Indo-American Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences of the journal appears to have a broad scope covering a wide range of topics within Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Sciences, making it suitable for researchers and scientists working in these fields to publish their work of the journals in research.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia.
The document discusses determining the phytochemicals in medicinal plants. It describes the aims to find phytochemicals like tannins, phlobatannins, and saponin in plants. Various tests are outlined to detect these compounds, including observing color changes for tannins, phlobatannins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides. Specific medicinal plants from Arunachal Pradesh and Tinsukia district in India are also listed along with their scientific names and observed phytochemicals like saponin, flavonoids, and terpenoids in the plant Vasa.
Tinospora Cordifolia the magical Herb (Giloy)Vedant Patel
Advanced Herbal drug technology,A Presentation on
Extraction, isolation and standardization of Phytochemicals in Crude extract of Tinospora Cordifolia (Giloy, gulvel,giloe, Amrita,garo).It Shows presence of flavonoids and Alkaloids which shows Anti-cancer,Anti-oxidants, Anti-viral, Anti-inflammatory and Anti-allergic activity by boosting host immune system. it also involves different test for identification of Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins,tanins, glycoside.
NEPHROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF AERIAL PARTS OF BAUHINIA PURPUREApharmaindexing
The document discusses a study investigating the phytochemicals and nephroprotective potential of Bauhinia purpurea. General phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, tannins, and terpenoids in B. purpurea. Chromatography of the ethanol extract led to the isolation of a white crystalline compound, which was identified as β-sitosterol based on NMR analysis. Administration of the ethanol extract of B. purpurea leaves and pods was found to protect against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
Phytochemical screening of some pakistanian medicinal plantsWilberto De Lima
This study analyzed the phytochemical composition of 20 medicinal plants collected from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Phytochemical screening tests were performed to detect the presence of reducing sugars, anthraquinones, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and cardiac glycosides. The results found that Mentha spicata and Withania coagulaus contained all phytochemicals tested. Some plants like Perilla frutescums and Cannabis stative lacked tannins but contained the other phytochemicals. The environment can affect a plant's phytochemical composition. The study provides information on the phytochem
Evaluation of Anthocyanin in Amaranthus Gangeticus L. Nurawsuraw Leaf Extract...ijtsrd
This study was conducted to Evaluate Anthocyanin in Amaranthus gangeticus Nurawsuraw leaf extract as hair colorant. Spectrophotometric analysis screening was done to measure the absorbance of anthocyanin and the amount of light that passes through a sample solution at different wavelengths in percentage solutions.Spectrophotometric analysis showed that the detected highest absorption of anthocyanin was indicated by the highest peak in less percentage solutions at maximum wavelength from which anthocyanin absorption can be found, while the lowest peak in higher percentage solutions was at the minimum wavelength with least absorbance.The hair colorant effect of the Amaranthus gangeticus Nurawsuraw leaf extract being mixed with the developer was viewed on the microscope and was observed by a desired coloration occurred on hair sample, which appeared to be red in color. In comparison to the hair colorant effect of the commercial hair color, it produces thick violet coloration to hair strand. Therefore, it is concluded that Amaranthus gangeticus Nurawsuraw could be used as natural hair colorant. Chaneen Meg C. Busa | Melinda C. Getalado ""Evaluation of Anthocyanin in Amaranthus Gangeticus L. (Nurawsuraw) Leaf Extract as Hair Colorant"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25179.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/25179/evaluation-of-anthocyanin-in-amaranthus-gangeticus-l-nurawsuraw-leaf-extract-as-hair-colorant/chaneen-meg-c-busa
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The document summarizes a study on the phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts from Annona reticulata. Key findings:
1) Leaves were extracted using ethyl acetate, butanol, and methanol. Phytochemical screening found alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, and coumarins present.
2) Antimicrobial testing found the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed the highest inhibitory activity against E. coli, P. putida, and L. acidophilus compared to butanol.
3) FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of functional groups like -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2, indicating
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia.
The document discusses determining the phytochemicals in medicinal plants. It describes the aims to find phytochemicals like tannins, phlobatannins, and saponin in plants. Various tests are outlined to detect these compounds, including observing color changes for tannins, phlobatannins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides. Specific medicinal plants from Arunachal Pradesh and Tinsukia district in India are also listed along with their scientific names and observed phytochemicals like saponin, flavonoids, and terpenoids in the plant Vasa.
Tinospora Cordifolia the magical Herb (Giloy)Vedant Patel
Advanced Herbal drug technology,A Presentation on
Extraction, isolation and standardization of Phytochemicals in Crude extract of Tinospora Cordifolia (Giloy, gulvel,giloe, Amrita,garo).It Shows presence of flavonoids and Alkaloids which shows Anti-cancer,Anti-oxidants, Anti-viral, Anti-inflammatory and Anti-allergic activity by boosting host immune system. it also involves different test for identification of Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins,tanins, glycoside.
NEPHROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF AERIAL PARTS OF BAUHINIA PURPUREApharmaindexing
The document discusses a study investigating the phytochemicals and nephroprotective potential of Bauhinia purpurea. General phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, tannins, and terpenoids in B. purpurea. Chromatography of the ethanol extract led to the isolation of a white crystalline compound, which was identified as β-sitosterol based on NMR analysis. Administration of the ethanol extract of B. purpurea leaves and pods was found to protect against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
Phytochemical screening of some pakistanian medicinal plantsWilberto De Lima
This study analyzed the phytochemical composition of 20 medicinal plants collected from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Phytochemical screening tests were performed to detect the presence of reducing sugars, anthraquinones, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and cardiac glycosides. The results found that Mentha spicata and Withania coagulaus contained all phytochemicals tested. Some plants like Perilla frutescums and Cannabis stative lacked tannins but contained the other phytochemicals. The environment can affect a plant's phytochemical composition. The study provides information on the phytochem
Evaluation of Anthocyanin in Amaranthus Gangeticus L. Nurawsuraw Leaf Extract...ijtsrd
This study was conducted to Evaluate Anthocyanin in Amaranthus gangeticus Nurawsuraw leaf extract as hair colorant. Spectrophotometric analysis screening was done to measure the absorbance of anthocyanin and the amount of light that passes through a sample solution at different wavelengths in percentage solutions.Spectrophotometric analysis showed that the detected highest absorption of anthocyanin was indicated by the highest peak in less percentage solutions at maximum wavelength from which anthocyanin absorption can be found, while the lowest peak in higher percentage solutions was at the minimum wavelength with least absorbance.The hair colorant effect of the Amaranthus gangeticus Nurawsuraw leaf extract being mixed with the developer was viewed on the microscope and was observed by a desired coloration occurred on hair sample, which appeared to be red in color. In comparison to the hair colorant effect of the commercial hair color, it produces thick violet coloration to hair strand. Therefore, it is concluded that Amaranthus gangeticus Nurawsuraw could be used as natural hair colorant. Chaneen Meg C. Busa | Melinda C. Getalado ""Evaluation of Anthocyanin in Amaranthus Gangeticus L. (Nurawsuraw) Leaf Extract as Hair Colorant"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25179.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/25179/evaluation-of-anthocyanin-in-amaranthus-gangeticus-l-nurawsuraw-leaf-extract-as-hair-colorant/chaneen-meg-c-busa
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The document summarizes a study on the phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts from Annona reticulata. Key findings:
1) Leaves were extracted using ethyl acetate, butanol, and methanol. Phytochemical screening found alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, and coumarins present.
2) Antimicrobial testing found the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed the highest inhibitory activity against E. coli, P. putida, and L. acidophilus compared to butanol.
3) FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of functional groups like -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2, indicating
An Phyto - Chemical Analysis of Seedless Amalaki Fruit (Emblica Officinalis) ...inventionjournals
Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing of various human diseases and also play an important role in healing. As Amalaki being an important medicinal herb in Ayurveda. Botanical name of Amalaki is Emblica officinalis belong to Euphorbiaceae family shows antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammation, anti cholesterolaemic, anti carcinogenic, anti oxidant & anti Ulcerogenic activities. The present study involve phytochemical analysis on the pulp of Emblica officinalis purchased from Gadagil vanoushada sangraha, Belgaum, Karnataka. Emblica officinalis fruits are selected and seeds are removed. Collected pulp is made to dried under shadow and powdered. The Aqueous extract, alchoholic extract of Amalaki samples were used for the phytochemical analysis to find out the phytochemical constituents . The main objective of the research work was to check the presence or absence of the phytochemical constituents in Amalaki churna. The results of the phytochemical analysis of Amalaki churna showed that the carbohydrates/glycoside, phenol, carboxylic acid, tannin, flavonoids were found to be present. The phytochemical analysis of the Amalaki is very important commercially and has great interest in pharmaceutical companies for the production of the new drugs to cure various diseases.
Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activity of Dioon spi...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial studies of leaf and rachis of Dioon spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl. The phytochemical screening of the plant extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, carbohydrate, and phenols, whereas saponin was absent. The phenolic content expressed as mg/g gallic acid equivalent was determined and was more in methanolic extract of leaf (29.40 mg) than rachis (8.76 mg). Flavonoid contents were also greater in leaves than in rachis and methanol extract contained higher content (2.812 mg/g) than water (1.923 mg/g). Terpenoids were more in the aqueous extracts of both leaf and rachis when compared to methanol extracts. Antioxidant activity of both leaf and rachis extracts was conducted using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Leaf extract showed more DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 130 μg/ml when compared to the rachis of D. spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl. The reducing capability of the leaf extract was found to be more when compared to rachis. The antibacterial potential was evaluated with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans by agar well diffusion method. Antibacterial activity was observed only at higher concentration (1000 μg/ml) with inhibition zones of 12 mm and 13 mm.
Extraction of Secondary Metabolites from Roots of Acanthus Ilicifolius L and ...inventionjournals
The root extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius L finds a prominent place in folk medicine. In this study, we
extracted alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and total phenols in benzene, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and
ethanol, their antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity was evaluated. The antioxidant activity is executed
by FRAP assay and agar well diffusion method is done to study the antibacterial activity against Enterobacter
aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
pyogenes. The antibacterial activity of all the extracts was compared with standard antibiotic gentamicin.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] was determined by serial dilution method. Alkaloids are rich in
acetone and Flavonoids are high in methanol extracts. The acetone extract showed higher antioxidant activity,
while benzene extract was identified to contain lower antioxidant activity. The extent of inhibition by the root
extracts diverge between the solvents used, among them ethanol extracts exhibited higher level of inhibition
against the gram positive test cultures compared to gram negative test cultures employed. Whereas, the acetone
extracts efficacy is more on gram negative test cultures than the gram positive cultures. The MIC was found to
be between 1mg/100µl to 5mg/100µl. This study gives the source for purification and characterization of
bioactive principles that possess antioxidant and antibacterial action from the root of Acanthus ilicifolius.
This document presents the results of a phytochemical screening of Ficus sycomorus bark and Cleome gynandra aerial parts. The extracts were fractionated and tested for secondary metabolites. Both plants contained phenols, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, quinones, alkaloids, triterpenes, steroids, and saponins across fractions, though diterpenes were absent in F. sycomorus. The screening revealed the presence of various medically important compounds in the plants including antioxidants and those with anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-tumor properties.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the phytochemical constituents of seven Indian medicinal plants: Aegle marmelos, Cynodon dactylon, Eclipta prostrata, Moringa pterygosperma, Pongamia pinnata, Sida acuta, and Tridax procumbens. The study found that all plants contained flavonoids, while other constituents like alkaloids, tannins, and cardiac glycosides varied between plants. Quantitative analysis found that A. marmelos had the highest levels of alkaloids at 1.08% and tannins at 15.26%. The study aimed to provide a scientific basis for the traditional medic
Evaluation of antiepileptic activity on Hibiscus sabdariffa leavesBRNSSPublicationHubI
This document evaluates the antiepileptic potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa leaves. Phytochemical analysis of the ethanol extract found compounds like flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides and triterpenoids. In experiments, the extract was tested on rats in models of maximal electroshock induced seizures and pentylenetetrazole induced convulsions. The extract at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg showed a protective effect, reducing the duration of hind limb extension in the maximal electroshock test and increasing the onset time and decreasing recovery time of convulsions in the pentylenetetrazole test. The study concludes the extract may have antiepile
Estimation of Bioactive Compound of Catharanthus Roseus Leaf Extract by Phyto...ijtsrd
Plant derived compounds have played a vital role in the development of several chemotherapeutic agents. Catharanthus roseus is an important medicinal plant of the apocynaceae family. The leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The present study was aimed to carry out the phytochemical analysis and the GC-MS analyses of Cathranthus roseus leaf extract ensure biological activity in the presence bioactive compounds. The leaves designated to the presence of secondary metabolites (proteins, steroids, tannins,glycosides, reducing sugar, carbohydrates,saponins, sterols, terpenoids, acidic compounds, cardiac glycosides, phenols, alkaloids,flavonoids). In the GC-MS analysis the Cathranthus roseus extract result shows the presence of bioactive compounds which revealed a broad spectrum of many medicinal property and antioxidant activity were identified. This study is helped to identify bioactive compound formula and structure which can be used as pharmaceutical industries for drug discovery. S. Nathiya | N. Shaishta Jabeen | L. Jagapriya | B. Senthilkumar | K. Devi"Estimation of Bioactive Compound of Catharanthus Roseus Leaf Extract by Phytochemical Screening and GC-MS Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5926.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/5926/estimation-of-bioactive-compound-of-catharanthus-roseus-leaf-extract-by-phytochemical-screening-and-gc-ms-analysis/s-nathiya
Phytochemical Analysis of Catharanthus Roseus L. (G.) DON. AnuragSingh1049
Catharanthus roseus is a medicinal herb found to have two pharmaceutically important compounds viz., vinblastine and vincristine. The plant is found in many tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Therefore, theyield of these vinca alkaloids are varied at different geographical regions depending on the climatic conditions.Being a source of these important secondary metabolites, an extensive study has been carried out on this plant. The plant is in high demand worldwide due to its medicinal applications specifically the anti-cancerous.The present research work gives an account of the various phytochemicals derived from the plant at our selected location. The results highlight the biotechnological prospects of an efficient and alternative means of production of valuable metabolites from Catharanthus roseus.The present phytochemical investigations explore active constituents which are very significant in drug development. The study revealed a notable anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activity of methanolic extract of the dry leaves of this plant.
This study analyzed two seaweed species, Acanthopora spicifera and Sargassum wightii, for their phytochemical content both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative analysis found that petroleum ether and methanol extracts contained the highest number (8) of compounds for both species. Quantitative analysis revealed that S. wightii contained the highest levels of total phenols and flavonoids, while A. spicifera contained the highest tannin levels. Overall, the seaweeds demonstrated nutritional value from their variety of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and more. The study contributes to understanding these seaweeds' chemical compositions and potential applications.
Phytochemical Screening, Nutritional Composition and Antimicrobial Activity o...iosrjce
This document reports on a study that analyzed the phytochemical content, nutritional composition, and antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera seed and leaf extracts. Key findings include:
- Qualitative phytochemical screening found alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, and other compounds in the leaf extracts, while only terpenoids, steroids, and saponins were found in the seed extracts.
- Proximate analysis found the leaf had higher moisture, ash, and fiber content, while the seed had more lipid, protein, and carbohydrate.
- Antimicrobial testing showed both leaf and seed extracts had inhibitory effects against several gastrointestinal
Studies on Phytochemical Constituents of Medicinal PlantsGaurav kumar sharma
This document describes a study on the phytochemical constituents of four medicinal plants - Justica adhatoda, Momordica charantia, Nordostachys jatamansi, and Tephrosia purpurea. Qualitative analysis found that all plants contained terpenoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds and alkaloids. Coumarin glycosides were present in N. jatamansi and J. adhatoda but absent in the others. Anthraquinone glycosides were present in J. adhatoda, M. charantia, and N. jatamansi but absent from
This document describes methods for conducting phytochemical screening tests on plant extracts to identify their chemical constituents. It discusses extracting plants using a Soxhlet apparatus with various solvents and then testing the extracts using several chemical tests to detect the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, anthraquinones, catechins, coumarins, flavonoids, phenols, quinones, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, sugars, glycosides, xanthoproteins and fixed oils. The objective is to determine the primary phytochemicals responsible for the biological activities of herbal medicines.
This document summarizes a student's evaluation of the antioxidant and anthelminthic activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf extract. The student conducted phytochemical screening of the leaf extract, which showed the presence of alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates, phenols, and tannins. Anthelminthic assays found that the extract paralyzed and killed earthworms in a time-dependent manner. Antioxidant assays determined the extract had DPPH radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and NO radical scavenging activities with IC50 values of 188.17 μg/ml,
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
The study evaluated the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of organic solvent extracts of Calotropis gigantea leaves. Ethanol and methanol extracts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens compared to chloroform and n-hexane extracts. The ethanol extract was most effective against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Proteus mirablis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoids in the extracts. The results confirm the antimicrobial activity of C. gigantea extracts against human pathogens.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This study evaluated the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of Calotropis gigantea leaf extracts. The leaves were extracted using ethanol, methanol, chloroform and n-hexane solvents. The extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi using the agar well diffusion method. The ethanol extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity against pathogens like Candida albicans and Proteus mirablis. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids in the extracts. The results confirm that C. gigantea extracts have antibacterial and antifungal properties against human pathogens.
Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Methanolic...Surendhar Venkatesan
Our Study was aimed at evaluating the anti-inflammatory of activity Clerodendrum Inerme , Methanolic Root Extract.
We evaluated under the HRBC Membrane Stabilization and Protein Denaturation Method.
The document discusses a study on Acalypha indica, a plant used in traditional medicine. The study aimed to determine the preliminary phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of different extracts from the plant's leaves and stems. Methanolic extracts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against tested pathogens like Salmonella typhimurium. Phytochemical screening of the methanolic extracts revealed the presence of secondary metabolites like tannins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and saponins which may contribute to its antimicrobial properties. The results suggest Acalypha indica may be a potential source of natural compounds to develop treatments for drug-resistant bacterial infections.
Determination of Chemical Groups and Investigation of Anthelmintic, Cytotoxic...Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan
The present study was conducted for the characterization of possible chemical groups,
evaluation of anthelmintic, cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of crude methanolic extract
of leaves of Cinnamomum tamala. The study revealed the presence of alkaloids, reducing
sugar, tannin, amino acids, glycosides and steroid in the crude extract. The extract showed
very potent anthelmintic activity while compared with the standard albendazole. To
investigate the cytotoxic activity, brine shrimp lethality bioassay was conducted, and the
extract showed significant activity while compared with the standard vincristine sulphate
(LC50 value 1.007 and 0.839μg/ml respectively). To evaluate the antibacterial activity, disc
diffusion method was followed, and the extract showed activity against Bacillus subtilis,
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Vibrio cholera, and resistant to Escherichia coli
and Salmonella typhi.
Phytochemical and acute toxicity study of leaves of artocarpus heterophyllus lampharmaindexing
This document summarizes a study on the phytochemical screening and acute toxicity of leaves from Artocarpus heterophyllus. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves were prepared and subjected to phytochemical analysis. The analysis found flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and carbohydrates present in the extracts. An acute toxicity study in mice found both extracts to be safe at a dose of 2000 mg/kg, with no signs of toxicity after 48 hours and no deaths after 14 days.
This document describes a phytochemical investigation of Leptadenia reticulata. It includes the objectives, materials and methods, results of phytochemical screening tests, and determination of physicochemical parameters. The objectives were to identify various phytoconstituents and evaluate physicochemical parameters in L. reticulata. Various extraction and chemical tests were performed to detect the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, and other constituents. Parameters like moisture content, ash values, and solvent extractive values were also determined. The investigation revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents in L. reticulata.
ISSN 2321 – 9602
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An Phyto - Chemical Analysis of Seedless Amalaki Fruit (Emblica Officinalis) ...inventionjournals
Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing of various human diseases and also play an important role in healing. As Amalaki being an important medicinal herb in Ayurveda. Botanical name of Amalaki is Emblica officinalis belong to Euphorbiaceae family shows antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammation, anti cholesterolaemic, anti carcinogenic, anti oxidant & anti Ulcerogenic activities. The present study involve phytochemical analysis on the pulp of Emblica officinalis purchased from Gadagil vanoushada sangraha, Belgaum, Karnataka. Emblica officinalis fruits are selected and seeds are removed. Collected pulp is made to dried under shadow and powdered. The Aqueous extract, alchoholic extract of Amalaki samples were used for the phytochemical analysis to find out the phytochemical constituents . The main objective of the research work was to check the presence or absence of the phytochemical constituents in Amalaki churna. The results of the phytochemical analysis of Amalaki churna showed that the carbohydrates/glycoside, phenol, carboxylic acid, tannin, flavonoids were found to be present. The phytochemical analysis of the Amalaki is very important commercially and has great interest in pharmaceutical companies for the production of the new drugs to cure various diseases.
Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activity of Dioon spi...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial studies of leaf and rachis of Dioon spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl. The phytochemical screening of the plant extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, carbohydrate, and phenols, whereas saponin was absent. The phenolic content expressed as mg/g gallic acid equivalent was determined and was more in methanolic extract of leaf (29.40 mg) than rachis (8.76 mg). Flavonoid contents were also greater in leaves than in rachis and methanol extract contained higher content (2.812 mg/g) than water (1.923 mg/g). Terpenoids were more in the aqueous extracts of both leaf and rachis when compared to methanol extracts. Antioxidant activity of both leaf and rachis extracts was conducted using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Leaf extract showed more DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 130 μg/ml when compared to the rachis of D. spinulosum Dyer ex Eichl. The reducing capability of the leaf extract was found to be more when compared to rachis. The antibacterial potential was evaluated with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans by agar well diffusion method. Antibacterial activity was observed only at higher concentration (1000 μg/ml) with inhibition zones of 12 mm and 13 mm.
Extraction of Secondary Metabolites from Roots of Acanthus Ilicifolius L and ...inventionjournals
The root extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius L finds a prominent place in folk medicine. In this study, we
extracted alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and total phenols in benzene, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and
ethanol, their antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity was evaluated. The antioxidant activity is executed
by FRAP assay and agar well diffusion method is done to study the antibacterial activity against Enterobacter
aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
pyogenes. The antibacterial activity of all the extracts was compared with standard antibiotic gentamicin.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] was determined by serial dilution method. Alkaloids are rich in
acetone and Flavonoids are high in methanol extracts. The acetone extract showed higher antioxidant activity,
while benzene extract was identified to contain lower antioxidant activity. The extent of inhibition by the root
extracts diverge between the solvents used, among them ethanol extracts exhibited higher level of inhibition
against the gram positive test cultures compared to gram negative test cultures employed. Whereas, the acetone
extracts efficacy is more on gram negative test cultures than the gram positive cultures. The MIC was found to
be between 1mg/100µl to 5mg/100µl. This study gives the source for purification and characterization of
bioactive principles that possess antioxidant and antibacterial action from the root of Acanthus ilicifolius.
This document presents the results of a phytochemical screening of Ficus sycomorus bark and Cleome gynandra aerial parts. The extracts were fractionated and tested for secondary metabolites. Both plants contained phenols, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, quinones, alkaloids, triterpenes, steroids, and saponins across fractions, though diterpenes were absent in F. sycomorus. The screening revealed the presence of various medically important compounds in the plants including antioxidants and those with anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-tumor properties.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the phytochemical constituents of seven Indian medicinal plants: Aegle marmelos, Cynodon dactylon, Eclipta prostrata, Moringa pterygosperma, Pongamia pinnata, Sida acuta, and Tridax procumbens. The study found that all plants contained flavonoids, while other constituents like alkaloids, tannins, and cardiac glycosides varied between plants. Quantitative analysis found that A. marmelos had the highest levels of alkaloids at 1.08% and tannins at 15.26%. The study aimed to provide a scientific basis for the traditional medic
Evaluation of antiepileptic activity on Hibiscus sabdariffa leavesBRNSSPublicationHubI
This document evaluates the antiepileptic potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa leaves. Phytochemical analysis of the ethanol extract found compounds like flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides and triterpenoids. In experiments, the extract was tested on rats in models of maximal electroshock induced seizures and pentylenetetrazole induced convulsions. The extract at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg showed a protective effect, reducing the duration of hind limb extension in the maximal electroshock test and increasing the onset time and decreasing recovery time of convulsions in the pentylenetetrazole test. The study concludes the extract may have antiepile
Estimation of Bioactive Compound of Catharanthus Roseus Leaf Extract by Phyto...ijtsrd
Plant derived compounds have played a vital role in the development of several chemotherapeutic agents. Catharanthus roseus is an important medicinal plant of the apocynaceae family. The leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The present study was aimed to carry out the phytochemical analysis and the GC-MS analyses of Cathranthus roseus leaf extract ensure biological activity in the presence bioactive compounds. The leaves designated to the presence of secondary metabolites (proteins, steroids, tannins,glycosides, reducing sugar, carbohydrates,saponins, sterols, terpenoids, acidic compounds, cardiac glycosides, phenols, alkaloids,flavonoids). In the GC-MS analysis the Cathranthus roseus extract result shows the presence of bioactive compounds which revealed a broad spectrum of many medicinal property and antioxidant activity were identified. This study is helped to identify bioactive compound formula and structure which can be used as pharmaceutical industries for drug discovery. S. Nathiya | N. Shaishta Jabeen | L. Jagapriya | B. Senthilkumar | K. Devi"Estimation of Bioactive Compound of Catharanthus Roseus Leaf Extract by Phytochemical Screening and GC-MS Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5926.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/5926/estimation-of-bioactive-compound-of-catharanthus-roseus-leaf-extract-by-phytochemical-screening-and-gc-ms-analysis/s-nathiya
Phytochemical Analysis of Catharanthus Roseus L. (G.) DON. AnuragSingh1049
Catharanthus roseus is a medicinal herb found to have two pharmaceutically important compounds viz., vinblastine and vincristine. The plant is found in many tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Therefore, theyield of these vinca alkaloids are varied at different geographical regions depending on the climatic conditions.Being a source of these important secondary metabolites, an extensive study has been carried out on this plant. The plant is in high demand worldwide due to its medicinal applications specifically the anti-cancerous.The present research work gives an account of the various phytochemicals derived from the plant at our selected location. The results highlight the biotechnological prospects of an efficient and alternative means of production of valuable metabolites from Catharanthus roseus.The present phytochemical investigations explore active constituents which are very significant in drug development. The study revealed a notable anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activity of methanolic extract of the dry leaves of this plant.
This study analyzed two seaweed species, Acanthopora spicifera and Sargassum wightii, for their phytochemical content both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative analysis found that petroleum ether and methanol extracts contained the highest number (8) of compounds for both species. Quantitative analysis revealed that S. wightii contained the highest levels of total phenols and flavonoids, while A. spicifera contained the highest tannin levels. Overall, the seaweeds demonstrated nutritional value from their variety of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and more. The study contributes to understanding these seaweeds' chemical compositions and potential applications.
Phytochemical Screening, Nutritional Composition and Antimicrobial Activity o...iosrjce
This document reports on a study that analyzed the phytochemical content, nutritional composition, and antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera seed and leaf extracts. Key findings include:
- Qualitative phytochemical screening found alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, and other compounds in the leaf extracts, while only terpenoids, steroids, and saponins were found in the seed extracts.
- Proximate analysis found the leaf had higher moisture, ash, and fiber content, while the seed had more lipid, protein, and carbohydrate.
- Antimicrobial testing showed both leaf and seed extracts had inhibitory effects against several gastrointestinal
Studies on Phytochemical Constituents of Medicinal PlantsGaurav kumar sharma
This document describes a study on the phytochemical constituents of four medicinal plants - Justica adhatoda, Momordica charantia, Nordostachys jatamansi, and Tephrosia purpurea. Qualitative analysis found that all plants contained terpenoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds and alkaloids. Coumarin glycosides were present in N. jatamansi and J. adhatoda but absent in the others. Anthraquinone glycosides were present in J. adhatoda, M. charantia, and N. jatamansi but absent from
This document describes methods for conducting phytochemical screening tests on plant extracts to identify their chemical constituents. It discusses extracting plants using a Soxhlet apparatus with various solvents and then testing the extracts using several chemical tests to detect the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, anthraquinones, catechins, coumarins, flavonoids, phenols, quinones, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, sugars, glycosides, xanthoproteins and fixed oils. The objective is to determine the primary phytochemicals responsible for the biological activities of herbal medicines.
This document summarizes a student's evaluation of the antioxidant and anthelminthic activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf extract. The student conducted phytochemical screening of the leaf extract, which showed the presence of alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates, phenols, and tannins. Anthelminthic assays found that the extract paralyzed and killed earthworms in a time-dependent manner. Antioxidant assays determined the extract had DPPH radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and NO radical scavenging activities with IC50 values of 188.17 μg/ml,
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
The study evaluated the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of organic solvent extracts of Calotropis gigantea leaves. Ethanol and methanol extracts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens compared to chloroform and n-hexane extracts. The ethanol extract was most effective against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Proteus mirablis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoids in the extracts. The results confirm the antimicrobial activity of C. gigantea extracts against human pathogens.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This study evaluated the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of Calotropis gigantea leaf extracts. The leaves were extracted using ethanol, methanol, chloroform and n-hexane solvents. The extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi using the agar well diffusion method. The ethanol extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity against pathogens like Candida albicans and Proteus mirablis. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids in the extracts. The results confirm that C. gigantea extracts have antibacterial and antifungal properties against human pathogens.
Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Methanolic...Surendhar Venkatesan
Our Study was aimed at evaluating the anti-inflammatory of activity Clerodendrum Inerme , Methanolic Root Extract.
We evaluated under the HRBC Membrane Stabilization and Protein Denaturation Method.
The document discusses a study on Acalypha indica, a plant used in traditional medicine. The study aimed to determine the preliminary phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of different extracts from the plant's leaves and stems. Methanolic extracts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against tested pathogens like Salmonella typhimurium. Phytochemical screening of the methanolic extracts revealed the presence of secondary metabolites like tannins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and saponins which may contribute to its antimicrobial properties. The results suggest Acalypha indica may be a potential source of natural compounds to develop treatments for drug-resistant bacterial infections.
Determination of Chemical Groups and Investigation of Anthelmintic, Cytotoxic...Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan
The present study was conducted for the characterization of possible chemical groups,
evaluation of anthelmintic, cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of crude methanolic extract
of leaves of Cinnamomum tamala. The study revealed the presence of alkaloids, reducing
sugar, tannin, amino acids, glycosides and steroid in the crude extract. The extract showed
very potent anthelmintic activity while compared with the standard albendazole. To
investigate the cytotoxic activity, brine shrimp lethality bioassay was conducted, and the
extract showed significant activity while compared with the standard vincristine sulphate
(LC50 value 1.007 and 0.839μg/ml respectively). To evaluate the antibacterial activity, disc
diffusion method was followed, and the extract showed activity against Bacillus subtilis,
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Vibrio cholera, and resistant to Escherichia coli
and Salmonella typhi.
Phytochemical and acute toxicity study of leaves of artocarpus heterophyllus lampharmaindexing
This document summarizes a study on the phytochemical screening and acute toxicity of leaves from Artocarpus heterophyllus. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves were prepared and subjected to phytochemical analysis. The analysis found flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and carbohydrates present in the extracts. An acute toxicity study in mice found both extracts to be safe at a dose of 2000 mg/kg, with no signs of toxicity after 48 hours and no deaths after 14 days.
This document describes a phytochemical investigation of Leptadenia reticulata. It includes the objectives, materials and methods, results of phytochemical screening tests, and determination of physicochemical parameters. The objectives were to identify various phytoconstituents and evaluate physicochemical parameters in L. reticulata. Various extraction and chemical tests were performed to detect the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, and other constituents. Parameters like moisture content, ash values, and solvent extractive values were also determined. The investigation revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents in L. reticulata.
ISSN 2321 – 9602
It appears that you are providing information about the publication process of IAJAVS International Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Science. it seems to prioritize a fast publication schedule while maintaining rigorous peer review of the journals in research.
Indo-American Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences appears to be a reputable journal that values both the speed of publication and the quality of research in the fields of agriculture and veterinary sciences. Researchers interested in submitting their work to this journal of the journalism research.
ISSN 2347-2251
Manuscripts should be carefully checked for grammatical and punctuation errors. All papers undergo peer review. Please note that all articles published in this journal represent the opinions of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Journal of Indo-American Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences of the journals to publish paper.
Scientific development is an ever-evolving journey, driven by the exchange of data and ideas among researchers across the globe.One such remarkable publication dedicated to facilitating this exchange within the fields of Pharmacy and Bio Sciences is the Indo-American Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences of the published research.
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The document summarizes a study on the effects of feed additives HammecoTox and Zeolitis on rats experiencing experimental fumonisin toxicosis. Rats were divided into 4 groups, with groups 2-4 experiencing fumonisin toxicosis and groups 3-4 additionally receiving one of the feed additives. Clinical signs of toxicosis emerged by day 14 in group 2 rats. Hematological analysis on day 14 found increased white blood cells and shifts in leukocyte composition in group 2, indicating inflammation and reduced immunity. After 21 days of feed additive treatment, groups 3 and 4 showed stabilization of hematological parameters and signs of organ recovery compared to group 2. Both additives were found effective in counter
The Indo-American Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences appears to be a scholarly journal focused on publishing research within the fields of agriculture and veterinary sciences of the journal publishers.
ISSN 2347-2251
Manuscripts should be carefully checked for grammatical and punctuation errors. All papers undergo peer review. Please note that all articles published in this journal represent the opinions of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Journal of Indo-American Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences of the journal for research.
It seems like you're providing information about the publication process of the International Journal of Advanced Publication Practices. This information outlines the fast publication schedule and peer-review process by the journal of the appears to prioritize a fast and efficient publication process while maintaining the quality and integrity of the research it publishes of the original research papers.
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This document summarizes a study that evaluated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of oncology health professionals in Australia regarding complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). The study surveyed 99 oncology physicians, nurses, and pharmacists. It found that the professionals had moderate knowledge of CAMs but felt unprepared to advise patients due to a lack of expertise. While they acknowledged potential benefits of CAMs, they also expressed safety concerns. Fewer than 40% of patients were open to discussing CAMs with their providers, hindered by a lack of scientific evidence and guidelines. The study reveals a need for more CAM education for oncology clinicians to improve patient-provider discussions and decision-making regarding CAM use.
This document discusses adaptive filtering techniques, specifically the Least Mean Square (LMS) and Recursive Least Squares (RLS) algorithms. It describes the basic structure and operation of adaptive filters, including their use of error signals as feedback to optimize transfer functions. The LMS algorithm is commonly used due to its computational simplicity, while RLS provides faster convergence but with higher complexity. The document proposes a modified Delayed LMS (DLMS) adaptive filter architecture to reduce adaptation delay by feeding error computations forward through pipeline stages. Simulation results show this DLMS design achieves lower area, delay and power compared to conventional LMS and RLS filters.
Scientific development is an ever-evolving journey, driven by the exchange of data and ideas among researchers across the globe.One such remarkable publication dedicated to facilitating this exchange within the fields of Pharmacy and Bio Sciences is the Indo-American Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences of the journals to publish paper.
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Indo-American Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences". It appears to be an international online journal that publishes research and review articles in English on topics related to agriculture and veterinary sciences is the journal of the research publish journal.
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ISSN 2347-2251
Manuscripts should be carefully checked for grammatical and punctuation errors. All papers undergo peer review. Please note that all articles published in this journal represent the opinions of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Journal of Indo-American Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences of the all journal.
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2. Page 2
Indo-Am. J. Pharm & Bio. Sc., 2018 ISSN 2347-2251 www.iajpb.com
Vol. 6, Issuse 3, July 2018
A PHYTOCHEMICAL INQUIRY INTO THE DRIED LEAF OF AERVA
LANATA AND AN EXAMINATION OF ITS IN-VITRO
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
G. Kamlesh Goud, P. Anil Kumar Yadav, Dr. C. H. Naveen Kumar
Abstract:
The study was carried out to ascertain the anti bacterial properties present in different extracts of dried scale leavesof Aerva
lanata. The Anti bacterial testing of leaves extract Aerva lanata was evaluated by Agar well diffusion method using gram
positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, gram negative bacteria like Escherichia coli, Klebsiella
pneumoniae. Amongst the test extracts, the results suggested that, Chloroform, Ethanol extracts of leaves showed significant
antibacterial activity compared with standard drug.
Keywords: Aerva lanata, Gentamycin, Flavonoids, Anthraquinons.
INTRODUCTION:
Traditionally plants are used as drugs and have genuine
utility because they contain some components which have
healing and pain relieving properties. For the primary
health care about 80% of rural population depends on these
medicinal plants. Usage of plants for the treatment of
diseases is as old as human species which produces various
secondary metabolites like alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids,
phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and other metabolites and
which have antimicrobial and antioxidant types of
properties. Plants are the main source of food and rich
nutrients content. Traditional societies around the world
had deep knowledge of various plants and their medicinal
value, though they did not possess knowledge on
components present and their mode of action. Medicinal
properties attributed to various herbs have paved way to
the discovery of new drugs, as they are the reservoirs of
potential chemical compounds. For the benefit of mankind
it is necessary to prefer herbal usages to avoid chronic
stress and synthetic drugs.
Herb is an immeasurable wealth of nature not only from
the global environmental perspective but also from the and
lesser side effects. The chemical constituents present in
them are a part of the physiological functions of living
flora and hence they are believed to have better
compatibility with thehuman body. The clinical efficacy of
many existing antibiotics is being threatened by the
emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. There is a
continuous and urgent need to discover new antimicrobial
compounds with diverse chemical structures and novel
mechanisms of action for new and re emerging infectious
diseases. Therefore, researchers are increasingly turning
their attention to folk medicine, looking for new leads to
develop better drugs against microbial infections. Aerva
lanata linn. belonging to the family Amaranthaceae. Herbs
are perennial, 5–50 cm tall. Stem branched from base;
branches ascending or stoloniferous, white lanose. Leaves
opposite or nearly whorled, sessile, grayish green,subulate,
linear, 1–2.5 cm × ca. 1 mm, abaxially white lanose,
adaxially glabrous, base attenuate, sometimes vaginate.
Spikes terminal, narrowly ovate or terete, 0.5–2.5 cm, 3–5
mm in diam., white lanose; rachis very short or absent.
Bracts and bracteoles lanceolate, 1–2 mm, abaxially white
lanose. The Phytoconstituents reported from stem are
flavonoids, tannins and anthraquinones. However, from
the above account, it is obvious that there is no information
available about the anti bacterial activity of stem and
leaves of Aerva lanata. The present investigation was to
explore the anti bacterial activityof dried leaves of Aerva
lanata.
Pharmaceutical Analysis
Dr.K.V. Subba Reddy Institute of Pharmacy
(Approved by AICTE,P.C.l New Delhi& Permanently Affiliated to JNTUA Anantapuramu
MOU with Government General Hospital &KMC, K urnool
3. Page 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Collection of plant material
The leaves of Aerva lanata were collected from
surrounding places of Rangareddy Dist.
Phytochemical Evaluation
The different chemical tests were performed for
establishing profile of the extract for its chemical
composition; the following chemical tests for various
phytoconstituents in the petroleum ether, chloroform,
ethyl acetate, alcohol and water extracts were carried
out as described below.
(A) Alkaloid detection test: I Dragendroff's reagent color
development in 1ml extract in test tube after adding a few
drops of Dragendroff's reagent. When alkaloids are present,
they cause the color to become orange.
The presence of alkaloids was confirmed by adding 2 ml of
Wagner's reagent to the extract, and the resulting reddish
brown precipitate.
Extract was mixed with 2 ml of Mayer's reagent, and the
presence of alkaloids was indicated by the formation of a
dingy white precipitate.
iv) Hager's Test: 2 ml of Hager's reagent was added to the
extract, and the presence of alkaloids was verified by the
production of a yellow precipitate.
Salkowski test I 1 ml of extract was mixed with 1 ppm tin
and 0.1 ml of thionyl chloride. Terpenoids are present when
a pink hue is seen.
Hirshonn reaction (ii): The material turned from red to
purple when heated with trichloroacetic acid.
As for the steroid test, which is option (C), here are the
results:
"(D) Liebermann Burchard" For this test, we mixed 1
milliliter of extract with 1 milliliter of glacial acetic acid, 1
milliliter of acetic anhydride, and 2 drops of concentrated
sulphuric acid. Steroids are present when the solution
becomes red, then blue, and lastly bluish green. In order to
detect coumarins, we mixed 1 milliliter of extract with 1
milliliter of 10% sodium hydroxide. The appearance of a
bright yellow tint is a telltale sign that coumarins are
present.
Tannins were detected using the following method (E): I
after adding ferric chloride to a little amount (only a few
mg) of extract, a dark blue or greenish black hue
developed, indicating the presence of tannins.
When the extract was combined with a basic lead acetate
solution, a white precipitate formed, proving the presence
of tannins.
(F) Test for saponins: sTo 1 ml of the extract, 5 ml of
water was added and the tube was shaken briskly. The
presence of saponins is shown by the production of a large
amount of lather.
The flavone content is determined by the Shinoda The
existence of flavones was determined by adding a few
magnesium turnings and 2 drops of strong hydrochloric
acid to the extract, which caused a crimson hue to appear.
ii) Ten percent sodium hydroxide or ammonia was added to
the extract, which became a dark yellow hue due to the
presence of flavones.
To conduct the quinones test (method H), 1 ml of the
extract was mixed with 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid.
The presence of quinones is indicated by the development
of a red hue.
I. Sodium hydroxide test for flavanones: I adding 10%
sodium hydroxide to the extract causes a change in color
from yellow to orange, proving the presence of flavanones.
The presence of flavanones is indicated by a change in
color from orange to blood red upon addition of
concentrated sulphuric acid to the extract.
Anthocyanins may be detected using the following
procedure (J): I Adding 10% sodium hydroxide to the
extract causes a blue tint, which is indicative of the
existence of anthocyanins.
The presence of anthocyanins in the extract was confirmed
by adding concentrated sulphuric acid, which produced a
yellowish orange tint.
The Borntrager test (K) for anthraquinones involves
macerating the extract with ether and then adding aqueous
ammonia or caustic soda after it has been filtered. In the
presence of anthraquinones, the aqueous layer will become
a pinkish red or violet hue following shaking.
Test for phenols (L): Ferric chloride test; a few drops of
10% aqueous ferric chloride were added to the extract. For
phenols to be present, a blue or green hue must appear.
I added 1 ml of a 40% sodium hydroxide solution and 2
drops of a 1% copper sulphate solution to the extract to
conduct the I Biuret Test for proteins. In the presence of
proteins, a violet hue forms.
The Xanthoprotein ii) Test included adding 1 ml of strong
nitric acid to the extract. There was a white precipitate that
was cooked and chilled. Twenty percent ammonia or
sodium hydroxide was then added. The presence of
aromatic amino acids is shown by an orange hue.
iii) Tannic Acid Test: 10% tannic acid was added to the
extract. When proteins are present, they tend to precipitate
out into a white color.
For the (N) carbohydrate test, I Molisch's Test, 1 ml of
alpha-naphthol solution and concentrated sulphuric acid
were added to the extract through the test tube's sides.
Carbohydrates were identified by the appearance of a
purple or reddish violet tint at the interface of the two
fluids.
4. Page 4
After adding the same volume of fehling's solution A and B
to the extract, we heated the mixture to see if any carbs
would precipitate out, and sure enough, we got a nice brick
red precipitate, so we know we had carbs.
Extract was added to 5 ml of Benedict's reagent, heated for
2 minutes, and then chilled for the iii) Benedict's Test.
Carbohydrates were detected due to the formation of a
crimson precipitate.
(O) Amino acid screening:
Amino acid content was confirmed by the ninhydrin test, in
which two drops of ninhydrin solution were added to the
extract to produce a distinctive purple hue.
Extraction Technique
A coarse powder was made by grinding dried Aerva lanata
leaves. For the manufacture of various extracts, the powder
was extracted with various solvents such Ethanol,
Chloroform by soxhlation for 6 hours, and the resultant
extracts were tested for antibacterial properties.
Microorganisms
The test organisms included for study were
gram positive bacteria like Staphylococcus
aureus, Bacillussubtilis, gram negative bacteria
like Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae.
All the bacterial strains were
procured from Osmania University, Hyderabad,
Telangana. The bacteria were grown in the nutrient
broth at 37 0
C and maintained on nutrient agar
slants at 4 0
C.
Bacterial media
Muller Hinton Media was mixed with distilled
water and then sterilized in autoclave at 15 lb
pressure for 15 minutes. The sterilized media were
poured into Petri dishes and allowed for
solidification. The solidified plates were bored with
5mm diameter cork borer. The plates with wells
were used for the antibacterial studies.
Antibacterial activity of the plant extracts
Different leaves extracts of Aerva lanata at a
concentration of 500μg/ml, 750μg/ml, 1000μg/ml
were tested against the gram positive bacteria
likeStaphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis,
gramnegative bacteria like Escherichia coli,
Klebsiellapneumoniae by Well Diffusion Method.
Well Diffusion Method
Antibacterial activity of the plant extract was
tested using Well diffusion method. The
prepared culture plates were inoculated with
different selected strains of bacteria using
streak plate method. Wells were made on the
agar surface with 6mm cork borer. The dried
extracts were dissolved in 95% of ethanol for
preparation of different concentration ranges of
extracts. The extracts were poured into the well
usingsterile syringe. The plates were incubated
at 37 0
C±2 0
C for 24 hours for bacterial
activity. The plates wereobserved for the zone
clearance around the wells. The extracts of the
dried scale leaves were used for the study. The
extracts were dissolved in sterile distilled water
to form dilution such as 500μg/ml, 750μg/ml
and 1000μg/ml. Each concentration of the
extract was tested against different bacterial
pathogens. Gentamycin at a concentration of
5μg/ml and 10μg/ml was used as standard
antibacterial drug. The zone of inhibition was
calculated by measuring the diameter of the
inhibition zone around the well (in mm)
including the well diameter. The readings were
taken in three different fixed directions in all
three replicates and the average values were
tabulated.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Table 1: Preliminary phytochemical screening of Aerva lanata leaves
Constituents
Pet ether
Extract
Chloroform
extract
Ethyl acetate
extract
Alcohol
extract
Water
extract
Terpenoids - - - - -
Saponins + + - + -
Steroids - + + - -
Phenols - - + - -
Flavonoids - - - + -
Coumarins - - + + +
Reducing sugars - + - - -
5. Page 5
Alkaloids - - + + -
Quinones - + + + +
Tannins - + + - -
Proteins - - - - -
Amino acids - - - - -
Anthraquinones - + + + -
+ Present, - Absent
Antibacterial assay of the Ethanol, Chloroform
extracts of dried leaves of Aerva lanata exhibited
dose dependent antibacterial activity against the
tested microorganisms at three different
concentrations of 500, 750 and 1000μg/ml. The
potential sensitivity of the extracts was obtained
against all the tested micro organisms and the zone
ofinhibition was recorded and presented in the table
given below (Table 2). From the above study the
zone of inhibition obtained was dose dependent and
the activity shown by the Chloroform, Ethanol
extracts of leaves of Aerva lanata at a concentration
of 1000μg/ml against gram positive bacteria like
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and
gram negative bacteria like Escherichia coli,
Klebsiella pneumoniae strains involved in
present study was more in comparison to
Gentamycin at a concentration of 5μg/ml. The
extracts prepared by solvents like water,
isopropyl alcohol showed no zone of
inhibition. The zone of inhibition shown by the
water were tabulated in the below given below
(Table 3). The antibacterial potential exhibited
by leaves extracts may be contributed to the
presence of tannins, flavonoids and
anthraquinones in preliminary phytochemical
investigations. Further study is needed to
characterize the active principles.
Table 2: Zone of inhibition shown by the Gentamycin and the Ethanol, Chloroform extracts of dried leaves of
Aerva lanata
Micro organism
Zone of inhibition (mm)
GENTAMYCIN EXTRACTS (1000μg/ml)
5μg/ml 10μg/ml Ethanol extract Chloroform extract
Bacillus subtilis 7.5 mm 9 mm 8 mm 7 mm
Escherichia coli 7 mm 9 mm 6.5 mm 6 mm
Klebsiella pneumoniae 7 mm 9 mm 8 mm 7 mm
Staphylococcus aureus 7.5 mm 9 mm 8 mm 8 mm
Table 3: Zone of inhibition shown by the Gentamycin and the Water, Isopropyl alcohol extracts of leaves of
Aerva lanata
Micro organism
Zone of inhibition (mm)
GENTAMYCIN EXTRACTS (1000μg/ml)
5μg/ml 10μg/ml Water extract Isopropyl alcohol extract
Bacillus subtilis 7.5 mm 9 mm -- --
Escherichia coli 7 mm 9 mm -- --
Klebsiella pneumoniae 7 mm 9 mm -- --
Staphylococcus aureus 7.5 mm 9 mm -- --
6. Page 6
Fig 1: Zone of inhibition shown by the Ethanol and Chloroform extracts of leaves of Aerva lanata on Bacillus
subtilis bacteria
Fig 2: Zone of inhibition shown by the Ethanol and Chloroform extracts of leaves of Aerva lanata on klebsiella
pneumoniae bacteria
Fig 3: Zone of inhibition shown by the Ethanol and Chloroform extracts of leaves of Aerva lanata on
Staphylococcus bacteria
Fig 4: Zone of inhibition shown by the Ethanol and chloroform extracts of leaves of Aerva lanata on E. coli
Bacteria
7. Page 7
CONCLUSION:
From the above study, it is concluded that the
leaves of Aerva lanata may represent a new source
of anti bacterial with stable, biologically active
components that can establish a scientific base for
the use of this in modern medicine. These local
ethno medical preparations of plant sources should
be scientifically evaluated and then disseminated
properly. Thisknowledge about the medicinal plants
usage can also be extended to other fields like field
of pharmacology.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
The authors wish to thank the management of Nalla
Narasimha Reddy Education Society’s Group of
institutions, School of pharmacy, Hyderabad,
Telangana, India for providing necessary equipment
for research, facilities and support.
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