The document provides a summary of a seismic hazard study for the Peshawar Bus Rapid Transit Corridor Project. It analyzes the regional tectonic setting and identifies major active faults in the project area, including the Main Karakoram Thrust, Kohistan Faults, and Main Mantle Thrust. A probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is conducted considering seven seismic source zones. The analysis finds a peak ground acceleration of 0.23g for a 475-year return period, consistent with the project area being in Seismic Zone 2B according to the Building Code of Pakistan.
Crustal Structure from Gravity and Magnetic Anomalies in the Southern Part of...Editor IJCATR
This document summarizes a study that used gravity and magnetic data to interpret crustal structure in the southern part of the Cauvery Basin in India. Gravity and magnetic data were collected along profiles perpendicular to tectonic features in the basin. The gravity data was used to interpret sediment thickness and basement depths, finding maximum sediment depths of 3 km. It was also used to interpret Moho depths, finding the Moho rises towards the coast. Magnetic data was interpreted to identify a charnockite basement below the granitic gneiss basement at depths of 0-8 km. The study provides new insights into crustal structure in this region based on integrated analysis of gravity and magnetic anomalies.
This document provides a seismotectonic and seismic hazard analysis for the Simly Dam Project in Pakistan. It describes the geology, tectonics, and seismicity of the project area. A variety of faults pose seismic hazards, including the Jhelum Thrust Fault. The analysis examines historical earthquakes, conducts deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard assessments, and estimates acceleration response spectra to determine the safety earthquake for dam design.
1. The document describes the thrust fault tectonics in the Duhok region of northern Iraq.
2. Over 40 major thrust faults deform a 5km thick sequence of Mesozoic-Tertiary rocks, forming an imbricate fan and duplex structure.
3. A balanced cross-section illustrates the geometry of the thrusts and their associated folds, estimating a minimum accumulated transport of 23.17km.
New Trends In Exploration For Natural Resourcesakhilp2011
This document discusses new trends in natural resource exploration using geographic information systems (GIS) in Ethiopia. Specifically, it summarizes efforts to explore for oil and gas in Ethiopia using GIS for regional geological mapping, seismic survey planning, and integrating datasets. Challenges of the rough terrain are addressed. Additionally, the potential for hydrocarbon exploration in North Ethiopia is discussed, specifically examining the Wereilu basin through gravity data analysis, geological modeling, and evaluating the basin's hydrocarbon potential based on source rocks, reservoirs, traps, and surface oil seeps. GIS is identified as a useful tool to integrate datasets and plan exploration projects in areas with challenging terrain.
This document summarizes a study on Cenozoic geomorphological and paleo-environmental evolution in China using multi-source data. Key findings include:
1) Seven river terraces were identified along the Huangshui River using remote sensing images, DEM data, and field surveys.
2) Three planation surfaces and 11 denudation surfaces were mapped in the Minhe area based on DEM analysis and interpretation of remote sensing and field data.
3) Color synthetic images and analyses of water content helped distinguish Cretaceous, Tertiary, and loess strata, clarifying the geological structure.
This document presents a seismic interpretation and attributes analysis of the Dhodak Gas/Condensate field in central Pakistan. The objectives were to delineate subsurface horizons, identify faults, and generate time and depth contour maps. Key findings include:
1) The main source rock is the Sembar Shale, and the reservoir is the Pab Sandstone. Reflectors were identified as the Dunghan Formation, Lower Ranikot Formation, and Pab Sandstone using a synthetic seismogram.
2) Interpretation of three seismic lines identified thrust faults across the area and a pop-up structure.
3) Time and depth contour maps were generated for the three formations to locate probable well
This document summarizes research using deep seismic sounding by microtremor (SSMT) broadband signals to study the Vrancea seismic zone in Romania. The SSMT methodology analyzes spatial variations in microseismic noise spectra to image subsurface structures. Results show a low-velocity seismic boundary in the focal zone from 170-280km depth. High-velocity structures west and east of the zone may represent the Intra-Carpathian subplate and Moessian platform. Hypocenters localized in intermediate velocities between the low-velocity zone below and high-velocity structures at sides. Comparisons support findings. Repeated experiments yielded consistent results, validating the SSMT method.
This document summarizes a geological and geotechnical engineering survey conducted at the Prabasi Palli area in Bangladesh to assess the feasibility of the site for building construction. 13 boreholes up to 20m depth and 2 up to 30m were drilled and tested. Four major soil layers were identified based on soil samples and Standard Penetration Test N-values. The site lies within the Dhaka-Gazipur terrace formed of Madhupur Clay Residuum. Based on the investigation, the authors recommended a foundation soil layer for the site while keeping foundation design out of scope.
Crustal Structure from Gravity and Magnetic Anomalies in the Southern Part of...Editor IJCATR
This document summarizes a study that used gravity and magnetic data to interpret crustal structure in the southern part of the Cauvery Basin in India. Gravity and magnetic data were collected along profiles perpendicular to tectonic features in the basin. The gravity data was used to interpret sediment thickness and basement depths, finding maximum sediment depths of 3 km. It was also used to interpret Moho depths, finding the Moho rises towards the coast. Magnetic data was interpreted to identify a charnockite basement below the granitic gneiss basement at depths of 0-8 km. The study provides new insights into crustal structure in this region based on integrated analysis of gravity and magnetic anomalies.
This document provides a seismotectonic and seismic hazard analysis for the Simly Dam Project in Pakistan. It describes the geology, tectonics, and seismicity of the project area. A variety of faults pose seismic hazards, including the Jhelum Thrust Fault. The analysis examines historical earthquakes, conducts deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard assessments, and estimates acceleration response spectra to determine the safety earthquake for dam design.
1. The document describes the thrust fault tectonics in the Duhok region of northern Iraq.
2. Over 40 major thrust faults deform a 5km thick sequence of Mesozoic-Tertiary rocks, forming an imbricate fan and duplex structure.
3. A balanced cross-section illustrates the geometry of the thrusts and their associated folds, estimating a minimum accumulated transport of 23.17km.
New Trends In Exploration For Natural Resourcesakhilp2011
This document discusses new trends in natural resource exploration using geographic information systems (GIS) in Ethiopia. Specifically, it summarizes efforts to explore for oil and gas in Ethiopia using GIS for regional geological mapping, seismic survey planning, and integrating datasets. Challenges of the rough terrain are addressed. Additionally, the potential for hydrocarbon exploration in North Ethiopia is discussed, specifically examining the Wereilu basin through gravity data analysis, geological modeling, and evaluating the basin's hydrocarbon potential based on source rocks, reservoirs, traps, and surface oil seeps. GIS is identified as a useful tool to integrate datasets and plan exploration projects in areas with challenging terrain.
This document summarizes a study on Cenozoic geomorphological and paleo-environmental evolution in China using multi-source data. Key findings include:
1) Seven river terraces were identified along the Huangshui River using remote sensing images, DEM data, and field surveys.
2) Three planation surfaces and 11 denudation surfaces were mapped in the Minhe area based on DEM analysis and interpretation of remote sensing and field data.
3) Color synthetic images and analyses of water content helped distinguish Cretaceous, Tertiary, and loess strata, clarifying the geological structure.
This document presents a seismic interpretation and attributes analysis of the Dhodak Gas/Condensate field in central Pakistan. The objectives were to delineate subsurface horizons, identify faults, and generate time and depth contour maps. Key findings include:
1) The main source rock is the Sembar Shale, and the reservoir is the Pab Sandstone. Reflectors were identified as the Dunghan Formation, Lower Ranikot Formation, and Pab Sandstone using a synthetic seismogram.
2) Interpretation of three seismic lines identified thrust faults across the area and a pop-up structure.
3) Time and depth contour maps were generated for the three formations to locate probable well
This document summarizes research using deep seismic sounding by microtremor (SSMT) broadband signals to study the Vrancea seismic zone in Romania. The SSMT methodology analyzes spatial variations in microseismic noise spectra to image subsurface structures. Results show a low-velocity seismic boundary in the focal zone from 170-280km depth. High-velocity structures west and east of the zone may represent the Intra-Carpathian subplate and Moessian platform. Hypocenters localized in intermediate velocities between the low-velocity zone below and high-velocity structures at sides. Comparisons support findings. Repeated experiments yielded consistent results, validating the SSMT method.
This document summarizes a geological and geotechnical engineering survey conducted at the Prabasi Palli area in Bangladesh to assess the feasibility of the site for building construction. 13 boreholes up to 20m depth and 2 up to 30m were drilled and tested. Four major soil layers were identified based on soil samples and Standard Penetration Test N-values. The site lies within the Dhaka-Gazipur terrace formed of Madhupur Clay Residuum. Based on the investigation, the authors recommended a foundation soil layer for the site while keeping foundation design out of scope.
This document discusses the geological and tectonic settings of the Palk Bay-Gulf of Mannar area between India and Sri Lanka and their relevance to the Sethu Samudram Shipping Canal Project. The region contains hard igneous and metamorphic rocks inland with sedimentary rocks in coastal and offshore areas, arranged in a series of basins and ridges oriented NNE-SSW, N-S, and E-W. Geophysical data shows corresponding gravity, magnetic, and structural features. The area experiences movement along four fault systems oriented NNE-SSW, NW-SE, N-S, and E-W, which have been reactivated recently, indicating neo-tectonic activity. This includes strike-
Nimisha Verma completed a field visit to study the geology of Bhuj and Kachchh, Gujarat from January 6-15, 2014. The report summarizes the key activities and learnings from the visit. It provides an overview of the geography, geomorphology, climate, and stratigraphy of the Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks in the region. Each day of the visit is summarized, describing the locations visited and geological concepts observed and discussed. The report concludes that field trips play an important role in facilitating understanding of geological concepts and developing skills in observation, data collection, and interpretation.
Cenozoic Geodynamic Evolution of the Burma-Andaman Platelet* by Claude RanginMYO AUNG Myanmar
The Burma-Andaman platelet extends from northern Sumatra to the Assam belt in India and has evolved complexly during the Cenozoic as the boundary between the India and Sundaland plates. GPS data shows the Sagaing-Shan fault absorbs half of the estimated 3.5 cm/yr motion between the plates. The Andaman Sea spreading center and connected faults have accommodated 2 cm/yr of motion since the early Pliocene. Central Myanmar basins contain up to 10 km of Eocene to late Miocene clastic sediments deposited in pull-apart basins that were later inverted. Since 10 million years ago, the northward motion of India and crustal flow from the Tibetan
Hydrocarbon prospects of punjab platform pakistan, with specialTahir Aziz
The document summarizes the hydrocarbon prospects of the Punjab Platform in Pakistan, with reference to the adjacent Bikaner-Nagaur Basin in India. Geoscientific data indicates the region has undergone tectonic activity and deposition conducive to hydrocarbon generation and accumulation from the Infra-Cambrian to Tertiary periods. Source rocks identified in various formations range from poor to good potential. Multiple trap types have been identified including fault blocks, stratigraphic traps, and salt-induced structures. Hydrocarbons have been found in Infra-Cambrian reservoirs that extend from India into the Punjab Platform.
This document summarizes a tomographic seismic velocity study of the shallow crust in the Eastern Marmara region of Turkey. Seismic refraction data was collected along a 120 km profile crossing active fault zones. Tomographic inversion of first-arrival travel times produced a 2D velocity model down to 7 km depth showing significant velocity heterogeneity. Areas of high and low seismic velocity correlate well with the locations of aftershocks from the 1999 Izmit earthquake, suggesting a relationship between crustal structure and seismicity along fault zones in the region.
Regional Tectonic Features, Processes and elements.Rukaia Aktar
The presentation mainly focus on the Bengal basin. It's features, tectonic processes and the elements of provinces of the basins. And also have the information of today's active tectonic and neotectonics.
Earthquake-prone Zonation of North Bengkulu Based on Peak Ground Acceleration...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
We have done mapped earthquake-prone zonation of North Bengkulu, Indonesia, based on peak ground acceleration by kanai’s and Katayama’s formula. Twenty nine microtremor data have recorded by Digital portable Seismometer that installed in North Bengkulu regency. The result of HVSR analysis, we got resonance frequency and A0 which explained the condition of surface rocks. Peak ground acceleration on rock surface which applied local geology condition (dominant period of natural soil vibration). Based on A0 value, the risk of earthquakes in north Bengkulu was on moderate to high level because this area has relatively soft rock structure. Kanai's formula has correlation near 70.6% with Katayama's formula to showed PGA value on rock surface. Peak Ground acceleration of Kanai formula in North Bengkulu about 152,441 - 674,391 gal and based on Katayama formula between 35.2 gal until 51.3 gal. Based on PGA value, we estimated that North Bengkulu has on IV and IX of MMI scales. It meant that in North Bengkulu potential have heavy damage when an earthquake occurred. Distribution of PGA values based on the observation has correspond to effects earthquake of North Bengkulu at September 2007.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document summarizes a study that used spectral depth analysis of aeromagnetic data to estimate sedimentary thickness beneath parts of the Upper Benue Trough and southern Borno Basin in northeast Nigeria. The study divided aeromagnetic data covering the area into 41 spectral sections. It estimated depths to two magnetic sources: a first layer ranging from 0.268-1.08km attributed to magnetic rocks intruding sediments, and a second layer ranging from 2.06-3.35km representing depth to the underlying magnetic basement and average sedimentary pile thickness. The maximum sedimentary thickness of 3.35km was found in the northern part of the area near Damaturu and Bulkachuwa.
Tectono-magmatic Development of Accreted West Burma Block from Gondwana Land-...MYO AUNG Myanmar
Western Myanmar, between the strike-slip Sagiang Fault in the east and the frontal thrusts of the Indo-Burman Ranges in the west, was identified by Mitchell (1989) as an allochthonous continental block, now largely overlain by Cenozoic sediments and an active magmatic arc.
Mitchell (1989) named this continental block ‘Mount Victoria Land’ from an occurrence of metamorphic rocks, taken to represent the outcrop of the continental basement. This block has been termed the ‘West Burma Block’ by Hutchison (1989).
The document provides a seismic data report for the Diamer Basha Dam Project covering January 1, 2012 to March 31, 2012. A total of 790 micro seismic events were located within 250km of the project site, with magnitudes between 0.0-5.8 and depths between 0-359.94km. 347 events were located within 100km of the site, with magnitudes 0.0-3.8 and depths 0-213.29km. Many events were located along faults mapped in previous neotectonics studies. The project site is located on the Kohistan Island Arc between the Main Karakoram Thrust and Main Mantle Thrust in a seismically active region along the collision zone
A review of Shale gas potentiality in Bangladesh. Md. Yousuf GaziMd. Yousuf Gazi
1) The document reviews the potential for shale gas in Bangladesh by analyzing geological data from existing wells and literature.
2) It finds that shale intervals over 20m thick may exist in some tertiary formations, but they reach maturity at depths over 5000m, making extraction uneconomic.
3) Thin shale sequences in the Gondwana basin have reasonable maturity as well, but total organic carbon levels are generally too low in Bangladesh's geology to support commercial shale gas production based on current data and technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A report on wireline log interpretation with emphasis on hydrocarbon of Salda...Shahadat Saimon
The report focuses on wireline log interpretation of the Saldanadi structure, Bangladesh. Available data includes Gamma ray log, SP log, Density log, Neutron log and Resistivity log based on which lithology and hydrocarbon potentiality of the gas field is evaluated.
TGS Russia- Chukotka Peninsula and s=Surrounding Areas TGS
The document discusses a proposed geological study of the Chukotka Peninsula region in northeastern Russia. The study would have three main objectives: 1) compile existing geological and geophysical data from the region into a unified database, 2) conduct modern analytical studies of rock samples, focusing on apatite fission track analysis to determine the cooling history, and 3) develop a tectonic and sedimentary evolution model for the study area. The study would be carried out over 12 months and include an intermediate report at 6 months and a final report at completion. Additional fieldwork is proposed to collect more samples from the South Anyui suture zone.
This document summarizes the characteristics of the 2005 Kashmir-Hazara earthquake in Pakistan and its connection to the Indus Kohistan Seismic Zone. Some key points:
- The M7.7 earthquake occurred on October 8, 2005 near Muzaffarabad and Balakot, killing over 100,000 people. Fault plane solutions showed thrust faulting was responsible.
- The earthquake reactivated the Balakot-Bagh reverse fault, with up to 7 meters of vertical separation observed along 70 km of the fault.
- The region lies within a tectonically active zone where the Indian plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian plate. Numerous active faults result from the north
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
Integration of Aeromagntic Data and Landsat Imagery for structural Analysis f...iosrjce
In this study, different digital format data sources including aeromagnetic and remotely sensed
(Landsat 8 and ASTER) images were used for structural and tectonic interpretation of the Mahabubnager
and Gulbarga districts of Telangana and Karnataka states in the Eastern Dharwarcraton. From analysis of
Landsat and ASTER images, the surface morphology and major lineaments trending in the NW–SE, E-W and
NE-SW were identified. Qualitative analysis of IGRF corrected aeromagnetic data were carried out using the
analytical signal, reduction to pole, horizontal & vertical gradient maps, several lineaments trending in three
major directions NE-SW, NW-SE and E-W were delineated. The structural features inferred from image
analysis were corroborated, the zones of intersection of these structural trends which could have acted as
potential sites for kimberlites emplacement were accordingly delineated at 21 locations. Subsequently,
quantitative analysis of magnetic inversion at 21 profiles are carried out utilizing GM-SYS and Geosoft
software, brought out the subsurface configuration of kimberlites. The inferred magnetic models are exhibiting
V-shaped / Oval type structure. Depth of the inferred structures has been revealed by the Euler deconvolution
methods suggest depth varies from 536 to 1640 mts
Tectonic Processes and Metallogeny along the Tethyan Mountain Ranges of the M...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309130798_Tectonic_Processes_and_Metallogeny_along_the_Tethyan_Mountain_Ranges_of_the_Middle_East_and_South_Asia_Oman_Himalaya_Karakoram_Tibet_Myanmar_Thailand_Malaysia
The genesis of mineral deposits has been widely linked to speci c tectonic settings, but has less frequently been linked to tectonic processes. Understanding processes of oceanic and continental collision tectonics is crucial to understanding key factors leading to the genesis of magmatic-, metamorphic-, hydrothermal-, and sedimentary-related mineral deposits. Geologic studies of most ore deposits typically focus on the nal stages of concentration and emplacement. The ultimate source (mantle, lower crust, upper crust) of mineral deposits in many cases remains more cryptic. Uniquely, along the Tethyan collision zones of Asia, every stage of the conver- gence process can be studied from the initial oceanic settings where ophiolite complexes were formed, through subduction zone and island-arc settings with ultrahigh- to high-pressure metamorphism, to the continental col- lision settings of the Himalaya, and advanced, long-lived collisional settings such as Afghanistan, the Karakoram Ranges, and the Tibetan plateau. The India-Asia collision closed the intervening Neotethys ocean at ~50 Ma and resulted in the formation of the Himalayan mountain ranges, and increased crustal thickening, metamor- phism, deformation, and uplift of the Karakoram-Hindu Kush ranges, Tibetan plateau, and older collision zones across central Asia. Metallogenesis in oceanic crust (hydrothermal Cu-Au; Fe, Mn nodules) and mantle (Cr, Ni, Pt) can be deduced from ophiolite complexes preserved around the Arabia/India-Asia collision (Oman, Ladakh, South Tibet, Myanmar, Andaman Islands). Tectonic-metallogenic processes in island arcs and ancient subduc- tion complexes (VMS Cu-Zn-Pb) can be deduced from studies in the Dras-Kohistan arc (Pakistan) and the various arc complexes along the Myanmar-Andaman segment of the collision zone. Metallogenesis of Andean- type margins (Cu-Au-Mo porphyry; epithermal Au-Ag) can be seen along the Jurassic-Eocene Transhimalayan ranges of Pakistan, Ladakh, South Tibet, and Myanmar. Large porphyry Cu deposits in Tibet are related to both precollisional calc-alkaline granites and postcollisional alkaline adakite-like intrusions. Metallogenesis of continent-continent collision zones is prominent along the Myanmar-Thailand-Malaysia Sn-W granite belts, but less common along the Himalaya. The Mogok metamorphic belt of Myanmar is known for its gemstones associated with regional high-temperature metamorphism (ruby, spinel, sapphire, etc). In Myanmar it is likely that extensive alkaline magmatism has contributed extra heat during the formation of high-temperature meta- morphism. This paper attempts to link metallogeny of the Himalaya-Karakoram-Tibet and Myanmar collision zone to tectonic processes derived from multidisciplinary geologic studies.
The document summarizes a seismic hazard study for a bus rapid transit project in Peshawar, Pakistan. It identifies seismically active features near Peshawar based on historical earthquake data. A probabilistic seismic hazard analysis was performed dividing the region into seven seismic zones based on tectonic characteristics. The analysis found a peak ground acceleration of 0.23g for a 475 year return period, consistent with the project falling in zone 2B of the Pakistani building code which ranges from 0.16g to 0.24g.
Crustal Structure from Gravity and Magnetic Anomalies in the Southern Part of...Editor IJCATR
The gravity and magnetic data along the profile across the southern part of the Cauvery basin have been
collected and the data is interpreted for crustal structure depths.The first profile is taken from Karikudito
Embalecovering a distance of 50 km. The gravity lows and highs have clearly indicated various sub-basins and ridges.
The density logs from ONGC, Chennai, show that the density contrast decreases with depth in the sedimentary basin,
and hence, the gravity profiles are interpreted using variable density contrast with depth. From the Bouguer gravity
anomaly, the residual anomaly is constructed by graphical method correlating with well data and subsurface geology.
The residual anomaly profiles are interpreted using polygon and prismatic models. The maximum depths to the granitic
gneiss basement are obtained as 3.00 km. The regional anomaly is interpreted as Moho rise towards coast. The
aeromagnetic anomaly profiles are also interpreted for charnockite basement below the granitic gneiss group of rocks
using prismatic model.
Deterministic Seismic hazard Assessment of Karora Hydro Power PlantEditorIJAERD
Northern Pakistan is well known for its active fault system and seismicity. Thus to prior to any investment in
developing certain facility a through seismic analysis is unavoidable to justify the investment. The chosen location for
Karrora Hydro Power is District Shangla in the north of Pakistan, and thus a “Seismic Hazard Analysis” was inevitable
for this facility.
To evaluate the seismicity of the site data about characteristics of seismic faults was gathered from Provincial Disaster
Management Authority Punjab (PDMA). Source to site distance was calculated by delineating the geographical location
of the faults and Weir using QGIS. Similarly, for site characterization borehole data from seven boreholes, drilled at the
target site, was used. The average values of shear wave velocity are above 800 m/sec at all the locations.
Different attenuation relationships were adopted to calculate the Peak Ground Motion (PGA) at the target site, with the
equation of Akkar & Bommer (2013) providing more realistic results for the Active Shallow Crustal Region (ACR).
Among various PGA values corresponding to different active faults Main Mantal Thrust (MMT) has a maximum PGA of
0.35g. Akkar & Bommer (2013) is used to compute Response Spectrum for all the active faults and MMT. “Time History
Scaling” was performed, using wavelet method, for the target spectrum of MMT.
This document discusses the geological and tectonic settings of the Palk Bay-Gulf of Mannar area between India and Sri Lanka and their relevance to the Sethu Samudram Shipping Canal Project. The region contains hard igneous and metamorphic rocks inland with sedimentary rocks in coastal and offshore areas, arranged in a series of basins and ridges oriented NNE-SSW, N-S, and E-W. Geophysical data shows corresponding gravity, magnetic, and structural features. The area experiences movement along four fault systems oriented NNE-SSW, NW-SE, N-S, and E-W, which have been reactivated recently, indicating neo-tectonic activity. This includes strike-
Nimisha Verma completed a field visit to study the geology of Bhuj and Kachchh, Gujarat from January 6-15, 2014. The report summarizes the key activities and learnings from the visit. It provides an overview of the geography, geomorphology, climate, and stratigraphy of the Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks in the region. Each day of the visit is summarized, describing the locations visited and geological concepts observed and discussed. The report concludes that field trips play an important role in facilitating understanding of geological concepts and developing skills in observation, data collection, and interpretation.
Cenozoic Geodynamic Evolution of the Burma-Andaman Platelet* by Claude RanginMYO AUNG Myanmar
The Burma-Andaman platelet extends from northern Sumatra to the Assam belt in India and has evolved complexly during the Cenozoic as the boundary between the India and Sundaland plates. GPS data shows the Sagaing-Shan fault absorbs half of the estimated 3.5 cm/yr motion between the plates. The Andaman Sea spreading center and connected faults have accommodated 2 cm/yr of motion since the early Pliocene. Central Myanmar basins contain up to 10 km of Eocene to late Miocene clastic sediments deposited in pull-apart basins that were later inverted. Since 10 million years ago, the northward motion of India and crustal flow from the Tibetan
Hydrocarbon prospects of punjab platform pakistan, with specialTahir Aziz
The document summarizes the hydrocarbon prospects of the Punjab Platform in Pakistan, with reference to the adjacent Bikaner-Nagaur Basin in India. Geoscientific data indicates the region has undergone tectonic activity and deposition conducive to hydrocarbon generation and accumulation from the Infra-Cambrian to Tertiary periods. Source rocks identified in various formations range from poor to good potential. Multiple trap types have been identified including fault blocks, stratigraphic traps, and salt-induced structures. Hydrocarbons have been found in Infra-Cambrian reservoirs that extend from India into the Punjab Platform.
This document summarizes a tomographic seismic velocity study of the shallow crust in the Eastern Marmara region of Turkey. Seismic refraction data was collected along a 120 km profile crossing active fault zones. Tomographic inversion of first-arrival travel times produced a 2D velocity model down to 7 km depth showing significant velocity heterogeneity. Areas of high and low seismic velocity correlate well with the locations of aftershocks from the 1999 Izmit earthquake, suggesting a relationship between crustal structure and seismicity along fault zones in the region.
Regional Tectonic Features, Processes and elements.Rukaia Aktar
The presentation mainly focus on the Bengal basin. It's features, tectonic processes and the elements of provinces of the basins. And also have the information of today's active tectonic and neotectonics.
Earthquake-prone Zonation of North Bengkulu Based on Peak Ground Acceleration...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
We have done mapped earthquake-prone zonation of North Bengkulu, Indonesia, based on peak ground acceleration by kanai’s and Katayama’s formula. Twenty nine microtremor data have recorded by Digital portable Seismometer that installed in North Bengkulu regency. The result of HVSR analysis, we got resonance frequency and A0 which explained the condition of surface rocks. Peak ground acceleration on rock surface which applied local geology condition (dominant period of natural soil vibration). Based on A0 value, the risk of earthquakes in north Bengkulu was on moderate to high level because this area has relatively soft rock structure. Kanai's formula has correlation near 70.6% with Katayama's formula to showed PGA value on rock surface. Peak Ground acceleration of Kanai formula in North Bengkulu about 152,441 - 674,391 gal and based on Katayama formula between 35.2 gal until 51.3 gal. Based on PGA value, we estimated that North Bengkulu has on IV and IX of MMI scales. It meant that in North Bengkulu potential have heavy damage when an earthquake occurred. Distribution of PGA values based on the observation has correspond to effects earthquake of North Bengkulu at September 2007.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document summarizes a study that used spectral depth analysis of aeromagnetic data to estimate sedimentary thickness beneath parts of the Upper Benue Trough and southern Borno Basin in northeast Nigeria. The study divided aeromagnetic data covering the area into 41 spectral sections. It estimated depths to two magnetic sources: a first layer ranging from 0.268-1.08km attributed to magnetic rocks intruding sediments, and a second layer ranging from 2.06-3.35km representing depth to the underlying magnetic basement and average sedimentary pile thickness. The maximum sedimentary thickness of 3.35km was found in the northern part of the area near Damaturu and Bulkachuwa.
Tectono-magmatic Development of Accreted West Burma Block from Gondwana Land-...MYO AUNG Myanmar
Western Myanmar, between the strike-slip Sagiang Fault in the east and the frontal thrusts of the Indo-Burman Ranges in the west, was identified by Mitchell (1989) as an allochthonous continental block, now largely overlain by Cenozoic sediments and an active magmatic arc.
Mitchell (1989) named this continental block ‘Mount Victoria Land’ from an occurrence of metamorphic rocks, taken to represent the outcrop of the continental basement. This block has been termed the ‘West Burma Block’ by Hutchison (1989).
The document provides a seismic data report for the Diamer Basha Dam Project covering January 1, 2012 to March 31, 2012. A total of 790 micro seismic events were located within 250km of the project site, with magnitudes between 0.0-5.8 and depths between 0-359.94km. 347 events were located within 100km of the site, with magnitudes 0.0-3.8 and depths 0-213.29km. Many events were located along faults mapped in previous neotectonics studies. The project site is located on the Kohistan Island Arc between the Main Karakoram Thrust and Main Mantle Thrust in a seismically active region along the collision zone
A review of Shale gas potentiality in Bangladesh. Md. Yousuf GaziMd. Yousuf Gazi
1) The document reviews the potential for shale gas in Bangladesh by analyzing geological data from existing wells and literature.
2) It finds that shale intervals over 20m thick may exist in some tertiary formations, but they reach maturity at depths over 5000m, making extraction uneconomic.
3) Thin shale sequences in the Gondwana basin have reasonable maturity as well, but total organic carbon levels are generally too low in Bangladesh's geology to support commercial shale gas production based on current data and technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A report on wireline log interpretation with emphasis on hydrocarbon of Salda...Shahadat Saimon
The report focuses on wireline log interpretation of the Saldanadi structure, Bangladesh. Available data includes Gamma ray log, SP log, Density log, Neutron log and Resistivity log based on which lithology and hydrocarbon potentiality of the gas field is evaluated.
TGS Russia- Chukotka Peninsula and s=Surrounding Areas TGS
The document discusses a proposed geological study of the Chukotka Peninsula region in northeastern Russia. The study would have three main objectives: 1) compile existing geological and geophysical data from the region into a unified database, 2) conduct modern analytical studies of rock samples, focusing on apatite fission track analysis to determine the cooling history, and 3) develop a tectonic and sedimentary evolution model for the study area. The study would be carried out over 12 months and include an intermediate report at 6 months and a final report at completion. Additional fieldwork is proposed to collect more samples from the South Anyui suture zone.
This document summarizes the characteristics of the 2005 Kashmir-Hazara earthquake in Pakistan and its connection to the Indus Kohistan Seismic Zone. Some key points:
- The M7.7 earthquake occurred on October 8, 2005 near Muzaffarabad and Balakot, killing over 100,000 people. Fault plane solutions showed thrust faulting was responsible.
- The earthquake reactivated the Balakot-Bagh reverse fault, with up to 7 meters of vertical separation observed along 70 km of the fault.
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International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
Integration of Aeromagntic Data and Landsat Imagery for structural Analysis f...iosrjce
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and Gulbarga districts of Telangana and Karnataka states in the Eastern Dharwarcraton. From analysis of
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NE-SW were identified. Qualitative analysis of IGRF corrected aeromagnetic data were carried out using the
analytical signal, reduction to pole, horizontal & vertical gradient maps, several lineaments trending in three
major directions NE-SW, NW-SE and E-W were delineated. The structural features inferred from image
analysis were corroborated, the zones of intersection of these structural trends which could have acted as
potential sites for kimberlites emplacement were accordingly delineated at 21 locations. Subsequently,
quantitative analysis of magnetic inversion at 21 profiles are carried out utilizing GM-SYS and Geosoft
software, brought out the subsurface configuration of kimberlites. The inferred magnetic models are exhibiting
V-shaped / Oval type structure. Depth of the inferred structures has been revealed by the Euler deconvolution
methods suggest depth varies from 536 to 1640 mts
Tectonic Processes and Metallogeny along the Tethyan Mountain Ranges of the M...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309130798_Tectonic_Processes_and_Metallogeny_along_the_Tethyan_Mountain_Ranges_of_the_Middle_East_and_South_Asia_Oman_Himalaya_Karakoram_Tibet_Myanmar_Thailand_Malaysia
The genesis of mineral deposits has been widely linked to speci c tectonic settings, but has less frequently been linked to tectonic processes. Understanding processes of oceanic and continental collision tectonics is crucial to understanding key factors leading to the genesis of magmatic-, metamorphic-, hydrothermal-, and sedimentary-related mineral deposits. Geologic studies of most ore deposits typically focus on the nal stages of concentration and emplacement. The ultimate source (mantle, lower crust, upper crust) of mineral deposits in many cases remains more cryptic. Uniquely, along the Tethyan collision zones of Asia, every stage of the conver- gence process can be studied from the initial oceanic settings where ophiolite complexes were formed, through subduction zone and island-arc settings with ultrahigh- to high-pressure metamorphism, to the continental col- lision settings of the Himalaya, and advanced, long-lived collisional settings such as Afghanistan, the Karakoram Ranges, and the Tibetan plateau. The India-Asia collision closed the intervening Neotethys ocean at ~50 Ma and resulted in the formation of the Himalayan mountain ranges, and increased crustal thickening, metamor- phism, deformation, and uplift of the Karakoram-Hindu Kush ranges, Tibetan plateau, and older collision zones across central Asia. Metallogenesis in oceanic crust (hydrothermal Cu-Au; Fe, Mn nodules) and mantle (Cr, Ni, Pt) can be deduced from ophiolite complexes preserved around the Arabia/India-Asia collision (Oman, Ladakh, South Tibet, Myanmar, Andaman Islands). Tectonic-metallogenic processes in island arcs and ancient subduc- tion complexes (VMS Cu-Zn-Pb) can be deduced from studies in the Dras-Kohistan arc (Pakistan) and the various arc complexes along the Myanmar-Andaman segment of the collision zone. Metallogenesis of Andean- type margins (Cu-Au-Mo porphyry; epithermal Au-Ag) can be seen along the Jurassic-Eocene Transhimalayan ranges of Pakistan, Ladakh, South Tibet, and Myanmar. Large porphyry Cu deposits in Tibet are related to both precollisional calc-alkaline granites and postcollisional alkaline adakite-like intrusions. Metallogenesis of continent-continent collision zones is prominent along the Myanmar-Thailand-Malaysia Sn-W granite belts, but less common along the Himalaya. The Mogok metamorphic belt of Myanmar is known for its gemstones associated with regional high-temperature metamorphism (ruby, spinel, sapphire, etc). In Myanmar it is likely that extensive alkaline magmatism has contributed extra heat during the formation of high-temperature meta- morphism. This paper attempts to link metallogeny of the Himalaya-Karakoram-Tibet and Myanmar collision zone to tectonic processes derived from multidisciplinary geologic studies.
The document summarizes a seismic hazard study for a bus rapid transit project in Peshawar, Pakistan. It identifies seismically active features near Peshawar based on historical earthquake data. A probabilistic seismic hazard analysis was performed dividing the region into seven seismic zones based on tectonic characteristics. The analysis found a peak ground acceleration of 0.23g for a 475 year return period, consistent with the project falling in zone 2B of the Pakistani building code which ranges from 0.16g to 0.24g.
Crustal Structure from Gravity and Magnetic Anomalies in the Southern Part of...Editor IJCATR
The gravity and magnetic data along the profile across the southern part of the Cauvery basin have been
collected and the data is interpreted for crustal structure depths.The first profile is taken from Karikudito
Embalecovering a distance of 50 km. The gravity lows and highs have clearly indicated various sub-basins and ridges.
The density logs from ONGC, Chennai, show that the density contrast decreases with depth in the sedimentary basin,
and hence, the gravity profiles are interpreted using variable density contrast with depth. From the Bouguer gravity
anomaly, the residual anomaly is constructed by graphical method correlating with well data and subsurface geology.
The residual anomaly profiles are interpreted using polygon and prismatic models. The maximum depths to the granitic
gneiss basement are obtained as 3.00 km. The regional anomaly is interpreted as Moho rise towards coast. The
aeromagnetic anomaly profiles are also interpreted for charnockite basement below the granitic gneiss group of rocks
using prismatic model.
Deterministic Seismic hazard Assessment of Karora Hydro Power PlantEditorIJAERD
Northern Pakistan is well known for its active fault system and seismicity. Thus to prior to any investment in
developing certain facility a through seismic analysis is unavoidable to justify the investment. The chosen location for
Karrora Hydro Power is District Shangla in the north of Pakistan, and thus a “Seismic Hazard Analysis” was inevitable
for this facility.
To evaluate the seismicity of the site data about characteristics of seismic faults was gathered from Provincial Disaster
Management Authority Punjab (PDMA). Source to site distance was calculated by delineating the geographical location
of the faults and Weir using QGIS. Similarly, for site characterization borehole data from seven boreholes, drilled at the
target site, was used. The average values of shear wave velocity are above 800 m/sec at all the locations.
Different attenuation relationships were adopted to calculate the Peak Ground Motion (PGA) at the target site, with the
equation of Akkar & Bommer (2013) providing more realistic results for the Active Shallow Crustal Region (ACR).
Among various PGA values corresponding to different active faults Main Mantal Thrust (MMT) has a maximum PGA of
0.35g. Akkar & Bommer (2013) is used to compute Response Spectrum for all the active faults and MMT. “Time History
Scaling” was performed, using wavelet method, for the target spectrum of MMT.
This document summarizes a presentation on analyzing the crustal structure of the Kachchh basin in India using EGM 2008 gravity data. It was presented by Nawneet Kumar from IIT-ISM Dhanbad under the supervision of Dr. Saumen Maiti and with Geophysicist Avinash K. Chouhan. The objectives were to identify lineaments and crustal structure in the study area. EGM 2008 data was used to generate Bouguer anomaly and horizontal gradient maps. 2D gravity modeling along a cross section found average sedimentary thickness of 3-3.5 km, shallow Moho depth of 38-42 km, and a high density mafic intrusive body explaining high anomalies
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1) A 6.0 magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Paradip, Odisha in the Bay of Bengal on May 21, 2014 at a depth of around 40 km.
2) Analysis of magnetic and bathymetric data from the area revealed the presence of major lineaments in NW-SE and NE-SW directions that may be responsible for seismic activity through stress release.
3) Movements along growth faults at the margins of large Bengal channels, due to large sediment loads, could also contribute to seismic events by triggering movements along the faults.
1. The document analyzes seismicity trends in Pakistan between 1900-2022, finding over 15,000 earthquakes occurred from 2000-2022.
2. The Hindukush region shows higher seismic frequency than other areas, with an increasing annual trend but stable b-value.
3. Seismically active regions with potential for shallow quakes include the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis, Northern Pakistan, and the Chaman Fault zone in southwestern Pakistan.
4. The Hindukush region has potential for Mw > 7 quakes every 10-15 years and Mw > 6.5 every 5-7 years, while other areas like the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis could
1) A 7.7 magnitude earthquake occurred in northern Pakistan in October 2005, caused by movement on the Jhelum Thrust fault located in the Kashmir-Hazara region.
2) The Kashmir-Hazara region has complex geology and seismotectonic activity due to the convergence of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates. Major faults like the Main Boundary Thrust and Jhelum Thrust are active.
3) The 2005 earthquake ruptured along the Jhelum Thrust fault, which was previously not well-mapped but is now confirmed to reach the surface, causing widespread damage and over 86,000 fatalities.
This document reviews seismic hazard analysis and probabilistic seismic hazard assessment studies that have been conducted in various regions of India. It summarizes key findings and maps from 12 previous studies published between 2003-2016. The studies used different methodologies like probabilistic, deterministic and grid-based approaches to analyze seismic hazards in regions like India, Bangalore, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Patna, and Haryana. They accounted for factors like historical seismicity data, fault locations, ground motion prediction equations and maximum magnitudes to estimate parameters like peak ground acceleration and spectral acceleration at various exceedance probabilities.
This document summarizes a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment conducted for Iraq. Key points:
- A new seismic hazard model was developed to support updating Iraq's building code, as the previous model was outdated.
- Earthquake catalogs were improved by calculating over 1000 new moment magnitudes and 65 focal mechanisms, to better characterize seismic sources.
- Ground motion prediction was challenging due to a lack of strong motion data in Iraq. Attenuation studies showed Iraq has slower attenuation than active regions but faster than stable continents.
- The highest seismic hazard is in northern cities near major faults, particularly along the Badra-Amarah fault zone in southeast Iraq.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
1. The document discusses the geological and tectonic features of the Rama Setu and Palk Strait region of southern India, noting its vulnerability to earthquakes and tsunamis due to active faults and a possible mantle plume.
2. It argues that digging a shipping canal through the region could destabilize the area by reactivating faults, inducing seismic activity, and disrupting the region's role as a barrier against tsunamis and oceanographic changes.
3. The author recommends extensive additional geological, geophysical and environmental studies be conducted before any canal project proceeds, to fully understand the region's vulnerability and potential impacts.
Dynamic analysis of foundation of bir hospitalshyamawal
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This document presents a preliminary seismic microzonation map of Sivas city in Turkey based on microtremor measurements. The researchers conducted microtremor measurements at 114 sites across the city to determine the dominant periods of vibration in the sediments. They divided the city into four zones based on variations in dominant periods, which likely correspond to different levels of seismic hazard. Refraction microtremor measurements along two profiles validated the microzonation map, but further studies are needed to fully characterize seismic hazards in the area.
This document describes a study that uses integrated digital imaging analysis methods on ASTER satellite data to develop a site characterization map for the Islamabad, Pakistan region. Pixel-based and object-oriented analysis methods are used to characterize detailed geomorphology and geology from ASTER imagery, including stereo-correlated digital elevation models and visible to thermal infrared spectra. The resulting map classifies geomorphic units as mountain, piedmont, or basin terrain and identifies local geologic units of limestone and sandstone. Shear-wave velocity ranges are assigned to each unit based on established correlations. The map provides a basis for incorporating site response into seismic hazard assessments for Islamabad while demonstrating the potential of remote sensing for site characterization in regions with
The study uses seismic tomography to image P- and S-wave velocity perturbations in the crust and upper mantle beneath Iran. Arrival times from over 2800 earthquakes recorded at over 2000 stations were used to perform inverse tomography. The results show that the crust and upper mantle beneath the Iranian Plateau has lower velocities than the surrounding Arabian and Caspian plates. The anomalies provide evidence of subduction of the Oman Sea crust beneath southeast Iran, though the subduction pattern is more complex along the Zagros suture zone.
This document is a field training report submitted by Ms. Rohini Singh to Banasthali University in partial fulfillment of an M.Sc. in geology. The report provides an introduction to the geology of the Kachchh region of Gujarat, India where the field training took place. It describes the physiographic divisions and stratigraphy of the Kachchh basin, including the Mesozoic, Tertiary, and Quaternary units. It also discusses the tectonic settings of the basin and the major fault systems, including the Kachchh Mainland Fault and South Wagad Fault.
2D MASW ANALYSIS FOR GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERINGAli Osman Öncel
This document describes a study that used seismic refraction and multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) to investigate near-surface shear wave velocities at a site in Egypt. Seismic refraction was used to determine P-wave velocities down to depths of 30 m. MASW was used to determine 1D and 2D shear wave velocity profiles by analyzing Rayleigh surface wave dispersion. Shear wave velocities obtained from MASW were used to evaluate site response and classify the site according to standard site classifications. The study area consists of Quaternary deposits overlying Tertiary sedimentary rocks. P-wave and MASW surveys were conducted along multiple profiles using geophones and a seismograph to
This document summarizes a regional gravity and magnetic interpretation project over the West Papua New Guinea petroleum basins. The project aims to model and map the crustal and basinal architecture of the Western Papua New Guinea basins using ground gravity, satellite gravity, airborne magnetic data, and available well and seismic data. The primary goal is to outline the nature and structural controls of the petroleum basins to produce a robust regional tectonic framework.
This document presents a seismic microzonation study of Gilgit, Nomal, and Naltar cities in northern Pakistan. It analyzes the geology, seismotectonics, and historical seismicity of the region to identify nine seismic zones with maximum earthquake potential of Mw 7.5-8.0. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is conducted using a composite earthquake catalog and six soil profile types. Peak ground acceleration values ranging from 0.24g to 0.25g are computed for different return periods, consistent with other projects in the area. Seismic microzones are delineated on maps for use in the Gilgit, Nomal, and Naltar Master Plan 2040. A micro seismic monitoring
Seismic Microzonation Study in Tabriz Metropolitan City for Earthquake Risk M...IJERA Editor
This document discusses a seismic microzonation study conducted in Tabriz, Iran. Tabriz has a high population density and is located near the active North Tabriz Fault Zone. The study aimed to assess seismic hazard in Tabriz and develop microzonation maps to inform construction practices and mitigate earthquake risk. The methodology involved evaluating expected ground motions, analyzing local site effects, and mapping hazard zones. Results showed variation in hazards like ground shaking, liquefaction and landslides across the study area due to differences in geology and soil conditions. The microzonation study provides information needed to enhance earthquake safety in Tabriz's urban development.
Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves. It has four main branches: observational seismology which records earthquakes and catalogs them; engineering seismology which estimates seismic hazards; physical seismology which studies the interior of the Earth; and exploratory seismology which uses seismic methods for applications like oil exploration. The study of seismology helps us understand earthquakes, predict their effects, and design structures to withstand shaking. It provides insights by analyzing seismic waves recorded on seismograms at stations around the world.
This document is a seismic microzonation study for the master plans of Gilgit Nomal and Naltar conducted in December 2019. It was prepared by Syed Kazim Mehdi and produced by MM Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd for seismic hazard assessment and mitigation in the areas' long term development plans through 2040.
This document provides information about an earthquake that struck Pakistan on October 8, 2005 through a just-in-time lecture format. It begins with background on the Global Health Network Disaster and outlines objectives to provide scientific information about the earthquake and teach preparedness. Details provided include the earthquake's magnitude, location, impacts such as deaths and displaced people, and health needs like lack of sanitation and medical services. The document emphasizes preparing for future disasters through lessons learned and educating children now.
The document summarizes a study on seismic hazard evaluation for the Diamer Basha Dam site in Pakistan. A local seismic network was established in 2007 to monitor earthquake activity in the area and provide data for the study. Seismic hazard assessment was conducted using probabilistic and deterministic methods, establishing three seismic source zones with maximum magnitudes up to 7.8. Deterministic analysis found the Main Mantle Thrust yielded the highest ground accelerations. Probabilistic analysis assigned a peak ground acceleration of 0.33g with a 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years for dam design.
The document summarizes a study on induced seismicity at the Tarbela Reservoir in Pakistan. Some key findings include:
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This document summarizes key details about the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China:
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- The earthquake provided new insights into the regional tectonic framework and origin of the Kashmir-Hazara Syntaxis. The Jhelum Thrust is an active fault that accommodates east-west shortening in the region.
- The stresses from the earthquake indicate another potentially large earthquake could occur further south along the Jhelum Fault, which extends from the earthquake area towards
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- The earthquake provided new insights into the regional tectonic framework and origin of the Kashmir-Hazara Syntaxis. The Jhelum Thrust is an active fault that accommodates east-west shortening in the region.
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ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
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The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
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Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)
Brt peshawar shs (final report)
1. Consultant in
Seismology, Geophysics & Geology
Cell: 0300-5478842
PESHAWAR BUS RAPID TRANSIT (BRT)
CORRIDOR PROJECT
MM PAKISTAN (Pvt) Ltd.
SEISMIC HAZARD STUDIES
JANUARY 2018
PREPARED BY
SYED KAZIM MEHDI
2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
For the Seismic Hazard Studies (SHS) of the Peshawar Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Corridor
Project, an assessment of regional geological and tectonic information collected from the
existing literature and maps has been carried out. On the basis of available data, the critical
tectonic features affecting the Project region has been identified and Seismic Hazard Studies
(SHS) has been conducted using Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) approach, for
selecting the seismic design parameters of the Project, in accordance with the Building Code
of Pakistan (BCP), Seismic Provisions (2007).
Seismotectonic features in the Peshawar Region are seismically active at moderate to high
level. The historical earthquake data shows that a few damaging earthquakes have occurred
within 200 km radius from the Peshawar. The prominent recent one is the October 08, 2005
Kashmir-Hazara earthquake with magnitude Mw=7.6. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis
(PSHA) has been carried out using the single site EZ-FRISK software developed by Fugro
Engineering Consultants, USA, keeping in view the guidelines contained in the Building Code
of Pakistan (BCP), Seismic Provisions (2007).
The Project region was divided into seven area seismic source zones based on their
homogeneous tectonic and seismic characteristics. Latest NGA (2008) equations developed
under Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Centre by Abrahamson & Silva,
Boore & Atkinson, and Campbell & Bozorgnia were used.
The Project falls in Zone-2B of Building Code of Pakistan Seismic Provisions (2007). The
seismic range of Zone-2B is from 0.16g to 0.24g. The Building Code of Pakistan Seismic
Provision 2007, specifically places Peshawar in Zone-2B and explicitly defines that “Z” Value
of Zone-2B is 0.20.
The total hazard curve obtained from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis gives a horizontal
Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of 0.23g for a return period of 475 years and 0.20g for a
return period of 320 years. For other Soil Profile types, necessary application of the
amplification factors should be used as given in BCP Seismic Provisions (2007).
3. i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
1. GENERAL
1
2. SEISMOTECTONIC SETTING of PAKISTAN 2
2.1 Regional Tectonic Features 5
2.2 Local Tectonic Features 11
3. EARTHQUAKE RECORD 13
3.1 General 13
3.2 Historical Earthquake Data 14
3.3 Instrumental Earthquake Data 15
3.4 Analysis of Earthquake Data 16
4. SEISMOTECTONIC MODEL 17
5. SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS 19
5.1 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) 19
5.1.1 PSHA Methodology 21
5.1.2 Source Modeling – Area Sources 22
5.1.3 Earthquake Recurrence Model 24
5.1.4 Maximum Magnitude 26
5.1.5 Attenuation Relationships 26
5.1.6 Results of PSHA 27
6. SEISMIC DESIGN PARAMETERS 29
6.1 Peak Ground Acceleration 29
6.2 Response Spectra 29
7. CONCLUSIONS 30
4. ii
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1 Peshawar Bus Rapid Transit (Metrobus) Route Map.
Fig. 2 Tectonic Map of Northern Pakistan (after Ahmed Hussain et al. 2004).
Fig. 3 Tectonic Map of Northern Pakistan (after DiPettero et al.2008).
Fig. 4 Geologic Map for part of KPK (GSP 2006).
Fig. 5 Subsurface Section (north-south) from Peshawar Basin in north to Kohat
Plateau in south.
Fig. 6 Map showing Seismicity recorded during last hundred years in the Project
Region.
Fig. 7 Seismotectonic Map of the Project Region showing seismicity and faults.
Fig. 8 Seismic Area Source Zones used in PSHA.
Fig. 9 Seismic Hazard Curve obtained from PSHA.
(Vs 30 is taken as 750 m/sec)
Fig. 10 Extrapolation of PGA curves.
Fig. 11 Uniform Hazard Spectra obtained from PSHA.
(Vs 30 is taken as 750 m/sec)
APPENDICES
Appendix-A CHRONOLOGICAL CATALOGUE OF NON-INSTRUMENTAL
(INTENSITY) DATA
Appendix-B EARTHQUAKE CATALOGUE FOR BRT PESHAWAR PROJECT.
5. 1
PESHAWAR BUS RAPID TRANSIT CORRIDOR PROJECT
REPORT ON SEISMIC HAZARD STUDIES
1. GENERAL
The proposed Project consists of the development of a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)
corridor with a total length of 30 km, to be constructed on a phase wise basis in
Peshawar city about 160 km west of Islamabad. The Scheme will help develop a
sustainable urban transport system in Peshawar, through the delivery of the city’s first
integrated BRT corridor, directly benefiting a population of 0.75 million (Figure-1).
The Project area is in the proximity of the collisional zone between the north moving
Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate which is over-riding the Indian plate. The collision
tectonics has resulted in the development of series of faults on the Indian plate on
which the Project region is located. This collisional tectonic has resulted in the
occurrence of frequent earthquakes. It is therefore imperative that in accordance with
the guidelines of Building Code of Pakistan (2007), site specific analysis of the
seismicity and hazard due to earthquakes in this region be evaluated and the Project
structures be designed for safety against this hazard.
Figure-1. Peshawar Bus Rapid Transit (Metrobus) Route Map.
6. 2
For the Seismic Hazard Studies (SHS), an assessment of regional geological and
tectonic information collected from the available literature and maps has been carried
out. The available geological maps and literature published by Geological Survey of
Pakistan (GSP) have been consulted. The research done by and National Center for
Excellence in Geology (NCEG) and University of Peshawar on geology/tectonics of
the Peshawar basin has also been consulted. The historical and instrumental
earthquake data has also been compiled from the available record. On the basis of this
data, the critical tectonic features affecting the Project area have been identified and
Seismic Hazard Studies (SHS) has been conducted using Probabilistic approach for
selecting the seismic design parameter for the Project in accordance with the Building
Code of Pakistan, Seismic Provisions (2007).
2. SEISMOTECTONIC SETTING OF PAKISTAN
The accretion of the Indian Plate after north-directed subduction of oceanic crust with
the Kohistan Arc/Asian Craton occurred about 20 Ma ago along a suture stretching
from western Europe through the Alps, Greece, Pakistan, the Himalayas, China before
turning south towards Indonesia. This continental collision zone has since changed
character into a fold-and thrust belt e.g. in the Pakistan region the continent–continent
collision produced several major thrusts and associated strike-slip fault zones.
Structural geometry shows that the duplex stacks in nappe structures became younger
away from the suture zone in the opposite direction that the footwall plate is moving.
Thus, for the Pakistan region the older thrusts are near the Main Mantle Thrust or
suture zone (MMT) and the youngest further down south along the Salt Range Thrust
well within the India plate (Figure-2).
The three major geotectonic provinces are:
• Eurasian Plate (containing the Northern Karakorum Tethyan Zone, The
Karakorum Batholith, Volcanic and Metasediments south of Karakorum
Batholith).
• Kohistan Island Arc.
• Indian Plate.
7. 3
All provinces have distinctly different lithologies and tectonic settings and are
separated by two major branches of the Indus suture, the Main Karakoram Thrust
(MKT) and Main Mantle Thrust (MMT), [Figure-2]. Both sutures are marked by the
occurrence of a mélange including ultramafic rocks, the southern one also having a
wedge of garnet granulites, the second largest such occurrence in the world.
The geotectonic setting of northern Pakistan is characterized by the occurrence of
ancient island arcs known as the Kohistan Arc and the Ladakh Arc, divided by the
Nanga Parbat Haramosh Massif (NPHM). This region is seismically one of the most
seismically active intercontinental regions in the world.
The last 100 years alone include the 1945 Makran coast earthquake with magnitude
above 8.0, the Mach earthquake in August 1931, Mw 7.3, the Quetta earthquake Mw
7.4 in 1935, the Pattan earthquake Mw 6.3 in 1974, and the recent disastrous
Kashmir-Hazara earthquake of October 2005, Mw 7.6, which has shaken the entire
region in many ways.
Figure-2. Tectonic Map of Northern Pakistan showings major faults in Northern
Part of Pakistan (After Ahmad Hussain et al.2004).
8. 4
Many seismically active faults exist in Northern and Southern areas of Pakistan and
more than half of the total population are living with earthquakes and will have to
continue doing that. The geodynamics of northern Pakistan is characterized by the
collision and coalescence of Eurasian and Indian Continental Plates, which were once
detached by the oceanic domains and creation of Kohistan island arc in late
Cretaceous in the collision zone of these plates.
The collisional process started in the late Eocene to early Oligocene with the
formation of the Himalayan Ranges and this process still continues. Relative to
Eurasia, the Indian Plate is still moving northwards at a rate of about 4 cm/year. The
subduction of Indian plate beneath the Eurasian plate has resulted in folding and
thrusting of the upper crustal layers near the collisional boundary (Figure-2).
The Central Axial Belt likewise marks a zone of subduction of the western part of the
Indo-Pakistan continent under Eurasian Plate. The contact is a westward directed
thrust which has got a surficial expression of 10-15 km width. The former thrust
constitutes the southern suture zone (Tahirkheli et al., 1979), whereas the latter after
encircling the Kabul block on its east in Afghanistan reappears in Pakistan along
Kuner River in the southern periphery of Chitral. It extends in the east as a part of the
Northern Megashear (Tahirkheli et al., 1979), which has afterwards been named Main
Karakorum Thrust (MKT) by Mattauer et al., (1979) along which the ancient
Kohistan island arc has been welded with the Eurasian plate. The compressional
forces being experienced in the NW Himalayan fold and thrust belt are believed to be
a result of the ongoing collision of the Eurasian and Indo-Pakistan plates that took
place in the late Eocene to Early Oligocene. The Indo-Pakistan plate, relative to the
Eurasian plate is still moving northwards at a rate of about 2 mm/year.
The Main Mantle Thrust and the Central Axial Belt constitute two suture zones along
which the Indo-Pakis tan Plate has been juxtaposed with the Kohistan island arc on
the north and Afghan Block of the Eurasian Plate on the west respectively. The
thrusting has been depicted from north to south in the shape of MKT (Main
Karakoram Thrust), MMT (Main Mantle Thrust), MBT (Main Boundary Thrust) and
SRT (Salt Range Thrust), the locations of which are shown in Figures - 2 and 3.
9. 5
Figure-3 Tectonic Map of Northern Pakistan showings major faults in Northern
Part of Pakistan (After DiPettero et al. 2008).
2.1 Regional Tectonic Features
The Project area is located in the western Himalayas south of the boundary between
the Indian plate and the Kohistan island arc which is sandwiched between the Indian
and the Eurasian plates. The major faults of the Project region include, from north to
south, the Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT), Kohistan Fault, Main Mantle Thrust
(MMT), Panjal Khairabad Fault and Main Boundary Thrust (MBT). The general trend
of these faults is predominantly east-west with change in trend at the syntaxial bends
(Figures - 2 & 3). The general description of these major faults is as follows:-
Main Karakorum Thrust (MKT): This is the major regional fault representing the
suture zone between the two colliding plates. This fault represents the northern
boundary of the Kohistan island arc and runs eastward to join Indus suture zone in
upper Himalayas and terminates at its junction with Karakoram fault. In the Chitral
and Gilgit area, the rocks of Karakoram Batholith are thrusted over the rocks of
Kohistan Batholith along Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT).
10. 6
The Main Karakorum Thrust (MKT) is a regional thrust separating the Asian mass
from Kohistan Island Arc (Figures - 2 & 3). This fault also dips towards the north.
Significant seismic activity, including the earthquake in 1943 with magnitude 6.8, is
associated with this branch of this fault. There is ample neotectonic evidence of its
activity including clear offsets of glacial moraine deposits. It is considered that a
rupture along this feature could involve long portions of the fault system, because it is
comparatively straight over significant distances.
Kohistan Faults: In the Geological Map of NWFP (2006) published by Geological
Survey of Pakistan (GSP in Figure-3), the contact between Kamila Amphibolite
Complex and Indus Suture Melange are shown as Kohistan faults. The Kohistan
Oceanic Arc is bounded in the north by the Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT) and in
the south by the Main Mantle Thrust (MMT). Along these faults, the rocks of Kamila
complex are thrusted over Indus Melange rocks. The Kamila belt is dissected by a
number of small shear zones and is bounded to the north (adjacent to the Chilas
Complex) by a major shear zone, the ‘Kamila Shear Zone’. The boundaries of major
Lithological units within the Kohistan Island Arc (KIA) area are known to be faulted
based on geological mapping. The average rupture length of potential earthquake
faults in the Kohistan province is considered to be in the range of 100 km, based on
examination of map trace lengths and field observations of features during
neotectonic investigations.
Main Mantle Thrust (MMT): Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) is a northward dipping
regional thrust, which separate the Indian Plate from the Kohistan Island Arc. It
extends from Nawagai (Mohmand Agency) in the west to the north of Naran (Kaghan
Valley) in the east where it takes a north eastward bend towards the east of Bunji and
gets truncated by Raikot Fault.
The MMT marks the northern boundary of the NW Himalayan Fold and Thrust Belt
which here is mostly described by a metamorphic and magmatic terrain categorized
by thick stacks of nappes, thrust sheets and mylonitised shear zones (Figure-4). It also
marks the northern collisional boundary of the Indo-Pak plate with the Kohistan
Island Arc and is also known as the Indus Suture.
11. 7
Figure-4. Geological Map for part of KPK (GSP, 2006)
Seismicity studies shows different segments of this major fault to be active. It is a
multifaceted fault zone with width varying up to several tens of kilometers and
comprising of a number of thrust sheets that dip between 350
and 500
towards the
north. Mostly it divides the mafic and ultramafic rocks of the Kohistan Island Arc
from the sialic rocks of the Indo-Pakistani plate. Metamorphism has affected the
rocks to variable degree with high-pressure.
The Main Mantle Thrust was originally defined as the tectonic boundary between the
metamorphic shield and platform rocks of the Indian plate hinterland and dominantly
mafic and ultramafic rocks of the Kohistan-Ladakh arc complex in Pakistan suggest
that MMT fault contact can be defined as a series of faults, of different age and
tectonic history that collectively define the northern margin of the Indian plate in
Pakistan. On this basis, the faults that define the MMT vary in age from Quaternary
to possibly as old as Late Cretaceous.
12. 8
Disjointed lenses of ophiolite mélange that overlie the MMT fault contact and which
intervene between the Indian plate and the Kohistan arc are considered to be part of
the MMT zone that is equivalent with the Indus suture zone.
In areas east of Kharg in Indus Kohistan, where large ophiolite slices are absent, the
MMT would be characterized by the Kohistan-Raikot Fault system and by faults and
mylonite zones that define the northern and eastern flanks of the Nanga Parbat-
Haramosh massif. West of Kharg, the MMT would be represented by the Shergarh
fault at Kharg, the Kohistan fault in the Indus syntaxis, the Kishora fault in Swat, the
Kohistan fault near Chakdara, the Nawagai fault along the west side of the Malakand
slice, imbricate faults along the northern margin of the Dargai melange, the Dargai
fault at Qila and Nawe Kili, and the Nawagai fault to the Afghan border. West of
Kharg, the MMT (Indus Suture) zone would be bounded on the north side by the
Kohistan fault and on the south side by the Shergarh-Kishora-Dargai-Nawagai fault
system.
Indus Kohistan Seismic Zone (IKSZ): On the basis of a micro-earthquake survey
in this region during 1973–1974, a wedge-shaped NW trending structure was
recognized by Armbruster et al. (1978) who named it as the IKSZ. Later workers
confirmed the presence of this 100-km long feature between the HKS and the MMT.
This 50-km-wide zone of seismicity has a nearly horizontal upper surface and a NE
dipping lower surface. Ni et al. (1991), on the basis of relocated hypocenters, have
identified two seismic zones within the IKSZ: a shallow depth zone extending from
the surface to a depth of 8 km and a more pronounced midcrustal zone lying at depths
of 12 to 25 km. The upper boundary at a depth of about 12 km is considered to
represent a decollement surface that decouples the sediments and metasediments from
the basement.
The IKSZ is predominantly a thrust fault with a NW-striking and NE-dipping plane
parallel to the general trend of the MBT to the SE of Muzaffarabad. The FMS of
aftershocks and the Kashmir Hazara earthquake are strongly suggestive of a NW–SE
trending, NE dipping thrust fault, about 90 km in length.
13. 9
Some 35 km of this proposed fault follows the NW–SE trending Balakot–Bagh Fault.
The remaining portion of the fault extends beyond the HKS, towards the MMT,
through the crystalline nappe zone where the presence of the BBF has not been
reported. The main shock occurred within the HKS, whereas the major concentration
of the aftershocks lies between the HKS and MMT.
Therefore, it is concluded that the IKSZ is seismically active and was the source of
the Kashmir Hazara earthquake. This is also evident by the occurrence of the second
strongest earthquake of the area, known as 1974 Patten earthquake, having magnitude
of 6.0 and focal depth of 15 km. The FMS of this earthquake is also a NW–SE
striking thrust with minor right-lateral strike slip component. Pennington (1979),
following Armbruster et al. (1978), proposed that the IKSZ extends from the MMT
(near Pattan) to the edge of the HKS.
Panjal-Khairabad Fault: Panjal Thrust is an important active tectonic feature of
regional significance. It runs northwards and parallel to the Main Boundary Thrust on
the western side of Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis. Both the faults while coming gradually
closer to each other join together about 5 km north of Balakot (Calkin et al., 1975,
Bossart et al., 1984 and Greco, 1991).
A left lateral strike slip fault cuts across both the Panjal Thrust and MBT
approximately 6 km south of Balakot, from where onwards the Panjal Thrust
continues its independent journey southwards. It is traceable up to Garhi Habibullah
from where onward it gets concealed under the Quaternary deposits. In this reach, the
thrust comprises several segments having accumulated length of about 130 km.
Towards west this fault runs nearly east-west after passing through the Gandghar
range near Haripur and joins Khairabad fault located on the northern sideways of
Attock-Cherat range, hence it is referred as Panjal-Khairabad fault. Further west, this
fault is inferred to be concealed under the southern part of the Peshawar basin and
extends further west parallel to MBT towards Afghanistan border (Figures - 3 & 4).
The geologic positioning and seismicity associated with Panjal-Khairabad fault
renders it as active regional tectonic feature capable of generating large earthquake.
14. 10
Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis (HKS): is an anomalous folded structure which emanates
from the Pir-Panjal Range in Kashmir and extends northward till Balakot where its
western limb takes a loop to southwest and extends with this trend towards
Muzaffarabad. Calkin et al (1975) had reported a reversal movement on the faults
along the western limb of the Syntaxis. He suggested that the amplified southwest
pressure from the Himalayan boundary faults on the eastern limb of the Syntaxis is
responsible for this reversal. This tectonic scenario in the Syntaxis point out to the
main compressional movements which are shifting to the west and northwest and
stresses generated are stimulating its western limb, which is the abode of the Main
Boundary Thrust (MBT).
The earlier Muzaffarabad Fault, a terminal branch of MBT and the recent mega
Kashmir-Hazara earthquake of October 08, 2005 are located on the western limb of
HKS and are the product of release of energy stored in this zone by east-west
convergence of the HKS. Based on the migration of the epicenters the rupture created
by the devastating event is geologically extended between Bagh and Balakot in
Kashmir. The latest information in hand reveals that seismologically this rupture is
gradually extending towards northwest at shallow depth and resulted in eruption of
over four thousand aftershocks of magnitude 3 to > 5 which are concentrating on the
northern ebb of the HKS.
Main Boundary Thrust (MBT): is one of the youngest among the three mega shears
of the Himalayas which runs all along its length for about 2500 km and in depth it is
shallower than the others. MBT with its tangled roots in the Detachment, one of the
Himalayan Boundary Faults well netted in the Himalayan orogeny will remain a
major threat capable of generating earthquakes of October 08, 2005 level anytime and
anywhere in the region which comes under its fold. It is competent to generate major
events with large ruptures. Its seismic history reveals several great events spread all
along its course in the Himalayan domain. To mention a few, Kangra (1905) and
Bihar (1934) in the Middle and Eastern Himalayas are the ones which had generated
magnitude > 8 level earthquakes. Some of the major towns which come under the
seismic shadow of the MBT in Pakistan are Balakot, Muzaffarabad, Islamabad,
Nathiagali, Murree, and Fateh Jhang and across the Indus is Kohat.
15. 11
MBT is the main frontal thrust of Himalayan Range, which runs along the Himalayan
arc for almost 2500 km from the Assam in the east to Kashmir and Parachinar in the
west. MBT along with other associated thrusts forms a sharp conspicuous Hazara-
Kashmir Syntaxis (HKS). This syntaxial bend is the most dominant tectonic feature
of the area as all local major fault systems and geologic structures follow its trend. On
the west side of syntaxial knot, the MBT initially follows a rather southwest trend and
then extend westward reaching Parachinar.
Near its surface trace, the MBT dips northward at a steep angle, which becomes sub-
horizontal with depth. Islamabad-Rawalpindi area is located at a close distance south
of the western limb of the MBT.
A number of large to major earthquakes have occurred along Himalayan Arc east of
the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis during the last two centuries, which places it amongst
the most active regions of the world. A proportion of seismicity recorded during the
last century is associated with surface and subsurface extensions of MBT and other
associated thrusts. Based on this data, Seeber et al. (1981) have shown that great
earthquakes occurring along Himalayan Arc are probably related to slips taking place
along this quasi-horizontal surface (detachment).
Established on the above, the MBT is considered active having seismic potential
sufficient enough to generate large to major earthquakes.
2.2 Local Tectonic Features
The Project area falls in tectonically active zone due to its location near the collisional
zone between the two tectonic plates. It is situated close to the western boundary of
the Peshawar basin which is bounded by Main Mantle Thrust in the north and
Khairabad/Hissartang Faults in the south (Figures - 3 and 4).
In absence of recorded instrumental monitoring, the seismic hazard of the regions
adjoining the major faults is generally evaluated by historical and recent earthquake
data in those regions, and occasional inspection of general topographic, geological
and tectonic features of the surroundings by the geologists.
16. 12
For Peshawar region some studies have been carried out by Geological Survey of
Pakistan and by the Geophysicists of other Agencies, for example Richard C.
Quittmeyer et.al and Ali Hamza Kazmi. These studies however are insufficient for the
assessment of the Seismic Hazard of an area. All significant earthquakes hitting
Peshawar region originate from the Hindu Kush region of Afghanistan or Northern
Pakistan, the local tectonic faults seem to have a meager role in the seismicity of the
city. Moreover, the instrumented earthquake record of the United States Geological
Survey (USGS) for the last fifty years shows that earthquakes of magnitude less than
4.5 and 5.0 have occurred near Peshawar.
As discussed in the Section 2.1, the Nawagai fault and Dargai fault represents the
MMT zone north the Project area (Figure-4). The Nawagai fault is exposed along the
western flank of the Malakand slice where it consistently dips westward structurally
above the Malakand slice (DiPietro et al., 2000). The fault can be traced southward
where it occupies the higher elevation and appears to truncate the Malakand fault.
Further west, the Nawagai fault truncates the Dargai mélange around a series of folds
and then continues to Afghan border where marble forms the hanging wall block
structurally above the Saidu Formation. The Nawagai fault is interpreted as a south to
southeast-directed, syn-metamorphic fault roughly contemporaneous with, but
younger than, the Malakand fault. It is possible that the Nawagai fault actually
represents a series of faults that collectively form the base of the Nawagai mélange.
On the south of the Project area, the inferred trace of east-west trending Panjal-
Khairabad fault appears to pass south of Peshawar and about 6 km south of the project
site. Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) is passing parallel to the Panjal-Khairabad fault
also in the south of the Project site. The Hissartang fault falls in between MBT and
Panjal-Khairabad Fault in Attock-Cherat range.
A subsurface section showing the subsurface geology of the region south of Peshawar
basin (McDougall et al., 1993) is presented in Figure- 5. This section shows that all
the faults of the Attock-Cherat and Kalachitta Ranges dip towards north and pass
below the Peshawar basin and therefore could be critical in the evaluation of seismic
hazard for the Project.
17. 13
Figure-5 Subsurface Section (north-south) from Peshawar Basin in north to Kohat
Plateau in south.
In both the northern and southern portions of the Project, complex faulting and thrust
are present. Evidences available suggest that both compressional and extensional
structural features occur with the later predominating.
The evidence of late Quaternary faulting has been reported in areas near Nowshera
(Manki and Ghari Chandan) on the northern side of Cherat range and east of
Peshawar. All these tectonic features may therefore be considered seismically active.
3. EARTHQUAKE RECORD
3.1 General
Earthquakes are generated by tectonic process in the upper part of the earth called
lithosphere that is divided into several rigid parts called as “Plates”. Due to movement
of these plates, stress build-up takes place and results in the deformation of the crustal
mass. This energy accumulation gives birth to seismic events.
18. 14
More than a million earthquakes rattle the world each year. The contact zones
between adjacent plates are, therefore, considered as most vulnerable parts from the
seismic hazard point of view. Most of the earthquakes felt at Peshawar have their
origin in the Hindu Kush region of Afghanistan or Northern areas of Pakistan.
The information about earthquakes in this region is available in two forms i.e.
historically recorded and instrumentally recorded earthquakes. The instrumentally
recorded earthquake data is available only since 1904. Before this, the source of
earthquake information is through the historical records and published literature.
3.2 Historical Earthquake Data
A comprehensive historical earthquake catalogue is one of the main inputs and
considerations while carrying out Seismic Hazard Assessment (SHA) of a certain
region and other related seismic studies. In this study, considerable attention has been
paid to this very task of compilation the comprehensive historical seismic data
catalogue for Pakistan.
The catalogue had been compiled using different data sources while keeping the
historical catalogue prepared by National Engineering Services of Pakistan
(NESPAK) during 2006-7 for the Building Code of Pakistan as major source of data.
It was updated and refined by using different data sources. These data sources were
earlier compiled different catalogues, Bulletins, Journals, Research and Newspapers,
History books and other official different documents etc. The missing parameters in
the source catalogues have been identified. Equivalent Moment magnitudes were
evaluated using different empirical relationships. The parameters of catalogue include
Date, Location, Magnitude and description of major earthquakes.
The resulting historical catalogue presented in Appendix-A is the most comprehensive
and updated catalogue for Pakistan. From Appendix-A, it reflects that northern
Pakistan as a whole has remained a house of damaging earthquakes. Taxila (25 A.D.)
event is probably the most conspicuous one that changed style of building-
construction out- rightly in this region.
19. 15
3.3 Instrumental Earthquake Data
For the present phase of the study a composite list of seismic events that occurred in
the Project region and adjoining areas has been prepared. It is based upon earthquakes
reported by International Seismological Center (ISC), United States Geological
Survey (USGS), Micro Seismic Monitoring System (MSMS) of WAPDA at Tarbela,
Micro Seismic Observatory of WAPDA at Mangla, Micro Seismic Study Program of
PAEC and Pakistan Meteorological Department.
From this composite list, events bounded within an area between latitudes 32° to 36°
and longitudes 69° to 74° have been selected for the seismic studies of Peshawar BRT
Project. The area confined by those latitudes and longitudes is mentioned as Peshawar
Region in this report/studies. This composite earthquake catalogue for the Peshawar
Region is presented in Appendix-B.
This catalogue comprises 4020 events of different magnitudes. The above mentioned
reporting agencies have reported a variety of magnitudes viz. Body-wave magnitude
(mb), Surface-wave magnitude (MS), Richter/Local magnitude (ML) or Duration-
magnitude (MD) etc.
Since attenuation relationships are based on magnitude of given type, a single type
must be selected. For data to be used in seismic hazard analysis, all the magnitudes
were therefore converted to moment magnitude (MW) by the following equations.
Conversion from MS and mb to MW was achieved through latest equation suggested by
Scordilis (2006):
MW = 0.67 MS + 2.07 for 3.0< MS < 6.1 (1)
MW = 0.99 MS + 0.08 for 6.2< MS < 8.2 (2)
MW = 0.85 mb + 1.03 for 3.5< mb < 6.2 (3)
For ML up to 5.7, the value of ML was taken equal to MW as suggested by Idriss
(1985) and supported by operators of local networks in Pakistan. Conversion of ML to
MW beyond magnitude 5.7 was done by using the following equations suggested by
Ambraseys and Bommer (1990) and Ambraseys and Bilham (2003):
20. 16
0.82 (ML) – 0.58 (MS) = 1.20 (4)
Log Mo = 19.09 + MS for MS < 6.2 (5)
Log Mo = 15.94 + 1.5 MS for MS > 6.2 (6)
MW = (2/3) Log (Mo) – 10.73 (7)
Where mb is body–wave magnitude, MS is surface-wave magnitude, ML is local
magnitude, MW is moment magnitude and Mo is seismic moment. All available types
of magnitudes in the catalogue were converted into a uniform magnitude-scale i.e.
MW (Moment magnitude) and given in Appendix-B. MW represents area source rather
than a point source and the same type of magnitude is mostly being used in the
seismic hazard analysis.
3.4 Analysis of Earthquake Data
The root cause of most seismic events can be related to tectonic processes in the upper
portions of the earth crust. The earth crust is divided into several plates. Buildup of
strain/strain within these plates or margins are due to the deformations taking place as
results of movements along or relative to the interfaces or margins of the plates. The
Northern parts of Pakistan are near to the collisional boundaries of Eurasian and
Indian plates margins and therefore seismically very active. The seismicity of the
Peshawar Region observed during last hundred years and presented in Appendix-B is
plotted on Figure-6 through the help of GIS software.
This plot shows the presence of seismic activity in east, north and south of the Project
area which could be associated with faults present in this region. The cluster of
seismicity in the north of Peshawar is related to the active Hindukush Seismic Zone
(HSZ) and Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT). The cluster of seismicity east of
Peshawar is related to earthquake activity along the Indus Kohistan Seismic Zone.
This cluster of seismic events also includes the aftershocks of mega Kashmir Hazara
earthquake of October 08, 2005. In the south of the Project area, the seismic activity is
low to moderate.
However, within the Peshawar basin, observed seismicity is relatively low and do not
consist of higher magnitude events.
21. 17
This implies that the regional tectonic features in the Peshawar Region are seismically
active at moderate to high level due to stresses developed as a result of collision of the
tectonic plates.
Figure 6 Map showing seismicity recorded during last hundred years in the Project
region.
4. SEISMOTECTONIC MODEL
From the available tectonic and seismic data of the Project region presented above, a
preliminary understanding about the seismotectonic set up of the Project a
Seismotectonic Map was developed (Figure-7) through the help of GIS software.
22. 18
Based on this understanding and guidelines contained in the Building Code of
Pakistan (2007), the main seismogenic features which are located near the Project site
and may influence the seismic hazard of the Project are:
Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) in the north,
Panjal- Khairabad Fault and
Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) on the south
Figure-7. Seismotectonic Map of the Project region showing seismicity and faults.
Most of the located seismic events are aligned along the mapped seismotectonic
features present within the Peshawar Region (Figure-7). However, still many seismic
events may not be attributed to known faults.
23. 19
The available seismic and tectonic data provides several evidences of the seismic
activity along all these faults and therefore seismicity associated with these faults is
considered for the evaluation of seismic hazard.
The concentration (clustering) of epicenters observed east-northeast of Peshawar may
be associated with the seismic activity along the Indus Kohistan Seismic Zone
(IKSZ). However, many of these events are the aftershocks of the mega Kashmir-
Hazara Mw 7.6 earthquake felt widely in the region on October 08, 2005.
5. SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS
The seismic hazard analysis refers to the estimation of some measure of the strong
earthquake ground motion expected to occur at a selected site. This is necessary for
the purpose of evolving earthquake resistant design of a new structure or for
estimating the safety of an existing structure of importance. The term “Seismic
Hazard” in engineering practice refer specifically to strong ground motions produced
by earthquakes that could affect engineered structures, such that seismic hazard
analysis often refers to the estimation of earthquake-induced ground motions having
specific probabilities over a given time period.
The study of strong earthquake ground motions and associated seismic hazard and
risk plays an important role for the sustainable development of societies in earthquake
prone areas. Using the hazard estimates produced by seismology, risk analysis yields
probabilistic estimates of the expected losses of property and lives from earthquakes
hazard estimation and vulnerabilities of structures, facilities, and people distributed
over the area.
5.1 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA)
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) has been carried out for the seismic
studies of Peshawar Bus Rapid Transit Corridor Project, keeping in view the
guidelines contained in the Building Code of Pakistan, Seismic Provisions (2007).
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) is conducted because there is a
24. 20
perceived earthquake threat: active seismic sources in the region may produce a
moderate-to-large earthquake. The analysis considers a multitude of earthquake
occurrences and ground motions, and produces an integrated description of seismic
hazard representing all events. PSHA is denoted by the probability that ground motion
(acceleration) reaches certain amplitudes or seismic intensities exceeding a particular
value within a specified time interval. Inverse of the probability of exceedence is
known as the return period for that acceleration and is used to define the seismic
hazard.
In Probabilistic Hazard Evaluation, the seismic activity of seismic sources (line or
area) is specified by a recurrence relationship, defining the cumulative number of
events per year versus their magnitude. For design, analysis, retrofit, or other seismic
risk decisions a single "design earthquake" is often desired wherein the earthquake
threat is characterized by a single magnitude, distance, and perhaps other parameters.
This allows additional characteristics of the ground shaking to be modeled, such as
duration, non-stationarity of motion, and critical pulses. This study describes a
method wherein a design earthquake can be obtained that accurately represents the
uniform hazard spectrum from a PSHA.
There is a great deal of uncertainty about the location, size, and resulting shaking
intensity of future earthquakes. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) aims
to quantify these uncertainties, and combine them to produce an explicit description
of the distribution of future shaking that may occur at a site.
The primary advantage of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) over
alternative representations of the earthquake threat is that PSHA integrates over all
possible earthquake occurrences and ground motions to calculate a combined
probability of exceedance that incorporates the relative frequencies of occurrence of
different earthquakes and ground-motion characteristics.
Modern PSHA also considers multiple hypotheses on input assumptions and thereby
reflects the relative credibility of competing scientific hypotheses. These features of
PSHA allow the ground-motion hazard to be expressed at multiple sites consistently
in terms of earthquake sizes, frequencies of occurrence, attenuation, and associated
25. 21
ground motion. As a result, consistent decisions can be made to choose seismic design
or retrofit levels, to make insurance and demolition decisions, and to optimize
resources to reduce earthquake risk vis-a-vis other causes of loss.
5.1.1 PSHA Methodology
A Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) combines seismic source
zoning, earthquake recurrence and the ground motion attenuation to produce “hazard
curves” in terms of level of ground motion and an associated annual frequency of
being exceeded. In Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA), the seismic
activity of seismic source (line or area) is specified by a recurrence relationship,
defining the cumulative number of events per year versus the magnitude.
Distribution of earthquake is assumed to be uniform within the source zone and
independent of time.
The principle of the analysis, first developed by Cornell (1968) and later refined by
various researchers, is to evaluate at the site of interest the probability of exceedance
of a ground motion parameter (e.g. acceleration) due to the occurrence of a strong
event around the site. This approach combines the probability of exceedance of the
earthquake size (recurrence relationship), and probability on the distance from the
epicenter to the Project site.
Each seismic source zone is split into elementary zones at a certain distance from the
site. Integration is carried out within each zone by summing the effects of the various
elementary source zones taking into account the attenuation effect with distance.
Total hazard is finally obtained by adding the influence of various sources. The
results are expressed in terms of a ground motion parameter associated with return
period (return period is the inverse of the annual frequency of exceedance of a given
level of ground motion).
Based on the guidelines of BOP (2007), the seismic hazard model used in the present
analysis was developed based on findings of the seismotectonic synthesis. The
26. 22
seismic hazard model relies upon the concept of seismotectonic zones and does not
include linear or discrete fault sources. Each seismic source zone is defined as a zone
with homogenous seismic and tectonic features, inferred from geological, tectonic
and seismic data. These zones are first defined, and then a maximum earthquake and
an earthquake recurrence equation are elaborated for each zone.
The seismic parameters attached to the various seismic source zones are: a
recurrence relationship relating the number of events for a specific period of time to
the magnitude; the maximum earthquake giving an upper bound of potential
magnitude in the zone; and an attenuation relationship representing the decrease of
acceleration with distance.
The Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) requires a detailed study of
distribution of observed seismic data to the seismic sources, determination of b-value
and activity rate of each seismic source and assigning maximum magnitude potential
to each source.
5.1.2 Source Modeling – Area Source Zones
For any seismic hazard assessment to be carried out, seismotectonic zonation is
considered to be an essential prerequisite. In order to establish the seismotectonic
zones a number of factors related to seismological characteristics, geology and
geophysics of the region of interest are taken into consideration. For the definition of
seismic sources, either line (i.e. fault) or area sources can be used for source
modeling. Because of uncertainty in the epicenters location, it is not possible to
relate the recorded earthquakes to the faults and to develop recurrence relationship
for each fault and use them as exponential model.
According to Udias (1999), the characteristics of the occurrence of earthquakes in
relation to regional tectonics and general geodynamic conditions form part of
seismotectonic studies. This includes geographic distribution of epicenters,
magnitude, depth, focal mechanism solutions and their correspondence to various
types of faults, stress orientations and kinematic aspects of tectonics.
27. 23
The Project region was therefore divided into seven area source zones (area sources)
based on their homogeneous tectonic and seismic characteristics, keeping in view the
geology, tectonics, seismicity and fault plane solutions of each area source zone.
These area seismic source zones of the Peshawar Region are shown in Figure-8.
Figure-8. Seismic Source Zones (SSZ) used for PSHA.
Distribution of earthquakes is assumed to be uniform within the seismic source zone
and independent of time. Each of these area sources was assigned a maximum
magnitude based on recorded seismicity and potential of the faults within the zone
and a minimum magnitude based on threshold magnitude observed in the magnitude-
frequency curve for the zone. As the shallow earthquakes are of more concern to
seismic hazard, the minimum depth of the earthquakes is taken as 5-10 km for all area
sources, except for Hindukush Seismic Zone (SSZ) for which it is taken as 70 km.
The seismic source zone parameters used in probabilistic hazard analysis are given in
Table-1.
28. 24
Table - 1 Area Source Parameters for Probabilistic Analysis
Zone
No.
Seismic
Source Zone
No. of
Earthquakes
above Min.
Magnitude
Minimum
Magnitude
Mw
Activity
Rate
/Year
b-Value
Maximum
Magnitude
Mw
1 Hindukush 738 4.0 12.947 0.80 8.0
2 Kohistan 318 4.1 5.579 1.14 7.5
3 Eastern
Himalayas 190 4.2 3.333 1.03 8.0
4
Western
Himalayas 284 4.1 4.982 1.31 7.5
5
Salt Range-
Kohat-Potwar 181 4.2 3.175 1.26 6.5
6 Punjab Plain 31 4.1 0.544 1.29 6.5
7 Western
Transform
Boundary
152 4.5 2.667 1.25 7.0
5.1.3 Earthquake Recurrence Model
A general equation that describes earthquake recurrence may be expressed as follows:
N (m) = f (m, t) (8)
Where N (m) is the number of earthquakes with magnitude equal to or greater than m,
and t is time period.
The simplest form of equation (8) that has been used in most engineering applications
is the well-known Richter’s law which states that the cumulated number of
earthquakes occurred in a given period of time can be approximated by the
relationship:
Log N (m) = a – b m (9)
29. 25
Equation (9) assumes spatial and temporal independence of all earthquakes, i.e. it has
the properties of a Poisson model. Coefficients ‘a’ and ‘b’ can be derived from
seismic data related to the source of interest. Coefficient ‘a’ is related to the total
number of events occurred in the source zone and depends on its area, while
coefficient ‘b’ represents the coefficient of proportionality between log N (m) and the
magnitude.
The composite catalogue of earthquakes prepared for the BRT Project Region
(Appendix-B) provided the necessary database for the computation of b-value for
each area source zone. The composite earthquake list contains limited number of
earthquakes prior to 1960 and only few of these earthquakes have been assigned
magnitude values. Due to installation of WWSSN, the earthquake recording in this
region improved and a better and complete recording of earthquake data are available
after 1961. A basic assumption of seismic hazard methodology is that earthquake
sources are independent. Thus, catalogues that are used to estimate future seismic
activity must be free of dependent events such as foreshocks and aftershocks. To the
extent possible such events were also eliminated, as there are insufficient data to
apply rigorous procedures such as that of Gardner and Knopoff (1974) to eliminate
foreshocks and aftershocks from the composite catalogue.
The completeness analysis of the overall data for the region showed that earthquake
data up to about magnitude 4.0 is complete after 1960. The converted moment
magnitude for the period between 1961 and 2016 was therefore used in the PSHA
after excluding the aftershocks. A separate list of earthquakes occurring in each
seismic area source zone was prepared through GIS software and magnitude-
frequency curves were made for each seismic area source. The b-value for each
seismic area source zone was calculated using linear regression through least square
method. The minimum magnitude for each area source zone was selected from the
magnitude-frequency curve based on completeness checks suggested by Woeffner
and Weimer (2005).
The b–values, minimum magnitude and the activity rates for the seven area source
zones used in the probabilistic analysis have been presented in Table-1.
30. 26
5.1.4 Maximum Magnitude
To each area source zone, a maximum magnitude potential was assigned based on the
maximum observed seismicity in the historical seismic record and enhancing by 0.5
magnitude the maximum observed magnitude in the seismic record for that area
seismic source zone or determining the maximum magnitude of the longest active
fault in the area using Well & Coppersmith equation (1994). The maximum potential
magnitude selected for each seismic area source zone is also given in Table-1.
5.1.5 Attenuation Relationships
The strong-motion attenuation relationship depicts the propagation and modification
of strong ground motion as a function of earthquake size (magnitude) and the distance
between the source and the site of interest. Because of lack of sufficient strong–
motion data covering a larger range of magnitudes and distances, attenuation
relationships for the South Asian Region cannot be developed. A number of
attenuation equations have been developed from strong motion data collected in other
parts of the world. As shallow earthquakes are of more concern for hazard analysis of
the Project site, attenuation equations developed for shallow tectonic environment
were considered for use in the hazard analysis.
For Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA), of BRT Peshawar Project the
latest available NGA equations developed under Pacific Earthquake Engineering
Research (PEER) Centre by Abrahamson & Silva (2008), Boore & Atkinson (2008),
and Campbell & Bozorgnia (2008) were used as these equations are valid for
tectonically active regions of shallow crustal faulting worldwide. All the equations
were given equal weightage.
In accordance with the Table 4.1 contained in the Building Code of Pakistan (BCP)
Seismic Provision (2007), results of PSHA were computed in the form of Total
Hazard Curve for Profile SB where Vs 30 is taken as 750 m/sec. For other Soil Profile
types, necessary application of the amplification factors should be used as given in
BCP Seismic Provisions (2007).
31. 27
The Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) was carried out using single site
EZ-FRISK software developed by Fugro Engineering Consultants, USA. The
program calculates the earthquake hazard at a site under certain assumptions specified
by the user. These assumptions involve identifying where earthquakes will occur,
what their characteristics will be, and what will be the ground motions generated.
These capabilities allow a wide range of seismic hazard problems to be solved, with
straightforward specification of input. Its easily allows in identifying the critical
inputs and decisions affecting seismic hazard evaluations.
5.1.6 Results of PSHA
All the parameters defined in Table-1 were incorporated in the area seismic source
models. As described above in Section (5.1.5) a mean total hazard curve was obtained
by giving equal weighting to all the attenuation equations used. The total mean hazard
curves obtained for the Project are shown in Figure-9. Hazard curves for each of the
three attenuation equations used for PSHA are also presented in Figure-9. The curve
shows the annual frequency of exceedance (inverse of return period) of the peak
ground acceleration expected at the Project area.
Figure-9. Seismic Hazard Curve obtained from PSHA. (Vs 30 is taken as 750 m/sec)
32. 28
Extrapolation of the PGA curves for return period gives the result as follows:
Figure:10. Extrapolation of PGA curves.
The peak horizontal ground accelerations for different return periods (inverse of the
annual frequency of exceedance) obtained for the Project area are also summarized in
Table-2.
Table -2 Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) for different return periods
Obtained through Probabilistic Analysis. (Vs 30 is taken as 750 m/sec).
Return Period (Years) PGA (g)
320 0.20
475 0.23
975 0.29
2,500 0.37
33. 29
6. SEISMIC DESIGN PARAMETERS
6.1 Peak Horizontal Ground Acceleration
As per Building Code of Pakistan Seismic Provisions (2007), ground motion having
10% probability of exceedance in 50-year period (i.e. a return period of about 475
years) is required to be used for design of buildings.
The total hazard curve (Figure-9) obtained from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis
gives a horizontal Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of 0.23 ’g’ for 10% Probability
of Exceedance in 50 years (i.e. a return period of 475 years).
6.2 Response Spectra
The uniform hazard response spectra for earthquakes of different return periods are
shown in Figure-11.
Figure-11. Uniform Hazard Response Spectra Obtained from PSHA.
(Vs 30 is taken as 750 m/sec).
34. 30
8. CONCLUSIONS
The seismic hazard studies for BRT Peshawar Project was carried out through a study
of all the available geological, tectonic and seismicity data of the region in which the
Project is located.
The recorded seismicity of the Project region is depicted mainly by small to large
earthquake activity. The main tectonic features contributing the seismic potential are
the Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) in the north, Panjal-Khairabad Fault and Main
Boundary Thrust Fault (MBT) on the south.
The historical earthquake data shows that a few damaging earthquakes have occurred
within 200 km radius from the Project area. The prominent recent one is the October
08, 2005 Kashmir-Hazara earthquake with magnitude Mw=7.6.
The Project falls in Zone-2B of Building Code of Pakistan Seismic Provisions (2007).
The seismic range of Zone-2B is from 0.16g to 0.24g. The Building Code of Pakistan
Seismic Provision 2007, specifically places Peshawar in Zone-2B and explicitly
defines that “Z” Value of Zone-2B is 0.20.
The total hazard curve obtained from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis gives a
horizontal Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of 0.23g for a return period of 475 years
and 0.20g for a return period of 320 years.
For other Soil Profile types, necessary application of the amplification factors should
be used as given in BCP Seismic Provisions (2007).
These seismic design parameters are recommended to be used for the seismic resistant
design of the Project Structures in accordance with the Pakistan Building Code
Seismic Provisions (2007).
35. 31
REFERENCES
1. Building Code of Pakistan Seismic Provision (2007). Issued by Ministry of
Housing and Works, Government of Pakistan.
2. Hussain A., DiPietro J. A. Pogue K. R. and Ahmed I. (2004); Geological Map
of the 43B Degree sheet, NWFP, Pakistan, Geological Survey of Pakistan,
Geological Map No. 11.
3. Tahirkheli, R.A.K., Mattauer M., Proust F. & Tapponier P (1979); The India-
Eurasia suture zone in northern Pakistan; synthesis and interpretation of recent
data at plate scale. In: Geodynamics of Pakistan, Farah & De Jong (eds),
Geological Survey of Pakistan.
4. Dipietro J.A., Hussain A., Ahmad I. & Khan M.A. (2000); The Main Mantle
Thrust in Pakistan: Its character and extent, Geological Society London,
Special Publications, Vol 170.
5. DiPietro J. A., Irshad Ahmad and Ahmad Hussain (2008); Cenozoic kinematic
history of the Kohistan fault in the Pakistan Himalaya, Geological Society of
America Bulletin 120.
6. Calkin et al. (1975); Geology of the southern Himalayan Hazara, Pakistan and
adjacent areas, U.S. Geological Survey, Prof. Pap. 716-C, C1-29.
7. Bossart et al. (1984); A new structural interpretation of the Hazara-Kashmir
Syntaxis (southern Himalaya) Pakistan. Kashmir Jour. Geol. Vol. 2.
8. Greco, A. (1991); Stratigraphy, metamorphism and tectonics of the Hazara-
Kashmir syntaxis area. Kashmir Jour. Geol. Vol. 8 & 9.
9. Seeber et al., (1981); Seismicity and continental subduction in the Himalayan
arc, in Zagros-Hindukush-Himalayas Geodynamic Evolution, A.G.U.
Geodynamic Series, Vol. 3.
10. McDougall, J. W., Hussain, A. and Yeats R.S. (1993); The Main Boundary
Thrust and propagation of deformation into the foreland fold-and-thrust belt in
northern Pakistan near Indus River, Himalayan Tectonics, Geological Society
Special Publications, No. 74.
11. Oldham, (1893); A catalogue of Indian Earthquakes, Mem. Geol. Survey
India, Vol. 19.
12. Heukroth and Karim, (1970); Earthquake history, seismicity and tectonics of
the regions of Afghanistan, Seism. Centre, Kabul University.
13. Ambraseys et al., (1975); The Patan Earthquake of 28 December 1974,
UNESCO Publication.
14. Quittmeyer and Jacob, (1979); Historical and modern seismicity of Pakistan,
Afghanistan, northwestern India and southeastern Iran; Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.
Vol. 69, No. 3.
15. E. M. Scordilis (2006); Empirical global relations converting Ms and mb to
moment magnitude, Journal of Seismology.
16. Idriss I. M., (1985); Evaluating seismic risk in engineering practice,
Proceedings of the 11th
International Conference on Soil Mechanics and
Foundation Engineering, San Francisco.
17. Ambraseys, N., Bommer, J., (1990); Uniform magnitude re-evaluation for the
strong-motion database of Europe and adjacent areas, European Earthquake
Engg, Vol. IV.
18. Ambraseys N., and Bilham R., (2003); Earthquakes in Afghanistan,
Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 74 No.2.
36. 32
19. Jackson, J.A.; Yielding, G., (1983) The Seismicity of Kohistan: Source
Parameters of the Hamran (1972.9.3), Darel (1981.9.12) and Patan
(1974.12.28) Earthquakes. In Tectonophysics 91: 15-29.
20. Cornell C. A. (1968); Engineering seismic risk analysis, Bull. Seism. Soc.
Am., Vol. 58, No.5 (1968).
21. Gardner J. K. and Knopoff L., (1974); Is the sequence of earthquakes in
southern California, with aftershocks removed, Poissonian? Bulletin
Seismological Society of America, Vol. 64, No. 5.
22. Woessner J. and S. Weimer (2005); Assessing the quality of earthquake
catalogue: Estimating the magnitude of completeness and its uncertainty,
Bulletin Seismological Society of America, Vol. 95 No.2.
23. Wells & Coppersmith (1994); New empirical relationships among magnitude,
rupture length, rupture width, rupture area and surface displacement, B.S.S.A.,
Vol. 84, No.4.
24. Abrahamson N.A. and W. Silva (2008); Summary of Abrahamson and Silva
NGA Ground-Motion relations, Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 24 (1).
25. Boore, D.M. and G.M. Atkinson (2008); Ground-motion prediction equations
for the average horizontal component of PGA, PGV and 5%-damped PSA at
spectral period between 0.1s and 10s, Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 24 (1).
26. Campbell K.W. and Y. Bozorgnia (2008); NGA ground motion model for the
geometric mean horizontal component of PGA, PGV, PGD and 5%-damped
linear elastic response spectra at periods ranging from 0.1s to 10.0s,
Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 24 (1).
27. Udias, A. 1999. Principles of Seismology. University press, Cambridge, UK.
28. Syed Kazim Mehdi (2015), Seismotectonic & Seismic Hazard Analysis
(SSHA) of Simly Dam Project.
29. Syed Kazim Mehdi (2016), Seismic Hazard Analysis of Dasu Region using
latest WAPDA Micro Seismic Monitoring System (MSMS) Network Data.
Himalayan Journal of Earth Sciences.
30. Syed Kazim Mehdi (2016), Seismotectonic & Seismic Hazard Studies of Diamer-
Basha Dam Project. Himalayan Journal of Earth Sciences, Proceedings of
International Earth Sciences conference at Baragali, Pakistan.
31. MonaLisa et. al., (2009), New data on the Indus Kohistan seismic zone and its
extension into the Hazara–Kashmir Syntaxis, NW Himalayas of Pakistan, Journal of
Seismology.
39. APPENDIX-A
Sheet 1 of 5
CHRONOLOGICAL CATALOGUE OF Appendix-A
NON-INSTRUMENTAL (INTENSITY) DATA
Sr.
No.
Year Date Description
Estimated
Intensity
MM
Source
1 Aristobulus of Cassandreia, who
accompanied Alexander on his expedition to
India, points out that the country above the
river Hydaspes (Jhelum) is subjected to
earthquakes which cause the ground to open
up so that even the beds of river are
changed.
IX-X Ambraseys
2 25 AD A destructive earthquake in north-western
Pakistan laid Taxila in ruins and caused wide
spread havoc throughout the country side.
The effects of this earthquake can still be
seen among the excavated remains at
Jandial, Sirkap and Dharmarajika. As a
result of the earthquake new methods of
buildings were introduced and the height of
buildings was reduced from four to two
storeys with special precautions to make the
foundation secure.
IX-X Q&J
3 1669 June 04 Strongly felt in Mandra VI-X Q&J
4 1669 June 23 An earthquake at Attock, a fissure 50 yards
long was formed in the ground.
VIII-IX Q&J
5 1827 Sept. 24 Destructive in Lahore region. Fort Kolitaran
near city destroyed, about 1000 perished in
ruins. A hill shaken down, which fell into river
Rowee (Ravi) produced an inundation of 100
coss of land.
VIII-IX Q&J
6 1831 Peshawar & valley of Indus - Severe,
extended from Peshawar to Dera Ghazi
Khan, felt most at Dera band (Daraban); men
and camels unable to stand, rocks fell in
many places, water forced from crevices in
the plains.
Daraban
VIII-IX Peshawar
& D.G. Khan IV-VI
Q&J
7 1832 Jan. 22 Near Lahore-violent, people all rushed out of
houses
V-VII Q&J
8 1832 Feb. 21 Lahore, valley of Badakhshan, N.W. India
huge masses of rock was thrown from the
cliffs at many places chocking up valleys.
Great part of population destroyed.
Lahore V-VI
Mangla V
4th Century BC
40. APPENDIX-A
Sheet 2 of 5
CHRONOLOGICAL CATALOGUE OF Appendix-A
NON-INSTRUMENTAL (INTENSITY) DATA
Sr.
No.
Year Date Description
Estimated
Intensity
MM
Source
9 1842 Feb. 19 Kabul, Peshawar At Kabul said to have
lasted for 3 mts, several shocks, rocked the
fouth in a frightful manner. At Peshawar very
destructive, "earth-trembled like aspen leaf",
several killed. At Ferozepur severe. At
Ludhiyana north south, the hot springs of
South (temp. 140 deg - 110 deg) become as
cold as the ordinary wells, water diminished
greatly and at times the springs were
completely dry. These appearances
continued for 25 days.
Kabul VI-VII
Peshawar VI
Ferozepur VI
Q&J
10 1851 Feb. 04 Lahore, appears to have extended all over
Punjab
Lahore V-VI
11 1851 Feb. 06 Lahore, appears to have extended all over
Punjab
Lahore V-VI
12 1851 Feb. 17 Strongly felt in Lahore, Multan Lahore IV-V
13 1853 Nov. Strongly felt at Attock VI Q&J
14 1858 Aug. 29 Lahore-sharp shocks. Lahore IV-V
15 1865 Jan. 22 Slight damage and great panic in Peshawar;
long duration.
V-VII Q&J
16 1865 Dec. 4 Lahore - two smart shocks III-V
17 1867 Nov. 10 Damaging in Bannu VII-VIII Q&J
18 1868 Aug. 11 Damaging in Peshawar; a portion of the fort
was shaken down (official record).
VII-VIII Q&J
19 1868 Nov. 12 Violent shock felt in Lahore, Dera Ismail
Khan and Attock, followed by many
aftershocks which were felt throughout the
Punjab.
Attock IV-VI & D.I.
Khan IV-V
Q&J
20 1869 Mar. 24 Severe shock in the upper reaches of
Jhelum
V-VII Q&J
21 1869 Mar. 25 A large earthquake in the Hindukush,
strongly felt at Kohat, Lahore, Peshawar and
at Khojend and Tashkent; shock lasted 20
seconds.
Kohat, Lahore &
Peshawar V
NESPAK
22 1869 April Peshawar - Part of fort shaken down (official
record).
VII-VIII Q&J
41. APPENDIX-A
Sheet 3 of 5
CHRONOLOGICAL CATALOGUE OF Appendix-A
NON-INSTRUMENTAL (INTENSITY) DATA
Sr.
No.
Year Date Description
Estimated
Intensity
MM
Source
23 1869 Dec. 20 Rawalpindi - Shock said to have lasted for
half a minute; cracked walls and caused all
people to run out of houses.
Attock - A series of shocks at intervals of
about 20 sec.
Lawrencepur - 1st shocks 15 sec others at 5
sec. interval.
Campbellpur - For half an hour; buildings
much damaged.
Talagang - Not felt.
VII-VIII
VII-VIII
Q&J
24 1871 April Severe at Rawalpindi and Murree; originating
from Kashmir.
Rawalpindi &
Murree VI
Q&J
25 1875 Dec. 12 Damaging in villages between Lahore and
Peshawar where a number of people were
killed.
VII-VIII Q&J
26 1878 Mar. 02 Damaging earthquake in the Punjab. At
Kohat several houses, public buildings and
portion of the wall of the fort fell. At
Peshawar it caused damage to houses and
city walls. Damaging at Attock, Abbottabad,
Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Murree. Strongly felt at
Bannu, Nowshera, Mardan, Lahore and
Simla. Many aftershocks.
Peshawar, Kohat
VII-VIII Attock VI-
VII Lahore VI
Q&J
27 1883 April Damaging shock at Peshawar. VI-VII Q&J
28 1885 May 30 Destructive shock in Kashmir. Sopor,
Gulmarg and Srinagar about totally ruined
and 3,000 people killed. Heavy damage at
Gurais and Punch: Muzaffarabad heavily
damaged. Felt in Peshawar, Lahore, Simla,
Leh, Kanpalu, and Gilgit. Radius of
perceptibility about 650 km. Many
aftershocks.
Kashmir VIII
Muzaffarabad VI-
VII Peshawar IV
Q&J
29 1893 Nov. 03 Slight damage at Peshawar, Nowshera, felt
throughout the Punjab
VI-VII Q&J
30 1905 Apr. 04 Kangra earthquake, in Rawalpindi a few lofty
buildings cracked, some damage in Lahore
Kangra VIII
Rawalpindi V-VI
Q&J
42. APPENDIX-A
Sheet 4 of 5
CHRONOLOGICAL CATALOGUE OF Appendix-A
NON-INSTRUMENTAL (INTENSITY) DATA
Sr.
No.
Year Date Description
Estimated
Intensity
MM
Source
31 1929 Feb. 01 Destructive earthquake, perhaps shallower
than calculated, ruined Skorzor and Drosh
Damage was equally heavy in the USSR at
Kulyab. It caused substantial damage in
Abbottabad, Peshawar, Cherat, Gurez,
Chitral and Dushambe. It was felt within a
radius of 1,000 km.
Abbottabad &
Peshawar VI-VII
NESPAK
32 1939 Nov. 21 Destructive in the Badakhshan area, the
damage extending to Srinagar, Rawalpindi
and Kargil. Drosh was seriously damaged.
Felt within a radius of 600 km.
Rawalpindi
V-VI
NESPAK
33 1945 June 27 Felt in Peshawar IV NESPAK
34 1945 June 22 Destructive at Chamba and parts of Kashmir.
Strongly felt at Rawalpindi, Peshawar,
Lahore and Simla.
Rawalpindi V NESPAK
35 1953 Mar. 01 Slight damage in Campbellpur. VI-VII Q&J
36 1956 Sept.16 Destructive in the Ghazi district in
Afghanistan where many villages were
destroyed and animals lost. The damage
was equally serious at Said Karem. Caused
panic at Kohat. Strongly felt at Parachinar,
Parwan, Loger, Ghazi, Nazerajat, Beshud,
Makur, Rawalpindi and Srinagar. Radius of
perceptibility about 450 km.
Rawalpindi V NESPAK
37 1962 Aug. 02 Felt at Rawalpindi IV-VI Q&J
38 1966 Jan. 11 Felt at Risalpur IV NESPAK
39 1966 Feb. 02 Strongly felt around Abbottabad and caused
minar damage at Havelian. Felt at
Rawalpindi, Islamabad. Abbottabad, Taxila.
The shock was also felt at Muzaffarabad and
Gujar Khan.
Abbottabad VI
Islamabad V
Taxila VI
Q&J
40 1977 Feb. 14 About 7 km northeast of Rawalpindi caused
damage in 20 villages. In villages Kuri, Malot
and Pindi Begwal around Nilour most of the
"Katcha" houses either collapsed or
damaged. A few houses built with dressed
blocks of sandstone and sand-cement
mortar also developed extensive cracks.
VII NESPAK
43. APPENDIX-A
Sheet 5 of 5
CHRONOLOGICAL CATALOGUE OF Appendix-A
NON-INSTRUMENTAL (INTENSITY) DATA
Sr.
No.
Year Date Description
Estimated
Intensity
MM
Source
41 1978 May 07 Felt widely in Punjab and NWFP provinces.
Some damage at Peshawar and Chitral.
Mangla IV
Tarbela VI
WAPDA
42 1980 Feb. 12 Felt widely in the areas of Punjab and
NWFP.
Mangla IV
Tarbela V
WAPDA
43 1983 Dec. 31 Felt widely in the areas of Punjab and
NWFP. Damages at Peshawar, Chitral and
many northern areas. Some damage near
Tarbela also. Felt in parts of Afghanistan
also.
Chitral VII
Peshawar VI
Rawalpindi V,
Tarbela V Mangla
III
WAPDA
44 1996 April 04 Felt widely in the areas of Punjab and
NWFP. Some damages at Peshawar, Chitral
and northern areas. Some damage near
Tarbela also. Felt also in parts of
Afghanistan.
Chitral VI
Peshawar V
Rawalpindi IV
Mangla III Lahore
& Jhelum III
WAPDA
45 1999 Feb. 17 Epicenter near Mangla. Felt also in the
adjoining areas.
Mangla IV WAPDA
46 2002 Jan. 27 Epicenter near Mangla. Felt also in the
adjoining areas.
Mangla IV WAPDA
47 2005 Oct. 08 Epicenter near Muzaffarabad, most
destructive earthquake, killed more than
80,000 people in Kashmir, Balakot and
Batagram.
Balakot XI
Muzaffarabad IX-X
Mansehra VIII
Islamabad VII
NESPAK
Sources:
WAPDA - Water and Power Development Authority- Seismicity Progress Reports.
Q&J - Quittmeyer & Jacob (1979), Historical and modern seismicity of Pakisatn, Afghanistan, northwestern
India and southeastern Iran, BSSA, Vol. 69, No 3.
Ambraseys N, Lensen G. and Monifer A. (1975), The Patan earthquake of 28 December 1974, UNESCO
Technical Report.NESPAK - National Engineering Services Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd. Various Reports.