This research presents an experimental study on the spalling of self-compacting concrete (SCC) with
and without polypropylene (PP) fibres subjected to elevated temperatures and at 2 and 4 hour
exposure times. The results showed spalling occurred in all specimens that did not contain PP fibre in
the concrete mixture above 400oC. On the other hand, spalling did not occur in specimens containing
PP fibres above 0.05 % by volume. Spalling resistance performance was significantly improved. The
hardened densities, weight losses, permeability, and scanning electron microscopy tests showed that
the main cause for spalling was the low permeability of the SCC and the presence of water inside the
concrete. Vapour developed inside the concrete during a fire finds it difficult to escape and will
produce high internal stresses that lead to spalling. Statistical models were devised for the above test.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Blast Resistance ConcreteIRJET Journal
The document reports on an experimental investigation into the blast resistance of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). Concrete cubes containing different volumes of plastic fiber were tested under blasting conditions and their performance was compared to normal concrete cubes. The results indicated that concrete cubes containing 35%, 30% and 20% plastic fiber by volume of the matrix exhibited excellent performance in resisting blasts compared to other concrete cubes. The document describes the materials, mix designs, specimen fabrication, testing procedures and setup for the blasting experiments on FRC and normal concrete cubes.
Study of mechanical properties of concrete at elevated temperatures a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete, the second highest consumed material after water in the world, plays a vital role in the construction field because of the versatility in its use. Developments during the last two decades have shown a marked increase in the number of structures involving the long time heating of concrete. In recognition of its importance, many researchers have attempted to investigate the effect of elevated temperature on mechanical properties of concrete. These researchers, during their investigation, used materials with varying combination and different experimental conditions. These materials include cement, different percentages of admixtures like fly ash, silica fume, metakaolin, finely grounded pumice(FGP), group granulated blast furnace slag(GGBS), polypropylene fibre(PP fibre), palm oil fuel ash(POFA), Portland pozzolana cement(PPC), rice husk ash(RHA), different fine and coarse aggregates, super plasticisers, retarders and the conditions included a temperature range of 28oC to 1200oC . The other conditions that were varied are the shapes and sizes of test specimens, curing methods, curing conditions and test methods. The analysis of these investigations and their results are reviewed and presented in this paper. Key words: concrete, mechanical properties, elevated temperature, admixtures, curing methods
Effect of High Temperature on Compressive Strength of ConcreteIOSR Journals
This document summarizes research on the effect of high temperatures on the compressive strength of concrete. Ninety concrete cubes were cast in three grades and subjected to temperatures from 200°C to 800°C for 1-2 hours. Testing found that strength was largely unaffected up to 350°C but started declining at 500°C, with over 30% reduction at 650°C. Beyond 650°C, concrete was largely decimated. Higher exposure times and temperatures led to greater strength reduction. The research adds to understanding concrete performance in fire conditions and suggests serviceability may be maintained up to 500°C but major repair is needed over 650°C.
Preparation process and performance characterization of hollow fiber ceramic ...Hnakey Lora
This document summarizes the preparation and characterization of various ceramic hollow fiber membranes. Different ceramic materials like alumina, silica, titania, and kaolin were used to fabricate membranes via phase inversion and sintering. Membranes were characterized to analyze properties like pore size, strength, permeability. Composite membranes were made by coating boehmite sol, titania sol, and other particles onto alumina hollow fiber substrates. The effects of processing parameters on membrane performance were also examined.
IRJET- Influence on Compressive Stregnth of Concrete on Addition of Micro Alu...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study on the influence of micro alumina particles on the compressive strength of concrete. Concrete cubes were made with various percentages of micro alumina particles replacing cement by weight. Testing found that cubes with 4% micro alumina had 13% higher 7-day compressive strength, while cubes with 12% had 22.79% higher 28-day compressive strength compared to controlled specimens. The study aims to determine the optimal percentage of micro alumina particles for improving compressive strength of concrete.
Effect of Granite Powder and Polypropylene Fiber on Compressive, Split Tensil...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of adding granite powder and polypropylene fibers on the compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths of concrete. Granite powder was used to replace river sand in proportions of 10%, 20%, and 30%. Polypropylene fibers made up 0.25% of the cement weight. Specimens were tested for strengths at 7, 28, and 56 days and after exposure to 300°C. Results showed that concrete with 20% granite powder replacement had improved compressive strength compared to normal concrete. The study aimed to develop more durable and heat-resistant concrete using industrial waste materials.
The Journal of MC Square Scientific Research is published by MC Square Publication on the monthly basis. It aims to publish original research papers devoted to wide areas in various disciplines of science and engineering and their applications in industry. This journal is basically devoted to interdisciplinary research in Science, Engineering and Technology, which can improve the technology being used in industry. The real-life problems involve multi-disciplinary knowledge, and thus strong inter-disciplinary approach is the need of the research.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Blast Resistance ConcreteIRJET Journal
The document reports on an experimental investigation into the blast resistance of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). Concrete cubes containing different volumes of plastic fiber were tested under blasting conditions and their performance was compared to normal concrete cubes. The results indicated that concrete cubes containing 35%, 30% and 20% plastic fiber by volume of the matrix exhibited excellent performance in resisting blasts compared to other concrete cubes. The document describes the materials, mix designs, specimen fabrication, testing procedures and setup for the blasting experiments on FRC and normal concrete cubes.
Study of mechanical properties of concrete at elevated temperatures a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete, the second highest consumed material after water in the world, plays a vital role in the construction field because of the versatility in its use. Developments during the last two decades have shown a marked increase in the number of structures involving the long time heating of concrete. In recognition of its importance, many researchers have attempted to investigate the effect of elevated temperature on mechanical properties of concrete. These researchers, during their investigation, used materials with varying combination and different experimental conditions. These materials include cement, different percentages of admixtures like fly ash, silica fume, metakaolin, finely grounded pumice(FGP), group granulated blast furnace slag(GGBS), polypropylene fibre(PP fibre), palm oil fuel ash(POFA), Portland pozzolana cement(PPC), rice husk ash(RHA), different fine and coarse aggregates, super plasticisers, retarders and the conditions included a temperature range of 28oC to 1200oC . The other conditions that were varied are the shapes and sizes of test specimens, curing methods, curing conditions and test methods. The analysis of these investigations and their results are reviewed and presented in this paper. Key words: concrete, mechanical properties, elevated temperature, admixtures, curing methods
Effect of High Temperature on Compressive Strength of ConcreteIOSR Journals
This document summarizes research on the effect of high temperatures on the compressive strength of concrete. Ninety concrete cubes were cast in three grades and subjected to temperatures from 200°C to 800°C for 1-2 hours. Testing found that strength was largely unaffected up to 350°C but started declining at 500°C, with over 30% reduction at 650°C. Beyond 650°C, concrete was largely decimated. Higher exposure times and temperatures led to greater strength reduction. The research adds to understanding concrete performance in fire conditions and suggests serviceability may be maintained up to 500°C but major repair is needed over 650°C.
Preparation process and performance characterization of hollow fiber ceramic ...Hnakey Lora
This document summarizes the preparation and characterization of various ceramic hollow fiber membranes. Different ceramic materials like alumina, silica, titania, and kaolin were used to fabricate membranes via phase inversion and sintering. Membranes were characterized to analyze properties like pore size, strength, permeability. Composite membranes were made by coating boehmite sol, titania sol, and other particles onto alumina hollow fiber substrates. The effects of processing parameters on membrane performance were also examined.
IRJET- Influence on Compressive Stregnth of Concrete on Addition of Micro Alu...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study on the influence of micro alumina particles on the compressive strength of concrete. Concrete cubes were made with various percentages of micro alumina particles replacing cement by weight. Testing found that cubes with 4% micro alumina had 13% higher 7-day compressive strength, while cubes with 12% had 22.79% higher 28-day compressive strength compared to controlled specimens. The study aims to determine the optimal percentage of micro alumina particles for improving compressive strength of concrete.
Effect of Granite Powder and Polypropylene Fiber on Compressive, Split Tensil...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of adding granite powder and polypropylene fibers on the compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths of concrete. Granite powder was used to replace river sand in proportions of 10%, 20%, and 30%. Polypropylene fibers made up 0.25% of the cement weight. Specimens were tested for strengths at 7, 28, and 56 days and after exposure to 300°C. Results showed that concrete with 20% granite powder replacement had improved compressive strength compared to normal concrete. The study aimed to develop more durable and heat-resistant concrete using industrial waste materials.
The Journal of MC Square Scientific Research is published by MC Square Publication on the monthly basis. It aims to publish original research papers devoted to wide areas in various disciplines of science and engineering and their applications in industry. This journal is basically devoted to interdisciplinary research in Science, Engineering and Technology, which can improve the technology being used in industry. The real-life problems involve multi-disciplinary knowledge, and thus strong inter-disciplinary approach is the need of the research.
An Experimental Study on Sintered Fly Ash Aggregate Concrete Modified With Na...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study on concrete made with 100% replacement of natural aggregates with sintered fly ash aggregates. Various mixes were tested with partial replacement of cement (11%) with silica fume, slag, and fly ash, along with additions of nano aluminum oxide (Al2O3) at 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% of the replaced cement. Specimens were cast and tested for properties such as compressive strength and mode-II fracture behavior. The aim was to develop a more sustainable concrete by utilizing industrial waste materials and improving mechanical properties with nano additions.
IRJET- A Review on Behaviour of ECO Green Concrete in Construction IndustryIRJET Journal
This document reviews the behavior of eco-friendly or "green" concrete in the construction industry. It discusses how green concrete uses industrial and construction waste materials like fly ash and demolished concrete rubble as partial replacements for natural aggregates and cement. Using these recycled materials reduces environmental impacts by lowering CO2 emissions in cement production and diverting waste from landfills. The document outlines the materials used in green concrete, its environmental benefits like increased longevity and reduced energy usage compared to traditional concrete. It also discusses production methods and properties of green concrete, concluding it can reduce the construction industry's CO2 emissions while benefiting from cost savings compared to conventional concrete.
Experimental Study on Structural Behaviour of Concrete by Varying Percentage ...IJSRD
In this experiment waste (Polyethylene Terephthalate) PET fibers are added to concrete by the weight of cement. Used PET bottles are selected for this research because PET bottles are thrown by using only once and they are non-biodegradable in nature, which is causing major environmental problem all around the world. Main purpose of this investigation is to analyze the result of waste plastic bottles fibers as addition in concrete by the weight of cement. PET bottles are easily available for free of cost and that are collected. and they are cut in the form of fiber by removing top and bottom portion, and they are cut into size of 25 mm length and 0.7 mm width with a aspect ratio of 35 (AR 35).Study was conducted on M30 grade of concrete, PET fibers were added to the mix by the varying percentage of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3% by weight of cement. The weight of plastic fibers was in grams. Total 126 specimens were prepared such as 42 cubes, prism and cylinders respectively. The specimens were tested for compression test, split tensile test and flexural test only after curing for 7 days and 28 days. Highest strength of concrete was noted at 1% addition of plastic fibers to the concrete, based on this result beams were casted and results were analyzed after 28 days of curing.
Non‒Conventional Light‒Weight Clay Bricks from Homra and Kraft Pulp Wastes
Original Research Article
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research Vol. 1 (4), 2014, 123–129
H. H. M. Darweesh,* and M. G. El-Meligy
An Experimental Investigation on Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Partial...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on steel fiber reinforced concrete with partial replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand. Cubes, cylinders, prisms, and L-shaped specimens of M30 grade concrete with 50% replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand and 1% steel fibers were cast and tested at 7, 14, and 28 days to evaluate mechanical properties. The tests included compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, shear strength, and the effect of high temperatures. The study aims to compare the mechanical performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete with manufactured sand to normal concrete.
Flexural Behaviour of Steel Fibre Reinforced Geopolymer Concreteijtsrd
Concrete is the most used construction material from ancient days. It was expected that the production of cement would be increased from about from 1.5 billion tons in 1995 to 2.2 billion tons in 2020. But 2018 china using 2.37 billion tons individually. India is the second largest producer of cement in the world. Cement industry is expected to reach 550 – 600 million tons per annum at 2025. The cement production contributes nearly 8 of worlds global warming due to emission of greenhouse gases, such as CO2, to the atmosphere. Hence, it is essential to find a substitute material for cement. The technology geopolymer concrete found as alternative for this problem. In this present research, cement is replaced with Fly Ash and GGBS in different percentages with steel fibers. The studies show that the load carrying capacity of most of the gpc mix was in the most cases more than that of conventional ordinary Portland cement concrete mix. The fresh and hardened properties of geopolymer concrete were found with and without steel fiber. The mechanical characteristics of all the examined mixes are to be enhanced by the GGBS content, in both plain and steel fibre reinforced geopolymer concrete. A comparative analysis has been carried out for normal conventional concrete to that of the steel fibre reinforced geopolymer concrete under ambient curing in relation to compressive, split tensile, flexural strengths. As the fibre content generally increases compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths are proportionally increased. G. Jegatheeswaran | K. Soundhirarajan "Flexural Behaviour of Steel Fibre Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30583.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30583/flexural-behaviour-of-steel-fibre-reinforced-geopolymer-concrete/g-jegatheeswaran
Some Studies on Strength Properties of Tetra Blended Concrete with Partial Re...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study on the strength properties of concrete with partial cement replacement using various pozzolanic materials and micro Al2O3 powder. Cement in the concrete mixes was replaced with slag, silica fume, pulverized quartz powder, and micro Al2O3 powder individually and in combinations. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of the concrete mixes were tested at 7 and 28 days. It was found that the tetra blended concrete mix with 16% replacement of cement with pozzolanic materials (slag, silica fume, pulverized quartz powder) and 1% micro Al2O3 powder yielded the highest compressive strength
IRJET- A Study on Compressive Strength of Concrete with Bagasse Ash as Su...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the compressive strength of concrete with 15% replacement of cement with sugarcane bagasse ash, subjected to different curing methods. Concrete cubes were cured using conventional pond curing, curing agent, and steam curing at varying temperatures, delay periods, and curing periods. Compressive strength was tested after 28 and 56 days. Results showed that steam curing and curing agent developed higher compressive strength compared to conventional curing. Specifically, steam curing at 60°C for 8 hours with a 4-hour delay period resulted in the highest compressive strength. In conclusion, bagasse ash can be effectively used as a partial cement replacement and different curing methods can significantly improve the strength of
A presentation on nano modified bitumenShaik Farheen
This document presents a study on experimental tests conducted on bituminous mixes modified with nanoclay. The study had two phases: the first analyzed the rheological properties of modified binders compared to standard binders through tests like penetration, softening point, and dynamic shear rheometer. The second phase compared performance of modified and standard mixes through indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus, dynamic creep, and fatigue resistance tests. The results showed nanoclay modification improved rutting resistance but standard mixes performed better in fatigue resistance, especially at low temperatures.
This document discusses a study on modifying carbon fiber surfaces with nitric acid treatment and measuring the effects on mechanical and tribological properties when used to reinforce polyimide composites. Carbon fibers were treated with nitric acid and analyzed with XPS to show increased nitrogen and oxygen concentrations and different chemical functionalities on the surface. Composites made with treated fibers showed improved tensile strength and friction/wear performance compared to untreated fibers. The document provides background on carbon fiber composites and different surface treatment techniques before detailing the experimental methods used and presenting results which demonstrated benefits of nitric acid treatment for interfacial adhesion and mechanical properties.
PUBLICATION OF MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH PAPERThe House of Perle
POST GRADUATE LEVEL OF WRITING AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Required the understanding and application of scientific methods, including forming hypotheses, designing experiments to test hypotheses, and collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and reporting data.
The Northwestern University Materials Research Science & Engineering Center offers a Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) program over a 9-week period each summer. Most accepted students are exceptional rising junior and seniors. The NU-MRSEC is an interdisciplinary program focused on multi-functional nanoscale material structures. I had the opportunity to contribute to 2 research projects led by a faculty member and was assigned to a post-doctoral associate mentor worked closely with me. I participated in interdisciplinary research group meetings, expanding my science and engineering experience into a range of fields. Required the understanding and application of scientific methods, including forming hypotheses, designing experiments to test hypotheses, and collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and reporting data.
Effect of flyash on the properties of concrete and construction materialsIJLT EMAS
Fly ash, a waste generated by thermal power plants is
as such a big environmental concern. The investigation reported
in this paper is carried out to study the utilization of fly ash in
cement concrete as a partial replacement of cement as well as an
additive so as to provide an environmentally consistent way of its
disposal and reuse. This work is a case study on fly Ash collected
from CTPS Bokaro .This research was experimentally carried
out to investigate the effects of introducing Fly Ash(FA) as a
Partial Replacement of Portland Slag Cement (PSC) on the
physical and structural properties of Concrete.Consistency,
Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength and Flexural
Strength of concrete with 0% ,5% ,10% ,15% and 20% partial
replacement of PSC with FA has been conducted and result is
calculated at 7 and 28 days.
Mechanical properties of block masonry units manufacturedAlexander Decker
This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the mechanical properties of block masonry units manufactured from six different types of recycled materials as coarse aggregates, compared to units made with natural aggregates. Large numbers of solid and hollow concrete blocks were prepared using worn-out tires, pottery, roof tiles, bathroom tiles, glass pieces, and steel wastes in varying percentages. The compressive strength, stress-strain behavior, modulus of elasticity, and density of the different block types were tested and compared. Blocks made with crushed pottery aggregates had the highest compressive strength, while units containing worn-out tire aggregates were the weakest and least dense.
An Experimental Investigation on Effect of Elevated Temperatures on M35 grade...IJERD Editor
In the event of sudden fire break out, the concrete elements such as columns, beams etc. are
subjected to extreme temperatures. The assessment of their performance after fire becomes necessary to decide
upon its fitness and required repair measures. Hence, it is important to understand the changes in the concrete
properties due to its exposure to extreme temperatures. It is important to know the effect of elevated temperature
on the properties of concrete. In this project thesis work experimental investigation is carried out to study the
effects of elevated temperatures on the compressive strength of normal concrete and on concrete by partial
replacement of cement with various percentages of fly ash. In the present study a concrete mix M35 and is taken.
In the normal concrete, cement is replaced with (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) fly ash.The compressive strength of
concrete with various percentages of fly ash (0%to 25%) are subjected to temperatures (400 to 6000C), for
different time periods (30 and 60min) which were tested for 28 days and 56 days of curing. The samples are
cured in water and later exposed to various temperatures with various time periods. After heating the samples in
electrical furnace to the desired temperatures .They are allowed to cool to the room temperatures and tested
under compression. The average of the readings obtained is recorded and presented in various tables. This study
shows that the compressive strength of fly ash (0%to 10%) concrete is more than the normal concrete at room
temperatures and elevated temperatures and also compared to compressive strength of fly ash (15%to 25%)
concrete.
The document summarizes a study on producing porous bricks with reduced thermal conductivity using recycled paper processing residues. The objectives were to make lightweight bricks using recycled materials and analyze the brick properties. Bricks were produced by mixing clay with 0-30% paper residues and firing at 1100°C. Properties tested included density, porosity, strength and thermal conductivity. Results showed density decreased up to 33% with paper addition while porosity and thermal conductivity improved. Compressive strengths remained above standards. The study concluded recycled paper residues can be effectively used to make porous bricks with reduced thermal conductivity and weight.
Experimental study was conducted to investigate the use of coir fiber as reinforcement in cement composites. Coir fiber was treated with natural latex before being added to concrete in lengths of 20mm, 25mm, and 30mm at percentages of 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%. Compressive strength tests at 7, 14, and 28 days showed that strength initially increased up to 0.75% fiber content and then decreased. The maximum compressive strength was achieved using 25mm fiber at 0.75% addition. The study concluded that coir fiber improves concrete properties and resistance to sulphate attack while reducing environmental pollution compared to synthetic fibers.
Effect of Different Types of Coarse Aggregates on Physical Properties of Most...IOSRJMCE
Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone that, along with water and binder (cement/blended cement), are an essential ingredient in concrete. For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete with required shape and sizeAggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete, are divided into two distinct categories--fine and coarse. The most important property of concrete is its compressive strength. For the purpose of comparison of such compressive strength, three types of coarse aggregates, quartzite, granite, and river gravel, were used. The fine aggregate is normal sand obtained from a borrow pit. This experimental investigation describes the influence of aggregate type and size on the density, compressive, split tensile strength of concrete. To investigate the effect of type and size of aggregate on the compressive strength, density, split tensile strength of concrete an experimental program shall be carried out in GRIET Laboratory. Three different types with three different sizes of course aggregates shall used for developing mix design. The sizes of coarse aggregate shall be 40mm, 20mm, and 12 mm. Ordinary Portland cement is intended to be used as binding material. Different samples shall be tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength and density of concrete. Cylinders of size 150mmx150mm shall be cast in laboratory and tested in testing machines. For each type of coarse aggregate cubes of 150x150mm size to be cast to allow the compressive strength 7 and 28 days. Based on test results, conclusion shall follow
The document discusses the influence of carbon black surface area and structure on the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of natural rubber composites. It finds that increasing the surface area of carbon black particles leads to increases in rheometric torque, Mooney viscosity, reversion time, cure time, tensile strength, hardness, and elongation at break. Scorch time and compression set decrease with higher surface area. The results indicate that carbon black surface area plays an important role in enhancing the cure properties and mechanics of natural rubber composites.
IRJET- Utilization of Paper Waste and Fly Ash in Cement Concrete – A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews the utilization of paper waste and fly ash in cement concrete. It discusses how paper waste and fly ash can be used as partial replacements for cement and natural aggregates in concrete production. Using these waste materials can help reduce environmental pollution while providing economic and performance benefits to the concrete. The literature review summarizes several studies that have experimentally investigated the mechanical properties, durability, and fire resistance of concrete made with partial replacements of paper waste and fly ash. The findings generally indicate that concrete made with appropriate proportions of paper waste and fly ash can provide comparable or improved strength and durability compared to traditional concrete.
The document discusses a study on using melt-densified post-consumer recycled plastic bags as lightweight aggregate in concrete. Melt-densified aggregates (MDA) were prepared by melting plastic bags in a furnace at 160°C. Concrete mixtures with 0-20% replacement of conventional aggregates with MDA were tested. Test results showed that as MDA replacement increased, compressive strength and density decreased. With 20% replacement, compressive strength dropped 44% and density dropped 3.2%. The study concludes that MDA can partially replace conventional aggregates to reduce concrete weight while providing a way to dispose of plastic waste.
An Experimental Study on Sintered Fly Ash Aggregate Concrete Modified With Na...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study on concrete made with 100% replacement of natural aggregates with sintered fly ash aggregates. Various mixes were tested with partial replacement of cement (11%) with silica fume, slag, and fly ash, along with additions of nano aluminum oxide (Al2O3) at 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% of the replaced cement. Specimens were cast and tested for properties such as compressive strength and mode-II fracture behavior. The aim was to develop a more sustainable concrete by utilizing industrial waste materials and improving mechanical properties with nano additions.
IRJET- A Review on Behaviour of ECO Green Concrete in Construction IndustryIRJET Journal
This document reviews the behavior of eco-friendly or "green" concrete in the construction industry. It discusses how green concrete uses industrial and construction waste materials like fly ash and demolished concrete rubble as partial replacements for natural aggregates and cement. Using these recycled materials reduces environmental impacts by lowering CO2 emissions in cement production and diverting waste from landfills. The document outlines the materials used in green concrete, its environmental benefits like increased longevity and reduced energy usage compared to traditional concrete. It also discusses production methods and properties of green concrete, concluding it can reduce the construction industry's CO2 emissions while benefiting from cost savings compared to conventional concrete.
Experimental Study on Structural Behaviour of Concrete by Varying Percentage ...IJSRD
In this experiment waste (Polyethylene Terephthalate) PET fibers are added to concrete by the weight of cement. Used PET bottles are selected for this research because PET bottles are thrown by using only once and they are non-biodegradable in nature, which is causing major environmental problem all around the world. Main purpose of this investigation is to analyze the result of waste plastic bottles fibers as addition in concrete by the weight of cement. PET bottles are easily available for free of cost and that are collected. and they are cut in the form of fiber by removing top and bottom portion, and they are cut into size of 25 mm length and 0.7 mm width with a aspect ratio of 35 (AR 35).Study was conducted on M30 grade of concrete, PET fibers were added to the mix by the varying percentage of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3% by weight of cement. The weight of plastic fibers was in grams. Total 126 specimens were prepared such as 42 cubes, prism and cylinders respectively. The specimens were tested for compression test, split tensile test and flexural test only after curing for 7 days and 28 days. Highest strength of concrete was noted at 1% addition of plastic fibers to the concrete, based on this result beams were casted and results were analyzed after 28 days of curing.
Non‒Conventional Light‒Weight Clay Bricks from Homra and Kraft Pulp Wastes
Original Research Article
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research Vol. 1 (4), 2014, 123–129
H. H. M. Darweesh,* and M. G. El-Meligy
An Experimental Investigation on Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Partial...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on steel fiber reinforced concrete with partial replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand. Cubes, cylinders, prisms, and L-shaped specimens of M30 grade concrete with 50% replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand and 1% steel fibers were cast and tested at 7, 14, and 28 days to evaluate mechanical properties. The tests included compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, shear strength, and the effect of high temperatures. The study aims to compare the mechanical performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete with manufactured sand to normal concrete.
Flexural Behaviour of Steel Fibre Reinforced Geopolymer Concreteijtsrd
Concrete is the most used construction material from ancient days. It was expected that the production of cement would be increased from about from 1.5 billion tons in 1995 to 2.2 billion tons in 2020. But 2018 china using 2.37 billion tons individually. India is the second largest producer of cement in the world. Cement industry is expected to reach 550 – 600 million tons per annum at 2025. The cement production contributes nearly 8 of worlds global warming due to emission of greenhouse gases, such as CO2, to the atmosphere. Hence, it is essential to find a substitute material for cement. The technology geopolymer concrete found as alternative for this problem. In this present research, cement is replaced with Fly Ash and GGBS in different percentages with steel fibers. The studies show that the load carrying capacity of most of the gpc mix was in the most cases more than that of conventional ordinary Portland cement concrete mix. The fresh and hardened properties of geopolymer concrete were found with and without steel fiber. The mechanical characteristics of all the examined mixes are to be enhanced by the GGBS content, in both plain and steel fibre reinforced geopolymer concrete. A comparative analysis has been carried out for normal conventional concrete to that of the steel fibre reinforced geopolymer concrete under ambient curing in relation to compressive, split tensile, flexural strengths. As the fibre content generally increases compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths are proportionally increased. G. Jegatheeswaran | K. Soundhirarajan "Flexural Behaviour of Steel Fibre Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30583.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30583/flexural-behaviour-of-steel-fibre-reinforced-geopolymer-concrete/g-jegatheeswaran
Some Studies on Strength Properties of Tetra Blended Concrete with Partial Re...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study on the strength properties of concrete with partial cement replacement using various pozzolanic materials and micro Al2O3 powder. Cement in the concrete mixes was replaced with slag, silica fume, pulverized quartz powder, and micro Al2O3 powder individually and in combinations. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of the concrete mixes were tested at 7 and 28 days. It was found that the tetra blended concrete mix with 16% replacement of cement with pozzolanic materials (slag, silica fume, pulverized quartz powder) and 1% micro Al2O3 powder yielded the highest compressive strength
IRJET- A Study on Compressive Strength of Concrete with Bagasse Ash as Su...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the compressive strength of concrete with 15% replacement of cement with sugarcane bagasse ash, subjected to different curing methods. Concrete cubes were cured using conventional pond curing, curing agent, and steam curing at varying temperatures, delay periods, and curing periods. Compressive strength was tested after 28 and 56 days. Results showed that steam curing and curing agent developed higher compressive strength compared to conventional curing. Specifically, steam curing at 60°C for 8 hours with a 4-hour delay period resulted in the highest compressive strength. In conclusion, bagasse ash can be effectively used as a partial cement replacement and different curing methods can significantly improve the strength of
A presentation on nano modified bitumenShaik Farheen
This document presents a study on experimental tests conducted on bituminous mixes modified with nanoclay. The study had two phases: the first analyzed the rheological properties of modified binders compared to standard binders through tests like penetration, softening point, and dynamic shear rheometer. The second phase compared performance of modified and standard mixes through indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus, dynamic creep, and fatigue resistance tests. The results showed nanoclay modification improved rutting resistance but standard mixes performed better in fatigue resistance, especially at low temperatures.
This document discusses a study on modifying carbon fiber surfaces with nitric acid treatment and measuring the effects on mechanical and tribological properties when used to reinforce polyimide composites. Carbon fibers were treated with nitric acid and analyzed with XPS to show increased nitrogen and oxygen concentrations and different chemical functionalities on the surface. Composites made with treated fibers showed improved tensile strength and friction/wear performance compared to untreated fibers. The document provides background on carbon fiber composites and different surface treatment techniques before detailing the experimental methods used and presenting results which demonstrated benefits of nitric acid treatment for interfacial adhesion and mechanical properties.
PUBLICATION OF MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING RESEARCH PAPERThe House of Perle
POST GRADUATE LEVEL OF WRITING AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Required the understanding and application of scientific methods, including forming hypotheses, designing experiments to test hypotheses, and collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and reporting data.
The Northwestern University Materials Research Science & Engineering Center offers a Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) program over a 9-week period each summer. Most accepted students are exceptional rising junior and seniors. The NU-MRSEC is an interdisciplinary program focused on multi-functional nanoscale material structures. I had the opportunity to contribute to 2 research projects led by a faculty member and was assigned to a post-doctoral associate mentor worked closely with me. I participated in interdisciplinary research group meetings, expanding my science and engineering experience into a range of fields. Required the understanding and application of scientific methods, including forming hypotheses, designing experiments to test hypotheses, and collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and reporting data.
Effect of flyash on the properties of concrete and construction materialsIJLT EMAS
Fly ash, a waste generated by thermal power plants is
as such a big environmental concern. The investigation reported
in this paper is carried out to study the utilization of fly ash in
cement concrete as a partial replacement of cement as well as an
additive so as to provide an environmentally consistent way of its
disposal and reuse. This work is a case study on fly Ash collected
from CTPS Bokaro .This research was experimentally carried
out to investigate the effects of introducing Fly Ash(FA) as a
Partial Replacement of Portland Slag Cement (PSC) on the
physical and structural properties of Concrete.Consistency,
Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength and Flexural
Strength of concrete with 0% ,5% ,10% ,15% and 20% partial
replacement of PSC with FA has been conducted and result is
calculated at 7 and 28 days.
Mechanical properties of block masonry units manufacturedAlexander Decker
This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the mechanical properties of block masonry units manufactured from six different types of recycled materials as coarse aggregates, compared to units made with natural aggregates. Large numbers of solid and hollow concrete blocks were prepared using worn-out tires, pottery, roof tiles, bathroom tiles, glass pieces, and steel wastes in varying percentages. The compressive strength, stress-strain behavior, modulus of elasticity, and density of the different block types were tested and compared. Blocks made with crushed pottery aggregates had the highest compressive strength, while units containing worn-out tire aggregates were the weakest and least dense.
An Experimental Investigation on Effect of Elevated Temperatures on M35 grade...IJERD Editor
In the event of sudden fire break out, the concrete elements such as columns, beams etc. are
subjected to extreme temperatures. The assessment of their performance after fire becomes necessary to decide
upon its fitness and required repair measures. Hence, it is important to understand the changes in the concrete
properties due to its exposure to extreme temperatures. It is important to know the effect of elevated temperature
on the properties of concrete. In this project thesis work experimental investigation is carried out to study the
effects of elevated temperatures on the compressive strength of normal concrete and on concrete by partial
replacement of cement with various percentages of fly ash. In the present study a concrete mix M35 and is taken.
In the normal concrete, cement is replaced with (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) fly ash.The compressive strength of
concrete with various percentages of fly ash (0%to 25%) are subjected to temperatures (400 to 6000C), for
different time periods (30 and 60min) which were tested for 28 days and 56 days of curing. The samples are
cured in water and later exposed to various temperatures with various time periods. After heating the samples in
electrical furnace to the desired temperatures .They are allowed to cool to the room temperatures and tested
under compression. The average of the readings obtained is recorded and presented in various tables. This study
shows that the compressive strength of fly ash (0%to 10%) concrete is more than the normal concrete at room
temperatures and elevated temperatures and also compared to compressive strength of fly ash (15%to 25%)
concrete.
The document summarizes a study on producing porous bricks with reduced thermal conductivity using recycled paper processing residues. The objectives were to make lightweight bricks using recycled materials and analyze the brick properties. Bricks were produced by mixing clay with 0-30% paper residues and firing at 1100°C. Properties tested included density, porosity, strength and thermal conductivity. Results showed density decreased up to 33% with paper addition while porosity and thermal conductivity improved. Compressive strengths remained above standards. The study concluded recycled paper residues can be effectively used to make porous bricks with reduced thermal conductivity and weight.
Experimental study was conducted to investigate the use of coir fiber as reinforcement in cement composites. Coir fiber was treated with natural latex before being added to concrete in lengths of 20mm, 25mm, and 30mm at percentages of 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%. Compressive strength tests at 7, 14, and 28 days showed that strength initially increased up to 0.75% fiber content and then decreased. The maximum compressive strength was achieved using 25mm fiber at 0.75% addition. The study concluded that coir fiber improves concrete properties and resistance to sulphate attack while reducing environmental pollution compared to synthetic fibers.
Effect of Different Types of Coarse Aggregates on Physical Properties of Most...IOSRJMCE
Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone that, along with water and binder (cement/blended cement), are an essential ingredient in concrete. For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete with required shape and sizeAggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete, are divided into two distinct categories--fine and coarse. The most important property of concrete is its compressive strength. For the purpose of comparison of such compressive strength, three types of coarse aggregates, quartzite, granite, and river gravel, were used. The fine aggregate is normal sand obtained from a borrow pit. This experimental investigation describes the influence of aggregate type and size on the density, compressive, split tensile strength of concrete. To investigate the effect of type and size of aggregate on the compressive strength, density, split tensile strength of concrete an experimental program shall be carried out in GRIET Laboratory. Three different types with three different sizes of course aggregates shall used for developing mix design. The sizes of coarse aggregate shall be 40mm, 20mm, and 12 mm. Ordinary Portland cement is intended to be used as binding material. Different samples shall be tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength and density of concrete. Cylinders of size 150mmx150mm shall be cast in laboratory and tested in testing machines. For each type of coarse aggregate cubes of 150x150mm size to be cast to allow the compressive strength 7 and 28 days. Based on test results, conclusion shall follow
The document discusses the influence of carbon black surface area and structure on the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of natural rubber composites. It finds that increasing the surface area of carbon black particles leads to increases in rheometric torque, Mooney viscosity, reversion time, cure time, tensile strength, hardness, and elongation at break. Scorch time and compression set decrease with higher surface area. The results indicate that carbon black surface area plays an important role in enhancing the cure properties and mechanics of natural rubber composites.
IRJET- Utilization of Paper Waste and Fly Ash in Cement Concrete – A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews the utilization of paper waste and fly ash in cement concrete. It discusses how paper waste and fly ash can be used as partial replacements for cement and natural aggregates in concrete production. Using these waste materials can help reduce environmental pollution while providing economic and performance benefits to the concrete. The literature review summarizes several studies that have experimentally investigated the mechanical properties, durability, and fire resistance of concrete made with partial replacements of paper waste and fly ash. The findings generally indicate that concrete made with appropriate proportions of paper waste and fly ash can provide comparable or improved strength and durability compared to traditional concrete.
The document discusses a study on using melt-densified post-consumer recycled plastic bags as lightweight aggregate in concrete. Melt-densified aggregates (MDA) were prepared by melting plastic bags in a furnace at 160°C. Concrete mixtures with 0-20% replacement of conventional aggregates with MDA were tested. Test results showed that as MDA replacement increased, compressive strength and density decreased. With 20% replacement, compressive strength dropped 44% and density dropped 3.2%. The study concludes that MDA can partially replace conventional aggregates to reduce concrete weight while providing a way to dispose of plastic waste.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document studies the strength of geopolymer concrete with alkaline solutions of varying molarity. Laboratory tests were conducted on compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of geopolymer concrete specimens made with different molarity alkaline solutions. The results showed that specimens with a 12M alkaline solution achieved the highest strengths for compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength.
This document provides a review of research on producing floating concrete using lightweight materials like expanded polystyrene beads and pumice stone. It summarizes 10 previous studies that investigated using these materials to partially replace traditional aggregates in concrete. The studies found that this could produce concrete with compressive strengths and densities low enough to float. Replacing more traditional materials increased workability but decreased strength. Proportions and sizes of replacement materials affected properties. Overall, the studies showed it is possible to create floating concrete for applications like building barges and slabs.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the fresh and hardened properties of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) containing steel, polypropylene, and hybrid fibers at various high temperatures. Four SCC mixtures were tested: a control without fibers, one with 1% polypropylene fibers, one with 1% steel fibers, and one with 0.5% of each steel and polypropylene fibers. All mixtures met standards for workability and passing ability. The inclusion of fibers slightly reduced workability. Mechanical properties generally increased with temperature up to 200°C then decreased at higher temperatures. Fiber-reinforced SCC exhibited improved spalling resistance compared to plain SCC.
Manufacturing Ligth concrete with pet aggregateJosef GC
This document summarizes research on manufacturing light concrete using recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as a coarse aggregate instead of gravel. The research found that PET aggregate produces concrete with lower density but similar mechanical properties to natural concrete when using proper granulometry. Concretes made with PET aggregate had lower water-cement ratios, flexural strength similar to natural concrete at cement contents over 300 kg/m3, and lower elastic modulus and deformations compared to natural concrete. Using PET aggregate reduces the density of concrete by 68.88% compared to natural aggregates, providing an environmentally friendly way to reuse recycled PET materials.
ROOF TILE POWDER AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT TO CEMENT IN MASONRY MORTARcivej
Ordinary Portland cement is an inevitable material for construction. However, it is highly energy intensive
and liable for the emission of green house gases. In this context, utilization of pozzolanic materials as
supplementary cementing materials has become the leading research interest in recent decades. Roof tile
industries generate huge amount of solid waste materials during their manufacturing processes. Disposal
of these waste materials is serious environmental concern. This paper presents the results of the study
conducted on the potential of roof tile powder (RTP) as a cement replacement material in mortar. The
physical, chemical and mineralogical compositions of RTP were investigated. Strength characteristics of
masonry mortar with varying proportions of RTP as cement replacement were tested. The test results verify
the potential of roof tile powder as partial replacement to cement in masonry mortar upto an extend of 15-
20% in 1:3 and 1:5 mortar proportions respectively.
This document discusses the performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete under elevated temperatures. It begins with an introduction to how elevated temperatures affect the mechanical and physical properties of concrete. The addition of steel fibers is shown to improve the toughness, tensile strength, and cracking behavior of concrete. A literature review found that steel fibers can reduce plastic shrinkage cracking and spalling when concrete is subjected to high temperatures. The document then describes an experimental study that used Box-Behnken design to evaluate the effects of steel fiber percentage (0%, 0.5%, 1%), water-cement ratio (0.35, 0.4, 0.45), and temperature (27°C, 200°C, 400°C) on the
Mechanical Properties of Cement Replaced Concrete With Rice Husk Ash and Addi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties of concrete where part of the cement was replaced with rice husk ash and polypropylene fibers were added. The study found that replacing 10% of cement with rice husk ash increased the compressive and flexural strength of concrete compared to normal concrete. Replacing more than 10% of cement or adding more than 0.5% polypropylene fibers resulted in lower strengths. The optimal mix was found to be 10% cement replacement with rice husk ash, which showed improvements in strength properties.
Effect of recycled polypropylene fiber on high strength concrete and normal s...drarafik
The document presents an experimental study that evaluated the performance of recycled polypropylene fiber (RPF) in normal and high strength concrete compared to a commercial polypropylene fiber (PPF). Test results found that RPF in dosages of 0.1-0.3% by volume can provide comparable mechanical performance to PPF, though it resulted in slightly lower compressive strength (10-20% reduction) but higher flexural strength (up to 27% increase) and lower elastic modulus (16% reduction). The use of both fiber types also reduced drying shrinkage of the concretes by 6-10% and increased their permeable pore void.
This document summarizes a research study on the effect of using electrically precipitated fly ash (EPFA) as a partial replacement for cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC). The study tested SCC mixes with 0-30% EPFA replacement at 5% intervals. Tests were conducted on fresh properties, mechanical properties like compressive strength, and durability properties like rapid chloride permeability and water sorptivity. Results showed that 20% EPFA replacement provided better results than the control SCC mix, improving properties while also providing economic and environmental benefits through reduced cement usage.
Development of mix design for high strength Concrete with AdmixturesIOSR Journals
This paper presents the result of mix design developed for high strength concrete with silica fume
and High range water reducing admixture (HRWR). It involves the process of determining experimentally the
most suitable concrete mixes in order to achieve the targeted mean strength. In this research work 53 grade
ordinary Portland cement, the locally available river sand, 10 mm graded coarse aggregate were selected based
on ASTM C 127 standard for determining the relative quantities and proportions for the grade of concrete M60.
For this design ACI 211.4R-93 guidelines were followed. Totally Five mixes were designed one mix was treated
as basic mix with HRWR - 0.5% without silica fume, Four mixes were designed with Micro silica quantities
varied from 5 to 9 percent weight of cementitious materials and HRWR varies between 0.6% to 0.9% with
increment of 0.1% . Each mix 2 numbers of 150mm x 300 mm cylinders were cast then kept in curing tank after
24 hours of time period. After 28 days of curing the specimens were tested and the appropriate mix proportions
were obtained.
Investigations on Properties of Light Weight Cinder Aggregate ConcreteIJERD Editor
This document summarizes an investigation into the properties of concrete made with cinder aggregate as a partial or full replacement for conventional aggregates. Cinder is a lightweight byproduct of steel manufacturing that can be used to create lighter weight concrete. Tests were conducted replacing granite coarse aggregate with 0-100% cinder aggregate, and river sand fine aggregate with 0-50% cinder powder. Results showed compressive strength was highest with 40% cinder coarse aggregate replacement, but strength generally decreased as replacement levels increased. Tensile strength also decreased with higher cinder replacement. Density of cinder concrete mixes was lower than conventional mixes. The study concluded cinder can be used to create lighter concrete, though strengths are sometimes reduced compared to conventional mixes.
Foam concrete has become most trending material in construction industry. People from construction field were come
out with the mix design of foam concrete to meet the specifications and the requirement needs. This is because foam concrete
has the possibility as alternative of lightweight concrete for producing intermediate strength capabilities with excellent thermal
insulation, freeze-thaw resistance, high impact resistance and good shock absorption. Fibres are generally used in concrete to
reduce the crackings due to plastic and drying shrinkages. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce
bleeding of water. The inclusion of fibre reinforcement in concrete can enhance many more engineering properties of the basic
materials, Such as fracture toughness, flexural toughness, flexural strength and resistance to fatigue, impact, thermal shock and
spalling. From the practical observations on addition of 2% of fibre gives the effective distribution of fibre in the concrete. The
strain value of the concrete is decreases with increase in fibre content.
1) Carbon foam was produced with 2-8% aluminum powder added to improve thermal and mechanical properties. During carbonization, aluminum reacted with carbon to form Al4C3 and AlN, increasing conductivity and strength.
2) Samples with 6% aluminum showed a density of 0.5-0.58 g/cm3, porosity of 64-68%, conductivity of 0.043-0.385 W/mK, and compressive strength of 17-32 MPa.
3) Carbon foam with 8% aluminum self-destructed after 2 weeks due to formation of Al4C3 and Al(OH)3 from reaction with atmospheric moisture, starting from the core and proceeding out
IRJET- Strength and Cost Comparision of Bagasse Concrete with the Applicat...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using sugarcane bagasse cinder concrete (SBCC) and ceramic wool insulation for building walls and roofs. Tests were conducted to determine the optimal mix ratios of bagasse cinder, cement, coal ash and lime to achieve sufficient compressive strength around 20MPa. A mix of 50% bagasse cinder, 20% cement, 10% coal ash and 20% lime performed best. Walls constructed with this mix achieved 11.32MPa strength. Additional tests examined using ceramic wool insulation on SBCC walls and roofs. Insulated surfaces saw temperature reductions of up to 22.4°C compared to uninsulated surfaces, improving thermal comfort while reducing energy costs. The research concludes SB
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON CEMENT WITH PULVERISED FLYASH AND GROUND GRANUL...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on using fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as partial replacements for cement in concrete mix design. The study aims to evaluate the strength properties of concrete mixtures with 30% GGBS and 20% fly ash replacements. Concrete cubes, cylinders and prisms were cast according to M30 and M25 grade mix designs. Compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength tests were performed on specimens cured for 7 and 28 days. Test results found that concrete mixtures with 30% GGBS and 20% fly ash replacements achieved similar compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths compared to the control mixes without replacements. Replacing beyond these levels did not further
Temperature Effect on High Performance Concrete with Fibresdbpublications
1) The document examines how replacing cement and fine aggregates with mineral admixtures like fly ash and bottom ash at different percentages, along with the addition of steel and carbon fibers, affects the compressive strength of concrete when subjected to high temperatures.
2) Cubes of concrete with various replacement levels were cured for 28 days and then exposed to 1000C temperature for 1 hour, after which compressive strength was tested.
3) Results showed that compressive strength decreased with temperature exposure but the decrease was less as the fly ash and bottom ash replacement levels increased, with up to a 29.89% lower strength reduction at 50% replacement compared to normal concrete. This is because the mineral admixtures have better heat
This study examined the effects of different proportions of light weight expanded clay aggregates on the compressive and flexural strength of concrete. Concrete mixtures were prepared with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% replacement of coarse aggregates with expanded clay aggregates. The mixtures also included 10% silica fume and 1.6% polyvinyl alcohol to replace cement and water. Test results found that compressive and flexural strength decreased as the expanded clay aggregate content increased. However, the densities of the concretes were significantly lower than conventional concrete, indicating light weight concrete is suitable when self-weight needs to be reduced.
Similar to Spalling Assessment of Self-Compacting Concrete with and Without Polypropylene Fibres at Elevated Temperatures (20)
ELS: 2.4.1 POWER ELECTRONICS Course objectives: This course will enable stude...Kuvempu University
Introduction - Applications of Power Electronics, Power Semiconductor Devices, Control Characteristics of Power Devices, types of Power Electronic Circuits. Power Transistors: Power BJTs: Steady state characteristics. Power MOSFETs: device operation, switching characteristics, IGBTs: device operation, output and transfer characteristics.
Thyristors - Introduction, Principle of Operation of SCR, Static Anode- Cathode Characteristics of SCR, Two transistor model of SCR, Gate Characteristics of SCR, Turn-ON Methods, Turn-OFF Mechanism, Turn-OFF Methods: Natural and Forced Commutation – Class A and Class B types, Gate Trigger Circuit: Resistance Firing Circuit, Resistance capacitance firing circuit.
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
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Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Spalling Assessment of Self-Compacting Concrete with and Without Polypropylene Fibres at Elevated Temperatures
1. Qahir N. S. Al-Kadi.et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 6, ( Part -5) June 2016, pp.82-93
www.ijera.com 82 | P a g e
Spalling Assessment of Self-Compacting Concrete with and
Without Polypropylene Fibres at Elevated Temperatures
Qahir N. S. Al-Kadi2
, Mahmoud B. Alhasanat1
, Arabi N. S. Al Qadi1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, AL Hussien Bin Talal University, B.O.X 20, Ma’an, Jordan.
2
Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, The Hashemite University, Zerqa, Jordan.
ABSTRACT
This research presents an experimental study on the spalling of self-compacting concrete (SCC) with
and without polypropylene (PP) fibres subjected to elevated temperatures and at 2 and 4 hour
exposure times. The results showed spalling occurred in all specimens that did not contain PP fibre in
the concrete mixture above 400o
C. On the other hand, spalling did not occur in specimens containing
PP fibres above 0.05 % by volume. Spalling resistance performance was significantly improved. The
hardened densities, weight losses, permeability, and scanning electron microscopy tests showed that
the main cause for spalling was the low permeability of the SCC and the presence of water inside the
concrete. Vapour developed inside the concrete during a fire finds it difficult to escape and will
produce high internal stresses that lead to spalling. Statistical models were devised for the above test.
Keywords: Spalling; Polypropylene; ISAT; Weight Loss; Self-Compacting Concrete.
I. INTRODUCTION
Spalling is defined as damage where a
concrete surface scales and falls off from the
concrete along with explosions at a high
temperature Phan, and Carino, (2002) [1].
Therefore, polypropylene (PP) fibres were used to
investigate the spalling resistance of self-
compacting concrete (SCC). PP fibres are known to
be effective for spalling resistance. Concrete has an
innate fire resistance and it is a material ideally
suited for providing fire safe construction.
However, recent well-publicized fires in tunnels
and the collapse of the Washington Trade Center
(WTC) towers on 11th
September 2001 have
focused attention on the performance of all
construction materials in a fire. In addition,
concrete design Euro code (EN 1992: 1-2, 2004)
[2] includes a design methodology that can lead to
more efficient concrete design. It is well known
that spalling is prone to occur under certain
conditions, such as low water to cement ratios, high
moisture content and exposure to an abrupt
increase in temperature Guth et al. (1998)[3]. Liu et
al., (2008) [4] define Spalling as a phenomenon in
which the surface of the concrete scales and then
falls off from the structure along with an explosion
at an elevated temperature. Han C.G. (1998),
Takashi et al. (1999), Takashi et al. (1996), [5–7].
Polypropylene fibres are widely used today
because of their advantages which included
reduced weight, low cost, non-magnetic, non-
corrosive and chemically inert. According to Lia et
al., (2005)[8] the copolymers of polycarboxylate
type admixtures containing a Polyethylene Oxide
(PEO) graft and block chains possess a high
dispersing ability and a good retention ability; the
Zeta potential is relatively low because of the
hindrance of PEO graft chains and increases with
an increase in PEO block chains. Hertz, et al.,
(2005) [9] devised a test method for determining
the suffering of the actual concrete from explosive
spalling at a specified moisture level by sampling
the effect of stresses from progressive thermal
expansion at the fire exposed surface. Cylinder
shapes were used it was concluded that sufficient
quantities of polypropylene fibres of suitable
characteristics may prevent spalling of concrete
even when thermal expansion shows restraint. Also
thin fibres of 0.18µm more effectively hinder
spalling than thick fibres of 30 µm. Suhaendi et al.,
(2008) [10] showed that the addition of
polypropylene fibre into a high strength concrete
(HSC)mixture will reduce fire explosive spalling.
Through the melting of the fibre at its fusion point,
(160-170) mitigation of explosive spalling takes
place due to percolated networks which reduce the
pore pressure inside the concrete matrix. That study
used a limited percentage of PP fibre (0.1%) by
volume and focused on the thermo-hydral process
that might cause explosive spalling. Their
investigation was conducted using a plain high
strength concrete and a high strength concrete
reinforced with PP fibres. Two diameters of
polypropylene fibre (df1=310μm and df2=18μm)
were examined. The df =18μm PP fibre by
geometry was found to be effective in reducing
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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pore pressure, and by its mechanism it mitigated
the explosive spalling of HSC. Liu et al., (2008)
[11] studied the micro-level and macro-level
properties of pastes with different fibre content to
investigate the role of PP fibre at elevated
temperatures in self-compacting concrete paste
(SCCP) samples. Studies of mercury intrusion
porosimetery (MIP) and backscattering electron
microscopy (BSE) of SCC micro properties were
conducted. Furthermore, a modification of the
pores and the morphology of the PP were
investigated at elevated temperatures to analyze the
factors influencing gas permeability. Thus, the
melting of the PP fibre with no significant increase
in total pore volume was obtained. The addition, of
PP fibres reduced the damage to cement pastes.
Furthermore, the connectivity of pores as well as
the creation of micro cracks were the major factors
which determined the gas permeability after
exposure to high temperatures. The connectivity of
the pores was affected at a temperature below
300o
C, and at high temperatures micro cracks
became a major factor that influenced the gas
permeability. Behnood and Khanzadi, (2008) [12]
observed in their research that there was no
significant difference in compressive strength at
temperatures of 20o
C to 100o
C in all mixes. The
result indicates a higher value of relative residual
compressive and splitting tensile strength for
concrete with 0 to 3kg/m3
PP fibre after exposure
to elevated temperatures. In addition, they
concluded that an addition of 2kg/m3
PP fibre can
promote the residual strength of high strength
concrete during heating. Ultrasonic pulse velocity
may be used to evaluate the residual quality.
Suhaendi et al., (2008) [13] studied the addition of
PP fibres into high strength concrete mixtures in a
thermo-hydral process that might cause explosive
spalling. Two types of PP fibre with different
diameters of 310μm and 18 μm were examined in
the study. They concluded that the addition of 0.1%
by volume of the fine PP fibres with a18 μm
diameter was found to be effective in reducing pore
pressure by the mechanism of explosive spalling
mitigation in high strength concrete under elevated
temperature conditions. The significance of the
research indicate that the problem with concrete is
its behaviour in the severe conditions that occur in
a fire. The tensile strength of concrete in a fire
decreases due to dehydration and thermal strain at
high temperatures. Moreover, the moisture inside
the concrete will evaporate. This, combined with
the low permeability of high strength concrete, will
yield high pressure which leads to explosive
spalling.
II. MATERIALS
The materials used in this research are
described below.
2.1 Portland cement: Ordinary Portland Cement
(OPC) as available in the local market was used in
the investigation. The Cement used has been tested
for various proportions as per (ASTM C150-85A,
2006) [14] the specific gravity was 3.15 and
fineness was 2091 cm2
gm-1.
2.2 Fly Ash: Type-II fly ash was used as a cement
replacement material. Fly Ash is used as Pozzolana
and Admixture. Class F fly ash was obtained which
had a specific gravity of 2.323 and fineness of 2423
cm2
gm-1 determined as conforms to (ASTM C
618, 2006)[15].
2.3 Aggregates: Crushed angular granite material
of 20 mm max size from a local source was used as
course aggregate. The specific gravity was 2.45 the
absorption value was 1.5%, fineness modulus 6.05
and with a bulk density of 1480 kg m-3
which
conforms to ASTM C 33-86,(2006)[16] was used.
The fine aggregates consisted of river sand with a
maximum size of 4.75 mm, with a fineness
modulus of 4.16; normal grading. The specific
gravity was 2.33 and the absorption value was
6.4%.
2.4 Polypropylene fibres: The short fibres used in
the experimental study consisted of one type of
polypropylene fibre with a density of 0.9kg/m3
, a
melting temperature 160°C, a vaporization
temperature of 341°C and a burning temperature of
460°C [17] while the addition of PP fibres varying
with a mixing ratio of 0%, 0.05%, 0.10% and
0.15% (by volume) were used.
2.5 Super plasticizer: Polycarboxylicether (PCE)
based super-plasticizer which is a Brown Colour
and a free flowing liquid and having Relative
density 1.15 Super Plasticizer conforms to ASTM
C 494-92, (2006)[18]. Type A and Type F were in
aqueous form to enhance workability and water
retention. A sulphonated, naphthalene
formaldehyde super plasticizer and a synthetic
resin type Air-Entraining Admixture (AEA) were
used in all the concrete mixtures.
2.6 Mixing water: Potable water conforming to
British Standard, (2000) [19] for mixing the
concrete and curing of the reaction.
III. MIXTURES CASTING AND
CURING OF CONCRETE
The SCC mix was designed using the
central composite method. This method was
chosen to limit the number of experimental runs
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compared to factorial design. This would enable
modelling of the mixture proportions involving
interaction and quadratic terms. These models were
used for optimization of the self-compacting
concrete mixes. The final mix proportions are
given in Table 1. The mixture that can satisfy the
European Federation of National Associations
representing producers and applicators of specialist
building products for Concrete (EFNARC) criteria,
(2002) [20] was chosen to be the mix that will be
used under elevated temperatures tested with
different percentages of PP fibres of different
shapes and lengths. All concrete mixes were
prepared in 40 Litres batches in a rotating planetary
mixer. The batching sequence consisted of
homogenizing the sand and coarse aggregate for 30
seconds, then adding about half of the mixing water
into the mixer and continuing to mix for one more
minute. The mixer was covered with a plastic cover
to minimize the evaporation of the mixing water
and to let the dry aggregates in the mixer absorb
the water. After 5 minutes, the cement and fly ash
were added and mixed for another minute. Finally,
the super plasticizer (SP) and the remaining water
were introduced and the concrete was mixed for 3
minutes. Polypropylene fibre was added to the mix
gradually within two minutes. Twelve samples
100×100×100 mm cubic and twelve cylinders were
cast and held in moist in dry and wet conditions for
each mix to determine densities and weight losses
after 90 days. A further three cubic
150x150x150mm samples were made for every
percentage of PP fibres using the Initial Surface
Absorption Test (ISAT) tested at elevated
temperatures.
Table 1 Mix design proportions with the addition of PP or CN fibres
Materials Concrete Mixture Number
M0.0 M0.05 M0.10 M0.15
Cement, kg/ m3
437.5 437.5 437.5 437.5
Fly Ash, kg/ m3
120 120 120 120
Coarse Aggregate, kg/ m3
730 730 730 730
Fine Aggregate, kg/ m3
907 907 907 907
Water, kg/ m3
178 178 178 178
Super Plasticizer, kg/m3
8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1
Polypropylene fibres,% by
volume of mix
0.0 0.05 0.10 0.15
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Hardened density and weight loss evaluation
Self-compacting concrete changes the
volume of a given mass on exposure to elevated
temperatures. There is a change in mass density,
i.e. mass per unit volume of concrete. Changes in
mass density are caused by thermal expansion,
drying shrinkage, diffusion of water, dehydration
and melting of the PP fibres mixed with the SCC.
The furnace was used to determine the properties of
the SCC specimens exposed to elevate
temperatures of 200, 400 and 600o
C for different
durations of 2 and 4 hours. The Weight loss (%)
was measured in the SCC mixtures with the
addition of different percentages of PP fibres. The
evaluation of density and weight loss are versus the
temperature at percentages of PP fibres in the SCC
mixtures in comparison with plain SCC. The
density at 27o
C was given by measuring the mass
of the cylindrical specimen (75x150mm) and cubic
specimens (100x100x100mm). The same sample
was weighed after testing to determine its density
at 200, 400, and 600o
C. The evaluation of the
density with temperature was determined by mass
evaluation with temperature.
PP fibre mixtures with cylindrical and cubic
shapes
The loss in density for a cylinder shape
(75mm and 150mm) of PP fibre mixture is shown
in Table 2 and Fig.1 (a) at elevated temperatures
for a 2 hour duration for M0.0, M0.05, M0.10,
M0.15 mixes at 200o
C. Table 2 and Fig. 2 (a) show
the density loss for cylindrical shapes for a 4 hour
duration time at 200o
C, at 400o
C and at 600o
C.
Also, Fig. 2 (b) shows the density loss for a 4 hour
duration time at 200o
C, at 400o
C and at 600o
C.
These values are the averages of each of three
samples that were tested.
The effect of elevated temperatures on
SCC using indigenous aggregate shows that the
initial decrease in density is due to mainly to the
ejection of water, whereas at higher temperatures it
is due mainly to the increase in volume caused by
thermal expansion of the granite aggregate.
The evaluation of the relative density with
the temperature is relatively close to that defined
by Euro-code 2, (1980), [21].
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Table 2 Density of SCC with and without PP fibres for Cylindrical and Cubic Shapes
Mix
No.
Density (kg/m3
) at 2 hours
for cubic shape
Density (kg/m3
) at 4 hours
for cubic shape
200o
C 400o
C 600o
C 200o
C 400o
C 600o
C
M0.00 2170 2130 2110 2180 2110 2080
M0.05 2170 2130 2110 2180 2110 2080
M0.10 2110 2060 1980 2150 2090 2027
M0.15 2153 2027 1933 2067 1913 1873
Density (kg/m3
) at 2 hours
for cylinder shape
Density (kg/m3
) at 4 hours
for cylinder shape
M0.00 2233 2076 2000 2161 2071 2000
M0.05 2171 2071 2014 2200 2147 2086
M0.10 2229 2129 2096 2157 2086 2086
M0.15 1467 1353 1303 1353 1397 1303
(a) Cylinder shape
(b) Cube shape
Fig. 1 Temperature versus density for a 2 hour exposure time for (a) cylinder and (b) cube shapes.
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(a) Cylinder shapes
(b) Cube shape
Fig.2. Temperature versus density for a 4 hour exposure time for (a) cylinder and (b) cube shapes.
As indicated in Fig.3 (a) and (b), and Fig.4
(a) and (b), and Table 3, the most significant
difference between these figures is due to the
shapes of the samples: The results show that the
performance of 0.10 % PP was better than other
SCC mixtures. In addition to that the 0.05% PP
fibre shows less weight loss for a 4 hour exposure
time than for the other mixes. The highest weight
losses were observed for the cylinder shape
exposed for 4 hours. Fig.3 (a) shows that the
weight loss at a 4 hour exposure time is greater
than that of the 2 hour samples because as the
temperature increases the weight loss also increase
with time. A greater loss was shown with
increasing temperature. The most significant results
occurred after 600o
C, as the weight loss of the
cylinders increased with increasing temperature.
This result shows the performance of the cylinders
in terms of weight loss which leads to changes in
the microstructures. In spite of the cylinder shape,
spalling was observed due to the vaporization of
free water and chemical changes of the SCC
components and due to the symmetrical shape with
an equal distance to the centre to the specimen that
the temperature may be equal throughout the round
shape which promotes explosive spalling to occur.
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Table 3 Weight loss of SCC with and without PP Fibres for Cubic and Cylindrical Shapes
Mix No. Weight loss (%) at 2 hours for
cubic shape
Weight loss (%) at 4 hours for
cubic shape
200o
C 400o
C 600o
C 200o
C 400o
C 600o
C
M0.00 4.4 7.79 8.26 2.68 7.46 8.77
M0.05 4.35 8.70 8.70 4.55 8.70 8.70
M0.10 3.21 8.07 10.27 6.11 8.33 12.5
M0.15 1.82 7.19 11.33 5.49 11.15 12.72
Weight loss (%) at 2 hours for
cylinder shape
Weight loss (%) at 4 hours for
cylinder shape
M0.00 3.10 9.19 12.88 5.85 9.77 12.88
M0.05 5.59 9.32 11.32 3.15 8.54 10.43
M0.10 2.50 7.45 9.82 5.59 7.00 10.97
M0.15 3.08 10.98 12.55 6.85 10.83 14.57
The mathematical relationship between
temperature and density and weight loss of SCC of
different percentages (0.0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15%)
of PP fibres by volume of the mixture and 2 hour
exposure time are shown in Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4. Fig.
1 illustrates the relationship between temperature
and densities which obey linear equations for
which R2
are 0.982, 0.940, 0.931, and 0.937. Fig. 3
demonstrates temperature with weight loss which
tends to follow the power law with R2
of 0.979,
0.989, 0.976, and 0.919.
(a) Cylinder shape
(b) Cubic shape
Fig.3. Temperature versus weight loss at 2 hour exposure time for (a) cylinder and (b) cubic shapes
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(a) Cylindrical shape
(b) Cubic shape
Fig. 4 Temperature versus weight loss at 4 hour exposure time for (a) cylindrical and (b) cubic shapes.
In general, for cylindrical specimens the
differences were small when the densities were
measured at elevated temperatures with a
maximum seen for M0.05 (with 0.05% PP fibre
mixture) and the lowest was shown for M0.0 (with
0.0% PP fibre mixture) and these were seen at 2
and 4 hour exposure times. The best model is the
linear model with density values of = -0.540T +
2311 and density = -0.403T + 2314 with R2
of 0.94
and 0.937. Also, with respect to the loss in weight
with high temperature was observed for M0.0 and
M0.15 mixtures (0.0 and 0.15% of PP fibres by
volume).
The minimum loss in weight was
measured at M0.05 (0.05% PP fibre mixtures) these
were seen at 2 and 4 hour exposure times. The best
model is the linear model with values of Weight
loss =0.014x + 3.012 and R²=0.970 and a weight
loss =0.014x+1.366 with R² = 0.910.
Furthermore, for the cubic specimens,
density against temperature was a maximum as
seen in M0.05 (with 0.05% PP fibre mixture) and
the lowest was shown in M0.15 (with 0.15% PP
fibre mixture) at 2 and 4 hour exposure times. The
best model is the linear model with values of
density = -0.15T + 2196 and density = -0.25T +
2223 with R2
of 0.964 and 0.949. The loss in
weight with high temperature was shown in the
M0.15 mixtures (0.0 and 0.15% of PP fibre by
volume), whereas, the minimum loss was measured
at M0.0 (0.0% PP fibre mixtures) as seen at 2 and 4
hour exposure times. The best model is at 0.05%
for the linear model with the values of Weight loss
= 0.010x + 2.9 and R²=0.75 and weight loss = y =
0.010x + 3.166 and R² = 0. 0.75
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4.2 Permeability
Although the deterioration of concrete
caused by its permeability affects concrete by
external forces related to chemical, and physical or
mechanical factors, the penetration of water or
other solutions are major cause of internal damage
which affects the durability of the concrete.
Measuring this deterioration by degree of
penetration is also related to the voids or pore
structure of the concrete matrix. SCC has a greater
amount of fine material which causes the matrix to
be impermeable. Studying the effect of elevated
temperatures on SCC, the behaviour of SCC
indicates that it will not stand up to high
temperatures and explosive spalling occurs. For
this reason, the addition of PP fibres will enhance
the resistance of SCC to fire and mitigate explosive
spalling. An ISAT test was done as specified in
BS-1881 part 5 as a laboratory method of
measuring the porosity of concrete. After one hour
of testing, the concrete specimens were transported
to a universal testing machine and a splitting tensile
test was undertaken followed by the recording of a
measurement for penetration of water inside the
concrete samples.
Water absorption and ISAT Test
The water absorption of the SCC
specimens exposed to wet conditions with different
percentages of PP fibres is summarized in Table 4.
Water absorption in the SCC specimens with 0%
PP fibre at 3.4% is lower than that of 0.10 and 0.15
% of PP. The lower water absorption exhibited by
SCC specimens is an indication of lower porosity
of SCC compared to the addition of PP fibres in the
mixture. The average value of water absorption in
the SCC specimens with the additions of different
percentages of PP fibres was investigated in this
study. It was observed that the 0.15 % PP fibres
resulted in an increase in the porosity of concrete
Table 4 Water absorption of SCC with and without PP fibre mixtures
Fig.5 describes the relation between time
passed in an ISAT experiment against the
absorption of water in specimens that have been
stored under wet conditions for 89 days and then
tested on day 90 after exposure to 200o
C in a
furnace for an exposure time of 4 hours. The
relation shows that as time increases the absorption
of water also increases in comparison with plain
SCC and mixtures of different percentages of PP
fibres added to the SCC mixture. It indicated that
the plain SCC with its constituent materials with
more micro fine materials may cause plain SCC to
be impermeable with respect to the addition of PP
fibres to the mixture as the smoothness of its
surface indicated that there was no reaction
between the PP fibres and the mixture. The graph
in Fig. 5 shows that the 0.05 and 0.10 % of PP
fibres have a greater absorption as time increases
relative to the plain SCC which shows less
absorption. Table 5 shows the mathematical
relationships between percentages of PP fibres
measured in the SCC mixtures with water
penetration at different temperatures over a 4 hour
exposure time.
Table 5 Models of SCC with and without PP on ISAT.
PP Fibres % in SCC Mix (X) Versus Penetration(Y) over 4 Hours
Temperature, o
C. 200 400 600
Equation
And R2
y = 16.34x-0.58
R² = 0.507
y = 20.41x-0.39
R² = 0.679
y = 29.18x-0.36
R² = 0.982
Time of ISAT Test(X) Versus Initial Surface Absorption(Y)
Mix No. M0.0 M0.05 M0.10
Equation
And R2
y = 0.414x0.161
R² = 0.999
y = 0.830x0.206
R² = 0.954
y = 1.010x0.106
R² = 0.998
Temperature(T) versus Coefficient of Permeability (k)
Equation
And R2
y = 0.144x -
28.96
R² = 0.990
y = 0.063x -
3.133
R² = 0.992
y = 0.003x +
10.77
R² = 0.069
Mix No. W1,g
(After drying)
W2,g
(after 48 hours of
water soaking)
Absorption (%)
PP M0.00 1646.7 1703.3 3.4
PP M0.10 1568.3 1643.3 4.8
PP M0.15 1465 1553.3 6.0
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Fig.5 Time and ISAT at 200o
C.
ISAT implemented on a dry specimen
reached 110o
C. The test was done on SCC cubic
specimens (150x150x150mm) exposed to more
than 200o
C, which was 400 and 600o
C. The test
showed that there were passes of the number of the
scale units which were less than the expected
amount over period measured during which the
movement along the capillary tube of the ISAT
equipment was recorded, indicating that the ISAT
cannot be used for specimens exposed to
temperatures of more than 200o
C as indicated in
Table 6.
Table 6 ISAT on SCC at high Temperature with and without PP Fibres.
Mix No. 10 Minute 30 Minute 60 Minute
M0.0 >3.6 >3.6 >3.6
M0.05 >3.6 >3.6 >3.6
M0.10 >3.6 >3.6 >3.6
Also, the coefficient of permeability k (cm/s) was
measured by relating to Darcy’s law Eq. (1):
𝑑𝑝 = 2𝑘ℎ𝑡 (1)
Where, dp= depth of penetration (cm), h=water
head which is in ISAT 20cm, t=flow time which is
1hr (3600s). The equation can be modified to find k
to become Eq. (2):
𝑘 =
𝑑𝑝 2
2ℎ𝑡
(2)
Applying this equation for different
percentages of PP fibres and elevated temperature
sites the relationship between the temperature and
coefficient of permeability (k) as shown in Fig.6
below. As seen from the graphs of the three
percentages of PP fibres 0, 0.05 and 0.1% as the
temperature increases for the plain SCC the
coefficient of permeability increases and with an
increase of % of PP fibres. It is possible to
conclude that at 0.1% PP fibres of SCC mixture
nearly a constant coefficient of permeability is
obtained meaning that the 0.10 % PP fibres are not
affected by an elevation of temperature and the k
coefficient stays nearly the same. This indicates
that this percentage may be the ideal to mitigate the
explosive spalling of SCC. Table 7 shows the
coefficient of permeability k at different
temperatures and percentages of PP fibres.
Fig. 6 Coefficient of permeability versus elevated temperatures
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Table 7 Coefficient of permeability of SCC with and without PP Fibres
Temperatures, °C
Mix No. 200 400 600
M0.00 1.5 25.5 59.2
M0.05 8.9 23.4 34.2
M0.10 12.7 9.4 13.94
The absorption of PP fibres indicated that
a concrete mixture with synthetic fibres absorbs
more moisture than natural fibres as its porosity is
greater. Permeability was measured at elevated
temperatures using ISAT. The ISAT measurement
and splitting test after one hour shows that water
penetration in concrete in relation to the passage of
time results in an increase in permeability. M0.05
(0.05% of PP fibres) had a high value of coefficient
of permeability (cm/s) as measured relative to
Darcy’s law with the lowest value measured for
M0.0 (0% PP fibres) and with high temperature
indicating a sharp curve. The model of the
coefficient of permeability (k) obeys a linear law of
k=0.063T-3.133 and R² = 0.992.
V. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results presented in this
research, the following conclusions were drawn:
The densities of cylindrical specimens
measured at elevated temperature were small
with a maximum seen in mix number M0.05
(with 0.05% PP fibre mixture) and the lowest
shown in plain SCC M0.0 (with 0.0% PP fibre
mixture) for 2 and 4 hour exposure times. The
best model was the linear model with values of
density = -0.540T + 2311 and density = -
0.403T + 2314 with R2
of 0.94 and 0.937.
The maximum loss in weight for the
cylindrical specimens with high temperature
was shown in the plain SCC M0.0 and mix
number M0.15 (0.0 and 0.15% of PP fibre by
volume), whereas the minimum loss was
measured for the M0.05 (0.05% PP fibres
mixtures) and these were seen over 2 and 4
hour exposure times. The best model was the
linear model with values of weight loss
=0.014x + 3.012 and R²=0.970 and weight loss
=0.014x+1.366 and R² = 0.910.
The densities of the cubic specimens after
exposure to elevated temperature showed a
maximum for mix number M0.05 (with 0.05%
PP fibre mixture) and the lowest was shown in
mix number M0.15 (with 0.15% PP fibre
mixture) and these were seen over 2 and 4 hour
exposure times. The best model was the linear
model with values of density = -0.15T + 2196
and density = -0.25T + 2223.with R2
of 0.964
and 0.949.
The maximum loss in weight at elevated
temperatures for the cubic specimens was
shown in mix number M0.15 (0.0 and 0.15%
of PP fibres by volume) whereas the minimum
loss was measured at M0.0 (0.0% PP fibre
mixture) seen over2 and4 hour exposure times.
The best model was for the 0.05% specimen
with a linear model with values of weight loss
= 0.010x + 2.9 and R²=0.75 and weight loss =
y = 0.010x + 3.166 and R² = 0. 0.75.
Tests of densities and weight loss,
permeability, and microstructure on specimens
containing PP fibres were used in the concrete
mix. These showed that 0.05% of PP fibre
(19mm diameter and 162o
C melting point) by
volume added per cubic meter of concrete was
very effective in reducing explosive spalling.
The dissociation of portlandite at 400 to 600o
C
was visible, while at 600o
C the PP fibres
vaporized, thereby less liquid was available in
the moulds, so there was less strength in the
samples at higher temperatures.
Tests on specimen with 0% PP fibre over 2 and
4 hour exposure times and 600o
C showed that
the degree of spalling was 0.15 and 0.31 which
meant that 15% and 31% of the specimens lost
weight a direct result of spalling compared
with using the fibres. It indicated that low
heating temperature reduced the risk of
explosive spalling. Plain SCC showed higher
spalling degrees when tested under fire.
Mix number M0.05 (0.05% of PP fibres) had a
high value of coefficient of permeability
(cm/s) measured relative to Darcy’s law with
the lowest value measured for the plain SCC of
M0.0 (0% PP fibre) and with high temperature
indicating a sharp curve. The coefficient of
permeability (k) obeyed a linear model
k=0.063T-3.133 and R² = 0.992.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research described in this study was
conducted at the Civil of Engineering Department
at Al Hussien Bin Tala University and the
Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
REFERENCES
[1]. Phan LT, Carino N.,(2002):Effect of Test
Conditions and Mixture Proportions on
Behavior of High-Strength Concrete
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