This document summarizes a study that compared comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge and acceptance attitudes among male youth aged 15-24 in Ivory Coast, Cameroon, and Gabon. The study utilized nationally representative demographic and health survey data from each country. A total of 6,576 male youth were included in the analysis. The study found low levels of comprehensive HIV knowledge and acceptance attitudes in all three countries. Multivariate analysis identified factors associated with knowledge and attitudes. Comparisons between countries found that Gabonese and Cameroonian youth were more likely than Ivorian youth to have comprehensive HIV knowledge, while Ivorian and Cameroonian youth had more accepting attitudes than Gabonese youth. The study concluded comprehensive knowledge and acceptance
This document is a cover page and abstract for a culminating experience paper by Lindsey Garrison at Boston University School of Public Health. The paper analyzes adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among adolescents in South Africa. It examines determinants of poor adherence, reviews best practices to improve adherence, and analyzes the ST-AMP program from the US. The paper identifies gaps in research and makes recommendations to improve data collection and gender-stratified statistics on HIV among adolescents in South Africa.
This document summarizes the position statement of the American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM) regarding routine HIV screening. The ACPM supports routine HIV screening for all adolescents and adults ages 13-64, as well as pregnant women, based on evidence that risk-based screening is inadequate and leads to low testing rates, lack of HIV status awareness, and late diagnoses. The ACPM endorses opt-out consent procedures, use of rapid HIV tests, streamlined counseling separate from screening, and linking patients to treatment. The organization also recommends annual repeat testing for high-risk groups and repeat testing every 5 years for the general population.
Alcohol and substance use vis a vis hiv sexual risk behavioursAlexander Decker
1) The study evaluated perceptions of freshman students at a Kenyan university regarding HIV/AIDS, sexual behaviors, and drug use. It found high HIV/AIDS knowledge but behaviors did not always reflect this.
2) Over half of participants had been sexually active and nearly half did not consistently use condoms. Alcohol consumption was associated with increased risky sexual behaviors like unprotected sex.
3) While knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention was high, testing rates remained low and risk perception seemed unrealistic. There is a need for interventions to change attitudes and increase safer practices.
Assessment of the level of awareness on AIDS/HIV in Johor, MalaysiaSriramNagarajan17
This document summarizes a study that assessed awareness of HIV/AIDS among 396 respondents in Johor, Malaysia. The study found that respondents had moderately high overall knowledge of HIV/AIDS, though some misconceptions remained. Most respondents knew that high-risk behaviors like needle sharing and unprotected sex can transmit HIV, but fewer were aware of risks from activities like tattooing or sharing personal items. While most knew there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, over half believed incorrectly that washing after sex prevents transmission. The study provides insight into awareness levels and information gaps regarding HIV/AIDS in Johor.
This document presents a research protocol for a study aimed at reducing HIV/AIDS risks among intravenous drug users (IDUs) in Bangladesh through community-based outreach programs. The study aims to design effective prevention programs and reduce risky behaviors among high-risk groups like IDUs. It provides background on HIV/AIDS and drug use in Bangladesh, describing current interventions for IDUs that incorporate harm reduction strategies like drop-in centers and needle exchange programs. The proposed study will use qualitative and quantitative methods to assess current knowledge and behaviors of IDUs and evaluate community-based outreach programs to identify best practices for prevention.
Factors Influencing Gender Disparities in the Prevalence of HIV AIDS in Fako ...ijtsrd
There is a prevalence of HIV AIDS in the society among men and women and there is gender disparity in the prevalence of HIV AIDS. Biological and other factors are pointing to the fact that the women are more vulnerable and therefore have more possibilities of spreading it. This study was done in Fako Division in the South West Region of Cameroon. The general objective of this study was to investigate the factors leading to the gender disparity in the prevalence of HIV AIDS. The research is a descriptive survey. The target population was the HIV AIDS patients that are treated in the Limbe and Buea Regional Hospitals. These hospitals were purposively selected with a purposive sampling of 50 males and female. This research involves the use of both primary and secondary data with the use of questionnaires, check list and review of secondary data on problems leading to a gender difference in the prevalence of HIV AIDS in these areas. Analysis of data was done with the use of windows SPSS. Findings of the study show that there is a high gender difference of about 39.21 in Buea Regional Hospital and a gender difference of 24.4 in Limbe Regional Hospital. Some factors were found responsible for this disparity that include early start of sexual activities for females, low level of education, multiple sexual partners, unemployment for females and others. Recommendations have been made to the government, the women themselves, health professionals, NGOs and other significant stakeholders. Bisong Prisca Mboh "Factors Influencing Gender Disparities in the Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Fako Division Cameroon: Case Study of Limbe and Buea Regional Hospitals" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29236.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/29236/factors-influencing-gender-disparities-in-the-prevalence-of-hivaids-in-fako-division-cameroon-case-study-of-limbe-and-buea-regional-hospitals/bisong-prisca-mboh
Awarenes of aids amongst hs students in bonaire with amended list of authorsAleksandar Dusic, MD, MSc
- The document discusses a study that assessed awareness of AIDS among high school students in Bonaire before and after a workshop on AIDS.
- Fifty-two students completed a survey before and after the workshop to test their knowledge of AIDS transmission and prevention.
- The results found that the students' knowledge of AIDS significantly increased after the workshop for several key questions regarding transmission and prevention. There was a decrease in the number of students reporting discomfort discussing AIDS with others after the workshop.
“I’m too young to catch the bug”nigerian adolescent students’ perceptions of ...Alexander Decker
This study investigated 300 Nigerian adolescent students' perceptions of HIV/AIDS and how it influences their sexual behavior. The study found:
1) There is a low, negative relationship between students' perceptions of HIV/AIDS and involvement in sexual activities, indicating perceptions do not deter risky behavior.
2) Female students had a more accurate perception of HIV/AIDS than male students, whose perceptions were influenced by misconceptions.
3) There is a low, positive relationship between students' perceptions of HIV/AIDS and attitude toward prevention methods, but perceptions do not strongly influence prevention attitudes.
The study concluded sexuality education should be added to the school curriculum to address misperceptions and encourage prevention.
This document is a cover page and abstract for a culminating experience paper by Lindsey Garrison at Boston University School of Public Health. The paper analyzes adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among adolescents in South Africa. It examines determinants of poor adherence, reviews best practices to improve adherence, and analyzes the ST-AMP program from the US. The paper identifies gaps in research and makes recommendations to improve data collection and gender-stratified statistics on HIV among adolescents in South Africa.
This document summarizes the position statement of the American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM) regarding routine HIV screening. The ACPM supports routine HIV screening for all adolescents and adults ages 13-64, as well as pregnant women, based on evidence that risk-based screening is inadequate and leads to low testing rates, lack of HIV status awareness, and late diagnoses. The ACPM endorses opt-out consent procedures, use of rapid HIV tests, streamlined counseling separate from screening, and linking patients to treatment. The organization also recommends annual repeat testing for high-risk groups and repeat testing every 5 years for the general population.
Alcohol and substance use vis a vis hiv sexual risk behavioursAlexander Decker
1) The study evaluated perceptions of freshman students at a Kenyan university regarding HIV/AIDS, sexual behaviors, and drug use. It found high HIV/AIDS knowledge but behaviors did not always reflect this.
2) Over half of participants had been sexually active and nearly half did not consistently use condoms. Alcohol consumption was associated with increased risky sexual behaviors like unprotected sex.
3) While knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention was high, testing rates remained low and risk perception seemed unrealistic. There is a need for interventions to change attitudes and increase safer practices.
Assessment of the level of awareness on AIDS/HIV in Johor, MalaysiaSriramNagarajan17
This document summarizes a study that assessed awareness of HIV/AIDS among 396 respondents in Johor, Malaysia. The study found that respondents had moderately high overall knowledge of HIV/AIDS, though some misconceptions remained. Most respondents knew that high-risk behaviors like needle sharing and unprotected sex can transmit HIV, but fewer were aware of risks from activities like tattooing or sharing personal items. While most knew there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, over half believed incorrectly that washing after sex prevents transmission. The study provides insight into awareness levels and information gaps regarding HIV/AIDS in Johor.
This document presents a research protocol for a study aimed at reducing HIV/AIDS risks among intravenous drug users (IDUs) in Bangladesh through community-based outreach programs. The study aims to design effective prevention programs and reduce risky behaviors among high-risk groups like IDUs. It provides background on HIV/AIDS and drug use in Bangladesh, describing current interventions for IDUs that incorporate harm reduction strategies like drop-in centers and needle exchange programs. The proposed study will use qualitative and quantitative methods to assess current knowledge and behaviors of IDUs and evaluate community-based outreach programs to identify best practices for prevention.
Factors Influencing Gender Disparities in the Prevalence of HIV AIDS in Fako ...ijtsrd
There is a prevalence of HIV AIDS in the society among men and women and there is gender disparity in the prevalence of HIV AIDS. Biological and other factors are pointing to the fact that the women are more vulnerable and therefore have more possibilities of spreading it. This study was done in Fako Division in the South West Region of Cameroon. The general objective of this study was to investigate the factors leading to the gender disparity in the prevalence of HIV AIDS. The research is a descriptive survey. The target population was the HIV AIDS patients that are treated in the Limbe and Buea Regional Hospitals. These hospitals were purposively selected with a purposive sampling of 50 males and female. This research involves the use of both primary and secondary data with the use of questionnaires, check list and review of secondary data on problems leading to a gender difference in the prevalence of HIV AIDS in these areas. Analysis of data was done with the use of windows SPSS. Findings of the study show that there is a high gender difference of about 39.21 in Buea Regional Hospital and a gender difference of 24.4 in Limbe Regional Hospital. Some factors were found responsible for this disparity that include early start of sexual activities for females, low level of education, multiple sexual partners, unemployment for females and others. Recommendations have been made to the government, the women themselves, health professionals, NGOs and other significant stakeholders. Bisong Prisca Mboh "Factors Influencing Gender Disparities in the Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Fako Division Cameroon: Case Study of Limbe and Buea Regional Hospitals" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29236.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/29236/factors-influencing-gender-disparities-in-the-prevalence-of-hivaids-in-fako-division-cameroon-case-study-of-limbe-and-buea-regional-hospitals/bisong-prisca-mboh
Awarenes of aids amongst hs students in bonaire with amended list of authorsAleksandar Dusic, MD, MSc
- The document discusses a study that assessed awareness of AIDS among high school students in Bonaire before and after a workshop on AIDS.
- Fifty-two students completed a survey before and after the workshop to test their knowledge of AIDS transmission and prevention.
- The results found that the students' knowledge of AIDS significantly increased after the workshop for several key questions regarding transmission and prevention. There was a decrease in the number of students reporting discomfort discussing AIDS with others after the workshop.
“I’m too young to catch the bug”nigerian adolescent students’ perceptions of ...Alexander Decker
This study investigated 300 Nigerian adolescent students' perceptions of HIV/AIDS and how it influences their sexual behavior. The study found:
1) There is a low, negative relationship between students' perceptions of HIV/AIDS and involvement in sexual activities, indicating perceptions do not deter risky behavior.
2) Female students had a more accurate perception of HIV/AIDS than male students, whose perceptions were influenced by misconceptions.
3) There is a low, positive relationship between students' perceptions of HIV/AIDS and attitude toward prevention methods, but perceptions do not strongly influence prevention attitudes.
The study concluded sexuality education should be added to the school curriculum to address misperceptions and encourage prevention.
Attitude of the youth towards voluntary counselling and testing (vct) of hiv ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the attitudes of youth in Accra, Ghana toward voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for HIV/AIDS. The study found that while knowledge of HIV/AIDS was high, awareness and use of VCT services was low. Most respondents were unaware that VCT services existed or where they could access them. Of those aware of VCT, very few had utilized the services themselves. Fear of knowing their HIV status appeared to be a major barrier preventing youth from seeking VCT. The study concluded that efforts must be made to increase awareness and use of VCT, especially among youth, through expanded information and education campaigns.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COUNSELLING AND TESTING ...Razak Mohammed Gyasi
Since 2003, the HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has been identified as one of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention, control and care programmes in Ghana. However, utilization of this service is low among Ghanaian youth. This study examined predictors associated with VCT utilization among youth in Ghana. This study utilized quantitative and qualitative data in a cross-sectional survey in three sub-metropolitan areas in Kumasi. Using a multi-variate regression, evidence from 120 respondents showed potential factors associated with VCT utilization. The qualitative data were subjected to a content analysis through direct quotes. The results suggest that less than 30% of the youth had ever tested for HIV through VC. Women were more likely to avail themselves for counselling testing than men. Psychological and emotional trauma experienced by the seropositive, lack of confidentiality, proximity to VCT sites, HIV-related stigma inter alia, were found to be strongly associated with HIV VCT in the study prefecture. VCT utilization among the youth in Ghana was low and affected by HIV/AIDS-related stigma and residence. In order to increase VCT acceptability, HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs in the country should focus on reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COUNSELLING AND TESTING ...Razak Mohammed Gyasi
Since 2003, the HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has been identified as one of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention, control and care programmes in Ghana. However, utilization of this service is low among Ghanaian youth. This study examined predictors associated with VCT utilization among youth in Ghana. This study utilized quantitative and qualitative data in a cross-sectional survey in three sub-metropolitan areas in Kumasi. Using a multi-variate regression, evidence from 120 respondents showed potential factors associated with VCT utilization. The qualitative data were subjected to a content analysis through direct quotes. The results suggest that less than 30% of the youth had ever tested for HIV through VC. Women were more likely to avail themselves for counselling testing than men. Psychological and emotional trauma experienced by the seropositive, lack of confidentiality, proximity to VCT sites, HIV-related stigma inter alia, were found to be strongly associated with HIV VCT in the study prefecture. VCT utilization among the youth in Ghana was low and affected by HIV/AIDS-related stigma and residence. In order to increase VCT acceptability, HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs in the country should focus on reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma.
A comparative study of the influence of infused hiv and aidsAlexander Decker
This document discusses a comparative study on the influence of infused HIV/AIDS education on student awareness in rural and urban secondary schools in Kenya. The study found that students in urban schools had significantly greater knowledge of HIV/AIDS facts, more positive attitudes towards infected individuals, and exhibited higher levels of behavior change compared to rural students. It recommends revising the curriculum to provide a more multi-faceted HIV/AIDS education approach, including extracurricular activities and parent seminars.
This study examined the relationship between knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention and HIV counselling and testing uptake among young people in Nigeria. The study is a quantitative research guided by one research question and one hypothesis. The target population comprised young people in Nigeria ages 15 to 24 years because the focus of this study was to identify the factors affecting HCT uptake among young people in this age cohort. The representative sample was obtained from the updated master sample frame of rural and urban zones developed by the National Population Commission in Nigeria. This master sample frame was a national survey that comprises all 36 states in Nigeria [2]. Probability sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 10091 respondents (ages 15 to 24 years) for the study. The multistage cluster sampling was used to select suitable young people with known probability. Data were collected throughout Nigeria between September and December 2012 from 32,543 households (rural = 22,192; urban = 10,351) using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. The individual questionnaires asked about household characteristics, background characteristics of the respondents. Data were analyzed by inputing them into SPSS v21.0 for analysis [4] and then coded them for each participant. The data were summed using descriptive statistics. Frequencies and percentages; measures of central tendencies were used to answer the research question while nonparametric test such as chi-square was used to analyze non-normally distributed data at 0.5 level of significance. Results of data analysis indicated that the cognitive factors of knowledge of HIV prevention and knowledge of HIV transmission were statistically significant predictors of the likelihood of having HCT uptake. It was among others recommended that stakeholders, authorities, and providers of health services in Nigeria should strive to increase the rate of HCT uptake among young people ages 15 to 24 years.
This document provides a grant proposal for a program to address sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among students at The College at Brockport. It includes an epidemiological assessment noting high STI rates locally and among young people. Factors contributing to STIs include lack of condom use and testing. The program aims to increase condom use and testing by 10% through a theoretical framework of the Health Belief Model. It will provide STI education and resources in freshman residence halls and the student union.
The negative impacts of adolescent sexuality problems among secondary school ...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
This study was conducted to focus on the negative health outcomes related to sexual behaviour in adolescents and young adults attending public school in the Oworonshoki region of Lagos, Nigeria, Africa. Since, there is a relative dearth of knowledge on adolescents who face unique and challenging economics, health and education problems in our society. Data on the socio-demographic characteristics, prevalence and knowledge towards STD including HIV/AIDS, prevalence of sexual abuse practice/sexual behaviour, family planning awareness and acceptance including abortion practice were sorted out using self structured questionnaires and administered to 60% of student’s population using a stratified random sampling technique. 55.8% lived with both parents. While, 50.3% of the mothers had basic secondary school qualifications, 72.4% of them are traders. 61.5% had sex education were from misinformed friends/peers while 51% had no basic knowledge about sexual behavioral practice and attitude towards STDs/AIDS (HIV). STD has a prevalence of 34 and 41% of boys used condoms for preventing STI/HIV transmission and unwanted pregnancies. One out of every five sexually active teenagers has experienced forced sex, especially among the circumcised girls who were more sexually active than the uncircumcised girls. 60% of girls between ages of 12 and 18 years had more than one unsafe abortion with severe vaginal bleeding (haemorrhage) as the chief complication. However, 65% of the girls did abortion for fear of leaving school and financial hardship as the reasons.
McMillan Worth The impact ofsocio-cultural context on young people's condom useKaren McMillan
This article discusses factors that influence young people's condom use in Tonga and Vanuatu based on interviews with 62 people aged 18-25. It finds a disconnect between positive attitudes towards condoms and low actual usage. Social and cultural influences play a strong role in condom decisions by shaping identity, norms, and traditions. Effective HIV prevention requires understanding these contextual factors rather than just focusing on individual knowledge and attitudes. Country-specific approaches are also needed given cultural differences between Pacific nations.
Madridge Journal of AIDS (ISSN: 2638-1958); HIV-related stigma is a global issue. Its perpetuation varies in magnitude across and within countries, and serves as a major barrier to HIV prevention efforts.
Cameroon has a HIV prevalence rate of 4.3% nationally, ranging from 1.2-7.2% by region. Women have a higher prevalence of 5.6% compared to 2.9% for men. Challenges include stigma and discrimination faced by 70% of PLWHA, stockouts leading to only 33% of eligible adults and 34% of children accessing ARVs, and underfunding with only 55% of needed resources mobilized from 2011-2013. Priority interventions include behavior change communication, condom usage, voluntary counseling and testing, PMTCT, STDs, and expanding access to ARVs. Some progress has been made with increased condom distribution, 57% coverage of PMTCT among
This document summarizes a study that analyzed geographic and socio-demographic correlates of attitudes toward female genital mutilation (FGM) in Sudan using survey data from 2012 to 2014. The study found that:
1) The proportion of respondents with pro-FGM attitudes decreased from 27.5% in 2012 to 18.3% in 2014, with significant variations between states.
2) People with pro-FGM attitudes were more likely to be uneducated, live in rural areas, have a strong tribal identity, and be from Darfur compared to other states.
3) Factors like education level, place of residence, and tribal identity influence cultural norms surrounding FGM and attitudes toward
The new public health and std hiv preventionSpringer
This document discusses social determinants of sexually transmitted infections. It explores how social factors like education, occupation, neighborhoods, and media can influence sexual behaviors and networks, thereby affecting STI spread. Key determinants of STI transmission include likelihood of transmission during sex, number of sexual partners, and partnership patterns. Factors like consistent condom use, access to healthcare, sex education, sexual network patterns, and timing of partnerships all influence STI rates at a population level.
There are an estimated 170 million people globally infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), which poses a rising threat to healthcare systems. While some national governments and non-governmental organizations have accelerated efforts to improve HCV education, testing, and treatment, significant barriers remain. Effective disease surveillance is critical but data on chronic HCV prevalence is lacking in over half of countries surveyed. As awareness of HCV has increased, patient advocacy groups have played a leading role in shaping policy and pressuring governments to adopt more comprehensive national strategies. However, approaches to HCV still vary widely between countries.
The document discusses the importance of addressing gender equality in Global Fund proposals and responses to HIV, TB, and malaria. It notes that women often have less access to health services and information than men due to social and economic inequalities. It provides examples of how diseases like HIV, malaria, and TB disproportionately impact women. The document advises applicants to involve gender experts and conduct a gender analysis to ensure their proposals address the specific needs of women, men, girls and boys. It also recommends integrating gender-sensitive and transformative interventions that promote human rights and reduce health inequalities.
The document summarizes the findings of a baseline survey on access to HIV/AIDS services and social protection in 5 Sub-Saharan African countries. The survey found that 48% of households headed by older people had orphans and 24% had someone with a disability. Only 30% of older people had accurate HIV information. While countries had free medical policies, limited resources inhibited access. It recommends policies to strengthen multi-sectoral social protection approaches, increase agriculture support for older households to improve food security, and advocacy policies to promote social protection as a right.
Hubungan Perokok Remaja, Penggunaan Rokok Elektronik atau Vape dan Penyakit C...CIkumparan
This study surveyed over 4,000 youth in the US in May 2020 to examine the association between youth smoking/vaping and COVID-19 symptoms, testing, and diagnosis. The results showed that COVID-19 diagnosis was 5-7 times more likely among youth who used e-cigarettes or both e-cigarettes and cigarettes. Testing was also more likely among dual and e-cigarette only users. Symptoms were 4.7 times more likely among dual users. The findings suggest that youth e-cigarette and cigarette use may increase risks of COVID-19 and call for educating youth on the connection between smoking/vaping and coronavirus disease.
- The study analyzed data from the 2000 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey to determine factors influencing willingness to undergo voluntary HIV counseling and testing among Malawians prior to marriage.
- Willingness for premarital HIV testing was positively associated with increased age, urban residence, and a preference for confidentiality of one's HIV status. However, it was negatively associated with knowledge of HIV/AIDS, testing locations, sexually transmitted infections, and a belief that abstinence prevents HIV.
- Not all population groups had an equal likelihood of accepting voluntary HIV counseling and testing. Public health interventions on HIV testing need to be tailored to different groups.
The document summarizes a report on a project conducted by the International HIV/AIDS Alliance to address the feminization of HIV/AIDS in India. The project worked with 16 partner organizations across 5 Indian states to empower vulnerable women through community-driven approaches. Activities included forming support groups, conducting trainings and workshops, and raising awareness of HIV/AIDS, sexual and reproductive health, and legal rights. An evaluation found that the project increased women's knowledge, access to services, and the capacity of partner organizations to address the issue in a sustainable manner through community participation.
El documento propone pasos para que los profesores implementen situaciones de aprendizaje en el aula, incluyendo establecer objetivos de aprendizaje, organizar actividades en grupo para reconstruir conocimiento a través de la reflexión, y tener a los estudiantes completar actividades con organizadores gráficos para reforzar conceptos e investigar problemas, culminando posiblemente con la creación de un video. Esta estrategia busca ofrecer experiencias significativas a los estudiantes para generar y adquirir conocimientos de manera dialéctica.
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Attitude of the youth towards voluntary counselling and testing (vct) of hiv ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the attitudes of youth in Accra, Ghana toward voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for HIV/AIDS. The study found that while knowledge of HIV/AIDS was high, awareness and use of VCT services was low. Most respondents were unaware that VCT services existed or where they could access them. Of those aware of VCT, very few had utilized the services themselves. Fear of knowing their HIV status appeared to be a major barrier preventing youth from seeking VCT. The study concluded that efforts must be made to increase awareness and use of VCT, especially among youth, through expanded information and education campaigns.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COUNSELLING AND TESTING ...Razak Mohammed Gyasi
Since 2003, the HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has been identified as one of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention, control and care programmes in Ghana. However, utilization of this service is low among Ghanaian youth. This study examined predictors associated with VCT utilization among youth in Ghana. This study utilized quantitative and qualitative data in a cross-sectional survey in three sub-metropolitan areas in Kumasi. Using a multi-variate regression, evidence from 120 respondents showed potential factors associated with VCT utilization. The qualitative data were subjected to a content analysis through direct quotes. The results suggest that less than 30% of the youth had ever tested for HIV through VC. Women were more likely to avail themselves for counselling testing than men. Psychological and emotional trauma experienced by the seropositive, lack of confidentiality, proximity to VCT sites, HIV-related stigma inter alia, were found to be strongly associated with HIV VCT in the study prefecture. VCT utilization among the youth in Ghana was low and affected by HIV/AIDS-related stigma and residence. In order to increase VCT acceptability, HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs in the country should focus on reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COUNSELLING AND TESTING ...Razak Mohammed Gyasi
Since 2003, the HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has been identified as one of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention, control and care programmes in Ghana. However, utilization of this service is low among Ghanaian youth. This study examined predictors associated with VCT utilization among youth in Ghana. This study utilized quantitative and qualitative data in a cross-sectional survey in three sub-metropolitan areas in Kumasi. Using a multi-variate regression, evidence from 120 respondents showed potential factors associated with VCT utilization. The qualitative data were subjected to a content analysis through direct quotes. The results suggest that less than 30% of the youth had ever tested for HIV through VC. Women were more likely to avail themselves for counselling testing than men. Psychological and emotional trauma experienced by the seropositive, lack of confidentiality, proximity to VCT sites, HIV-related stigma inter alia, were found to be strongly associated with HIV VCT in the study prefecture. VCT utilization among the youth in Ghana was low and affected by HIV/AIDS-related stigma and residence. In order to increase VCT acceptability, HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs in the country should focus on reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma.
A comparative study of the influence of infused hiv and aidsAlexander Decker
This document discusses a comparative study on the influence of infused HIV/AIDS education on student awareness in rural and urban secondary schools in Kenya. The study found that students in urban schools had significantly greater knowledge of HIV/AIDS facts, more positive attitudes towards infected individuals, and exhibited higher levels of behavior change compared to rural students. It recommends revising the curriculum to provide a more multi-faceted HIV/AIDS education approach, including extracurricular activities and parent seminars.
This study examined the relationship between knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention and HIV counselling and testing uptake among young people in Nigeria. The study is a quantitative research guided by one research question and one hypothesis. The target population comprised young people in Nigeria ages 15 to 24 years because the focus of this study was to identify the factors affecting HCT uptake among young people in this age cohort. The representative sample was obtained from the updated master sample frame of rural and urban zones developed by the National Population Commission in Nigeria. This master sample frame was a national survey that comprises all 36 states in Nigeria [2]. Probability sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 10091 respondents (ages 15 to 24 years) for the study. The multistage cluster sampling was used to select suitable young people with known probability. Data were collected throughout Nigeria between September and December 2012 from 32,543 households (rural = 22,192; urban = 10,351) using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. The individual questionnaires asked about household characteristics, background characteristics of the respondents. Data were analyzed by inputing them into SPSS v21.0 for analysis [4] and then coded them for each participant. The data were summed using descriptive statistics. Frequencies and percentages; measures of central tendencies were used to answer the research question while nonparametric test such as chi-square was used to analyze non-normally distributed data at 0.5 level of significance. Results of data analysis indicated that the cognitive factors of knowledge of HIV prevention and knowledge of HIV transmission were statistically significant predictors of the likelihood of having HCT uptake. It was among others recommended that stakeholders, authorities, and providers of health services in Nigeria should strive to increase the rate of HCT uptake among young people ages 15 to 24 years.
This document provides a grant proposal for a program to address sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among students at The College at Brockport. It includes an epidemiological assessment noting high STI rates locally and among young people. Factors contributing to STIs include lack of condom use and testing. The program aims to increase condom use and testing by 10% through a theoretical framework of the Health Belief Model. It will provide STI education and resources in freshman residence halls and the student union.
The negative impacts of adolescent sexuality problems among secondary school ...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
This study was conducted to focus on the negative health outcomes related to sexual behaviour in adolescents and young adults attending public school in the Oworonshoki region of Lagos, Nigeria, Africa. Since, there is a relative dearth of knowledge on adolescents who face unique and challenging economics, health and education problems in our society. Data on the socio-demographic characteristics, prevalence and knowledge towards STD including HIV/AIDS, prevalence of sexual abuse practice/sexual behaviour, family planning awareness and acceptance including abortion practice were sorted out using self structured questionnaires and administered to 60% of student’s population using a stratified random sampling technique. 55.8% lived with both parents. While, 50.3% of the mothers had basic secondary school qualifications, 72.4% of them are traders. 61.5% had sex education were from misinformed friends/peers while 51% had no basic knowledge about sexual behavioral practice and attitude towards STDs/AIDS (HIV). STD has a prevalence of 34 and 41% of boys used condoms for preventing STI/HIV transmission and unwanted pregnancies. One out of every five sexually active teenagers has experienced forced sex, especially among the circumcised girls who were more sexually active than the uncircumcised girls. 60% of girls between ages of 12 and 18 years had more than one unsafe abortion with severe vaginal bleeding (haemorrhage) as the chief complication. However, 65% of the girls did abortion for fear of leaving school and financial hardship as the reasons.
McMillan Worth The impact ofsocio-cultural context on young people's condom useKaren McMillan
This article discusses factors that influence young people's condom use in Tonga and Vanuatu based on interviews with 62 people aged 18-25. It finds a disconnect between positive attitudes towards condoms and low actual usage. Social and cultural influences play a strong role in condom decisions by shaping identity, norms, and traditions. Effective HIV prevention requires understanding these contextual factors rather than just focusing on individual knowledge and attitudes. Country-specific approaches are also needed given cultural differences between Pacific nations.
Madridge Journal of AIDS (ISSN: 2638-1958); HIV-related stigma is a global issue. Its perpetuation varies in magnitude across and within countries, and serves as a major barrier to HIV prevention efforts.
Cameroon has a HIV prevalence rate of 4.3% nationally, ranging from 1.2-7.2% by region. Women have a higher prevalence of 5.6% compared to 2.9% for men. Challenges include stigma and discrimination faced by 70% of PLWHA, stockouts leading to only 33% of eligible adults and 34% of children accessing ARVs, and underfunding with only 55% of needed resources mobilized from 2011-2013. Priority interventions include behavior change communication, condom usage, voluntary counseling and testing, PMTCT, STDs, and expanding access to ARVs. Some progress has been made with increased condom distribution, 57% coverage of PMTCT among
This document summarizes a study that analyzed geographic and socio-demographic correlates of attitudes toward female genital mutilation (FGM) in Sudan using survey data from 2012 to 2014. The study found that:
1) The proportion of respondents with pro-FGM attitudes decreased from 27.5% in 2012 to 18.3% in 2014, with significant variations between states.
2) People with pro-FGM attitudes were more likely to be uneducated, live in rural areas, have a strong tribal identity, and be from Darfur compared to other states.
3) Factors like education level, place of residence, and tribal identity influence cultural norms surrounding FGM and attitudes toward
The new public health and std hiv preventionSpringer
This document discusses social determinants of sexually transmitted infections. It explores how social factors like education, occupation, neighborhoods, and media can influence sexual behaviors and networks, thereby affecting STI spread. Key determinants of STI transmission include likelihood of transmission during sex, number of sexual partners, and partnership patterns. Factors like consistent condom use, access to healthcare, sex education, sexual network patterns, and timing of partnerships all influence STI rates at a population level.
There are an estimated 170 million people globally infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), which poses a rising threat to healthcare systems. While some national governments and non-governmental organizations have accelerated efforts to improve HCV education, testing, and treatment, significant barriers remain. Effective disease surveillance is critical but data on chronic HCV prevalence is lacking in over half of countries surveyed. As awareness of HCV has increased, patient advocacy groups have played a leading role in shaping policy and pressuring governments to adopt more comprehensive national strategies. However, approaches to HCV still vary widely between countries.
The document discusses the importance of addressing gender equality in Global Fund proposals and responses to HIV, TB, and malaria. It notes that women often have less access to health services and information than men due to social and economic inequalities. It provides examples of how diseases like HIV, malaria, and TB disproportionately impact women. The document advises applicants to involve gender experts and conduct a gender analysis to ensure their proposals address the specific needs of women, men, girls and boys. It also recommends integrating gender-sensitive and transformative interventions that promote human rights and reduce health inequalities.
The document summarizes the findings of a baseline survey on access to HIV/AIDS services and social protection in 5 Sub-Saharan African countries. The survey found that 48% of households headed by older people had orphans and 24% had someone with a disability. Only 30% of older people had accurate HIV information. While countries had free medical policies, limited resources inhibited access. It recommends policies to strengthen multi-sectoral social protection approaches, increase agriculture support for older households to improve food security, and advocacy policies to promote social protection as a right.
Hubungan Perokok Remaja, Penggunaan Rokok Elektronik atau Vape dan Penyakit C...CIkumparan
This study surveyed over 4,000 youth in the US in May 2020 to examine the association between youth smoking/vaping and COVID-19 symptoms, testing, and diagnosis. The results showed that COVID-19 diagnosis was 5-7 times more likely among youth who used e-cigarettes or both e-cigarettes and cigarettes. Testing was also more likely among dual and e-cigarette only users. Symptoms were 4.7 times more likely among dual users. The findings suggest that youth e-cigarette and cigarette use may increase risks of COVID-19 and call for educating youth on the connection between smoking/vaping and coronavirus disease.
- The study analyzed data from the 2000 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey to determine factors influencing willingness to undergo voluntary HIV counseling and testing among Malawians prior to marriage.
- Willingness for premarital HIV testing was positively associated with increased age, urban residence, and a preference for confidentiality of one's HIV status. However, it was negatively associated with knowledge of HIV/AIDS, testing locations, sexually transmitted infections, and a belief that abstinence prevents HIV.
- Not all population groups had an equal likelihood of accepting voluntary HIV counseling and testing. Public health interventions on HIV testing need to be tailored to different groups.
The document summarizes a report on a project conducted by the International HIV/AIDS Alliance to address the feminization of HIV/AIDS in India. The project worked with 16 partner organizations across 5 Indian states to empower vulnerable women through community-driven approaches. Activities included forming support groups, conducting trainings and workshops, and raising awareness of HIV/AIDS, sexual and reproductive health, and legal rights. An evaluation found that the project increased women's knowledge, access to services, and the capacity of partner organizations to address the issue in a sustainable manner through community participation.
El documento propone pasos para que los profesores implementen situaciones de aprendizaje en el aula, incluyendo establecer objetivos de aprendizaje, organizar actividades en grupo para reconstruir conocimiento a través de la reflexión, y tener a los estudiantes completar actividades con organizadores gráficos para reforzar conceptos e investigar problemas, culminando posiblemente con la creación de un video. Esta estrategia busca ofrecer experiencias significativas a los estudiantes para generar y adquirir conocimientos de manera dialéctica.
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tai lieu tong hop, thu vien luan van, luan van tong hop, do an chuyen nganh
This document summarizes the 2Build a Profile app, which allows early childhood educators to easily capture child observations and assessments on mobile devices. The app has over 30,000 users capturing over 1 million observations per month. It helps track child progress, evaluate curriculum coverage, and create reports to share with parents. Educators can record photos, videos, and notes tagged to objectives. Reports can be generated and emailed from the web management system. The app works on iOS and Android tablets and is a tool for formative assessment in early childhood settings.
aspectos fundamentales de los diferentes procesos de manufacturarosdeylis gutierrez
El documento presenta una bibliografía de 8 fuentes sobre aspectos fundamentales de los diferentes procesos de manufactura. Resume cada fuente describiendo brevemente su contenido. La mayoría de las fuentes definen procesos como torneado, fresado y soldadura y explican cómo se clasifican los diferentes tipos de máquinas y herramientas utilizadas en la manufactura como tornos, fresadoras y taladros.
English essay writing involves a lot of expertise that a person who is not very smart in the English language may not meet. The use of grammar, sentence construction as well as other skills that call for a clear understanding of the language use, have never been easy without proper mastery of the language. For that case, an essay in English may need an expert, so that the English essay meets the prescribed need, which is all that you may need for outstanding performance in your essay in English. English essay writing is thus part of what English natives and English fluent persons best do since they have clear mastery of the language.
UC3Mapps es una nueva aplicación para Android que pretende ayudar a estudiantes de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid a encontrar aulas, despachos y otros lugares en los edificios del campus a través de una interfaz interactiva y búsquedas por nombre o en un mapa, generando ingresos mediante publicidad o versiones premium del producto y promocionándose a través de carteles, códigos QR y redes sociales.
This document contains a risk management practices catalog for the general accounting sub-process within a global enterprise management system. It lists various risks associated with general ledger account maintenance and financial postings. For each risk, it describes the severity, lists control measures to mitigate the risk, and notes the type, owner, and other details of each control measure. The control measures leverage both system validations and manual review processes to help ensure the accuracy and integrity of financial data and reporting.
Este documento presenta el método IPLER para la lectura autorregulada y ofrece consejos para vencer la timidez. El método IPLER consiste en 3 etapas: 1) antes de la lectura se realiza una vista general y se plantean preguntas, 2) durante la lectura se lee con un propósito y expresando lo comprendido, 3) después se recapitula y verifica lo aprendido. Los consejos para superar la timidez son: preparar temas de conversación, comentar el problema con amigos cercanos, y celebrar pequeños logros.
Este documento clasifica las empresas de varias maneras. Primero, las divide en industriales, comerciales y de servicios dependiendo de su actividad principal. Luego, las clasifica según la procedencia de su capital en públicas, privadas o mixtas. También las clasifica por tamaño en micro, pequeñas, medianas o grandes dependiendo del número de empleados. Finalmente, las clasifica según su ámbito de actuación en locales, nacionales o internacionales y según su forma jurídica en individuales, sociedades o cooperativas.
La placa madre es un circuito impreso que conecta todos los componentes principales de una computadora. En la placa se colocan el procesador, la memoria RAM y las tarjetas controladoras. Los buses son conectores que permiten la comunicación entre los componentes a través de la transmisión de direcciones, datos y señales de control.
Este documento presenta una breve historia de la computación desde sus inicios en 1642 hasta 1885. Destaca algunos hitos importantes como la invención de la calculadora mecánica por Blaise Pascal en 1642, mejoras posteriores de Gottfried Leibniz, la máquina programable de Joseph Marie Jacquard en 1801, y los diseños pioneros de computadoras modernas por Charles Babbage y Ada Lovelace en la década de 1830. También resalta las contribuciones de George Boole en el álgebra y lógica binaria en 1854 y la
Movimientos de los satelites con respecto a laErlindaZarate
La Luna orbita la Tierra a una distancia media de 384,403 km a una velocidad de 3,700 km/h, completando su órbita elíptica alrededor de la Tierra cada 27 días, 7 horas y 43 minutos. La Luna se retrasa aproximadamente 51 minutos cada día debido a que mientras la Tierra completa una revolución en 24 horas, la Luna sólo recorre 1/28 de su órbita.
A comparative study of the influence of infused hiv and aidsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that compared the influence of infused HIV/AIDS education on students' awareness in rural and urban secondary schools in Kericho County, Kenya. The study found significant differences between rural and urban students in their mastery of HIV/AIDS facts, level of behavior change, and attitudes toward people living with HIV/AIDS. Specifically, students in urban schools demonstrated better knowledge of HIV/AIDS facts, more positive attitudes, and higher levels of behavior change compared to rural students. The document provides background on HIV/AIDS globally and in Kenya to contextualize the problem addressed by the study.
An analysis of uptake in hiv voluntary counselling and testing services case ...Alexander Decker
This study examined the uptake of voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT) services among students at Mount Kenya University in Kenya. The study found that only 18.4% of students had undergone VCT, despite 90% of HIV prevention programs targeting youth. Key reasons for low uptake included fear of positive results and stigma. The study surveyed 283 students and found that 76% had undergone VCT, with curiosity, seeking early treatment, and determining a partner's faithfulness as top reasons for uptake. Fear of positive results, stigma, and low risk perception were top reasons for non-uptake. The study concludes that VCT centers need to be more youth-friendly to improve uptake among university students.
Awareness of Technical School Adolescent Students Regarding Aids / HIV in Tan...iosrjce
The Aim Of This Study: was to assess the level of awareness about HIV/AIDS among in-technical school
adolescents in Tanta city.
Background: In Egypt, HIV is prevalent among the most productive population. About 84.3 % of the HIV
infected Egyptians were between 15-49 years. There is an increase in the number of detected HIV infections in
the youth and the share of those between 15-24 years is 14.1% of all detected HIV infections.
Design: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used.
Methods: school-based study was conducted using a self-administered structured questionnaire. The
respondents were secondary technical school students' grade 3, 4, and 5 in Tanta city-Egypt.
Results: The majority of the studied students had poor awareness score about AIDS. However, the female
students were more likely to have poor HIV/AIDS awareness compared to male students. About two thirds of the
students have a lot of misconceptions related to transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS.
Conclusion & Recommendation: lack of awareness and misconceptions about HIV/ AIDS are commonly
among technical school adolescent students in Tanta city. HIV/AIDS information, education and communication
activities need to be intensified in secondary technical schools, including further attention being put on gender
and teaching methods of HIV/AIDS and its related issues.
Background: With the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy, the epidemic of HIV has evolved into a chronic disease. HIV is extremely stigmatizing, resulting in highly emotionally charged responses to disclosure. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that children should be informed of their HIV status at ages of 6 to 12 years and full disclosure at about 8 to 10 years. Disclosure process is much more difficult when the person being disclosed to is an adolescent. However, disclosure of HIV to a child should be an ongoing process that may last several years depending on the cognitive development of the child.
Methods: This study investigated the determinants of HIV status disclosure among HIV infected adolescents. A total of 209 HIV infected adolescents (10-19 years) who have been on treatment for at least six months, and are taking lifelong anti-retroviral therapy from Bondo County Hospital, Got Agulu and Uyawi Sub County Hospital in Bondo Sub County were enrolled. Simple random sampling was employed in selecting the adolescents. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Quantitative data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics while statistical tests including Pearson Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were used to test the hypotheses.
Results: Findings on the overall parental perceptions regarding risks and benefits of disclosure and disclosure of HIV status to adolescents show that 180 (86.12%) of the respondents had a negative attitude compared to 29 (13.88%) who held a positive attitude. 122 (58.37%) of the respondents believed that overall availability and quality of counselling was moderate. 10 (4.78%) of the respondents believed that the overall availability and quality of counselling was high. Quality services and perception of the parents have been found to be good predictors of disclosure of HIV status among the newly diagnosed adolescents in Bondo sub-County, p-value<0.05.
Conclusion and recommendation: This study identified quality of service and perception of the parents as the two factors determining the disclosure of HIV status. There is a correlation between the parental perceptions regarding risks and benefits of disclosure and the quality of counselling to parental disclosure of HIV status to adolescents. Therefore the study recommends deliberate efforts to ensure quality service delivery and age specific disclosure counselling to caregivers to equip them with adequate knowledge on disclosure.
09 Predictors of Comprehensive Knowledge of HIV AIDS Among People Aged 15 49 ...AMANUELMELAKU5
This study used data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey to identify individual- and community-level predictors of comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS among people aged 15-49 years in Ethiopia. The study found that at the individual level, factors such as male sex, higher education levels, media exposure, ever being tested for HIV, and employment were associated with greater comprehensive knowledge. At the community level, living in urban areas and regions with more development were associated with greater comprehensive knowledge. The study concludes that both individual characteristics and community contexts influence levels of HIV/AIDS knowledge in Ethiopia.
The document summarizes a study that examined the youth friendliness of sexual and reproductive health services in Kwadaso Sub-Metro, Ghana. 170 youth aged 10-24 were surveyed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Key findings included that over half of youth had utilized services previously, with 37.2% rating services as very friendly. However, 18.6% also reported unfriendliness. The study concluded that a comprehensive approach is needed to improve youth access and utilization of youth-friendly reproductive healthcare services.
Impact of syndromic management of sexually transmittedAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among out-of-school female youths in Sagamu, Nigeria. An intervention training on syndromic management lasted 4 weeks for 80 female youths. Based on pre- and post-test analysis, syndromic management was found to have a significant impact on treating urethra discharge symptoms and abnormal vaginal discharge symptoms, but no significant impact on genital ulcer disease or lower abdominal pain symptoms. The study concludes that syndromic management can help address STIs and related issues among youths if properly implemented.
Knowledge, attitude and practices of students enrolled in health related cour...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of 432 students enrolled in health-related courses at Saint Louis University in the Philippines regarding human papillomavirus (HPV). The students demonstrated fair knowledge of HPV transmission but poor understanding of the diseases caused by HPV. Their knowledge of HPV signs and symptoms and prevention/control measures was better. Students had positive attitudes toward HPV infection and vaccination. Medical students showed higher levels of HPV knowledge than other students. While practices for reducing HPV infection were generally good, interventions are still needed to improve HPV education, especially regarding transmission and diseases caused.
[[INOSR ES 11(2)108-121, 2023.Evaluation of Male partner participation in pre...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of Male partner participation in prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV/AIDs at Hoima Referral hospital
Sebwami Richard
School of Allied Health Sciences, Kampala International University Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to assess the knowledge and attitude, the level of male involvement and factors associated with male involvement in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Hoima municipality. This study was a descriptive cross section in which quantitative method of data collection was employed in collection of data from respondents. Questionnaires were distributed to participants to assess the knowledge and attitude, the level of male involvement and factors associated with male involvement in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) in Hoima municipality. Sample size of 200 participants were used, this included the Male partners who hard escorted their pregnant partners to the antenatal clinic aged between 20-50years.The predominant religion were Catholics 59% and seventh day Adventists. Regarding educational levels, majority of respondents had completed secondary level and above (61%) and the predominant ages were between 20-29 years. The study revealed that very few males partner were involved in the PMTCT program especially during HIV counseling and testing (HCT) because of being at old age group above 30years couples, couples not living together, high number of wife’s pregnancies four and above, having no knowledge on methods of MTCT, and husbands failure to discuss HCT with their wives. From the findings, majority of the respondents have ever had about the male involvement in the PMTCT but there was still low male involvement in PMTCT programs at antenatal clinics. There is a need to do an in-depth assessment of women’s experiences when tested HIV-positive in the presence of their partners at the ANC, as well as to develop strategies to improve male involvement. The study again recommends formative research on the use of incentives to promote male involvement in the PMTCT program and the government should train more of the health promoters and the Village Health Teams in order to reach even those that are deep in the village that are not having easy access to the health facility.
Keywords: HIV, Hoima municipality, Male partner, counseling
Care and social reintegration of young people living with hiv/aids admitted t...AJHSSR Journal
This document discusses a study on the care and social reintegration of young people living with HIV/AIDS admitted to the CePReF (Care, Research and Training Centre) in Yopougon, Cote d'Ivoire. The study found that young people living with HIV/AIDS face stigmatization due to the incurable nature of HIV/AIDS and the perception that it is sexually transmitted. Disclosing their HIV-positive status can negatively impact their social ties and exclusion from family and community activities. The care provided at CePReF aims to support this vulnerable group through counseling, medical care, psychosocial support, and community reintegration programs. However, stigma remains a challenge.
This study evaluated the frequency and distribution of HIV/AIDS cases in Vlora, Albania from September 2012 to 2013. A total of 28 HIV/AIDS cases were reported from 1994 to 2013 in Vlora, with the highest frequency (7 cases) occurring in 2012. In 2012, 6 of the 7 cases were male and 5 were infected through heterosexual transmission. From 2012-2013, 10 total cases were reported with the majority (71%) transmitting through heterosexual contact and 29% transmitting vertically. The study concluded HIV infection rates have increased in the Balkan region and surveillance and prevention programs need strengthening, especially for at-risk groups.
Male circumcision should be promoted in developing countries as a major means...Felipe Mejia Medina
Male circumcision should be promoted in developing countries as a major means of HIV prevention according to studies showing it reduces HIV infection risk by 50%. However, male circumcision programs require consideration of social, cultural and religious factors. Neonatal circumcision performed in health facilities by trained professionals seems to be a safer and more cost-effective approach, but resources, willingness, and integration with other prevention strategies must be considered.
The Risk Lies in Not Knowing HIV AIDS Awareness and Acceptance towards PLWHAijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that assessed HIV/AIDS awareness and acceptance of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) among senior high school students in Toledo City, Cebu, Philippines. The study found that respondents had a high level of HIV/AIDS awareness and acceptance of PLWHA. It also found statistically significant correlations between gender and levels of awareness/acceptance, as well as a strong correlation between overall awareness and acceptance levels. The study concluded higher awareness is linked to greater acceptance of PLWHA.
Addressing hiv infection risks and consequences among elderly Africans by Niy...Hidzuan Hashim
This document summarizes a presentation given by Professor Niyi Awofeso on addressing HIV infection risks and consequences among elderly (>50 years) sub-Saharan Africans. It provides statistics on HIV prevalence and the physical, mental, and socioeconomic burdens of HIV/AIDS in this population. It also discusses policies and programs that could help reduce infection risks, such as expanding HIV testing and treatment, promoting circumcision, implementing social pensions and healthy aging programs, and reducing stigma through education. Successful models from Botswana and South Africa are presented.
Profile of Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among students of tertiary ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Adolescent hiv indian perspective-current and future scope - dr. baxiIndian Health Journal
The document discusses adolescent HIV in India. It notes that while adolescents aged 15-24 years make up 25% of India's population, they account for 31% of AIDS cases. HIV prevalence is 0.04% among those aged 15-19 and 0.18% among those aged 20-24. Factors like gender inequality, lack of education, poverty, and early marriage make many female adolescents particularly vulnerable to HIV. Efforts are needed to provide adolescents with correct information on sexuality and HIV, promote safer sex practices, empower female youth, and involve NGOs in HIV prevention programs targeting this group.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
The document summarizes a study on HIV prevention education among adolescents in Cape Town, South Africa. It finds that while many parents and schools discuss HIV prevention, over a third of youth are tired of hearing about it. Most youth have been tested for HIV and sexually active youth commonly use condoms. However, interest in typical HIV prevention topics is low, with less than half interested in safe sex practices. The researchers conclude there is a need for more engaging HIV prevention programs that present information in new ways for youth.
2. Citation: Minet TH, Eyasu HT, Simon AG, Afewerki WT, Henok KA, et al. (2016) Associates of Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Knowledge and Acceptance
Attitude among Male Youth Aged 15-24: Comparison Study among Ivory Coast, Cameroon and Gabon. J AIDS Clin Res 7: 618.
doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000618
Page 2 of 8
Volume 7 • Issue 10 • 1000618
J AIDS Clin Res, an open access journal
ISSN: 2155-6113
HIV transmission through sexual intercourse and only 25.62% of youth
were used condoms while engaging in sexual activities [11]. Similarly,
studies revealed that male youth have more risk sexual behaviors than
female youth [12].
High levels of knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention,
and acceptance attitude towards PLHA have been well noted as crucial
pre-requisite for creating HIV/AIDS free generation [13,14]. After
well consideration of this concept, the UNAIDS has well noted that
conducting research on epidemiology, HIV-related stigma and service
delivery as one of the eight main roles of civil society in order to achieve
2030 ambition [2]. On the other hand, literature review has revealed
that there is little information available on the epidemiology of HIV in
western Africa with a special focus on men. There could be two main
reasons for why men were understudied in the context of knowledge
and attitude towards HIV/AIDS in the previous research studies.
The first one was the special priority given to the disproportionately
affected young women, seconded by focus in men who have sex with
men. Though priorities to the highly affected ones is important, men
in general should also not be neglected or understudied for they have
direct contribution on the epidemics of young women, and on the other
hand the focused men who have sex with men are also bifurcated out
of them.
Even though information regarding HIV/AIDS related knowledge
has been reported by a number of researchers, there still exists gap due
to limited available data in different sub-Saharan countries which of
course embraces the selected three countries [15]. On the other hand,
low knowledge, less acceptance attitude towards PLHA and high risk
sexual behaviors were observed in small scale studies done in Gabon
and Cameroon [11,16-19]. The lower level of acceptance attitude has
resulted in high cases of denial and refusal among people infected
to disclose their HIV/AIDS status [20]. Other gaps and challenges
identified among Central and West African countries were poor sex-
and age-disaggregated epidemiological and programmatic national
and subnational data, especially on the key young and adolescent
populations [2].
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to present an
epidemiological study that could transparently alleviate the gap by
answering two research questions. 1) Which variables are associates of
comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge and acceptance attitude? 2) How
does the comparison of the level of comprehensive knowledge in HIV/
AIDS and acceptance attitude towards PLHA look like among 15-24
aged male youth of the three countries? To our knowledge, this is the
first study that compared comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge and
acceptance attitude towards PLHA among male youth aged 15-24 of
the three countries.
Method
Data source
The analysis in this research was based on data collected from the
most recent Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) in Cameroon
(2011), Gabon (2012) and Ivory Coast (2011/2012) [21]. The currently
utilized data were mainly restricted to male of age group 15-24 only.
The fact that probability proportionate to size was used in selecting the
samples and defining the dependent variables based on the MEASURE
DHS online tools for HIV/AIDS Survey Indicators Database of the
three countries were two advantages of the data [22]. This helped to
offer representative, an internationally-accepted and consistent method
for measuring factors related to HIV prevention across countries.
Measures
Dependent variables
The first dependent variable, comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge,
was defined as (1) knowing that both condom use and limiting sex
partners to one uninfected faithful partner are HIV prevention
methods, (2) being aware that a healthy looking person can have the
AIDS virus, and (3) rejecting at least two out of the three most common
local misconceptions—that the AIDS virus can be transmitted through
mosquito bites, a person can get HIV by sharing meal with someone
infected, and by supernatural means. Comprehensive HIV/AIDS
knowledge was a binary response variable coded 1 if youth reported
five correct responses and 0 otherwise. In order to assess acceptance
attitude towards PLHA, respondents were asked if they would (1)
be willing to care for their relative sick with the AIDS virus in their
own households, (2) be willing to buy fresh vegetables from a market
vendor who had the AIDS virus, (3) say that a female teacher who has
the AIDS virus but is not sick should be allowed to continue teaching,
and (4) not want to keep a family member’s HIV positive status secret
[22]. Acceptance attitude towards PLHA was coded 1 if youth correctly
answered the four questions and 0 otherwise.
Independent variables
The independent variables taken from the survey were age, level
of education, place of residence, marital status, religion, wealth index
and occupation. The first two age groups viz., 15-19 and 20-24, from
the seven 5 year groups created in DHS data were utilized. Place of
residence was taken without any change as urban and rural. The four
levels of education were: no education, primary education, secondary
education, and higher education. The six categories of marital status
were: never married, married, living together, widowed, and divorced
and not living together. Religion was re-categorized in such a way as
to fit in to four categories. The first group was Christian (Catholic,
Protestant, Methodist, Evangelical and Other Christians), seconded
by Muslim and then followed by other religion (Animist and other
religions) and finally no religion. DHS grouped wealth index as poorest,
poorer, middle, richer, and richest, was taken to compare the influence
of wealth on the dependent variables. Occupation was also regrouped
into four classifications: agricultural (self-employed and employee),
sales, services and others (services, professional/technical/managerial,
clerical, household and domestic, skilled/unskilled manpower, armed
force, others) and not working.
Statistical Analysis
Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the demographic
characteristics, knowledge and acceptance attitude about HIV/AIDS.
Binary logistic regressions were performed to establish whether there
were relationships between independent variables and HIV knowledge
levels and acceptance attitude towards PLHA. Because our dependent
variables, comprehensive knowledge and acceptance attitude, were
dichotomous and mutually exclusive variables. Similarly, comparisons
among the countries were also done using logistic regression. For
binary multivariate analyses, we calculated adjusted odds ratios (OR)
at 95% confidence interval (CI) by taking p-value <0.05 as statistically
significant. Missed cases were not included throughout the analysis.
PASW (SPSS version 22) statistical software was used for data analysis.
Results
Background characteristics
Table 1 presents the distribution of male aged 15-24 by
3. Citation: Minet TH, Eyasu HT, Simon AG, Afewerki WT, Henok KA, et al. (2016) Associates of Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Knowledge and Acceptance
Attitude among Male Youth Aged 15-24: Comparison Study among Ivory Coast, Cameroon and Gabon. J AIDS Clin Res 7: 618.
doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000618
Page 3 of 8
Volume 7 • Issue 10 • 1000618
J AIDS Clin Res, an open access journal
ISSN: 2155-6113
background characteristics. The information on age, education, place
of residence, marital status, employment, and wealth status are useful
for understanding the factors that affect comprehensive HIV/AIDS
knowledge and acceptance attitudes towards PLHA. Of the 6576 male
youth respondents taken from the survey, 1811 (27.5%) were from Ivory
Coast, 2803 (42.6%) from Cameroon and 1962 (29.8%) from Gabon.
Differences by age group in the three countries varied slightly, in which
the percentage of male youth with in the age group of 15-19 was 51.0%
in Ivory Coast, 57.5% in Cameroon and 60.8% in Gabon. Although no
marked differences of residence in Ivorian and Cameroonian youth
were seen, Gabonese offers a dissimilar picture. Almost half of the male
youth in Ivory Coast (51.8%) and Cameroon (55.7%) were living in
urban while the majority was observed in Gabon (71.5%).
Some educational differentials were observed in the three countries
among male youth. There was a wide variation in proportion of youth
with no education with the highest in Ivory Coast (27.2%) followed by
Cameroon (4.8%) and Gabon (2.2%). The predominant educational
level among male youth in Ivory Coast (43.1%), Cameroon (63.1%) and
Gabon (70.8%) was the secondary level. The percentage of youth having
higher educational level was 2.9% in Ivory Coast, 5.1% in Cameroon
and 1.9% in Gabon. The major religion among male youth in Ivory
Coast (43.8%) was Muslim. However, majority of the male youth in
Cameroon (74.5%) and Gabon (74.4%) were Christians. Considerable
proportion of no religion also existed in Gabon (19.4%).
Regarding marital status, majority of male youth in Ivory Coast
(91.2%), Cameroon (89.6%) and Gabon (89.3%) had been never in
union. The proportion of male youth living with partner in Ivory Coast
(4.4%) and Cameroon (5.3%) were similar but slightly higher in Gabon
(8.2%). The proportion of male youth increased with an increase in
wealth index in Ivory Coast and Cameroon. However, the reverse was
observed in Gabon in which the poorest accounted highest proportion
(34.7%) of youth and then declined with increase in wealth index. The
predominant part of male youth in Ivory Coast (35.8%), Cameroon
(31.2%) and Gabon (55.6%) had no occupation. Agriculture, in Ivory
Coast (30.1%), services and others in Cameroon (29.8%) and Gabon
(32.9%) were the second more dominant areas of occupation for the
youth.
Generally, the awareness of male youth in the three countries was
universal in which 95.4% of Ivorians, 97.4% Cameroonians and 98.3% of
Gabonese have heard about HIV/AIDS. The comprehensive knowledge
of HIV/AIDS of males in Gabon, Cameroon and Ivory Coast were
49%, 48% and 39.1%, respectively. Acceptance attitude towards PLHA
among male youth in descending order was Cameroon (26.8%), Ivory
Coast (25.6%) and Gabon (22.5%).
Comprehensive knowledge of male youth
The comprehensive knowledge of youth against socio-demographic
associates is presented in Table 2. Males aged 20-24 from Ivory Coast
(AOR=1.44, p<0.001), Cameroon (AOR=1.54, p<0.001), and Gabon
(AOR=1.30, p=0.018) were more likely to have comprehensive HIV/
AIDS knowledge compared to those aged 15-19. Significantly higher
comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS was observed in Gabon
(AOR=1.35, p=0.017) among males living in urban than those in rural.
However, urban residents did not show significant comprehensive
knowledge difference than rural, in Ivory Coast and Cameroon.
As the educational level of the males increases their corresponding
comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS also had increased. In
Ivory Coast, males with primary (AOR=2.21, p<0.001), secondary
(AOR=5.74, p<0.001) and higher (AOR=10.78, p<0.001) educational
level had more comprehensive knowledge than those with no education.
More comprehensive knowledge on HIV/AIDS was also found in
primary (AOR=2.10, p=0.008), secondary (AOR=6.57, p<0.001) and
higher (AOR=9.13, p<0.001) educational level than with no education
in Cameroon. In Gabon, except males in primary, those in secondary
(AOR=5.16, p<0.001) and higher (AOR=8.22, p<0.001) educational
level had more comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS than males
with no education.
Variables Ivory Coast Cameroon Gabon
N=1811
N (%)
N=2803
N (%)
N=1962
N (%)
Age
15-20 924 (51.0) 1612 (57.5) 1192 (60.8)
20-24 887 (49.0) 1191 (42.5) 770 (39.2)
Type of residence
Urban 939 (51.8) 1561 (55.7) 1403 (71.5)
Rural 872 (48.2) 1242 (44.3) 559 (28.5)
Educational status
No education 492 (27.2) 134 (4.8) 44 (2.2)
Primary 486 (26.8) 754 (26.9) 492 (25.1)
secondary 780 (43.1) 1770 (63.1) 1389 (70.8)
Higher 53 (2.9) 145 (5.1) 37 (1.9)
Religion†
Christian 646 (35.7) 2066 (74.5) 1459 (74.4)
Muslim 791 (43.8) 570 (20.6) 97 (4.9)
Other religion 125 (6.9) 28 (1.0) 24 (1.2)
No religion 245 (13.6) 108 (3.9) 381 (19.4)
Marital status
Never in union 1651 (91.2) 2511 (89.6) 1752 (89.3)
Married 61 (3.4) 112 (4) 14 (0.7)
Living with partner 79 (4.4) 149 (5.3) 160 (8.2)
Divorced 1 (0.1) 5 (0.2) -
No longer living together 19 (1) 26 (0.9) 36 (1.8)
Wealth index
Poorest 297 (16.4) 368 (13.1) 681 (34.7)
poorer 311 (17.2) 471 (16.8) 494 (25.2)
Middle 367 (20.3) 584 (20.8) 281 (14.3)
Richer 389 (21.5) 679 (24.2) 253 (12.9)
Richest 447 (24.7) 701 (25.0) 253 (12.9)
Occupation††
Not Working 648 (35.8 875 (31.2) 1091 (55.6)
Agriculture 545 (30.1) 802 (28.6) 145 (7.4)
Sales 92 (5.1) 290 (10.3) 80 (4.1)
Services and Others 526 (29.0) 836 (29.8) 646 (32.9)
HIV/AIDS Awareness
Yes 1726 (95.4) 2729 (97.4) 1929 (98.3)
No 84 (4.6) 74 (2.6) 33 (1.7)
Comprehensive Knowledge
Yes 671 (39.1) 1308 (48.1) 941 (49.0)
No 1044 (60.9) 1412 (51.9) 979 (51.0)
Acceptance Attitude
Yes 440 (25.6) 732 (26.8) 434 (22.5)
No 1281 (74.4) 1997 (73.2) 1493 (77.5)
†Religion and ††occupation were re-categorized
Table 1: Distribution of socio-demographic characteristics, HIV/AIDS awareness,
comprehensive HIV/AIDA knowledge, and acceptance attitude towards PLHA of
males 15-24 years old in the three countries.
4. Citation: Minet TH, Eyasu HT, Simon AG, Afewerki WT, Henok KA, et al. (2016) Associates of Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Knowledge and Acceptance
Attitude among Male Youth Aged 15-24: Comparison Study among Ivory Coast, Cameroon and Gabon. J AIDS Clin Res 7: 618.
doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000618
Page 4 of 8
Volume 7 • Issue 10 • 1000618
J AIDS Clin Res, an open access journal
ISSN: 2155-6113
Only Ivorian Christian males (AOR=1.49, p=0.031) were found
to exhibit more comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS compared
to males with no religion. With regard to marital status, only
Cameroonians living with partner were (AOR=0.63, p=0.011) less
likely to have comprehensive knowledge than never in union. However,
no association was found in Ivorian and Gabonese youth. Higher
comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS was found only in the richest
wealth category group of males in Ivory Coast (AOR=1.85, p=0.019)
and Gabon (AOR=1.91, p<0.001) as compared to the poorest. Sales in
Ivory Coast (AOR=0.38, p=0.001) and Gabon (AOR=0.44, p=0.002) as
well as services and others (AOR=0.68, p=0.001) in Gabon were less
likely to have comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS than males not
working.
Acceptance attitude of male youth
The demographic variables like age in Ivory Coast, educational
level and religion in all the three countries, marital status in Cameroon,
wealth index in Cameroon and Gabon were found to be significant
associates of acceptance attitude towards PLHA. Only in Gabon, males
of 20-24 age group were 1.43 (AOR=1.43, p=0.005) times more likely
to have higher acceptance attitude than males of 15-19 age group.
However, no significant difference in acceptance attitude was found
between urban and rural residents in the three countries.
An increase in odds ratio of acceptance attitude towards PLHA
was observed in the three countries with increase in educational
level. Significantly greater acceptance attitude was found in primary
(AOR=1.60, p=0.027), secondary (AOR=3.56, p<0.001) and higher
(AOR=2.20, p=0.029) educational level than youth with no education
in Ivory Coast. In Cameroon, only males with secondary (AOR=3.43,
p=0.001) and higher (AOR=4.85, p<0.001) educational level had more
acceptance attitude than males with no education. Similarly, males in
primary (AOR=5.94, p=0.019), secondary (AOR=7.58, p=0.007) and
higher (AOR=11.93, p=0.003) educational level had more acceptance
attitude than males with no education in Gabon.
ChristianmalesinIvoryCoast(AOR=1.95,p=0.002)andCameroon
(AOR=2.28, p=0.013) as well as Muslim males (AOR=1.91, p=0.026)
in Gabon had higher acceptance attitude than males with no religion.
With regards to marital status, Cameroonians living with partner
(AOR=1.53, p=0.025) and those no longer living together (AOR=2.41,
p=0.041) have more acceptance attitude than males who were never in
union. However, no significant results were found in Ivory Coast and
Gabon. Males who work in agriculture had higher (AOR=1.62, p=0.032)
acceptance attitude than those not working in Gabon. However, no
significant association was found amongst occupation categories in
both Ivory Coast and Cameroon.
The richest (AOR=1.64, p=0.011) in Gabon, as well as, poorer
(AOR=1.72,p=0.019),middle(AOR=2.60,p<0.001),richer(AOR=2.51,
p<0.001) and the richest (AOR=8.83, p<0.001) in Cameroon had higher
acceptance attitude towards PLHA than the poorest. In Ivory Coast,
none of the wealth index categories had significant acceptance attitude
than the poorest. In Ivory Coast (AOR=1.47, p=0.002) and Cameroon
(AOR=1.62, p<0.001), males with comprehensive knowledge were
more likely to have higher acceptance attitude towards PLHA than
Variable Ivory Coast Cameroon Gabon
OR 95% CI P OR 95% CI P OR 95% CI P
Age (Ref=15-19)
20-24 1.44 1.21-1.73 <0.001 1.54 1.29-1.85 <0.001 1.30 1.05-1.61 0.018
Place of Residence (Ref=Rural)
Urban 1.30 0.9-1.87 0.160 1.04 0.82-1.31 0.770 1.35 1.06-1.74 0.017
Highest Education level (Ref=No Education)
Primary 2.12 1.5-2.99 <0.001 2.10 1.21-3.63 0.008 1.87 0.79-4.41 0.152
Secondary 5.74 4.01-8.21 <0.001 6.57 3.83-11.27 <0.001 5.16 2.24-11.89 <0.001
Higher 10.78 5.15-22.58 <0.001 9.13 4.71-17.68 <0.001 8.22 2.69-25.17 <0.001
Religion† (Ref=No religion)
Christian 1.49 1.04-2.13 0.031 1.28 0.82-1.99 0.273 0.98 0.77-1.26 0.892
Muslim 1.38 0.96-1.99 0.083 1.47 0.71-3.04 0.303 1.70 0.98-2.92 0.057
Other religion 1.06 0.62-1.82 0.822 - - - 0.55 0.21-1.41 0.210
Marital Status (Ref=Never in Union)
Married 0.69 0.33-1.42 0.311 0.87 0.56-1.35 0.526 2.03 0.64-6.4 0.227
Living with partner 1.14 0.66-1.96 0.648 0.63 0.43-0.9 0.011 0.85 0.59-1.22 0.382
Divorced - - - 0.79 0.08-7.27 0.832 - - -
No longer living together/separated 1.28 0.46-3.53 0.635 1.29 0.55-3.02 0.556 0.58 0.27-1.21 0.146
Wealth Index (Ref=Poorest)
Poorer 1.42 0.94-2.16 0.098 1.11 0.8-1.53 0.534 1.27 0.97-1.66 0.083
Middle 1.17 0.74-1.85 0.505 1.11 0.79-1.55 0.540 1.07 0.78-1.47 0.680
Richer 1.33 0.82-2.16 0.241 1.41 0.98-2.03 0.068 1.35 0.97-1.88 0.080
Richest 1.85 1.11-3.1 0.019 1.39 0.95-2.04 0.094 1.91 1.35-2.69 <0.001
Occupation†† (Ref=Not Working)
Agriculture 0.90 0.62-1.32 0.604 0.82 0.65-1.04 0.104 0.90 0.61-1.35 0.623
Sales 0.38 0.22-0.68 0.001 1.05 0.79-1.41 0.719 0.44 0.26-0.75 0.002
Services and Others 0.99 0.74-1.33 0.952 0.83 0.67-1.02 0.074 0.68 0.55-0.85 0.001
†Religion and ††Occupation were re-categorized
No widowed men participants were available in the three countries and divorced in Gabon
Table 2: Multivariate analysis showing associates of comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge among males of age 15-24 in the three countries.
5. Citation: Minet TH, Eyasu HT, Simon AG, Afewerki WT, Henok KA, et al. (2016) Associates of Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Knowledge and Acceptance
Attitude among Male Youth Aged 15-24: Comparison Study among Ivory Coast, Cameroon and Gabon. J AIDS Clin Res 7: 618.
doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000618
Page 5 of 8
Volume 7 • Issue 10 • 1000618
J AIDS Clin Res, an open access journal
ISSN: 2155-6113
males with no comprehensive knowledge. In Gabon no significant
association of acceptance attitude was found with comprehensive HIV/
AIDS knowledge.
Comparison of comprehensive knowledge and acceptance
attitude towards PLHA among the countries
Comparison among the countries revealed no significant difference
in comprehensive knowledge between Cameroonian and Gabonese
male youth. However, Gabonese were 1.5 times more likely to have
comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge than Ivorians (AOR=1.50,
p<0.001). On the other hand, Cameroonian were 1.44 times more
likely to have comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge than those
Ivorians (OR=1.44, p<0.001). Acceptance attitude towards PLHA
among male youth of Ivory Coast was 1.18 times more than those in
Gabon (AOR=0.85, p=0.032). Cameroonian male youth had 1.26 times
more acceptance attitude than Gabonese youth (AOR=1.26, p=0.001).
However, no significant difference in acceptance attitude existed among
Cameroonian and Ivorian male youth.
Discussion
Comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge
Having comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge is basic to implement
a plan of HIV/AIDS prevention, care and support. The findings of this
study revealed that awareness of HIV/AIDS in all the three countries
was universal. Similar studies were also reported in Cameroon, sub-
Saharan Africa and other countries [23-27]. However, comprehensive
HIV/AIDS knowledge of male youth in the three countries was very
low. This is far below target 3 set by UNAIDS in 2016 which states that
90% of young people regardless of where they live and who they are
must have knowledge to protect themselves from HIV [2]. According
to the recent research, 36% of young men in developing countries have
comprehensive knowledge about prevention and transmission of HIV/
AIDS [10].
The older youth, 20-24 years, have more comprehensive HIV/
AIDS knowledge compared to their 15-19 aged counterparts in the
three countries. Similarly, an increase of knowledge with advancing in
age have been found in Botswana [28]. Similarly, urban residents were
more likely to have higher comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS
compared to those living in rural among Gabonese youth. Similar
results have also been reported from Sub Saharan Africa, Bolivia,
India and Canada [29-33]. An urban and rural residence variation was
found to be a considerable predictor of HIV/AIDS knowledge even
after controlling other variables [33]. This could be of many reasons,
for example the coverage of mass media and HIV/AIDS prevention
programs in the urban could be more as compared to the rural which
can widely influence the level of information and thereby determine the
comprehensive knowledge of the residents [30,34].
Significant positive association of comprehensive HIV/AIDS
knowledge was observed with an increase in educational level of the
respondents in all the three countries. This finding coincides with
the studies done in Botswana, Ethiopia, and Ghana [24,28,29]. In
the process of upgrading knowledge about HIV/AIDS, the sources
of information, which can differ in their depth and accuracy, play an
important role in adolescents. In a study done in Nigeria, more than
95% of the adolescent students received information from school
and others from mass media, newspapers, teachers, health workers,
parents and family members, friends and class mates, TV shows and
movies, and the internet. Of all the sources of information, school
related information could be more structured and appropriate to age
and level of understanding of the learners comparing to these mass
medias like newspapers, TV, radio and the internet which broadcast
information without specification to the general population. Similarly,
other people like teachers, health workers, friends and class mates may
share information but could not be deep and goal oriented to the extent
that lesson plans and curriculums are designed to address the needs
of the learners. Thus, being higher educated can have advantages over
those with no education or low educational level. Another important
dimension could be the educational level of parents and discussion
about sexuality with parents [35]. In this case, having accurate and
comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge of the parents can determine
the knowledge of their youth. Besides, medium of dissemination of
information can also influence the level of knowledge. For example, a
study done in Ghana revealed that English as medium of disseminating
information of the prevention strategies, directly affected for those
with low or no education to comprehend the HIV/AIDS prevention
strategies [36].
Christian males in Ivory Coast were more likely to have
comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS compared to males with
no religion. This finding is congruent with results of the study from
Botswana and Ethiopia, that reported significant association of religion
with HIV/AIDS Knowledge [37,38]. The differences in the degree of
HIV/AIDS knowledge among religions could be due to the fact that
some churches might teach their followers about ways of preventing
HIV/AIDS. On the hand, only Cameroonians living with their partner
have more comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge than the unmarried
youth.
The richest male youth in Ivory Coast and Gabon have significantly
more comprehensive knowledge than the poorest male. This
finding was supported by a study done in Ghana [24]. Similarly, in
Ethiopia, family wealth index was found to be a strong associates of
comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge among adolescents in which
adolescents from a middle or high family wealth index were more likely
to have comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge compared to those from
a low family wealth index [39]. Studies indicated that, socioeconomic
scarcities or lower wealth index could lead to low media exposure or
lower levels of educational achievement which in turn affects HIV/
AIDS knowledge negatively [23,30]. Ivorian males working in sales had
significantly higher comprehensive knowledge than those males not
working. Similarly, Gabonese working in sales, services and others had
also higher comprehensive knowledge than not working respondents.
In this study, the level of comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge in
different socio-economic groups of the three countries had been
revealed in which it may help the policy makers to develop ways of
education accordingly.
Acceptance attitudes of male youth
Having negative attitude towards PLHA is also another main
obstacle for HIV/AIDS prevention among youth that brings about a
big problem in developing care and support to wards PLHA [40]. In
this study, acceptance attitude towards PLHA among male youth
was generally low in all the three countries. Acceptance attitudes of
individuals and populations towards PLHA can be attributed due to
different manifestations of HIV/AIDS stigmas [41].
Male youth aged 20-24 had higher acceptance attitude towards
PLHA than 15-19 age group in Ivory Coast. Similar results were found
in other studies [29,42]. However, an increase in age does not always
improve acceptance attitude [43]. With regard to place of residence, no
significant difference in acceptance attitude was found between urban
6. Citation: Minet TH, Eyasu HT, Simon AG, Afewerki WT, Henok KA, et al. (2016) Associates of Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Knowledge and Acceptance
Attitude among Male Youth Aged 15-24: Comparison Study among Ivory Coast, Cameroon and Gabon. J AIDS Clin Res 7: 618.
doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000618
Page 6 of 8
Volume 7 • Issue 10 • 1000618
J AIDS Clin Res, an open access journal
ISSN: 2155-6113
and rural in the three countries. Similar results were found elsewhere
[38,43]. However, other results have reported differently in Botswana,
Ethiopia and Bolivia [31,37,44]. Educational level remarkably
differentiates the acceptance attitude of youth. Likewise, in this study,
a strong positive significant association was found between educational
level and acceptance attitude towards PLHA in all the three countries.
Other similar studies were reported from different regions of the world
[28,31,38,45,46].
In this study, religion in the three countries slightly affected their
acceptance attitude. Christians from Ivory Coast and Cameroon as well
as Muslim youth from Gabon have higher acceptance attitude than
those with no religion. Similar study was found in Botswana, in which
Christian youth had more positive attitudes towards PLHA than those
who have no religion [28]. In the lives of the sub-Saharan Africans,
religion plays a major role and has been recognized as a factor which
may alleviate the HIV/AIDS stigma [47]. In a study done in Ethiopia,
being religious and religious service attendant was found to be the
highest significant factor where respondents who attend the religious
service at least once a week were 7 times more likely to have favorable
attitude than those who didn’t attend the religious service [44].
With regards to marital status, only Cameroonian males living
with partner and those no longer living together have more significant
acceptance attitude than males who were never in union. However,
no significant differences were found in Gabon and Ivory Coast. This
is consistent with findings of other studies [43]. Related to wealth
index, poorer, middle, richer and richest in Cameroon and only the
richest in Gabon, had higher acceptance attitude than the poorest.
Other researches also reported a positive significant association
between wealth index and acceptance attitude [41,46]. Considering
occupation only Gabonese males who work in agriculture had higher
acceptance attitude than those not working. Having comprehensive
HIV/AIDS knowledge showed significant association with acceptance
attitude in Ivory Coast and Cameroon. Similar studies have been
reported elsewhere [28,38,43,46,48]. Nevertheless, the comprehensive
HIV/AIDS knowledge of the Gabonese youth was not statistically
significantly associated with their acceptance attitudes. This indicates
that knowledge alone is not enough for changing attitudes towards
PLHA [49].
Comparison among the countries
Male youth in Gabon and Cameroon were almost one and half
times more likely to have comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge than in
Ivory Coast. This is congruent with the percentages of comprehensive
knowledge of HIV/AIDS among Ivorian (39.1%) and Gabonese (49.0%)
youth (Table 3). The main reasons for this might occur due to the literacy
rate of male, the GDP per capita and the residential distribution of the
people in the three countries. The large number of youth in Ivory Coast
(27.2%) with no education could be one reason. The lowest GDP per
capita in Ivory Coast (1,600 USD), as compared to Cameroon (2,300USD)
and Gabon (17,600USD) might be the second reason. Finally, the percent
of urban population out of the total, was higher in Gabon (86.2%) and
Variable Ivory Coast Cameroon Gabon
OR 95% CI P OR 95% CI P OR 95% CI P
Age (Ref=15-19)
20-24 1.06 0.87-1.29 0.588 1.17 0.92-1.50 0.200 1.43 1.11-1.84 0.005
Place of Residence (Ref=Rural)
Urban 0.92 0.71-1.19 0.515 1.09 0.81-1.46 0.588 1.09 0.73-1.62 0.686
Highest Education level (Ref=No Education)
Primary 1.89 0.88-4.05 0.103 5.94 1.34-26.38 0.019 1.60 1.05-2.42 0.027
Secondary 3.43 1.62-7.28 0.001 7.58 1.74-33.10 0.007 3.56 2.35-5.39 <0.001
Higher 4.85 2.11-11.14 <0.001 11.93 2.37-60.22 0.003 2.20 1.08-4.48 0.029
Religion† (Ref=No religion)
Christian 1.33 0.98-1.81 0.067 3.11 1.38-7.02 0.006 1.22 0.89-1.67 0.209
Muslim 1.34 0.98-1.83 0.065 2.41 1.04-5.59 0.041 1.57 0.92-2.69 0.101
Other religion 0.72 0.40-1.29 0.272 1.70 0.62-4.72 0.305 1.75 0.80-3.84 0.163
Marital Status (Ref=Never in Union)
Married 0.78 0.44-1.39 0.398 1.01 0.27-3.85 0.987 0.35 0.12-1.01 0.052
Living with partner 1.53 1.05-2.23 0.025 0.87 0.57-1.34 0.522 0.66 0.35-1.26 0.206
Divorced 2.68 0.29-24.95 0.386 0.00 0-0 1.000
No longer living together/separated 2.41 1.04-5.63 0.041 1.03 0.45-2.34 0.949 0.49 0.14-1.80 0.285
Wealth Index (Ref=Poorest)
Poorer 1.72 1.09-2.71 0.019 1.16 0.84-1.61 0.367 1.60 0.96-2.64 0.069
Middle 2.60 1.66-4.07 <0.001 1.40 0.96-2.03 0.077 1.46 0.84-2.54 0.176
Richer 2.51 1.56-4.05 <0.001 1.41 0.96-2.08 0.084 1.53 0.87-2.70 0.143
Richest 2.83 1.73-4.64 <0.001 1.64 1.12-2.40 0.011 1.59 0.88-2.90 0.125
Occupation†† (Ref=Not Working)
Agriculture 1.72 1.09-2.71 0.019 1.16 0.84-1.61 0.367 1.60 0.96-2.64 0.069
Sales 2.60 1.66-4.07 <0.001 1.40 0.96-2.03 0.077 1.46 0.84-2.54 0.176
Services and Others 2.51 1.56-4.05 <0.001 1.41 0.96-2.08 0.084 1.53 0.87-2.70 0.143
Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Knowledge (Ref=No)
Yes 1.34-1.94 <0.001 1.18 0.94-1.48 0.1628 1.5 1.15-1.89 0.0023
†Religion and ††Occupation were re-categorized
Table 3: Multivariate analysis showing associates of acceptance attitude towards PLHA among males of age 15-24 in the three countries.
7. Citation: Minet TH, Eyasu HT, Simon AG, Afewerki WT, Henok KA, et al. (2016) Associates of Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Knowledge and Acceptance
Attitude among Male Youth Aged 15-24: Comparison Study among Ivory Coast, Cameroon and Gabon. J AIDS Clin Res 7: 618.
doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000618
Page 7 of 8
Volume 7 • Issue 10 • 1000618
J AIDS Clin Res, an open access journal
ISSN: 2155-6113
Cameroon (52.1%) than Ivory Coast (51.3%) (Table 4) [50-52]. Even
though no significant difference in acceptance attitude existed among
Cameroonian and Ivorian male youth, Gabonese had significantly less
acceptance attitude than Ivorians. Other studies have also shown that a
high level of knowledge might not always reflect an individual’s attitudes
but rather acceptance attitude might be influenced by counseling,
coping skills acquisition, increased access to drugs, empathy for PLHA
through direct contact [53].
Conclusion
The study highlighted shortage of comprehensive HIV/AIDS
knowledge among youth. This comprehensive knowledge was
significantly associated with age, residence, educational level, and
wealth index. It is suggested to improve comprehensive knowledge
in adolescents, rural areas, teenage individuals, and people having
lower wealth index through sexual health education and prevention
programs to reverse some of the knowledge gaps and correct the
misconceptions.
On the other hand, the lack of acceptance attitude and its association
with age, religion, educational level, and wealth index suggests that
specific and focused educational programs that can empower the
citizens to adopt positive attitudes and safe sexual behavior to prevent
HIV transmission early in life is crucial. Looking over the comparisons
among the three countries, even though there existed significant
difference, focus and actions to improve comprehensive knowledge and
acceptance attitude are quite important. A future study of the sexual
behavior of these youth is suggested to plan effective policy of care,
support and prevention to tackle HIV transmissions.
Strength and Limitations
The facts that the sample was large and nationally representative
selected by probability proportional to size were the strengths of the
study. Defining the dependent variables based on the MEASURE DHS
online tools for HIV/AIDS Survey Indicators Database is also another
significant strength of the research which is an internationally-accepted
and consistent method for measuring factors related to HIV prevention
across countries.
The findings in this study are not only highlighting the existing
gap in knowledge and acceptance attitude but also could guide the
policy makers to plan effective policy of health education to scale-up
awareness of HIV/AIDS of the youth. However, the self-report nature of
the study might have an effect in recall bias, socially-desirable responses
and under-reporting. Besides, the cross-sectional nature of the study
can only help us to see the associations but not cause and effect. Thirdly,
the unexpected large missing data in Cameroon might affect the results
in the analysis.
Acknowledgement
We would like to thank the Demography and Health Surveys (DHS) Program,
ICF International Rockville USA, for allowing us to use the raw data for this study.
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Table 4: Comparison of comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge and acceptance
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8. Citation: Minet TH, Eyasu HT, Simon AG, Afewerki WT, Henok KA, et al. (2016) Associates of Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Knowledge and Acceptance
Attitude among Male Youth Aged 15-24: Comparison Study among Ivory Coast, Cameroon and Gabon. J AIDS Clin Res 7: 618.
doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000618
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Volume 7 • Issue 10 • 1000618
J AIDS Clin Res, an open access journal
ISSN: 2155-6113
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(2016) Associates of Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Knowledge and Acceptance
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6113.1000618
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