloy steel using wire electric discharge machining (WEDM). Central composite design was used to plan experiments varying pulse on time, pulse off time, peak current, and servo voltage. 21 experiments were conducted and the average CR was measured for each. Response surface methodology was applied to develop a model relating the process parameters to CR. Analysis of variance showed the quadratic model adequately described the relationship with an R2 of 0.970641. An empirical equation was derived to predict optimal CR based on settings of the four process parameters.
IRJET-Experimental Analysis Optimization of Process Parameters of Wire EDM on...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the optimization of process parameters for wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) of stainless steel 316L. It conducts experiments using different controllable factors like discharge current, pulse on/off time, and arc gap. Taguchi design of experiments is used to optimize for maximum material removal rate. Experiments are conducted using a copper tool on 316L stainless steel workpieces. The results are analyzed to determine the optimum parameter levels for achieving higher material removal rate and better surface finish quality during WEDM of 316L stainless steel.
Investigation of mrr in wedm for wc co sintered compositeIAEME Publication
The document investigates the influence of wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) parameters on material removal rate when machining tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) sintered composite. Experiments were conducted using a response surface methodology with five control factors (pulse on-time, pulse off-time, peak current, servo voltage, and wire tension). The results were used to derive a mathematical model to predict material removal rate and optimize the WEDM process for machining WC-Co composite.
Study of surface roughness for discontinuous ultrasonic vibration assisted el...eSAT Journals
Abstract The objective of this paper is to study the effects of response parameters on the performance characteristics in the Ultrasonic vibration Assisted Electric Discharge Machining (UEDM) Process. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is used to investigate the effect of amplitude of vibration, peak current, pulse on-time, machining time and flushing pressure. To study the proposed second order polynomial model for surface roughness (SR), a Central Composite Design (CCD) is used for the estimation of the model coefficients of five factors, which are believed to influence the SR in UEDM process. Experiments are conducted on Aluminum alloy 6063 with copper electrode. The response is modeled on experimental data by using RSM. The separable influence of individual machining parameters and the interaction between these parameters are also investigated by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). It is found that amplitude of vibration, peak current; pulse-on time, flushing pressure and most of their interactions have significant affect on SR. Keywords: Central Composite Design, SR, UEDM, RSM, Aluminum alloy (Al6063)
This paper discuss of literature review of EDM and ANNOVA Technology used in on CNC. Today CNC technology has major contribution in i ndustries. CNC machines are main platform in the contribution of good quality products in industries. Basically CNC machines are automated operating machines which are based on code letters,numbers and special characters. The numerical data required for manufacturin g a part provided by machine is called CNC (Computer Numerical Controlled). To remain successful in today�s competitive market,the manufacturers should rely on their Engineer s and production professionals for quick and effective manufacturing setup and also to achie ve Quality products. The machining process on a CNC Milling is programmed by speed,feed rate,and cutting depth,which are frequently determined based on the job s hop experiences However,the machine performance and the product characteristics are not guaranteed to be acceptable.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of sliding wear rate of hot rolled steel specimen subjected to Zirconia...IJERA Editor
Wear is nothing but loss of material by usage. In a mechanical industry mechanical components will operate
under severe load, temperature and high speeds. Under such a type of situation, when metal to metal contact take
place the surfaces that comes in contact is subjected to wear. These should be considered as a serious affair in an
industry because if the process of wear continues it can reduce service life of the component and also to the
entire mechanical system to which the component has been used. In the light of the above the present work
mainly deals with the study of wear behavior of hot rolled steel with and without zirconia coating on the contact
surface and the effect of zirconia coating with varying thickness.
Electrical Evaluations of Manufactured Polyethylene Terephthalate with Dl-Ala...IJERA Editor
Manufactured polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was mixed with different percentages by weight of DL-Alanine.
PET and DL-Alanine diagnosis has been done by FTIR spectrophotometer. The electrical measurement has been
done at applied dc voltage 5 volt and has been calculated. The dielectric properties have been measured and
calculated. The measured dielectric properties are the quality factor (Q), dissipation factor (D), parallel
resistance (Rp), series resistance (Rs), Impedance (Z), parallel capacitance (Cp), series capacitance (Cs) and
phase angle (Φ). The calculated minimum and maximum electrical conductivity is 3.7*10Λ
-7 S m-1
for sample
(1) wt1% dl-alanine to polyethylene terephthalate weight and 787.5 S m-1
for sample (4) wt7.5% dl-alanine to
polyethylene terephthalate weight. The dielectric constant (έ) was calculated; the minimum and maximum
values are 1.6*10Λ
3 for sample (2) wt2.5% dl-alanine to polyethylene terephthalate weight and 2.9*10Λ
4 for
sample (1) wt1% dl-alanine to polyethylene terephthalate weight. The calculated minimum and maximum
dielectric loss(ε′′) is 136 for sample (2) and 3*10Λ
4 for sample (1). The frequency dependant ac conductivity
(σac), the frequency independent dc conductivity and the reactance at different percentages by weight of dlalanine
to the weight of PET has been calculated.
An Efficient Video Watermarking Using Color Histogram Analysis and Biplanes I...IJERA Editor
Video watermarking is a novel technology that has the ability to solve the problem of illegal digital video
manipulation and distribution. In video watermarking, the copyright bits are embedded into video bit streams.
This paper proposes an effective, robust and indiscernible video watermarking algorithm. A video can also
undergo several intentional attacks like frame dropping, averaging, cropping and median filtering and
unintentional attacks like addition of noise and compression which can compromise copyright information,
thereby denying the authentication. In this paper, the design and implementation of SVD and multiple bit plane
image based watermarking is proposed. The developed method embeds 8 bit-plane images, obtained from single
gray scale watermark image, into different frames of a video sequence. In this algorithm, some of the luminous
values in the video pictures are selected and divided into groups, and the watermark bits are embedded by
adjusting the relative relationship of the member in each group. A sufficient number of watermark bits will be
embedded into the video pictures without causing noticeable distortion. The watermark will be correctly
retrieved at the extraction stage, even after various types of video manipulation and other signal processing
attacks.
A Novel Approach for Diabetic Retinopthy ClassificationIJERA Editor
Sustainable Diabetic Mellitus may lead to several complications towards patients. One of the complications is
diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is the type of complication towards the retinal and interferes with
patient’s sight. Medical examination toward patients with diabetic retinopathy is observed directly through
retinal images using fundus camera. Diabetic retinopathy is classified into four classes based on severity, which
are: normal, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and
macular edema (ME). The aim of this research is to develop a method which can be used to classify the level of
severity of diabetic retinopathy based on patient’s retinal images. Seven texture features were extracted from
retinal images using gray level co-occurence matrix three dimensional method (3D-GLCM). These features are
maximum probability, correlation, contrast, energy, homogeneity, and entropy; subsequently trained using
Levenberg-Marquardt Backpropagation Neural Network (LMBP). This study used 600 data of patient’s retinal
images, consist of 450 data retinal images for training and 150 data retinal images for testing. Based on the result
of this test, the method can classify the severity of diabetic retinopathy with sensitivity of 97.37%, specificity of
75% and accuracy of 91.67%
Seismic Microzonation - Principles and MethodologyIJERA Editor
The string of earthquake in India has created a serious problem for engineers and administrators and even for
people also. Metro cities and other big cities in India have experienced severe earthquake hazard problem. This is
same for Himalayan region and even peninsular shield. On 26 jan 2001 , one of the greatest India has ever
experienced strikes in Kachchh , a region of Gujrat . Magnitude of this earthquake was 7.7 (MW) .This earthquake
spread a huge damage which was almost a radius of 400 Kms. This earthquake damaged major cities of Gujrat like
Ahmedabad , Bhavnagar , Surat. No one can say no for same threat for Delhi , national capital of India from local
and probable catastrophic earthquake due to central himalaya . There are many more other Indian cities which are
sitting in thick sedimentry basins along Indo-Gangetic plane and Brahmaputra valley . They have also the same
threat. To reduce the seismic hazard, it is now important to define a correct response in terms of peak ground
acceleration and spectral amplification . Both are highly dependent on local site conditions and also dependent on
source characterization of future expected earthquakes . Microzonation studies are now important for a detailed
ground motion modelling for urban and semi-urban cities of India. This paper presents an overview of seismic
microzonation . Steps required and methodology used for seismic microzoation is also discussed here.
Flow Modification over Rotor Blade with Suction Boundary Layer Control TechniqueIJERA Editor
The efficiency of transonic aircraft engines depend upon the performance of compressor rotor. To increase
compressor rotors performance flow separation around rotor blades must be delayed and controlled. The aim
was to control the flow separation of blades using suction boundary layer control method.
Rotor blade has been modelled in designing software CATIA and then a suction surface has been created on
blade and then import these geometries to ANSYS-CFX 14.5 for computational analysis of flow around blades.
Suction slot has been applied at the trailing edge of suction surface and Shear stress transport model has been
used for computational analysis.
Two different suction mass flow rates 1 kg/s and 1.5 kg/s have been used here and boundary layer separation
effects have been changed and this could be readily seen that the velocity vectors have reattached, preventing
the boundary layer separation at the suction surface of the blade.
Spalling Assessment of Self-Compacting Concrete with and Without Polypropylen...IJERA Editor
This research presents an experimental study on the spalling of self-compacting concrete (SCC) with
and without polypropylene (PP) fibres subjected to elevated temperatures and at 2 and 4 hour
exposure times. The results showed spalling occurred in all specimens that did not contain PP fibre in
the concrete mixture above 400oC. On the other hand, spalling did not occur in specimens containing
PP fibres above 0.05 % by volume. Spalling resistance performance was significantly improved. The
hardened densities, weight losses, permeability, and scanning electron microscopy tests showed that
the main cause for spalling was the low permeability of the SCC and the presence of water inside the
concrete. Vapour developed inside the concrete during a fire finds it difficult to escape and will
produce high internal stresses that lead to spalling. Statistical models were devised for the above test.
Baroclinic Channel Model in Fluid DynamicsIJERA Editor
This document summarizes methods for clustering web documents based on their content and structure. It discusses using a web document's hyperlinks, textual information, and co-citations to calculate similarity and group documents with similar topics. It also examines clustering based on analyzing the HTML schema to find structural similarities between pages. The document concludes that using hyperlinks, text and co-citations provides better clustering for topic-related pages, while structural analysis works for pages with common layouts like those on the same website.
Interference Cancellation by Repeated Filtering in the Fractional Fourier Tra...IJERA Editor
The Fractional Fourier Transform (FrFT) is a useful tool that separates signals-of-interest (SOIs) from
interference and noise in non-stationary environments. This requires estimation of the rotational parameter „a‟ to
rotate the signal to a new domain along an axis „ta‟, in which the interference can best be filtered out. The value
of „a‟ is typically chosen as that which minimizes the mean-square error (MSE) between the desired SOI and its
estimate or that minimizes the overlap between the signal and noise, projected onto the axis „ta‟. In this paper, we
extend this concept to perform repeated filtering, in multiple FrFT domains to reduce the MSE further than can
be done with a single FrFT. We perform this solely using MSE as the metric by which to compute „a‟ at each
stage, thereby simplifying the approach and improving performance over conventional single stage FrFT
methods or methods based solely on the frequency domain filtering, such as the Fast Fourier transform (FFT).
We show that the proposed method improves the MSE two or three orders of magnitude over the conventional
methods using L ≤ 3 stages of FrFT filtering
Seismic Response of Adjacent Buildings Connected With Nonlinear Viscous and V...IJERA Editor
Connecting the adjacent buildings with dampers not only mitigates the structural response, but also avoids
pounding. In this paper, the seismic response of two adjacent single storey buildings of different fundamental
frequencies connected with various types of dampers under different earthquake excitations is studied. A
formulation of the equations of motion for model of buildings connected with dampers is presented. The seismic
response of the system is obtained by numerically solving the equations of motion using state-space method.
The effectiveness of various types of dampers, viz., non-linear viscos and viscoelastic dampers in terms of the
reduction of structural responses (i.e., displacements and accelerations) of connected adjacent buildings is
investigated. A parametric study is also conducted to investigate the optimum damping coefficient of the
dampers for adjacent single storey connected buildings. Results show that connecting the adjacent single storey
buildings of different fundamental frequencies by these dampers can effectively reduce the earthquake induced
responses of either building. There exist optimum damper coefficients for minimum earthquake response of the
buildings.
Numerical Simulation of Impact of Truncated Cone Projectile On Thin Aluminum ...IJERA Editor
This document presents a numerical simulation of the impact of a truncated cone projectile on a thin aluminum plate. The simulation was performed using Abaqus explicit software. A Johnson-Cook model was used to define the material behavior of the aluminum plate. The simulation found that the ballistic limit for the 0.82mm thick aluminum plate was 24 m/s. Above this velocity, the plate was perforated by the projectile. The residual velocity of the projectile increased with higher impact velocities. Energy absorbed by the plate also increased as impact velocity rose.
Automatic Detection Method of Behavior Change in Dam Monitor Instruments Caus...IJERA Editor
A hydroelectric power plant consists of a project of great relevance for the social and economic development of
a country. However, this kind of construction demands extensive attention because the occurrence of unusual
behavior on its structure may result in undesirable consequences. Seismic waves are some of the phenomena
which demand attention of one in charge of a dam safety because once it happens can directly affect the structure
behavior. The target of this work is to present a methodology to automatically detect which monitoring
instruments have gone under any change in pattern and their measurements after the seism. The detection
method proposed is based on a neuro/fuzzy/bayesian formulation which is divided in three steps. Firstly, a
clustering of points in a time series is developed from a self-organizing Kohonen map. Afterwards a fuzzy set is
built to transform the initial time series, with arbitrary distribution, into a new series with beta distribution
probability and thus enable the detection of changing points through a Monte Carlo simulation via Markov
chains. In order to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposal the methodology has been applied in time series
generated by Itaipu power plant building structures measurement instruments, which showed little behavior
change after the earthquake in Chile in 2010.
Implementation of Effective Code Converters using Reversible Logic Gates IJERA Editor
The development in the field of nanometer technology leads to minimize the power consumption of logic
circuits. Reversible logic design has been one of the promising technologies gaining greater interest due to less
dissipation of heat and low power consumption. In the digital design, the code converters are widely used
process. So, the reversible logic gates and reversible circuits for realizing code converters like as Binary to
Gray code, Gray to Binary code, BCD to Excess 3 code, Excess 3 to BCD codes using reversible logic gates is
proposed. Designing of reversible logic circuit is challenging task, since not enough number of gates are
available for design. Reversible processor design needs its building blocks should be reversible in this view the
designing of reversible code converters became essential one. In the digital domain, data or information is
represented by a combination of 0’s and 1’s. A code is basically the pattern of these 0’s and 1’s used to
represent the data. Code converters are a class of combinational digital circuits that are used to convert one type
of code in to another. The proposed design leads to the reduction of power consumption compared with
conventional logic circuits
Synthesis and characterization of silver Nano composite polyanilineIJERA Editor
Conducting Polyaniline were prepared in the presence of oxidizing agentpotassiumdichromate by chemical
oxidation method. The PANI/ Ag Composite were synthesized with various Compositions
viz.,0.5N,0.05N,0.005N,0.0005N of AgNO3 in PANI. The surface morphology of the composite were analyzed
using Scanning electron microscope (SEM) show that Ag particle are embedded in polyaniline chain to form
multiple phases. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Spectrograph suggests that they exhibit semi-crystalline
behavior. It was also found that the electrical conductivity of PANI/Ag nanocomposite was about 100 times
higher than that of pure polyaniline.
Increase in Earthquake Resistance of Two Storey Single Room Building by Provi...IJERA Editor
Nepal earthquake caused great disaster. This called for earthquake resistant structure for poor villagers who live
even in single room houses. Generally these one room houses are RCC frame structures having columns at
corners and beams at plinth and roof/floor levels. The structural rigidity of these RCC frame structures against
lateral earthquake loads can be increased drastically by providing extra beams at lintel level throughout the
structure. Both of these structures were modelled and analysed in STAAD Pro software under same loading
conditions and by keeping all other factors same. The results of analysis showed that lintel level beam
throughout the structure was safer by 19% than that of simple RCC frame structure.
Lake Water Quality Indexing To Identify Suitable Sites For Household Utility:...IJERA Editor
Water management practices need a fresh look in order to avoid water crisis in the next two decades. This
essentially requires looking for proper management practices for growing economy and population. The water
resources of the Lake basins remain almost constant while demand of water for various purposes is increasing.
Water pollution as a corollary of accelerated industrial growth has drawn concerns over public health and
environment. Water is required for different purposes like domestic, agricultural, hydro-power, navigation,
recreation, etc. Utilization in all these diverse uses of water should be optimized and an awareness of water as a
inadequate resource should be fostered. Water quality index (WQI) is precious and unique rating to depict the
overall water quality status in appropriate treatment technique to meet the concerned issues. This paper
elaborates on the WQI concepts and current scenario of Jambhulwadi Lake which will help in future as natural
potable groundwater resource. It also focuses on case scenario of calculating WQI using Weighted Arithmetic
Water Quality Index an example dataset. The quality of water way to evaluate by testing various physicochemical
parameters such as pH, Temperature, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS),Alkalinity Total Hardness,
Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD),Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrites,
Phosphate, Conductivity
Retention Behavior of Lead Ion in Soil Bentonite LinerIJERA Editor
In this study, it is proposed to obtain breakthrough curves for commonly occurring lead ions in any effluents
through locally available soil amended with 10% bentonite and determine the diffusion coefficients. The
theoretical breakthrough curves of migrating ions in the soil column experiment are generated using
mathematical equation considering effective diffusion coefficients , knowing soil parameters and hydraulic
head. These curves are then compared with experimental curves. In cases where the theoretical and experimental
breakthrough curve do not match, there would be need to consider other parameter retardation factor along with
diffusion coefficient. Theoretical curves are generated for sets of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor.
The sets which give theoretical curve close to experimentally determined breakthrough curves are accepted.
Thus it may be possible to bring out the condition for the dominance of diffusion coefficient and retardation
factor. Then knowing the values of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor along with soil porosity and
hydraulic gradient it is possible to predict the breakthrough times of different ions in the soil. In this work the
breakthrough times of lead ion for the soil of 1m and 0.5m are established. The studies can be extended for any
ion or soil after establishing diffusion coefficient and retardation for the considered ions in the selected liner
under different hydrological regimes.
Location Sharing System Using GPS Technology for Minimizing SMS DeliveryIJERA Editor
Enhanced Privacy in Mobile Online Social Networks to providing the location information to the User /server in the
online location server. MOSNs, more and more users‘ location information will be collected by the service providers
in mOSN. The users‘ privacy, including location privacy and social network privacy can be improved using the User
Registration & encryption of the data stored into the server. It should aiming at achieving enhanced privacy against
the insider attack launched by the service providers in mOSNs, we introduce a new architecture with multiple location
servers for the first time and propose a secure solution supporting location sharing among friends and strangers in
location-based applications. In our construction, the user‘s friend set in each friend‘s query submitted to the location
servers is divided into multiple subsets by the social network server randomly. Location-based services (LBSs) are
one of the most important components in mOSNs, which provides information and entertainment service based on the
geographical position of the mobile device. The entity of users, with mobile devices, is able to communicate with
other users and share their locations. Online social network Server manages users‘ identity-related information such as
users‘ profiles and friend lists. Location server stores users‘ location information and provides LBSs according to the
requests sent from users. Here we are going to improve the user location privacy, social network privacy.
A Wear Analysis of Composite Ball Materials using TribometerIJERA Editor
The bearing is a main element in case of rotating machines for aircraft engines applications. The major failure of
ball bearing is because of wear of balls. This paper focused on prediction of wear of balls under pure sliding
contact conditions for Chrome steel, Alumina Oxide and Silicon Nitride materials. The wear calculation method
is employed as per ASTM G99 standard. Pin on Disc Apparatus is used to perform trials. To reduce number of
experimentations, DOE technique is used with L9 orthogonal array. Accordingly tests are conducted. Engine oil
is used for maintaining the lubricating conditions. Finally Comparison is done for various materials.
Optimization of Process Parameters of Powder Mixed Wire-cut Electric Discharg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experiment conducted to optimize the process parameters of powder mixed wire-cut electric discharge machining (PMWEDM) on NIMONIC 90 alloy. The experiment uses a Taguchi L27 orthogonal array to investigate the effects of pulse on time, pulse off time, servo voltage, wire feed rate, and powder concentration on responses like kerf width, material removal rate, and surface roughness. Grey relational analysis is also used for multi-objective optimization. The results show that using the optimized parameters from Taguchi and grey relational analysis can reduce kerf width by 3.27% and surface roughness by 21.85%, while increasing material removal rate.
IRJET- The Process of Edm Cutting Parameters Optimizing by using Taguchi Meth...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing the parameters for wire electrical discharge machining (EDM) of Inconel 718 using the Taguchi method and analysis of variance (ANOVA). It aims to determine the optimal settings for wire feed rate, pulse on time, pulse off time, peak current, and servo voltage to maximize material removal rate, minimize kerf width and surface roughness. Experiments were conducted using two different wire materials - half hard brass wire and zinc-coated brass wire. The results showed that zinc-coated brass wire achieved a higher material removal rate and better surface finish compared to half hard brass wire. However, half hard brass wire produced a smaller kerf width. ANOVA was used to analyze the experimental data and determine the
Optimization of EDM Process of (Cu-W) EDM Electrodes on Different ProgressionIJERA Editor
This document summarizes previous research on optimizing EDM (electrical discharge machining) processes using different compositions of Cu-W electrodes. It discusses factors like material removal rate, tool wear rate, surface roughness, and how they are affected by machining parameters like discharge current, voltage, pulse-on time, duty cycle and flushing pressure. The document reviews several past studies that investigated these relationships and optimized the EDM process for different materials. It provides figures from some of these past studies to illustrate their findings.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT WIRE ELECTRODES ON THE MRR OF MS WORKPIECE USING WEDM...IAEME Publication
Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is a specialized thermal machining process which is capable of accurate machining of parts which have varying hardness, complex shapes and sharp edges that are hard to be machined by the traditional machining processes. . Predictions on the
Material Removal Rate of workpieces in WEDM have been reported in the past. In the present study an analysis has been done to evaluate the Material Removal Rate of MS workpiece using WEDM process with different types of wire electrodes.
This document provides a review of optimization techniques for the wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) process. It begins with an introduction to WEDM, describing the working principle and important process parameters like pulse width, time between pulses, servo reference voltage, and wire tension. The document then reviews literature on optimization methods that have been used to maximize material removal rate while minimizing electrode wear rate. Specifically, it discusses two studies that used Taguchi's design of experiments approach and desirability functions to optimize cutting conditions for different materials like minimizing wear rate and maximizing material removal rate in WEDM.
A Review Study On Optimisation Of Process Of Wedm And Its DevelopmentIOSR Journals
This document provides a review of optimization techniques used to improve the process of wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM). It begins with an abstract summarizing the paper's focus on developing and optimizing WEDM processes. The introduction discusses key aspects of WEDM like operating parameters, material removal rate, surface finish, and electrode wear rate. It also outlines the working principle and a diagram of the WEDM process. The literature survey section summarizes several past studies that optimized WEDM parameters like pulse on/off time and current using techniques like the Taguchi method and response surface methodology. The conclusion is that more research could optimize parameters and responses for different materials and tool materials.
Process Parameter Optimization of WEDM for AISI M2 & AISI H13 by Anova & Anal...IJERA Editor
The document summarizes a study on optimizing process parameters for wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) of AISI M2 and AISI H13 steel alloys. Experiments were conducted using a Taguchi L16 orthogonal array with peak current, pulse on time, pulse off time, and workpiece material as parameters. Responses measured included material removal rate, surface roughness, kerf width, and spark gap. ANOVA showed peak current and pulse on time most significantly affected responses. For AISI M2, low peak current, short pulse on and off times minimized surface roughness and kerf width while maximizing material removal rate. For AISI H13, low peak current, long pulse on time
Effect Of Wire Edm Process Parameters On Surface Roughness Of Aisi-4140 (Carb...dbpublications
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The document describes an experiment to optimize cutting parameters for wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) of titanium grade 5 alloy. Experiments were conducted using a Taguchi L25 orthogonal array to investigate the effects of pulse on time, pulse off time, peak current, wire tension, servo voltage, and servo feed rate on material removal rate and surface roughness. The experiments found that pulse on time, pulse off time, and peak current were the most significant factors influencing the performance measures. Analysis of the experimental results using signal-to-noise ratios identified the optimal machining parameters to maximize material removal rate while minimizing surface roughness.
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The document summarizes research on the effect of process parameters on performance measures in wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) of AISI A2 tool steel. It describes how WEDM works and the working principle. An experiment was conducted using a L27 orthogonal array to examine the effects of pulse on time, pulse off time, voltage, wire feed, and wire tension on material removal rate, surface roughness, kerf, and gap current. Response surface methodology was used to analyze the experimental data and develop graphs of residuals. The results provide information on optimizing WEDM performance for AISI A2 tool steel.
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Development of a Taguchi-based framework for optimizing two quality characteristics in Wire-EDM operations
1. Trad Alblawi. Joseph Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 6) January 2016, pp.35-49
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Development of a Taguchi-based framework for optimizing two
quality characteristics in Wire-EDM operations
Trad Alblawi. Joseph, C. Chen· Ye Li
Abstract
A framework based on Taguchi parameter design was developed and successfully demonstrated to optimize two
quality characteristics- surface roughness and angular accuracy in Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (W-
EDM) process. An orthogonal array (OA)L9was used in the Taguchi experiment design for four controllable
factors, each with three levels. With one non-controllable factor investigated, 18 experiments were conducted in
the Taguchi-based experiment setting, compared to 34
(=81) parameter combination as required by a traditional
DOE setting. Conducted for the two response variables, Taguchi experiments from the case study gave the
optimal combination of pulse on time at 9µs (A1), feed rate at 35 in/min (B2), voltage at 8v (C2), and wire
tension at 165g (D3) for surface roughness optmization, and pulse on time at 13µs (A3), feed rate at 35 in/min
(B2), voltage at 8v (C2), and wire tension at 160g (D2) for angular accuracy optmization. This optimal parameter
setting combination was verified through a confirmation run that confirms the optimal quality responses of
126.1µin for surface roughness and 0.024º for angular accuracy. This research ultimately showed the dual
output variable improvement and the framework established itself as a means to solve similar problems in other
machining applications. The developed framework can serve as guidance for researchers to obtain multi-
variable optimal setting in a systematic way.
Keywords: WEDM· Taguchi method · Surface roughness · Angular accuracy
I. Introduction
As a non-traditional machining process, Wire
Electrical Discharge Machining (W-EDM) erodes
materials from a work piece by producing sparks
between the work piece and the tool electrode. The
process occurs in a dielectric liquid bath of deionized
water. W-EDM has been widely used in advanced
manufacturing processes for molds and die in fields
such as aerospace, automotive, and surgical
components. W-EDM machines are able to produce
complex 2D and 3D shapes. During W-EDM process,
spark erosion frequently occurs, which can create
more than one thousand sparks per second between
the wire (Anode) and the work piece (Cathode).
These sparks jump from the wire to the work piece
and erode metal at temperatures in the range of 8000
- 12000⁰ [1] as shown in Fig 1[3]. The nature of W-
EDM processes requires that both the work
piecematerial and the wire be conductive.
Fig.1 Principle of W-EDM [3]
Compared to traditional machining processes,
W-EDM machines are capable of holding to closer
tolerances and better surface finishes. Some W-EDM
machines are extremely accurateallowing them to
hold up to +/- 0.0001” and producing a surface finish
(Ra) of around 0.037 µm [4]. The advantages from
W-EDM processhave made it a reasonable alternative
to other subtractive machining processes. One major
advantage lies in the fact that there is little contact
force between the workpiece and the wire, and hence
it can machine weak or thin work pieces without
causing much deflection as in traditional machining
processes. Additionallya W-EDM machine has
several parameters including: pulse on time(a.k.a. the
duration of time) which isthe length of time that the
wire releases sparks,wire feed rate or the speed in
which the wire is fed through the work piece,wire
tension or the axial forces exerted on wire, and
voltage-the electrical charge passing from the wire to
the work piece. These parameters significantly
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 6) January 2016, pp.35-49
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influence quality of parts made by W-EDM process
[5].
Since W-EDMis widely used in many
manufacturing applications, many researchers have
optimized machining parameters to improve quality
and reduce production costs.Taguchi method is a
very useful technique used to achieve higher quality
and reduce product cost [2].Taguchi method has been
used to study the performance of W-ED Mto improve
the output variable characteristics such as surface
roughness, dimension accuracy, material removal rate
(MRR).Table1 shows the summary of related
research using Taguchi method to improve and
optimize the performance of W-EDM.
Table 1 Summary of the researches
No Author/Year Parameters
Performance
Measures
Remark
Technique
Used
1
Harpreet et al./
(2012)[6]
pulse on/ pulse
off time
MRR
It was discovered that
with an increase in pulse
on time the MRR
decreased, and inversely
with an increase in pulse
off time MRR increased.
Taguchi
Methodology
2
Parveen Kumar et
al/(2013) [7]
Pulse on time,
pulse of time,
wire speed rate,
wire tension
MRR, Wire
Wear Rate.
Surface
Roughness
The result was found that
the pulse on time and the
wire speed rate are the
most significant
parameters.
Taguchi
Methodology
3
Atul
Kumar(2012)[8]
voltage, feed rate,
pulse on time,
pulse off time,
wire feed, servo
voltage, wire
tension, flushing
pressure
MRR, Surface
Roughness
It was found that pulse
on time and voltage have
the most significant
effect on MRR and
surface roughness.
Taguchi
Methodology
4
G.Lakshmikanth(2
014)[9]
pulse on time,
pulse off time,
wire feed
MRR, Surface
Roughness
In an investigation of the
effect of pulse on time,
pulse off time, and wire
feed, the factor of pulse
on time had the most
significant effect on
MRR and surface
roughness.
Taguchi
Methodology
5
Alpesh M. Patel et
al/(2013)[10]
wire feed, wire
tension, discharge
current, discharge
voltage
Electrode
Wear Rate
(EWR), MRR
The study demonstrated
that discharge current,
discharge voltage, and
wire tension greatly
influence EWR and
MMR.
Taguchi
Methodology
6
Sameh S. Habib
(2014)[11]
pulse on time,
pulse off time,
discharge current,
voltage
MRR, Surface
Roughness,
Gapsize
The study found that the
pulse on time has the
most significant
influence on MRR,
surface roughness, and
gap size
Taguchi
Methodology
7
Lokeswara
Rao(2013)[12]
pulse on time,
pulse off time,
peak current,
wire tension,
servo voltage,
servo feed
MRR, Surface
Roughness
The study found the
optimum cutting
parameters for WEDM,
the minimum surface
roughness, and the
maximum MRR.
Taguchi
Methodology
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8
Jasvinder Pal et
al/(2014)[13]
pulse on time,
pulse off time,
peak current wire
feed, servo
voltage
Surface
Roughness
It was found that the
pulse on time, pulse off
time, and servo voltage
have a significant effect
on surface roughness.
Taguchi
Methodology
9
Jaganathan P et
al/(2012)[14]
applied voltage,
discharge current,
pulse width,
pulse interval
MRR, Surface
Roughness
It was found that factors
like applied voltage,
pulse width, and speed
have played a significant
role on MRR and surface
roughness.
Taguchi
Methodology
10
K.Hari et
al/(2014)[15]
pulse on time,
pulse off time,
servo voltage,
wire feed, peak
current, servo
feed
MRR, Surface
Roughness
It was found that pulse
on time, pulse off time,
and peak current are the
most significant
parameters that affect the
MRR and surface
roughness.
Taguchi
Methodology
As seen from the literature review in Table 1,
some studies show that while optimizing output
variables by changing input parameters, two output
variables can be improvedindividually, but not
simultaneously. This would significantly hinder the
application of Taguchi method in industry setting for
process improvement when two output variables need
to be optimized simultaneously. The objective of this
research is to design an overarching framework by
which dual output variable improvement can be
accomplished using one parameter level setting. For
the purpose of this research, Taguchi method is used
to determine the optimal parameters for surface
roughness and angular accuracy of workpieces
machined byW-EDMmahcines. The
subsequentsections will present the methodology and
a case study with experimental verification used to
show its efficacy
II. Methodology
In this research Taguchi method and Signal-to-
Noise (S/N) ratioare used for comparative analysis of
parameters’ effect on response variables. Two
response variables are tested for W-EDM process
optimization.As shown in Fig 2, the following steps
outline the procedure of experimentation in a
systematic way to find the optimum results.
Step 1:The first step in this procedure is to select the
machining operation that will be used in experiment.
Once the machining operation is selected, measurable
output variables should be identified as well.
Measurable output variables (OV in Fig. 2) are those
variables chosen to meet the needsfrom industry,
such as dimensional accuracy, angular accuracy,
surface roughness, material removal rate, and
electrode wire rate, etc.
Step 2: After choosing measurable output variables,
the next step involves running a baseline experiment
for analysis. The baseline experimentproduces initial
results of each output variable as a starting point for
optimization. From the baseline analysis, an initial
understanding of the machine capability with respect
to the output variables is established. The baseline
experiment result is then used as a gauge to compare
with the result from Taguchi method to verify the
improvement.
Step 3: Select proper controllable factors and noise
factor. Proper selection of controllablefactors is vital
to product quality. In order to understand those
factors affecting the process, a fishbone diagram is
used to identify the possible causes of a problem.
Step 4: Taguchi Parameter Design and Orthogonal
Array (OA) Matrix. Taguchi method has three
segments: system design, parameter design, and
tolerance design [17]. In this study,Taguchi
parameter design is used to determine the optimal
levels for the controllable system parameters.
InTaguchi parameter design there are two types of
factors that can affect product quality -controllable
factors and noise factors. A factor is considered
controllable if it iseasily manipulatedandhas a
significant impact on product quality.In W-EDM
process, pulse on time, wire tension, and voltage are
examples of controllable factors.A noise factor may
have a negative effect on product quality, but cannot
be controlled; temperature, vibration, or humidityare
typicalexamples of noise factors in the application of
Taguchi method [17]. Taguchi parameter design has
been proved to be a reliable way to evaluate and
implement improvements on product and process
[18]. Moreover Taguchi method usesOAin its
experiment design [5]. The advantage of using OA is
the ability to study a large number of variables with a
smaller number of experiments [8], and therefore the
experiment can be conducted in a much more
economical way compared to traditional Design of
Experiment practices.
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Fig. 2 Methodology framework for two output variables using Taguchi method
Step 5: After the requiredOA matrix is determined,
machining experiment can be performed and data can
be collected from the machined workpieces through
measurement using appropriate measurement
instruments. Once the data is collected, S/N ratio is
calculated to analyze the measurement data. S/N ratio
is able to determine which controllable factors have
moreimpact on the quality characteristics of the
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product. There are three possible situations
whereS/Nratio can be calculated depending on the
quality characteristic to be optimized.
Smaller the better
S
N
= −10log(
1
n
yi
2n
i=1 ) (1)
Nominal the better
S
N
= 10 log(
(
1
n
𝑦 𝑖
n
i=1 )2
Sy
2 ) (2)
Larger the better
S
N
= −10 log(
1
n
1
yi
2
n
i=1 ) (3)
Where yi
2
is the result of the observed value, and n is
the number of times the experiment is repeated.In this
research S/N ratio is defined as Smaller the better for
optimizingboth quality characteristics.
Followed by the data collection and analysis, a T-test
for 99% confidence is used to findout if the noise
factor significantly affects the quality characteristics.
H₀: µLEVEL1 of NOISE FACTOR= µLEVEL2 of NOISE FACTOR
H₁: µLEVEL1 of NOISE FACTOR≠ µLEVEL2 of NOISE FACTOR
WhereµLEVEL1 ofNOISE FACTORis the mean collected from
level one of the noise factor and µLEVEL2 of NOISE
FACTORis the meancollected from level two of the
noise factor.
Step 6: After analyzing the data,the optimal
parameter settings will either be identical or not. If
the optimal parameter settings are identical, then one
confirmation run is performed. In this situation, the
confirmation run is an additional set of experiments
performed to validate that improvement for both first
quality characteristic (QC1)and second quality
characteristic (QC2)areachieved. However, if the
optimal parameter level settings are not identical,
then two confirmations runs are needed. Each
confirmation run uses itsownparameter level settingto
test both output variables of QC1 and QC2. Even
though there are two confirmation runs performed on
varying parameter levels, only one parameter level
setting is needed eventually for both output variables
improvement.
Step 7: If the outcome does not lead to anoptimized
parameter setting for the two quality characteristics,
then further tests are needed. Using the results from
each of the confirmation runs for QC1 and QC2, two
separate hypotheses are proposed to test whether or
not a single optimized parameter level setting is
possible.
The first hypothesis test is executed to see ifQC1
mean usingoptimized parameter levelsettings for
QC1will be significantly different fromQC1mean
from running the machining operation using the
optimized level settings for QC2.
Ho: µQC1 (from opt Q1) =µQC1 (from opt QC2)
H1: µQC1 (from opt Q1) ≠µQC1 (from opt QC2)
Where µQC1(from opt QC1)is the QC1mean from running
experiments using the optimized parameter level
settingsfor QC1, and µQC1(from opt QC2) is the QC1mean
from running experiments using the optimized
parameter level settingsfor QC2.
Similarly, the second hypothesis test is conducted to
see if QC2mean using optimized parameter level
settings for QC2will be significantly different from
theQC2mean from running the experiment using the
optimized level settings for QC1.
Ho: µQC2 (from opt QC2) =µQC2 (from opt QC1)
H1: µQC2 (from opt QC2) ≠µQC2 (from opt QC1)
Where µQC2(from opt QC2)is the QC2mean from running
experiments using the optimized parameter level
settings for QC2, and µQ2(from opt Q1)is the QC2mean
from running experiments using the optimized
parameter level settings forQC1.
From the hypothesis test, there are two possible
outcomes. The first outcome is that the null
hypothesis is not rejected. This is possible in three
different ways. The first is that both null hypotheses
are not rejected and the second and third are that we
fail to reject one of the two null hypotheses. In case
of the first outcome where the null hypothesis is not
rejected, one confirmation run is enough to improve
both output variables. The second outcome is that
both null hypotheses are rejected. In that situation,
additional testing must be performed as follows.
From the previous stage of the framework if both null
hypotheses are rejected, an adjustment confirmation
run will be performed. The parameter level settings
that are not identical are first adjusted to a value
between the two non-identical parameter values. The
experiment is then performed and two final
hypotheses are tested. The first hypothesis test is
done to see if QC1mean from the optimized
parameter level settings for QC1will be significantly
differentfrom the QC1mean obtained from the
adjusted parameter level settings.
Ho: µQC1 (from adjusted setting) = µQC1 (from opt QC1)
H1: µQC1 (from adjusted setting)≠ µQC1 (from optQC1)
Where µQC1(from adjusted setting)is theQC1mean from the
adjusted parameter level settings, andµQ1(from opt Q1)is
the QC1mean from the optimized parameter level
settings forQC1.
The second hypothesis test is conducted to see if
QC2meanfrom the optimized parameter level settings
forQC2will be significantly different from the
QC2meanobtained from the adjusted parameter level
settings.
Ho: µQC2 (from adjusted setting)= µQC2 (from opt QC2)
H1: µQC2 (from adjusted setting) ≠µQC2 (from optQC2)
Where µQ2(from adjusted setting) is the QC2mean from the
adjusted parameter level settings and µQ2(from optQ2)is
the QC2mean from the optimizedparameter level
settings for QC2.
Ideally if both output variables are expected for
optimization, one prefers to see that neither of thetwo
null hypotheses is rejected. In this case the output
from the adjusted parameter level settings is not
significantly different from the output from the
optimized parameter settings for each quality
characteristic. However if one of the null hypotheses
is rejected, then simultaneous improvement for both
output variables was technically not possiblewith a
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single parameter level setting. When this happens,
there are two options for the user. One is to select the
parameter level settings based on the more
importantquality characteristicfrom the two under
investigation. However in reality the practitioner of
this methodology may inquire into the difference of
the output from the adjusted parameter level settings
and the output from the baseline study for both QC1
and QC2. If there turns out to be a considerable
improvement for both QC1 and QC2 by using the
adjusted parameter settings, then the second option is
to continue to use the adjusted parameter settings for
both QC1 and QC2, for they both can still be
improved although not optimized.
III. Case Study
The experiment was carried out on aSodick VZ
300LW-EDM machine. The wire used in this
experiment is made of brass with adiameter of
0.25mm, and the work piece material is1080
steelsheet with a thickness of 0.175”. Dimensions of
the work pieceare shown in Fig 3.
Fig. 3Work piece dimension
3.1 Selection of output variables
In this research surface roughness and angular
accuracy were selected as response variables. A
Mitutoyo SJ-301profilometerwas used for measuring
surface roughness and a Mitutoyo RV507 CMM
machine was used for angular accuracy measurement.
3.2 Baseline analysis
The baseline run in this study was conducted
using the default parameter level setting for the W-
EDM operation. The parameter levels are: pulse on
time at 12µs, wire feed rate at 35units, voltage of9v,
and wire tension of 160 gram. These settings
produced the following results as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Baseline results
Run 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Average
Surface
Roughness
Ra µin
147.9 141.7 136.1.9 144.2 140.2 138.9 145.7 139.1 140.9 142.6 142.4
Angular
Accuracy θº
0.0958 0.0637 0.0872 0.0781 0.0692 0.0725 0.0713 0.0961 0.0734 0.1018 0.082
3.3 Controllable factor and noise factor selection
The cause and effect diagram (fishbone diagram)
outlined possible significant factors that could affect
the machine conditions and lead to products with
inferior quality. Fig. 4 displays the cause and effect
diagram. With the cause and effectanalysis, four
machining parameters (pulse on time, wire feed rate,
voltage, and wire tension)were selectedin this
research as controllable factors. The selection of
thesefour controllable factors arebased upon the
previous literatures summarized in Table-1and their
correlation to the output variablesof this research.
Vibration was selected as noise factor in this research
since it most accurately represents an uncontrollable
factor as seen in the machine shop environment.
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Fig. 4 Cause and effect diagram for poor surface roughness and angular accuracy
3.4 Designing OA matrix experiment
The next step is to implement Taguchi parameter
design and OA matrixexperiment for the controllable
factors and noise factor. Taguchi experiment is used
in this research for a reduced cost incurred in the
experimentation compared to traditional experiment
design. Taguchi experiment involves four
controllable factors including pulse on time, feed
rate, voltage, and wire tension, each of which has
three accompanying levels. Table 3 shows the
Taguchi parameters design where vibration is
considered as the noise factor for its uncontrollable
effect on product quality.
Table 3Taguchi parameters design
P
A
R
A
M
E
T
E
R
S
--- Symbol Level- 1 Level- 2 Level-3
Pulse on time T On(µs) 9 11 13
Feed Rate FR(in/min) 30 35 40
Voltage V(volt) 7 8 9
Wire Tension WT(gram) 155 160 165
Noise
Factors
Vibration V on Off
Response
Variables
dimensional of
angles
surface roughness
Selection ofOAis based on thenumber of controllable factors(4 controllable factors in this research) and their
levels (3 levels for each controllable factor). In this research the OA will be a L9 table by whichnine experiments
will be done to study four controllable factors at three different levels for adequate experimental analysis. Table
4 shows the experiment design using an OA L9 table.
Humidity
Operator
Training
Machine Precision
Pulse on Time
Wire Tension
Poor
Surface
Roughness
and
Angular
Accuracy
MethodsMaterialMachine
Environment
Outside Vibration
Material Thickness
Program/NC
code
Manpowe
r
Operator Experience
Wire Feed Rate
Voltage
Material Hardness
Material Conductivity
Tool Quality
Material Type
Tool Type
Temperature
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Table 4 Experiments designed usingOA L9
Exp. No.
Control Factors Noise Factor
T on FR V WT Vibration Vibration
1 1 1 1 1 ON OFF
2 1 2 2 2 ON OFF
3 1 3 3 3 ON OFF
4 2 1 2 3 ON OFF
5 2 2 3 1 ON OFF
6 2 3 1 2 ON OFF
7 3 1 3 2 ON OFF
8 3 2 1 3 ON OFF
9 3 3 2 1 ON OFF
IV. Results and Discussion
Subsequent to the Taguchi-based experiment
implementation, an analysis was done to reveal the
effect of the pulse on time, wire feed rate, voltage,
and wire tension on the quality characteristics of
surface roughness and angle accuracy. The
experiments were conducted using the L9OA matrix.
Tables 5 and 6 show the experimental results for
surface roughness and angular accuracy, respectively.
The average value (Y-bar) and S/N ratio were
calculated at different levels for the response
characteristics. S/N ratio of smaller the betterwas
computed using equation (1)for both surface
roughness and angle accuracy. The angle accuracy
value was calculated by measuring the angle first,
then subtracting it from 90 degree to show the
absolute angular deviation.
Table 5 Experiment results for surface roughness
Exp.
No.
Control Factors Noise Factor
Y-bar S/N RatioT on FR V WT V on V off
1 1 1 1 1 124.5 123.9 124.2 -41.88
2 1 2 2 2 122.6 120.2 121.4 -41.68
3 1 3 3 3 123.7 122.5 123.1 -41.81
4 2 1 2 3 128.6 124.3 126.45 -42.04
5 2 2 3 1 132.8 130.1 131.45 -42.38
6 2 3 1 2 137.2 135.9 136.55 -42.71
7 3 1 3 2 139.1 140.8 139.95 -42.92
8 3 2 1 3 134.2 137.9 136.05 -42.67
9 3 3 2 1 145.6 138.3 141.95 -43.05
Table 6 Experiment results for angle accuracy
Exp.
No.
Control Factors Noise Factor
Y-bar S/N RatioT on FR V WT V on V off
1 1 1 1 1 0.2366 0.2458 0.2412 12.35
2 1 2 2 2 0.1275 0.1259 0.1267 17.94
3 1 3 3 3 0.2721 0.2546 0.26335 11.58
4 2 1 2 3 0.1211 0.1312 0.12615 17.98
5 2 2 3 1 0.1446 0.1261 0.13535 17.35
6 2 3 1 2 0.1107 0.1013 0.106 19.49
7 3 1 3 2 0.0855 0.0174 0.05145 24.19
8 3 2 1 3 0.1382 0.0644 0.1013 19.35
9 3 3 2 1 0.0447 0.096 0.07035 22.51
4.1 Data analysis for surface roughness
Tables 7and 8show the responses of mean and
S/Nratio ofsurface roughness. From the collected
data, pulse on time is the most significant factor in
affecting surface roughness while voltage and wire
tension are shown to be less significant factors. It can
be observed that surface roughness increases with an
increase in pulse on time, and surface roughness
decreases with an increase in wire tension. Also
surface roughness is higher with the first level of
voltage and the third level of wire feed rate but
decreases when using the middle two levels. Fig.5
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shows that the optimal parameter settings for surface
roughnessarefirst level of pulse on time (A1), second
level of wire feed rate (B2), second level of voltage
(C2), and third level of wire tension (D3).
Table 7Response tableof mean for surface roughness ra µin
Level A (T on) B (FR) C (V) D (WT)
1 122.9 130.2 132.3 132.5
2 131.5 129.6 129.9 132.6
3 139.3 133.9 131.5 128.5
Table 8Response table of signal to noise (S/N) ratio for surface roughness
Level A (T on) B (FR) C (V) D (WT)
1 -41.79 -42.28 -42.42 -42.43
2 -42.37 -42.25 -42.26 -42.44
3 -42.88 -42.52 -42.37 -42.17
Fig. 5 Effects of controllable parameters on surface roughness and S/N ratio
After the optimization was completed,the effect of
noise factor on W-EDM process was also studied by
using aT-test to determine if vibration is significant
to surface roughness.
H₀: µRa (vibration On) = µRa (vibration Off)
H₁: µRa (vibration On) ≠ µRa (vibration Off)
Where µRa (vibration On) is the mean of vibration-on
values and µRa (vibration Off) is the meanof vibration-off
values obtained from Table 5.
By using equation,
t =
µRa (vibration On)
− µRa (vibration Off )
SRa (vibration On )
2 + SRa (vibration Off )
2
n1+n2
The t-value for surface roughness is 0.430 which is
smaller than t critical value of 2.92(with alpha = 0.01,
degree of freedom =16).Therefore the null hypothesis
is not rejected, which means the vibration does not
affect surface roughness.
4.2 Data analysis for angular accuracy
Tables 9 and 10shows the responsesof mean and
S/N ratio of angular accuracy. From the collected
data, pulse on time and wire tension are the most
significant factors affecting angular accuracy, while
voltage and feed rate are shown to be less significant.
It can be observed that angular accuracy decreases
with an increase in pulse on time, and angular
accuracy is the best with the middle level of wire
tension. When observing the results of feed rate and
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voltage, the middle two levels give thelowest
deviation from the nominal 90-degree. Fig.6 shows
that the optimal parameter settings arethird level of
pulse on time (A3), second level of wire feed rate
(B2), second level of voltage (C2), and second level of
wire tension (D2).
Table 9Response table of mean for angular accuracy θº
Level A (T on) B (FR) C (V) D (WT)
1 0.210 0.140 0.150 0.149
2 0.123 0.121 0.108 0.095
3 0.074 0.147 0.150 0.164
Table 10Response table ofS/N ratio for angular accuracy
Level A (T on) B (FR) C (V) D (WT)
1 13.96 18.17 17.06 17.40
2 18.27 18.21 19.48 20.54
3 22.02 17.86 17.71 16.30
Fig. 6 Effects of controllable parameters on angular
accuracy and S/N ratio
After optimization was completed for angular
accuracy, another hypothesis test for noise factor on
W-EDM process was conducted to determine if
vibration is significant to angular accuracy.
H₀: µθ (vibration On) = µθ (vibration Off)
H₁: µθ (vibration On) ≠ µθ (vibration Off)
Where µθ (vibration On) is the mean of vibration-on values
and µθ(vibration Off) is the meanof vibration-off values
obtained from Table 6.
By using equation,
t =
xRa (vibration On )− xRa (vibration Off )
SRa (vibration On )
2 + SRa (vibration Off )
2
n1+n2
The t-value for angular accuracy is 0.3758 which
is smaller than t critical value of 2.92(with alpha =
0.01, degree of freedom =16).So the null hypothesis
is not rejected, which means that the vibration does
not affect angular accuracy.
The above data analysisshows that the optimal
parameter levelsare not identicalfor surface
roughness and angular accuracy. Surface roughness
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has levels of A1, B2, C2, and D3, while angular
accuracy haslevels of A3, B2, C2, and D2. Hencetwo
confirmation runs are needed foreach quality
characteristic on their own optimal parameter level
settings.
V. Confirmation runs
Confirmation run is an additional set of
experiments performed using the optimal parameter
values as determined from the Taguchi experiments.
For this researchconfirmationrunsare used to validate
that improvementsfor both surface roughness and
angular accuracy can beaccomplished. Tables 11 and
12show the outcomes of confirmation runs for both
surface roughness and angular accuracy quality
characteristics.
Table 11 Confirmation run for surface roughness and confidence interval
Run 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Surface
Roughness
Ra µin
112.3 113.4 115.9 116.7 115.2 108.9 113.5 118.7 112.6 117.9
Mean = 114.51 Standard Deviation= 2.954 Upper CI = 117.545
T-value (99%) = ± 3.250 N= 10 Lower CI = 111.475
Table 12 Confirmation run for angular accuracy and confidence interval
Run 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Angular
Accuracy
θº
0.0082 0.011 0.007 0.0084 0.0079 0.012 0.0091 0.0098 0.0095 0.0067
Mean = 0.00896 Standard Deviation= 0.0017 Upper CI = 0.01069
T-value (99%) = ± 3.250 N= 10 Lower CI = 0.00723
Based on the optimal setting (A1, B2, C2, and D3)
forsurface roughness, the predicted optimal value for
surface roughness is given as:
Predicted Ra = µA1+ µB2+ µC2+ µD3 – 3* Y-Avg =
117.30µin
Based on the optimal setting (A3, B2, C2, and D2)
forangular accuracy, the predicted optimal value for
angular accuracy is given as:
Predicted θ = µA3+ µB2+ µC2+ µD2 – 3* Y-Avg =
0.00935º
The letters with a number subscript in the above
two representations denote the optimal parameter
selections, and Y-Avg is the average of all response
data. Through comparing the predicted values and the
results from comfirmation runs, it can be shown
thatboth confirmation runs actually rendered more
improvement than what was expected, and the
predicted values fell between the upper and lower
bounds. The mean of surface roughness from
confirmation run is 114.51 µin, which is less than the
predicted 117.30 µin, and the mean of angular
accuracy from confirmation run is 0.00896 º, less
than the predicted 0.00935º.
Given the results from confirmation runs, a final
T-test for 99% confidence interval was conducted to
confirm the expected level of experimental
repeatability. For surface roughness, it can be
expected with 99% confidence that a part cut on aW-
EDM machine will have surface roughness values
between 111.475µinand 117.545µin. Likewise, an
angle feature cut using aW-EDMmachine will be
within the deviation range of 0.00723ºto 0.01069ºat
99% confidence.
VI. Merging two quality characteristics
into one optimal parameter setting
The case study shows non-identical parameter
settings for the two quality characteristics. The
optimal parameter for surface roughness is A1, B2,
C2, and D3andthat for angular accuracyis A3, B2, C2,
and D2. In order to optimize both quality
characteristics simultaneously, it is necessary to
reachone optimal parameter setting that can optimize
both surface roughness and angular accuracy at the
same time.
In this research a T-test was used to determine if
there is a significant difference in mean between the
surface roughnessproduced by the optimal parameter
levels for surface roughness itself and the surface
roughnessproduced by the optimal parameter levels
for angular accuracy.
Ho: µRa (from opt Ra) =µRa(from opt θ)
H1: µRa (from opt Ra) ≠µRa(from opt θ)
Where µRa (from opt Ra) is the mean of surface
roughnessfrom the experiments using the optimized
parameter level settingfor surface roughness, and µRa
from opt (θ) is the mean of surface roughnessfrom
experiments using the optimized parameter level
settingfor angular accuracy.
Table 13 shows boththe surface roughnessdata from
the optimized parameter level for surface roughness
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itself and the data from the optimized parameter level
for angular accuracy (θ).
By using equation, t =
xRa (from opt Ra )− xRa (from opt θ)
SRa (from opt Ra )
2 + SRa (from opt θ)
2
n1+n2
The t-value is -16.05 which falls outside of t-
critical value +/-2.898 (with alpha=0.01 degree of
freedom=18). Thus the null hypothesis is rejected.
The conclusion is that the non-identical parameter
setting doesaffect surface roughness.
Table 13 T-test comparing of two data (surface vs.
angular) for Ra
No.
(Ra) from opt
Surface
Roughness
(Ra) from
opt Angular
accuracy
1 112.3 133.6
2 113.4 141.1
3 115.9 145.6
4 116.7 134.7
5 115.2 138.6
6 108.9 139.7
7 113.5 135.2
8 118.7 137.9
9 112.6 135.6
10 117.9 138.2
Average 114.51 138.02
Standard
Deviation
2.95 3.57
SE Mean 1.46
T-value -16.05
Degree of
Freedom
17
T- alpha
value .01
± 2.898
Table 14 T-test comparing of two data (surface vs.
angular) for θ
No.
(θ) from opt
Angular
accuracy
(θ) from opt
Surface
Roughness
1 0.0082 0.0514
2 0.011 0.044
3 0.007 0.0925
4 0.0084 0.067
5 0.0079 0.0566
6 0.012 0.0426
7 0.0091 0.0866
8 0.0098 0.0372
9 0.0095 0.0361
10 0.0067 0.0964
Average 0.00896 .0610
Standard
Deviation
0.00168 0.0232
SE Mean 0.00737
T-value -7.067
Degree
of
Freedom
9
T- alpha
value .01
± 3.250
Similarly T-test was also used to determine if there is
a significant difference between the mean of angular
accuracyproduced bythe optimized parameter levels
for angular accuracy itself and the mean ofangular
accuracy produced by the optimized parameter level
for surface roughness.
Ho: µθ(from opt θ) =µθ (from opt Ra)
H1: µθ(from opt θ)≠µθ(from opt Ra)
Where µθ(from opt θ) is the mean of angular accuracy
from the experiments using the optimized parameter
level for angular accuracy, and µθ(from opt Ra) is the
mean of angular accuracy from the experiments using
the optimized parameter level for surface roughness.
Table 14 shows both the angular accuracy data from
the optimized parameter level for angular accuracy
and the data from the optimized parameter level for
surface roughness.
By using equation, t =
xθ(from opt θ)− xθ (from opt Ra )
Sθ(from opt θ)
2 + Sθ (from opt Ra )
2
n1+n2
The t-value is -7.067 which falls outside of t-critical
value ±3.250 (with alpha=0.01 degree of
freedom=18), and therefore the null hypothesis is
rejected. The conclusion is that the non-identical
parameter setting does affect angular accuracy.
Since both null hypotheses were rejected with the
above two T-tests, the optimal parameter settings for
surface roughness and angular accuracy need to be
adjusted into one optimal setting. With surface
roughness optimal levels of A1, B2, C2, and D3 and
angular accuracy optimal levels of A3, B2, C2, and D2,
the adjusted optimal levels are made at the middle
points of each individual parameter. Hence the
adjusted optimal levels in this case study are A2, B2,
C2, and D2.5.A final run was conducted using the
adjusted parameter level setting. Table 15 shows the
data collected from the finalrunwith the measurement
of the surface roughness and angular accuracyunder
the newly adjusted parameter settings of A2, B2, C2,
and D2.5. This data was then further compared in
another T-test to the data collected from the
confirmation runs made using each separate
optimized parameter level setting.
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Table 15 Final runs with adjusted parameter for surface roughness and angular accuracy
A T-test was used to determine if there is a
significant difference between themean of surface
roughness(Ra)from the adjusted parameter levels and
themean of surface roughness(Ra)from the optimized
parameter levels for surface roughness.
Ho: µRa(from adjusted setting) = µRa(from opt Ra)
H1: µRa(from adjusted setting) ≠ µRa(from opt Ra)
Where µRa(from adjusted setting) is the mean ofsurface
roughness (Ra)from the adjusted parameter level
setting, and µRa(from opt Ra)is the mean of surface
roughness (Ra) from the optimized parameter level
setting forsurface roughness.Table 16 shows
thesurface roughness (Ra)from the adjusted
parameter level and thesurface roughness(Ra)from
the optimized parameter level for surface roughness.
By using equation,
t =
xRa (from adjusted setting ) − xRa (from opt Ra )
SRa (from adjusted setting )
2 + SRa (from opt Ra )
2
n1+n2
The t-value is -5.52 which falls outside of t-critical
value +/-3.250 (with alpha=0.01 degree of
freedom=18),therefore the null hypothesis is rejected.
This result means that the adjustment of parameter
levels does affect surface roughness.
Table 16T-test comparing of two data (surface vs.
adjusted) for Ra
No.
(Ra) from opt
Surface
Roughness
(Ra)from
Adjusted
Parameter
1 112.3 123.6
2 113.4 118.9
3 115.9 124.7
4 116.7 125.6
5 115.2 117.2
6 108.9 123.1
7 113.5 124
8 118.7 119.3
9 112.6 121.9
10 117.9 119.1
Average 114.51 121.74
Standard
Deviation
2.95 2.90
SE Mean 1.31
T-value -5.52
Degree of 9
Freedom
T- alpha
value .01
±3.250
Table 17 T-test comparing of two data (angular vs.
adjusted) for θ
No.
(θ) from opt
Angular accuracy
(θ)from
Adjusted
Parameter
1 0.0082 0.0423
2 0.011 0.0234
3 0.007 0.0306
4 0.0084 0.0365
5 0.0079 0.0317
6 0.012 0.0487
7 0.0091 0.0503
8 0.0098 0.0291
9 0.0095 0.0467
10 0.0067 0.0483
Average 0.00896 0.0388
Standard
Deviation
0.00168 0.0097
SE Mean 0.0031
T-value -9.56
Degree of
Freedom
10
T- alpha
value .01
±3.169
T-test was also used to determine if there is a
significant difference in mean value between the
angular accuracy(θ) collected from the adjusted
parameter level and theangular accuracy(θ)collected
from the optimized level for angular accuracy.
Ho: µθ(from adjusted setting) =µθ(from opt θ)
H1: µθ(from adjusted setting) ≠µθ(from opt θ)
Where µθ(from adjusted setting) is the mean of angular
accuracy(θ) from the adjusted parameter level setting,
and µθ(from opt θ) is the mean ofangular accuracy(θ)
from the optimized level settingfor angular accuracy.
Table 17 shows theangular accuracy(θ)from the
adjusted parameter level and the angular
accuracy(θ)from the optimized level for angular
accuracy.
Run 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Averag
e
Surface
Roughnes
s Ra µin
123.6 118.9 124.7 125.6 117.2 123.1 124 119.3 121.9 119.1 121.7
Angular
Accuracy
θº
0.042
3
0.023
4
0.030
6
0.036
5
0.031
7
0.048
7
0.050
3
0.029
1
0.046
7
0.048
3
0.0388
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ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 6) January 2016, pp.35-49
www.ijera.com 48|P a g e
By using equation,
t =
xθ(from adjusted setting ) − xµθ(from opt θ)
Sθ(from adjusted setting )
2 + Sµθ(from opt θ)
2
n1+n2
The t-value is -9.56 which is falls outside of t-critical
value +/-3.169 (with alpha=0.01 degree of
freedom=18),and the null hypothesis is rejected.
Consequently the adjustment of parameter levels
affects angular accuracy.
The finding of T-test shows that for both surface
roughness and angular accuracy the null hypotheses
are rejected. With both null hypotheses rejected, it is
concluded that a single optimized parameter level
setting could not be used for optimizing both output
variables at the same time. In this situation, one
optimized parameter level setting, either for surface
roughness or angular accuracy, should be chosen
depending on which quality characteristic is more
important to the user. Alternatively the user could
compare the outputs from the adjusted parameter
level setting with the outputs from baseline study. If
there is considerable improvement for both quality
characteristics from the responses of baseline study,
it is still worthy of using the adjusted parameter level
setting.
VII. Conclusion
This research presents a framework based on
Taguchi parameter design to optimize two quality
characteristics- surface roughness and angular
accuracy in Wire Electrical Discharge Machining
(W-EDM) process. Four factors were investigated as
controllable factors including pulse on time, wire
feed rate, voltage, and wire tension, while one factor-
vibration is considered as noise factor. The analysis
of experimental results concludes that pulse on time
is the most significant factor that impacts both
surface roughness and angle accuracy. Wire tension
is secondarysignificantto angle accuracy but was
shown to have lessinflunece on surface roughness.
Voltage was shown to have some effect on the
outputvariables while wire feed rate had little or no
effect.
From the initial baseline study, the output
variables of surface roughness and angular accuracy
were found to have average values of 142.4µin and
0.082º. By using Taguchi method with a L9 table
experiment design, the optimized parameter level
setting for each individual quality characteristic was
found. The confirmationrun conducted for surface
roughness had an average value of 114.51µin while
the confirmationrunconducted for angular accuracy
had an average value of 0.00896º.The difference in
optimal parameter level setting for these two output
variableslead to the adjustment of parameter levels
into one setting for further data analysis. Hence two
more runs of experiments were performed for each
output variable using the adjusted parameter setting.
Data analysis shows that the surface roughness value
was found to be 121.7µin, and the angular accuracy
value was found to be 0.0388º under the adjusted
parameter setting. Although the adjusted parameter
setting did not yield the same results compared to the
optimized parameter setting for each output variables,
overall improvement was still observed. As future
work, the authors plan to apply this methodology to
study the effect of other machining conditions such
as different wire type and work piece material on
other quality characteristics such as material removal
rate (MRR) and electrode wear ratio (EWR).
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