Enhanced standards have recently been implemented
in Australia’s National Electricity Market (NEM)
requiring utility-scale generation to remain connected
to the grid during and after a number of voltage
disturbances occurring in quick succession. These new
standards currently apply prospectively to all generation
technologies and aim to strike a balance between power
system security requirements and maintenance of plant
integrity.
The criteria forming the basis of an assessment against
the proposed requirements were:
• The total number of disturbances within pre-
defined sliding time windows (NF);
• The accumulated disturbance duration (Δt); and
• The sum of changes in voltage by the duration of
the disturbance (ΔV x Δt).
Power system modelling and analysis demonstrates
that these standards can be met by a range of new and
existing synchronous and inverter-connected generation
technologies accounting for their actual connection
points to the wider network. Specific advice on the
types of disturbances that should be investigated is also
provided, accounting for actual fault patterns observed
in transmission and distribution networks. These results
indicate that the standards are practical and achievable
with full consideration of limitations of the power
system and different generation technologies.
L’interrupteur sectionneur aérien à coupure en charge et à commande manuelle IACM MAX se trouve généralement au niveau des dérivations, il permet d’isoler une grappe de postes et d’assurer le sectionnement et le bouclage, il est placé sur un support simple en béton d’une ligne électrique aérienne à moyenne tension jusqu’à 36kV.
L’interrpteur aérien MAX convient à tout type de réseau et notamment à ceux qui nécessitent des manoeuvres fréquentes dans des conditions climatiques sévères (humidité saline, vent de sable, neige, altitude élevée, pollution industrielle, zone à forte densité de pollution … )
Nous disposons de deux type d’interrupteur aérien MAX :
– L’un est constitué d’un interrupteur muni d’un dispositif de coupure dans l’air constitué par des fouets en acier inoxydable à grande vitesse pour un pouvoir de coupure de 50A .
– L’autre est constitué d’un interrupteur muni d’un dispositif de coupure à chambre qui peut assurer une coupure allant jusqu’à 100A .
Ils sont munis d’une commande manuelle à accumulation d’énergie donnant une vitesse de fermeture et d’ouverture
indépendante de l’opérateur et garantissant le pouvoir de fermeture.
ACCESSOIRES POUR CHAÎNES D’ISOLATEURS
INESMAX est également spécialisée dans la fabrication d’une gamme complète d’accessoires de chaînes pour les lignes aériennes.
Les dimensions des assemblages à rotule et logement de rotule des accessoires de chaînes MAX suivent la norme IEC 120.
Les pinces d’ancrage et de suspension sont compactes et économiques, la bonne répartition du serrage à l’aide des étriers garantit une bonne tenue du conducteur.
Les matériaux utilisés permettent d’assurer une tenue dans le temps de toutes les caractéristiques mécaniques et électriques des accessoires de chaînes.
Les accessoires de chaînes MAX répondent aux spécifications techniques STC63-L63 , STC68-L68 et STC62-L62 de l’ONEE qui définissent les conditions que doivent satisfaire ces accessoires en ce qui concerne la conception, la fabrication, les caractéristiques nominales et les essais de qualification et de réception à réaliser conformément aux normes internationales.
Notre société est en mesure de réaliser tout autre accessoire avec des plans et spécifications particulières.
1. Brochure Isolateur Composite Ines max Amzil Yassine
ISOLATEURS COMPOSITES HTA / HTB
Pour des lignes électriques aériennes allant de 24 KV à 245 KV, la société INES – via sa marque INESMAX – fabrique des isolateurs composites au plus haut standard de technologie et répondant aux exigences les plus élevées en matière de Qualité.
Un isolateur composite MAX est constitué de :
Noyau
C’est l’élément mécanique porteur de l’isolateur. Il est composé d’une tige en résine epoxy renforcée par des fibres de verre disposé dans une matrice à base de résine. La qualité des matériaux utilisé assure une résistance mécanique maximale en traction pour un fonctionnement fiable dans le temps et dans les conditions les plus sévères ;
Revêtement
Constitué d’un caoutchouc élastomère silicone de haute qualité. Il offre à l’isolateur une remarquable résistance aux différentes sollicitations atmosphériques at aux intempéries climatiques. Une gaine intermédiaire réalisée par une matière isolante assure la liaison entre le revêtement et le noyau ;
Extrémités métalliques
Faites en acier forgé galvanisé à chaud et assemblées par une liaison mécanique à sertissage coaxial pour assurer une haute résistance mécanique et aussi pour éliminer les infiltrations d’eau.
INESMAX est une marque homologuée par l’ONEE (Office Nationale de l’Electricité et de l’Eau potable) dans la fourniture d’Isolateurs et d’autres accessoires qui concernent les lignes électriques aériennes.
L’interrupteur sectionneur aérien à coupure en charge et à commande manuelle IACM MAX se trouve généralement au niveau des dérivations, il permet d’isoler une grappe de postes et d’assurer le sectionnement et le bouclage, il est placé sur un support simple en béton d’une ligne électrique aérienne à moyenne tension jusqu’à 36kV.
L’interrpteur aérien MAX convient à tout type de réseau et notamment à ceux qui nécessitent des manoeuvres fréquentes dans des conditions climatiques sévères (humidité saline, vent de sable, neige, altitude élevée, pollution industrielle, zone à forte densité de pollution … )
Nous disposons de deux type d’interrupteur aérien MAX :
– L’un est constitué d’un interrupteur muni d’un dispositif de coupure dans l’air constitué par des fouets en acier inoxydable à grande vitesse pour un pouvoir de coupure de 50A .
– L’autre est constitué d’un interrupteur muni d’un dispositif de coupure à chambre qui peut assurer une coupure allant jusqu’à 100A .
Ils sont munis d’une commande manuelle à accumulation d’énergie donnant une vitesse de fermeture et d’ouverture
indépendante de l’opérateur et garantissant le pouvoir de fermeture.
ACCESSOIRES POUR CHAÎNES D’ISOLATEURS
INESMAX est également spécialisée dans la fabrication d’une gamme complète d’accessoires de chaînes pour les lignes aériennes.
Les dimensions des assemblages à rotule et logement de rotule des accessoires de chaînes MAX suivent la norme IEC 120.
Les pinces d’ancrage et de suspension sont compactes et économiques, la bonne répartition du serrage à l’aide des étriers garantit une bonne tenue du conducteur.
Les matériaux utilisés permettent d’assurer une tenue dans le temps de toutes les caractéristiques mécaniques et électriques des accessoires de chaînes.
Les accessoires de chaînes MAX répondent aux spécifications techniques STC63-L63 , STC68-L68 et STC62-L62 de l’ONEE qui définissent les conditions que doivent satisfaire ces accessoires en ce qui concerne la conception, la fabrication, les caractéristiques nominales et les essais de qualification et de réception à réaliser conformément aux normes internationales.
Notre société est en mesure de réaliser tout autre accessoire avec des plans et spécifications particulières.
1. Brochure Isolateur Composite Ines max Amzil Yassine
ISOLATEURS COMPOSITES HTA / HTB
Pour des lignes électriques aériennes allant de 24 KV à 245 KV, la société INES – via sa marque INESMAX – fabrique des isolateurs composites au plus haut standard de technologie et répondant aux exigences les plus élevées en matière de Qualité.
Un isolateur composite MAX est constitué de :
Noyau
C’est l’élément mécanique porteur de l’isolateur. Il est composé d’une tige en résine epoxy renforcée par des fibres de verre disposé dans une matrice à base de résine. La qualité des matériaux utilisé assure une résistance mécanique maximale en traction pour un fonctionnement fiable dans le temps et dans les conditions les plus sévères ;
Revêtement
Constitué d’un caoutchouc élastomère silicone de haute qualité. Il offre à l’isolateur une remarquable résistance aux différentes sollicitations atmosphériques at aux intempéries climatiques. Une gaine intermédiaire réalisée par une matière isolante assure la liaison entre le revêtement et le noyau ;
Extrémités métalliques
Faites en acier forgé galvanisé à chaud et assemblées par une liaison mécanique à sertissage coaxial pour assurer une haute résistance mécanique et aussi pour éliminer les infiltrations d’eau.
INESMAX est une marque homologuée par l’ONEE (Office Nationale de l’Electricité et de l’Eau potable) dans la fourniture d’Isolateurs et d’autres accessoires qui concernent les lignes électriques aériennes.
UNIDAD I. FILOSOFÍA DE LA PROTECCIÓN DE
SISTEMAS ELÉCTRICOS.
UNIDAD II. PRINCIPIOS Y CARACTERÍSTICAS DE
FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LOS RELÉS.
UNIDAD III. PROTECCIÓN DE SOBRECORRIENTE.
UNIDAD IV. PROTECCIÓN DE DISTANCIA.
UNIDAD V. RELÉS DIFERENCIALES.
UNIDAD VI. RELÉS DE APLICACIÓN ESPECIAL.
UNIDAD VII. PROTECCIÓN POR HILO PILOTO.
UNIDAD VIII. RELÉS ELECTRÓNICOS
Nexans Euromold 200 series screened separable connectors are EPDM pre-moulded, high voltage cable terminations for 6.6kV, 11kV, 15kV and 24kV electrical equipment including switchgear, transformers and motors.
Nexans Euromold separable elbow connectors are designed to terminate high voltage polymeric (XLPE EPR) screened (copper wire or copper tape) cables to CENELEC Interface Type A (250amp) bushings with 7.9mm plug-in pins, 11kV-24kV.
Nexans Euromold 200 series separable connectors include Nexans Euromold elbow connectors, Nexans Euromold straight plugs, Nexans Euromold bushings (air, oil and gas insulated switchgear) and Nexans Euromold surge arresters to protect 11kV-24kV electrical equipment.
Voltage Stability & Power Quality Assessment of Distributed Generation Based ...ijsrd.com
This paper demonstrated the power quality & voltage stability problems associated with the renewable based distribution generation systems and how the Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device such as Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) play an important role in Power Quality Improvement. First we simulated the wind farm system without STATCOM and after the system simulated with STATCOM. We use the MATLAB/Simulink software for Simulation.
UNIDAD I. FILOSOFÍA DE LA PROTECCIÓN DE
SISTEMAS ELÉCTRICOS.
UNIDAD II. PRINCIPIOS Y CARACTERÍSTICAS DE
FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LOS RELÉS.
UNIDAD III. PROTECCIÓN DE SOBRECORRIENTE.
UNIDAD IV. PROTECCIÓN DE DISTANCIA.
UNIDAD V. RELÉS DIFERENCIALES.
UNIDAD VI. RELÉS DE APLICACIÓN ESPECIAL.
UNIDAD VII. PROTECCIÓN POR HILO PILOTO.
UNIDAD VIII. RELÉS ELECTRÓNICOS
Nexans Euromold 200 series screened separable connectors are EPDM pre-moulded, high voltage cable terminations for 6.6kV, 11kV, 15kV and 24kV electrical equipment including switchgear, transformers and motors.
Nexans Euromold separable elbow connectors are designed to terminate high voltage polymeric (XLPE EPR) screened (copper wire or copper tape) cables to CENELEC Interface Type A (250amp) bushings with 7.9mm plug-in pins, 11kV-24kV.
Nexans Euromold 200 series separable connectors include Nexans Euromold elbow connectors, Nexans Euromold straight plugs, Nexans Euromold bushings (air, oil and gas insulated switchgear) and Nexans Euromold surge arresters to protect 11kV-24kV electrical equipment.
Voltage Stability & Power Quality Assessment of Distributed Generation Based ...ijsrd.com
This paper demonstrated the power quality & voltage stability problems associated with the renewable based distribution generation systems and how the Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device such as Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) play an important role in Power Quality Improvement. First we simulated the wind farm system without STATCOM and after the system simulated with STATCOM. We use the MATLAB/Simulink software for Simulation.
Power System Operational Challenges from The Energy Transition
Power System Operational Challenges from The Energy TransitionPower System Operational Challenges from The Energy TransitionPower System Operational Challenges from The Energy TransitionPower System Operational Challenges from The Energy TransitionPower System Operational Challenges from The Energy TransitionPower System Operational Challenges from The Energy TransitionPower System Operational Challenges from The Energy TransitionPower System Operational Challenges from The Energy TransitionPower System Operational Challenges from The Energy TransitionPower System Operational Challenges from The Energy TransitionPower System Operational Challenges from The Energy Transition
The project focuses on the integration process of a new wind farm into the Australian grid.
The study offers a synthesis of information collected on different reports from Australian institutions regulating the electricity industry. The added value of our study is to evaluate not only the requirements but also the risks and challenges of such a wind farm integration into the Australian grid. As a result, we have detailed in our report a clear definition of the different stages, a timeline for the process and the key risks and challenges involved.
Power System Operation with Reduced System Strength for Inverter-connected Ge...Power System Operation
Large numbers of inverter-based generators in remote
parts of the network present unique challenges to system
operators in keeping sufficient system strength to
maintain system security. In the National Energy Market
(NEM) of Australia, there is an exponential growth in the
uptake of inverter-based generators (IBG), particularly
solar and wind generation. These generators are often
electrically close to each other and can adversely interact
under certain system conditions. The system strength
available in remote parts of the network is often low and
a planned outage of a network element can further reduce
the system strength available to these IBGs. This could
lead to unexpected and undesirable system responses.
This paper presents the impact of prior network outages
on the response of multiple electrically close IBGs in a remote part of the network, and discusses operational
measures taken to manage system security during these
prior outages while permitting maximum stable output
of these generators. Each IBG has been examined
individually and collectively to identify its contribution
to the undesired system behaviour. A number of system conditions have been simulated based on a detailed and
validated electromagnetic transient (EMT) model of the
entire region under consideration, to identify the impact of
prior outage of a network element on the overall dynamic
behaviour of the system and the impact on system security. Results discussed in this paper apply for prior outage
conditions only. While undesired voltage oscillations
have been observed more recently in a limited number
of cases under system normal conditions, these are not
discussed in this paper.
Performance Improvement of a Grid Connected Wind Farm SystemIOSRJEEE
Renewable energy sources are becoming more promising means of green energy production. But the increasingly penetration level of wind energy into existing power system presents many technical challenges. Power quality is a measure of the system performance. It requires consideration of problems like voltage regulation, stability, harmonics etc. This paper presents an overview of grid connected system and analysis of its stability. The system is assumed with fixed speed Induction generator integrated to a weak grid. Change and improvement in performance is observed with various FACT devices. The simulation model has been developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK R2016a.
PROTECTION OF MICROGRID FROM HIGH IMPEDANCE FAULT USING DIFFERENTIAL RELAYijiert bestjournal
As source of traditional energy is vanishes day by day,importance of microgrid increasing very effectively. In traditional generation and transmission of electrical power we have to rely on frequency and generation of power but in case of microgrid we have to depend on whether condition. Managing these systems to change of atmospheric condition becomes challenging . All study going on all over world related to microgrid protection of microgrid is one of them. Micro grids can either operate connected to the grid,or in the case of a grid fault,in an islanded mod e. Effect of high impedance fault is studied in this paper,by taking help of Matlab - Simulink�s SimPower Systems . We model a microgrid containing mix of renewable DG and one dispatch able source,we then simulate the HIF fault at one of the bus in both gri d - connect and island modes and analyze fault currents and voltage levels in order to determine how the protection scheme of the distribution network would need to be changed to facilitate microgrid functionality. We show that standard protection methods ar e insufficient and propose the use of digital relays which is different from traditional system.
An investigation on the application and challenges for wide area monitoring a...journalBEEI
The complexity and dynamics of the modern power system are continuously changing due to the penetration of a large number of renewable energy sources and changing load patterns. These growing complexities have caused numerous outages around the world, primarily due to the lack of situational awareness about the grid operating states. Rectification of this problem requires advanced sensing technology to accurately capture the dynamics of the system for better monitoring and control. Measurement of synchrophasors is a potential solution to improve situational awareness in the grid. The synchrophasors technology is now widely accepted throughout the world and has the potential to replace the existing SCADA system in monitoring and control of the power system. Their installation enables efficient resolution to substantially improve transmission system planning, maintenance, operation, and energy trading. This paper reviews the state of the art potential applications that the PMU based WAMC offers to the power system. It also includes technical perspectives, challenges, and future possibilities.
Wide Area Oscillation Damping using Utility-Scale PV Power Plants Capabilities IJECEIAES
With increasing implementation of Wide Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) in power grids, application of wide area damping controllers (WADCs) to damp power system oscillations is of interest. On the other hand, it is well known that rapidly increasing integration of renewable energy sources into the grid can dangerously reduce the inertia of the system and degrade the stability of power systems. This paper aimed to design a novel WADC for a utility-scale PV solar farm to damp out inter area oscillations while the main focus of the work is to eliminate the impact of communication delays of wide-area signals from the WAMS. Moreover, the PV farm impact on inter area oscillation mitigation is investigated in various case studies, namely, with WADC on the active power control loop and with WADC on the reactive power control loop. The Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization (QPSO) technique is applied to normalize and optimize the parameters of WADC for inter-area oscillations damping and continuous compensation of time-varying latencies. The proposed method is prosperously applied in a 16-bus six-machine test system and various case studies are conducted to demonstrate the potential of the proposed structure.
To Study and Implement Power Quality Issues and Power Enhancement Techniques ...ijtsrd
Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, coal, and oil, traditional electricity generation has a difficult task for utilities. A cheaper and more efficient method of doing this is required. A different source is required to fulfill the consumers power requirements. The alternate source should be sustainable and capable of meeting the consumers requirements. The integration of renewable energy into the grid is a useful way to fulfill demand. Renewable energy integration confronts three major problems frequency variation, power quality concerns, and power system instability. The following problems were of critical importance. An analytic hierarchy approach based expert system is utilized to identify and categorize power quality incidents. Before, it could sense things like sag, swell, transients, harmonics, interrupts, and flickers. An error free event classification system has been suggested. Simplified procedure allows for improved detection and categorization of power quality incidents. an investigation of power quality incidents and their mitigation using unified power quality conditioners UPQC An Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System ANFIS is used to minimize various power quality issues. Integrating renewable energy sources efficiently minimizes the environmental impact. The suggested method provides a solution to voltage unbalances and lowers overall harmonic distortion at the point of common coupling PCC . The addition of an ANFIS controlled DVR is used to reduce voltage irregularities caused by integrating renewable energy sources and faults in the transmission line. An artificial fault was added to power quality events with the goal of making use of renewable energy. To minimize the adverse effects of power quality incidents, the ANFIS controlled DVR proposal is in place. ANFIS controlled DVR is contrasted to a traditional technique of surveillance. Distributed static compensator D STATCOM is used to prevent voltage flickers, and total harmonic distortion, caused by nonlinear loads. D STATCOM is suggested to use three control methods Instantaneous power theory, Synchronous vector PI Control, and Harmonic elimination. Under extreme load circumstances, the D efficacy STATCOMs is evaluated. The suggested expert system and the bespoke power devices will be analyzed and discussed using various control techniques. Raj Kumar | Pramod Kumar Rathore "To Study and Implement Power Quality Issues and Power Enhancement Techniques Using Custom Power Devices" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49300.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/49300/to-study-and-implement-power-quality-issues-and-power-enhancement-techniques-using-custom-power-devices/raj-kumar
SVC device optimal location for voltage stability enhancement based on a comb...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The increased power system loading combined with the worldwide power industry deregulation requires more reliable and efficient control of the power flow and network stability. Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices give new opportunities for controlling power and enhancing the usable capacity of the existing transmission lines. This paper presents a combined application of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and the continuation power flow (CPF) technique to determine the optimal placement of static var compensator (SVC) in order to achieve the static voltage stability margin. The PSO objective function to be maximized is the loading factor to modify the load powers. In this scope, two SVC constraints are considered: the reference voltage in the first case and the total reactance and SVC reactive power in the second case. To test the performance of the proposed method, several simulations were performed on IEEE 30-Bus test systems. The results obtained show the effectiveness of the proposed method to find the optimal placement of the static var compensator and the improvement of the voltage stability.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Assessment of the Dependence of Renewable Penetration Level in a Weakly Conne...IJERA Editor
The integration of non-dispatchable renewable energy sources (RES) poses serious challenges to power system planning and operation. At system level, a major issue regards the short and long-term frequency stability due to the reduction of regulating reserve margins, in turn brought about by the displacement of conventional generation and lack of contribution by the RES. This problem is especially present in isolated or weakly connected systems, and may become the limiting factor for renewable penetration. The paper proposes a fast algorithm to quantify the benefits of advanced control, protection and defense systems in increasing RES penetration in weakly connected power systems. In fact, advanced solutions relying on both system design and operating measures may be of paramount importance to allow the secure integration of more RES generation. The algorithm is tested on a 2020 scenario of the Sardinian power system and it is crossvalidated against time domain simulation
Three major objectives govern power system operation:
• ensure operating reliability,
• favour the economic performance and opening of the electricity market,
• meet contractual commitments towards customers connected to the
transmission network.
System operation must guarantee:
• the maintenance of operating reliability (cf. § 2.2), i.e. controlling the
evolution and reactions of the power system in the face of the different
contingencies to which it is subjected (short-circuits, unexpected load
trends, unscheduled unavailability of generation or transmission
facilities, etc.), by reducing to the greatest extent possible any risk of
incidents that may lead to a widespread power failure cutting off the entire
country or vast areas
POWER SYSTEM OPERATION
Three major objectives govern power system operation:
• ensure operating reliability,
• favour the economic performance and opening of the electricity market,
• meet contractual commitments towards customers connected to the
transmission network.
System operation must guarantee:
• the maintenance of operating reliability (cf. § 2.2), i.e. controlling the
evolution and reactions of the power system in the face of the different
contingencies to which it is subjected (short-circuits, unexpected load
trends, unscheduled unavailability of generation or transmission
facilities, etc.), by reducing to the greatest extent possible any risk of
incidents that may lead to a widespread power failure cutting off the entire
country or vast areas;
Low-voltage ride-through for a three-phase four-leg photovoltaic system using...IJECEIAES
With the innovative progresses in power electronics in recent years, photovoltaic (PV) systems emerged as one of the promising sources for electricity generation at the distribution network. Nonetheless, connection of PV power plants to the utility grid under abnormal conditions has become a significant issue and novel grid codes should be recommend. The low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability is one of the challenges faced by the integration of PV power stations into electrical grid under abnormal conditions. This work firstly provides a discussion on recent control schemes for PV power plants to enhance the LVRT capabilities. Next, a control scheme for a three-phase four-leg grid-connected PV inverter under unbalanced grid fault conditions using synchronous reference frame proportional integral (SRFPI) controller is proposed. Simulation studies are performed to investigate the influence of the control strategy on the PV inverter.
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SVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer Frequency and voltage support for dynamic grid...Power System Operation
SVC PLUS
Frequency Stabilizer
Frequency and voltage support for dynamic grid stability
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Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Determining Multiple Fault Ride-Through Requirements for Generating Systems in the Australian National Electricity Market
1.
127
Abstract
Enhanced standards have recently been implemented
in Australia’s National Electricity Market (NEM)
requiring utility-scale generation to remain connected
to the grid during and after a number of voltage
disturbances occurring in quick succession. These new
standards currently apply prospectively to all generation
technologies and aim to strike a balance between power
system security requirements and maintenance of plant
integrity.
The criteria forming the basis of an assessment against
the proposed requirements were:
defined sliding time windows (NF);
Power system modelling and analysis demonstrates
that these standards can be met by a range of new and
technologies accounting for their actual connection
points to the wider network. Specific advice on the
types of disturbances that should be investigated is also
provided, accounting for actual fault patterns observed
in transmission and distribution networks. These results
indicate that the standards are practical and achievable
with full consideration of limitations of the power
system and different generation technologies.
1. Introduction
internationally for generators to ride through multiple
successive power system disturbances. One of the
the Danish Technical Regulation [1]. Lessons learned
from the South Australian black system event on 28
September 2016 [2] and other observed disturbances
in the Australian National Electricity Market (NEM)
demonstrate that the Danish requirement would not be
adequate to ensure NEM power system security under
of disturbances occurring in practice in the NEM could
required in the Danish regulation.
Technical requirements for multiple disturbance ride-
through capabilities were included in German standards
in October 2018 [3-5]. These requirements are a step
a generator can provide. However, they were primarily
developed for wind generation technology, which will
have different capabilities and limitations to other
generation technologies. Furthermore, these standards
do not provide the level of detail and comprehensive
boundary conditions for plant manufacturers and project
developers to clearly determine power system operating
conditions for which compliance is, or is not, required.
The capability of generating plant to withstand multiple
successive voltage disturbances is becoming a more
shifts from predominantly synchronous generation to an
increasing proportion of inverter-connected generation,
including all types of wind turbines, solar inverters and
battery energy storage systems.
Until October 2018, the NEM rules prescribed the types
of voltage disturbance that a generating system must
be capable of riding through in terms of severity and
duration, but did not specifically contemplate multiple
Determining Multiple Fault Ride-Through
Requirements for Generating Systems in
the Australian National Electricity Market
B. BADRZADEH*, J. LU, S. GROGAN, N. CROOKS
Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO)
KEYWORDS
Fault ride-through capability, multiple voltage disturbances, transient stability, power system modelling
2.
128
system.Section3presentsthemultiplefaultride-through
requirementfornewNEMgeneratingsystemsintroduced
for these new requirements, applied to new generating
systems during the grid connection process. Sections 5
and 6 provide evidence of the validity and practicality
of the multiple fault-ride through requirements, using
survey feedback and software simulation.
2. Historical Experience
2.1.SouthAustraliablacksystem,28September2016
In the lead-up to the collapse of the South Australian
power system on 28 September 2016, a series of faults
weather. In the final 30 minutes preceding system
collapse, seven faults occurred, with five faults
occurring within the last two minutes [2]. This resulted
unsuccessful auto-reclosure.
This number of faults within two minutes activated
hitherto unknown protection mechanisms in a large
number of wind power plants in the region, which
disconnected the wind turbines after detecting three
powerimbalanceprecipitatedthecollapseoftheregion’s
need to have clearly defined performance standards on
plant response to multiple fault ride-through.
The pre-set protection settings of all impacted wind
farms were increased following the South Australian
black system event. The positive impact of this increase
2017, the South Australian power system was subject to
three severe faults within two seconds. Increased pre-
set protection settings of wind farms allowed them to
successfully ride through these three severe faults.
2.2. General Experience
Fault records from the NEM regional power systems
in New South Wales, Queensland, and South Australia
within 2-, 30-, and 120-minute periods.
successive faults. Many inverter-connected generators
are connected to distribution networks, or remote parts
of the transmission networks, due to the abundant wind
or solar resources at these locations. These parts of the
power system are often more prone to multiple power
system faults, as geographically they tend be more
such as bushfires.
In these conditions, inability to ride through several
successive power system faults could result in a
significant disconnection of generation, with the
potential to cause cascading tripping events and eventual
blackouts.
Power system faults are inherently unpredictable.
As observed historically, not only one but a series
of successive faults could occur in the power system.
Generators’ capability to ride through such successive
energy output suddenly ceasing due to these successive
faults. Catastrophic power system failure could happen
if these risks are not understood and managed properly.
thunderstorm and cyclones, as well as natural disasters
such as bushfires. The historical events and records
outlined in Section 2 below describe how the occurrence
of multiple faults is a real and ongoing issue in the
Reference [6] noted potential concerns due to electrical,
mechanical, thermal, and torsional impacts of riding
through multiple voltage disturbances on synchronous
machines. These limitations were well understood at
the time of developing the Australian requirements. A
generating plant is indeed permitted to be disconnected
conditions, where riding through additional or more
severe multiple voltage disturbances could otherwise
result in severe adverse impacts on the physical integrity
of the plant. This assumes that any inherent plant
limitations can be predicted beforehand with the use of
appropriate simulation models that correctly account for
any such susceptibility mechanisms.
Section 2 of this paper reviews the historical occurrence
of sequential multiple disturbances in NEM power
3.
129
As specified in Table 1, the new performance standards
include two bands of requirements – the automatic
access standards and the minimum access standards. As
required in the NER, the automatic standards define the
highest technical performance standards which can be
required for generator connection, while the minimum
standards are the lowest performance requirements that
can be accepted.
The connecting generator can negotiate the actual
technical requirement (defined as a negotiated access
standard) which it must comply with, between the
minimum and automatic standards. The level at which a
negotiated access standard is set often depends on several
(including network topology), and generation technology.
However, the NER now require that technical standards
be set as close as possible to the automatic standard.
requirements, all new generation must at least be able
to ride through the fault sequence described in the
minimum standards.
The following sections provide a detailed description
of the key differentiators between the automatic and
the minimum access standards for these ride-through
requirements.
3.1 Time between disturbances
The automatic access standard does not specify any
valueorrangeofvaluesfortheminimumtimedifference
between successive disturbances, because it is not
due to its inherent randomness. Any two successive
access standard allows for a 200 ms time delay between
the clearance of a preceding disturbance and the
occurrence of the succeeding disturbance.
It should be noted that the historical fault data in New
South Wales and Queensland transmission networks do
not consider a failed autoreclosing event as a second
disturbance, whereas South Australia’s historical fault
data does count this as a second disturbance.
within various time frames during a 10-year period for
the SouthAustralian and New South Wales transmission
transmission networks. Data was gathered by individual
transmission network asset owners for their networks,
looking at the highest number of successive voltage
disturbances as recorded historically, in the respective
timewindow,i.e.2minutes,30minutesand120minutes.
The data shows that a large number of voltage
disturbances in quick succession have occurred in the
past in various regions of the NEM.
3. New Requirements
To support ongoing power system security and stability
as the NEM transitions to a low emission future power
system with a high penetration of inverter-connected
generation, in 2017AEMO proposed a new requirement
for generators to ride through multiple successive power
learnings from the 2016 South Australia black system
event.
analysis and simulation. The Australian Energy Market
Commission (AEMC) then assessed the proposed
requirement in consultation with energy industry
stakeholders, before including it in the National
Electricity Rules (NER) for the NEM. The multiple
disturbance ridethrough requirement adopted in the
specific terminology definitions in Table 2.
Figure 1 - Historical faults per period for the SouthAustralian, New South Wales and
Queensland regions of the NEM
4.
130
Table 1 - Requirements for Multiple Disturbance Ride-through
Elements Automatic acceptance standard Minimum standards
Total number of disturbances for 5 – minute
period 15 6
Sliding window reset time 5 minutes 30 minutes1
Accumulated disturbance duration
(millisecond)2 1800 1000
(pu.second) 1.0 0.53
Number of deep disturbances
(connection point voltage during disturbance
< 50%)
6 3
Minimum time difference between
successive disturbances No minimum4 200 ms
Type of disturbances to be considered5
- One disturbance cleared by breaker-fail
protection system
- One long-duration shallow disturbance, e.g.
80% residual voltage for 2 s
- One deep three-phase disturbance
(or two deep three-phase disturbances in
parts of network where a three-phase auto-
reclosing is permitted)
- Remaining disturbances are unbalanced
- An unsuccessful auto-reclosure is counted as
two disturbances
- One long-duration shallow disturbance, e.g.
80% residual voltage for 2 s
- No more than three disturbances occur within
30 seconds
- All disturbances are unbalanced
- An unsuccessful auto-reclosure is counted as
two disturbances
Table 2 - Definitions of Terms used in the Requirements
Terms
Accumulated disturbance duration ( ) The total time for which the connection point voltage is below the lower nominal operating
band of 0.9 per unit.
Deep disturbance
When the connection point voltage is below 50%. This is generally the lowest of the three-
phase voltages. When a fault ridethrough strategy uses the positive-sequence voltage for
initiating the ride-through sequence, the positive-sequence voltage will be used for assessing
the number of deep voltage disturbances in Table I.
Sliding window reset time
)
The time integral of the connection point voltage and 0.9 per unit, when the voltage is below
0.9 per unit
1 This means the generating system must withstand the same number of voltage disturbances within a five-minute interval. However, no further ride-through capability
2 These requirements apply in addition to standing NER requirements.
assessment of the access standards.
separation. Randomly distributed time differences between successive disturbances, ranging from 0 to 200 ms, may be applied. The sequence studied should include
at least two pairs of successive disturbances with 0 ms in between.
5 Disturbances should not result in the generating system under consideration being islanded, or cause large sections of the transmission or distribution network to be
lost.
5.
131
not to cause the generating system to be islanded.
3.4 Fault type and duration
Consideration must be given to the disturbances listed
in “Type of disturbances to be considered” in Table 1
to assess whether the plant in question can meet the
requirements for multiple voltage disturbances.
Thefaultclearancetimeforeachfaultinisolationmustbe
within the relevant primary protection or circuit breaker
failure clearance time for the specific faults appropriate
to the generating system under consideration, and as
specified in the generator performance standards for that
facility.
The fault clearance times applied to synchronous
machines for this assessment must be below the
respective critical clearing time. Longer duration faults
must not be applied.
Some generating systems connected to remote
distribution systems can be subject to deep faults with
fault clearance times in the order of several seconds with
possible autoreclosure. These types of disturbance affect
a very limited part of the network. An inability to ride
through a number of such disturbances will have limited
impact on power system security, and such disturbances
with prolonged clearance time must be assessed
individuallyasapartofthegeneratorconnectionprocess.
This is not in the scope of the multiple disturbance ride-
through requirements.
In recognition of this limitation, and that a onesecond
in Figure 2.
rode through the first four disturbances. The fifth
3.2 Generation technologies
Synchronous machines and type 1-2 wind turbines are
directly coupled to the power system and their primary
of disturbances, including thermal, mechanical, and
electrical adverse impacts. Furthermore, type 3 wind
turbines are loosely coupled to the network and could
have some susceptibility to the impact of disturbances
mentioned above.
Inverter-connected generating systems are generally
less susceptible to disturbances due to full or partial
decoupling from the power system disturbance, with
of disturbances.
Given these inherent technology differentiators, an
acceptable performance standard for inverter-connected
generating systems should be at, or as close as possible
to, the automatic access standard, whereas a wider
range of negotiated outcomes may be acceptable for
synchronousmachinesconsideringthekeytechnological
differentiators discussed.
3.3 Diversity in physical locations and severity of
disturbances
The access standards acknowledge that the occurrence
of a large number of deep voltage disturbances in close
generating system being islanded and inoperable, or
large sections of adjacent transmission or distribution
network being out of service. The access standards
(with a connection point voltage of less than 50%) to be
considered, with the remaining shallower disturbances
resulting in a residual voltage of greater than 50%. For
each connection, the selection of the number of deep and
shallow disturbances must consider the characteristics
of the surrounding power system, thereby applying the
disturbances at a wide variety of physical locations so as
6.
132
This is the cumulative amount of time where the
connection point voltage is below 90% of the normal
defined as the voltage drop at the connection point from
90% of the normal voltage.
This is the total number of power system disturbances
calculated in a sliding time window of 5 minutes or
30 minutes, for the automatic and minimum access
standards respectively. These disturbances would result
in a voltage drop at the generating system’s connection
point. The only disturbances to be considered are
voltage disturbances resulting from natural power
disturbances due to the incorrect design of a control
system.
Sum of changes in voltage by the duration of the
This is the time integral of voltage difference between
90% of the normal connection point voltage and the
connection point voltage during disturbances when the
normal voltage represents 0.9 per unit.
This is shown in Figure 3. The blue curve is the
connection point voltage profile, while the red dashed
this criterion could be the first met.
5. Practical Application of
Requirements
TheAEMC conducted a survey [7] of various equipment
manufacturers in 2018, regarding the capability of their
ride-through requirement.
The survey results indicated 80% of the equipment
disturbance caused the connection point voltage to drop
below 50% for five seconds. The generating system is
not, therefore, required to ride through the fifth long
duration disturbance.
4. Assessment Criteria
The inability of generation to withstand multiple
faults in quick succession could result from electrical,
mechanical, or thermal limitations (or failures) of
primary plant components, or settings of control and
protection systems. This can, in turn, trigger a rapid
cessation of energy generation.
The limitations are generally an accumulation of the
effect of each individual disturbance on the generating
systems. The sudden loss of numerous generating
facilities across the network leads to potential risk of
cascading failure across parts of the power system.
between power system security and maintaining plant
integrity due to multiple voltage disturbances in quick
succession, the following assessment criteria are applied
to determine whether a proposed generating system can
meet the multiple fault ridethrough access standards:
sliding time windows (NF).
AEMO will be satisfied that a generating system can
meet the access standards when at least one of these
criteria is met.
In developing these criteria, AEMO considered the
physical and design limits of various generation
technologies, and the types of disturbances (by reference
to severity and accumulated duration) a generating
system must ride through to maintain power system
security in a practicalAustralian environment6.
More information about how each of the criteria is to be
assessed is in the following sections.
6 - To assess whether a generating system is subject to realistic operational conditions during and after multiple voltage disturbances, the system strength as measured
by the short circuit ratio (SCR) is calculated before and after the application of all disturbances, to ensure that the postcontingency SCR is above the minimum SCR
withstand capability of the generating system and its constituent generating units. Sequences of disturbances resulting in the post-contingency SCR dropping below the
minimum SCR withstand capability of the generating system were not studied.
7.
133
dynamically and accumulatively the impact of multiple
voltage disturbances.
Each assessment used a simulation script which
simulation. The script determined the sequence of faults
which could achieve the worst possible voltage profile at
the location of interest (usually the connection point of
a generating system), as described by the corresponding
access standards applied in the assessment. The script
did not apply any fault which could island any section
of the power system, and only applied disturbances
according to the “Type of disturbance to be considered”
in Table 1.
For wind and solar power plant assessments, the
postcontingency aggregate short circuit ratio (SCR) at
the connection point was calculated to ensure the SCR,
accounting for the impact of nearby generating systems,
was above the minimum SCR withstand capability of
the generating units assessed.
The process stopped applying further disturbances
once the resultant voltage profile reached the threshold
of any of the three assessment criteria in Section 4, as
specified by the access standards applied. The response
whetheritremainedconnectedortrippedduringthefault
sequence. The process also recorded which assessment
criteriawereachievedbeforethesimulationwasstopped.
6.1 Simulation Result Summary
Table 3 presents the generating systems reported on,
and which criteria were met following assessment of
each generating system. Table 4 presents the assessment
outcome of each case.
manufacturers (including manufacturers of synchronous
generators and inverter-connected generating systems)
could readily meet the proposed minimum standards
cost, for all types of equipment they make. The survey
results also indicated over 80% of the equipment
manufacturers could either readily meet the proposed
automatic standards, or meet them with modification
manageable additional cost. No respondents raised
concerns that their equipment could not meet the
minimum access standards at all.
6. Simulation Results Supporting
the Requirements
AEMO undertook simulation case studies to confirm
that the proposed access standards could be met by
were conducted using actual data and simulation models
The focus of simulation studies presented in this
section is to demonstrate that the power system to
which these generating systems are connected will
remain stable and operable in response to a number of
voltage disturbances in quick succession, and to confirm
the suitability and practicality of the levels of the
three assessment criteria set out in Section 4. Revised
Power System Model Guidelines were published on
1 July 2018 [8] to ensure that models provided are an
accurate representation of plant and plant responses
for multiple successive disturbances. The model must
include the most restrictive electrical, mechanical, or
thermal protection of the plant with respect to multiple
voltage disturbances in quick succession, and calculate
8.
134
Table 3 - Generating System Investigated in theAssessment
Technology System Strength7 Levels of
Interconnection8 Limiting Factor9
Synchronous generating system in highly
interconnected transmission network N/A10 6
Synchronous generating system in transmission
network with little interconnection N/A 1 NF of minimum access standard
Solar farm in highly interconnected transmission
network High 6 NF of automatic access standard
Wind farm in transmission network with little
interconnection Medium 2
Solar farm in distribution network (with highly
interconnected transmission network upstream) Low 4
Table 4 - Simulation Results for Generation Successfully Riding Through Multiple Disturbances
Technology Case ID
Total
disturbance
duration
Total no. of
disturbances
No. of deep
disturbances
Pre-
contingency
aggregate
SCR
Post-
contingency
aggregate SCR
Synchronous generator in highly
interconnected transmission net-
work
1a-1 0.306 0.971 6 3
N/A11 N/A1a-2 0.321 0.987 6 3
1a-3 0.371 1.162 6 3
Synchronous generator in
transmission network with little
interconnection
2-1 0.377 0.912 6 3
N/A N/A2-2 0.430 0.987 6 3
2-3 0.366 0.891 6 3
Solar farm in highly
interconnected transmission
network
3-1 0.492 1.578 15 5
7.77
4.41
3-2 0.533 1.749 15 5 5.72
3-3 0.552 1.767 15 5 5.43
Wind farm in transmission
network with little interconnection
4-1 0.573 1.764 15 6
3.73
1.45
4-2 0.572 1.815 15 6 1.73
4-3 0.573 2.309 15 6 1.76
Solar farm in distribution
network connecting into highly
interconnected transmission
network
5-1 1.013 1.705 5 5 1.9912 1.80
the rest of the power system. Double circuits mounted on the same tower are considered as two circuits.
9 These are the assessment criteria met by the generating system under consideration.
10 This is because the instability mechanism associated with synchronous machines is generally manifested through rotor angle instability and loss of synchronism, as
opposed to low SCR conditions. For this reason, the use of SCR is not the most appropriate metric for assessing instability of synchronous machines under varying
levels of system strength conditions.
11 This is because the instability mechanism associated with synchronous machines is generally manifested through rotor angle instability and loss of synchronism, as
opposed to low SCR conditions. For this reason, the use of SCR is not the most appropriate metric for assessing instability of synchronous machines under varying
levels of system strength conditions.
12 Althoughtheupstreamtransmissionnetworkishighlyinterconnected,thesolarfarmisradiallyfedfromthedistributionnetworktowhichthesolarfarmisconnected,
thus making the SCR very low.
9.
135
The total number of disturbances (NF), the accumulated
are presented in Table 4.
6.2 Synchronous generator in highly interconnected
transmission network
Cases 1a-1, 1a-2, and 1a-3 investigated the multiple fault
ride-through performance of a synchronous generating
systemconnectedtoahighlyinterconnectedtransmission
network. Figure 4 showed the single line diagram of the
part of power system where this synchronous generator
is connected.
This generating system was assessed against the
minimum access standard, where it was required to ride
disturbances in all three cases. Since it met the proposed
total number of disturbances criterion, it could meet the
minimum access standard.
therefore, the capability to meet this criterion was not
Theresultsshowthatthegeneratingsystemsinvestigated
could meet the total number of disturbances (NF)
criterion in simulation, with some cases simultaneously
criterion being met. Hence, with at least one of the
criteria being met in every case, the generating systems
could meet at least the minimum standard, with the
inverter-connected generating systems meeting the
automatic acceptance standard.
Toensurethepowersystemtowhichthegeneratingsystem
under consideration is connected will remain stable, and
that there is a sufficient margin between system stability
limits and the proposed assessment criteria, several
simulation case studies were conducted where at least
one of the three criteria was increased above the proposed
level for the respective access standards.
to 2309 ms, as opposed to the 1800 ms defined in the
proposed automatic acceptance standard.
Figure 4 - Single line diagram for Case 1a
Figure 5 - Synchronous GeneratorActive Power Response
10.
136
withlittleinterconnectiontotherestofthepowersystem.
Figure 8 shows the single line diagram of the network
area where this synchronous generator is connected.
As with Case 1a, this generating system could meet
the minimum access standard, with the proposed total
number of disturbances criterion met in all three cases.
6.4 Solar farm in highly interconnected transmission
network
Cases 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3 investigated the multiple fault
ridethrough performance of a solar farm connecting to a
highly interconnected part of the transmission network.
tested.Assessmentagainstthiscriterionwasunnecessary
as the other criteria were satisfied.
The synchronous generator multiple fault ride-through
responses in Case 1a-2 are presented in the following
figures, including active power and reactive power
response, as well as the generator rotor angle.
6.3 Synchronous generator in transmission network
with little interconnection
Cases 2-1, 2-2, and 2-3 investigated the multiple fault
ridethrough performance of a synchronous generating
system connecting to a part of the transmission network
FIgure 6 - Synchronous Generator Reactive Power Response
Figure 7 - Synchronous Generator RotorAngle
Figure 8 - Single line diagram for case 2
11.
137
6.5 Wind farm in transmission network with little
interconnection
Cases 4-1, 4-2, and 4-3 investigated the multiple fault
ridethrough performance of a wind farm connecting
to a part of the transmission network with little
interconnection to the rest of the power system. Figure
10 shows the single line diagram of the network area
where this wind farm is connected.
This wind farm was assessed against the automatic
access standard, where it was required to ride through 15
The wind farm rode through 15 disturbances in all three
cases, and could meet the automatic access standard.
For each case, the aggregate SCR was calculated after
Figure 9 shows the single line diagram of the network
area where this solar farm is connected.
In all cases, the solar farm rode through 15 disturbances,
however only five deep disturbances could be applied
without islanding the solar farm or a large section of
the transmission network. For each case, the SCR was
calculated after all disturbances, and was confirmed to
be well above the solar farm’s minimum SCR withstand
capability.
disturbance duration criteria. Nevertheless, the solar
farm could meet the automatic access standard, as it met
the total number of disturbances criterion.
Figure 9 - Single line diagram for case 3
Figure 10 - Single line diagram for case 4
12.
138
the generating system failed to ride through multiple
the results.
Where the generating system failed to ride through
pu.s) and accumulated disturbance duration (1 s) were
violated, in which case the generating system is not
required to ride through such a disturbance sequence.
Under such a scenario, the synchronous generating
system is permitted to disconnect via its protection
a fault sequence during real operation, it is likely that
the synchronous generator would lose synchronism with
during the fault. In this case, the generator would be
tripped by its pole slip protection to prevent damage to
fault conditions in Case 1b-2 are presented in the
following figures.
all disturbances, and was confirmed to be above the
generatingsystem’sminimumSCRwithstandcapability.
6.6 Solar farm in distribution network with highly
interconnected transmission network upstream
system. The solar farm studied in this demonstration is
connected in a distribution network, which is shown in
Figure 11.
The results showed only five disturbances could be
applied, all of which were deep disturbances. The
proposed 1.0 pu.s threshold), while the accumulated
disturbance duration was 1.705 s (not meeting the 1.8
6.7 Failure to ride through multiple disturbances
The suite of simulations also showed that, in some cases,
Figure11 - Single line diagram for case 5
Table 5 - Simulation Results for Generation Failing to Ride Through Multiple Disturbances
Generator Case ID
Total Dis-
turbance
duration
Total number
of Distur-
bances
Number of
deep Distur-
bances
Comments
Synchronous
generator
in highly
interconnected
transmission
network
1b-1 0.513 1.301 6 3
Criteria violated:
- Total disturbance duration
1b-2 0.588 1.405 6 4
1b-3 0.505 1.224 6 3
13.
139
modelledinanelectromagnetictransientsimulationtool.
investigation tripped or stalled while the generating unit
result, because the motors’ under-voltage protection is
typically in the order of 2-3 s, while the total disturbance
duration in the multiple disturbance ride-through
requirement was less than that. Thus, the limitations of
6.8 Impact on synchronous generating systems’
auxiliary supplies
The impact of riding through multiple disturbances on
investigated, to assess whether their withstand capability
couldbealimitingfactorinthegeneratingunits’multiple
disturbance ride-through capability.
such as fans and pumps and their protection were
Figure 12 - Synchronous GeneratorActive Power Response (unstable)
Figure 13 - Synchronous GeneratorActive Power Response (unstable)
Figure 14 - Synchronous GeneratorActive Power Response (unstable)
14.
140
maintain the physical integrity of generating plants
when subjected to multiple voltage disturbances in quick
succession.
8. References
[1] Technical Regulation 3.2.5 for Wind Power Plants above 11 kV,
Energinet DK, TR 3.2.5 Revision 4, July. 2016
[2] Black System South Australia 28 September 2016, Australian
Energy Market Operator, AU. [Online]. Available at: https://www.
aemo.com.au/Media-Centre/AEMO-publishes-final-report-into-
the-South-Australian-state-wide-power-outage
[3] Technical Connection Rules for Extra High-voltage, VDE e.V.
Germany, VDE-AR-N 4130, Oct. 2018
[4] Technical Connection Rules for High-voltage, VDE e.V. Germany,
VDE-AR-N 4120, Oct. 2018
[5] Technical Guidelines for Power Generating Units and Systems
Part 4 (TG 4), Demands on Modelling and Validating Simulation
Models of the Electrical Characteristics of Power Generating
Units and Systems, Wind-FGW Germany, [Online]. Available at:
https://wind-fgw.de/shop/technical-guidelines/?lang=en
[6] Report on Coordination of Grid Codes and Generator Standards:
Consequences of Diverse Grid Code Requirements on Synchronous
Machine Design and Standards, Electrical Machinery Committee
Task Force on Grid Code Impacts on Generator Standards, Tech.
Rep. PES-TR69, [Online]. Available at: http://resourcecenter.ieee-
pes.org/pes/product/technical-publications/PES_TR_11-18_0069
[7] RulesDetermination,NationalElectricityAmendment(Generator
Technical Performance Standards) Rule 2018, Australian Energy
Market Commission, [Online]. Available at: https://www.aemc.
gov.au/sites/default/files/2018-09/Final%20Determination_0.pdf
[8] Power System Model Guidelines, Australian Energy Market
Operator, [Online]. Available at: https://www.aemo.com.au/
Stakeholder-Consultation/Consultations/Power-System-Model-
Guidelines-and-System-Strength-Impact-Assessment-Guidelines
units would likely not be a key determining factor for
their capability to ride through multiple disturbances.
7. Conclusion
The simulation results described in this paper show
that the new NEM access standards for multiple fault
ride-through could be met by different generation
technologies and connection points considered in the
assessment, using the assessment methodology and
criteria described in Section 4.
Where a generating system failed to ride through
multiple disturbances, simulation results showed that the
disturbance sequence would have resulted in violation of
duration criteria. Generating systems are not required to
ride through multiple disturbance sequences in this case.
In all simulation cases, the total number of disturbances
required by the new access standards was met, which
evidentially is the most common restrictive criterion.
long and shallow disturbances would have a material
impact on the connection point voltage.
Based on these findings, it is concluded the new NEM
access standards are practical, and can be met by various
generation technologies. These requirements assist