Clinics of OncologyTM (ISSN 2640-1037) - Impact Factor 1.920* is a medical specialty that focuses on the use of operative techniques to investigate and resolve certain medical conditions caused by disease or traumatic injury
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...daranisaha
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HPV infection in women in the Lekoumou and Niari departments of Congo Brazzaville. The researchers collected samples from 100 women aged 16-73 and tested them for HPV. They found an overall HPV prevalence of 29%, with the highest rates (58.3%) in women over 50. No significant associations were found between HPV infection and factors like education level, age of first intercourse, number of sexual partners, or number of pregnancies. The study concludes that HPV is relatively common in this region and understanding its prevalence is important for cervical cancer prevention efforts.
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...eshaasini
We carried out a descriptive and cross-sectional study over a period of 7 months from January to July 2019 in the department of Lekoumou. 100 women ranging in age from 16 to 73 years old. The variables studied were as follows: age, marital status, level of education, risk factors for the onset of HPV infection, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, parity, gesture. The multivariate analysis was done between age, number of level of instruction, parity, age of first sexual intercourse and number of sexual Partners. The statistical analysis and the data processing were carried out by the Excel 2016 software and the graph pad prism version 5 software. The statistical test used was the chi-square test.
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...semualkaira
We carried out a descriptive and cross-sectional study over a period of 7 months from January to July 2019 in the department of Lekoumou. 100 women ranging in age from 16 to 73 years old. The variables studied were as follows: age, marital status, level of education, risk factors for the onset of HPV infection, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, parity, gesture. The multivariate analysis was done between age, number of level of instruction, parity, age of first sexual intercourse and number of sexual Partners. The statistical analysis and the data processing were carried out by the Excel 2016 software and the graph pad prism version 5 software. The statistical test used was the chi-square test.
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...semualkaira
We carried out a descriptive and cross-sectional study over a period of 7 months from January to July 2019 in the department of Lekoumou. 100 women ranging in age from 16 to 73 years old. The variables studied were as follows: age, marital status, level of education, risk factors for the onset of HPV infection, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, parity, gesture. The multivariate analysis was done between age, number of level of instruction, parity, age of first sexual intercourse and number of sexual Partners. The statistical analysis and the data processing were carried out by the Excel 2016 software and the graph pad prism version 5 software. The statistical test used was the chi-square test.
Genotypes and Associated Risk Levels of Human Papilloma Virus among Female Pa...IIJSRJournal
Background: Human papillomavirus is the main factor in the etiology of cervical cancer, with over 99.7% of cases being associated with high-risk human papillomavirus infection. Although the majority of HPV infections are asymptomatic and self-limiting, persistent HPV infection can result in genital warts, oropharyngeal cancer, and cervical cancer in women, in addition to various anogenital malignancies and other genital warts in both men and women.
Method: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study which employed a convenience sampling technique where both qualitative and quantitative methods were used for data collection. A total of 374 participants were enrolled in the study and a semi structured questionnaire was administered to collect socio-demographic, reproductive and sexual history data. Laboratory analysis involved detection of HPV DNA hybrids with a chemiluminescent substrate, Digene Hybrid Capture 2 technology. Descriptive and inferential (logistic regression) analyses at level of significant (α=0.05) were used to summarize the data, and results illustrated using charts and tables.
Results: The study findings reported a significant risk level of human papillomavirus among female of age group 40-49 years (AOR; 0.15, 95% CI: 0.03-0.79; p = 0.026). Furthermore, in bivariate logistic regression the circulating HPV genotypes among the respondents was significantly characterized among women of the same age group (95% CI; 0.09-0.7; p = 0.008) as well as in the multivariate regression (AOR = 0.13; 95% CI: 0.02-0.72; p = 0.019).
Conclusion: The study thus concluded that there is 23/94 (25.67%) risk of developing cervical cancer due to high risk level HPV (with the presence of low risk level HPV 71/94 (74.33%) known for causing various forms of warts. Therefore, there is need for combined efforts from the Ministry of health and stakeholders to avail and train health care workers on the usage of HPV DNA kits to ensure timely detection of low and high-risk levels HPV. This will ensure timely identification of women at increased risk for the development of cervical cancer, thereby reducing mortality rate.
Knowledge, attitude and practices of students enrolled in health related cour...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of 432 students enrolled in health-related courses at Saint Louis University in the Philippines regarding human papillomavirus (HPV). The students demonstrated fair knowledge of HPV transmission but poor understanding of the diseases caused by HPV. Their knowledge of HPV signs and symptoms and prevention/control measures was better. Students had positive attitudes toward HPV infection and vaccination. Medical students showed higher levels of HPV knowledge than other students. While practices for reducing HPV infection were generally good, interventions are still needed to improve HPV education, especially regarding transmission and diseases caused.
Profile of Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among students of tertiary ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...daranisaha
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HPV infection in women in the Lekoumou and Niari departments of Congo Brazzaville. The researchers collected samples from 100 women aged 16-73 and tested them for HPV. They found an overall HPV prevalence of 29%, with the highest rates (58.3%) in women over 50. No significant associations were found between HPV infection and factors like education level, age of first intercourse, number of sexual partners, or number of pregnancies. The study concludes that HPV is relatively common in this region and understanding its prevalence is important for cervical cancer prevention efforts.
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...eshaasini
We carried out a descriptive and cross-sectional study over a period of 7 months from January to July 2019 in the department of Lekoumou. 100 women ranging in age from 16 to 73 years old. The variables studied were as follows: age, marital status, level of education, risk factors for the onset of HPV infection, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, parity, gesture. The multivariate analysis was done between age, number of level of instruction, parity, age of first sexual intercourse and number of sexual Partners. The statistical analysis and the data processing were carried out by the Excel 2016 software and the graph pad prism version 5 software. The statistical test used was the chi-square test.
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...semualkaira
We carried out a descriptive and cross-sectional study over a period of 7 months from January to July 2019 in the department of Lekoumou. 100 women ranging in age from 16 to 73 years old. The variables studied were as follows: age, marital status, level of education, risk factors for the onset of HPV infection, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, parity, gesture. The multivariate analysis was done between age, number of level of instruction, parity, age of first sexual intercourse and number of sexual Partners. The statistical analysis and the data processing were carried out by the Excel 2016 software and the graph pad prism version 5 software. The statistical test used was the chi-square test.
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...semualkaira
We carried out a descriptive and cross-sectional study over a period of 7 months from January to July 2019 in the department of Lekoumou. 100 women ranging in age from 16 to 73 years old. The variables studied were as follows: age, marital status, level of education, risk factors for the onset of HPV infection, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, parity, gesture. The multivariate analysis was done between age, number of level of instruction, parity, age of first sexual intercourse and number of sexual Partners. The statistical analysis and the data processing were carried out by the Excel 2016 software and the graph pad prism version 5 software. The statistical test used was the chi-square test.
Genotypes and Associated Risk Levels of Human Papilloma Virus among Female Pa...IIJSRJournal
Background: Human papillomavirus is the main factor in the etiology of cervical cancer, with over 99.7% of cases being associated with high-risk human papillomavirus infection. Although the majority of HPV infections are asymptomatic and self-limiting, persistent HPV infection can result in genital warts, oropharyngeal cancer, and cervical cancer in women, in addition to various anogenital malignancies and other genital warts in both men and women.
Method: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study which employed a convenience sampling technique where both qualitative and quantitative methods were used for data collection. A total of 374 participants were enrolled in the study and a semi structured questionnaire was administered to collect socio-demographic, reproductive and sexual history data. Laboratory analysis involved detection of HPV DNA hybrids with a chemiluminescent substrate, Digene Hybrid Capture 2 technology. Descriptive and inferential (logistic regression) analyses at level of significant (α=0.05) were used to summarize the data, and results illustrated using charts and tables.
Results: The study findings reported a significant risk level of human papillomavirus among female of age group 40-49 years (AOR; 0.15, 95% CI: 0.03-0.79; p = 0.026). Furthermore, in bivariate logistic regression the circulating HPV genotypes among the respondents was significantly characterized among women of the same age group (95% CI; 0.09-0.7; p = 0.008) as well as in the multivariate regression (AOR = 0.13; 95% CI: 0.02-0.72; p = 0.019).
Conclusion: The study thus concluded that there is 23/94 (25.67%) risk of developing cervical cancer due to high risk level HPV (with the presence of low risk level HPV 71/94 (74.33%) known for causing various forms of warts. Therefore, there is need for combined efforts from the Ministry of health and stakeholders to avail and train health care workers on the usage of HPV DNA kits to ensure timely detection of low and high-risk levels HPV. This will ensure timely identification of women at increased risk for the development of cervical cancer, thereby reducing mortality rate.
Knowledge, attitude and practices of students enrolled in health related cour...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of 432 students enrolled in health-related courses at Saint Louis University in the Philippines regarding human papillomavirus (HPV). The students demonstrated fair knowledge of HPV transmission but poor understanding of the diseases caused by HPV. Their knowledge of HPV signs and symptoms and prevention/control measures was better. Students had positive attitudes toward HPV infection and vaccination. Medical students showed higher levels of HPV knowledge than other students. While practices for reducing HPV infection were generally good, interventions are still needed to improve HPV education, especially regarding transmission and diseases caused.
Profile of Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among students of tertiary ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This study evaluated the suitability of populations of sexually active women in two districts of South Africa, Madibeng and Mbekweni, for participation in microbicide trials by determining HIV prevalence and incidence. The study found HIV prevalence was 24% in Madibeng and 22% in Mbekweni. HIV incidence rates based on seroconversions over 12 months were 6.0/100 person-years in Madibeng and 4.5/100 person-years in Mbekweni. Genital symptoms were very common. The populations were found to be suitable for microbicide trials if HIV incidence remains sufficiently high over time.
This study evaluated the suitability of populations of sexually active women in Madibeng, North-West Province and Mbekweni, Western Cape, South Africa for microbicide trials by determining HIV prevalence and incidence.
The study found an HIV prevalence of 24% in Madibeng and 22% in Mbekweni. HIV incidence rates based on seroconversions over 12 months in the cohort studies were 6.0/100 person-years in Madibeng and 4.5/100 person-years in Mbekweni. Incidence rates estimated by cross-sectional BED testing were similar. Pregnancy incidence rates were also determined.
Nearly all participants expressed a willingness to participate
Influence of Risk Factors on HPV, Pap smear Abnormalities, Cervical Intraepit...Shannon Laratonda MHS
The document summarizes four studies that identify risk factors for HPV. All four studies found that younger age and a higher number of sexual partners are strongly correlated with HPV infection. Additional risk factors identified across the studies include ever having sex, alcohol consumption, low income, smoking, and oral contraceptive use. Understanding risk factors can help target prevention efforts and may provide insight into HPV persistence and cervical cancer development.
Malaria parasitaemia and socioeconomic status of selected residents of Emohua...IOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study that investigated the prevalence of malaria and socioeconomic status of residents in Emohua Community, Rivers State, Nigeria. Blood samples were collected from 200 subjects aged 0-17 years old and tested for malaria parasites. The main findings were:
1) The overall malaria prevalence was 53%, with higher rates among females, young children aged 0-6 years, and individuals from lower socioeconomic classes.
2) Subjects not using mosquito nets or using untreated nets had higher infection rates compared to those using treated nets.
3) Most individuals had non-formal education and sought treatment from patent drug sellers rather than hospitals. Treatment-seeking behaviors differed based on education levels.
Factors Associated with Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine Uptake amongst Girls Ag...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a sexually transmitted infection. HPV vaccine since its first licensure in 2006 has proven to be safe, highly immunogenic, and induces strong direct and indirect protection against HPV and its sequelae. The study was designed to determine the socio-demographic, health care, and parental factors associated with human papillomavirus vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. The study was a cross-sectional study employing a simple random sampling method and a total of 364 girls were interviewed following the set criteria using questionnaire data. Data were cleaned, coded, and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Findings were presented as frequencies, percentages, odd ratios, and p-values using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. From the study, statistically significant sociodemographic factors such as age (p=0.0000), schooling status (p=0.0000), level of education (p=0.007442), attitudes towards the HPV vaccine (p=0.005175), Receiving vaccine doses from different vaccination sites (p=0.0000), and Ethnicity (p=0.0000), healthcare factors such as outreaches in communities (p=0.0000), information received (p=0.0000), encouragement from health workers (p=0.0000), availability of vaccines (p=0.0000) and parental factors such as knowledge about HPV vaccine(p=0.001), parental hesitancy (p<0.001), level of education (p=0.0000), social economic status (p=0.001), attitudes towards HPV vaccine, (p=0.0000) and HPV vaccine awareness (p=0.0000) were found statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. From the study findings, the study variables such as sociodemographic, and health-related factors were found to be statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. Therefore, effort should be brought to all levels of intervention so that HPV uptake is taken into consideration if the need for good health among girls needs to be achieved.
Keywords: Human papillomavirus virus, sexually transmitted infection, Health care, HPV vaccine, Cancer.
1) The study evaluated the suitability of populations of sexually active women in two districts of South Africa, Madibeng and Mbekweni, for microbicide trials by determining HIV prevalence and incidence.
2) HIV prevalence was 24% in Madibeng and 22% in Mbekweni. Estimated HIV incidence rates were 6.0/100 person-years in Madibeng and 4.5/100 person-years in Mbekweni.
3) Pregnancy incidence rates were 4.8/100 person-years in Madibeng and 7.0/100 person-years in Mbekweni. Genital symptoms were very common.
4) The
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
HIV prevalence and incidence remain high in peri-urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa according to a study of three districts. Cross-sectional surveys found HIV prevalence of 42% in Ladysmith, 46% in Edendale, and 41% in Pinetown. Follow-up cohort studies in these areas then determined HIV incidence rates of 14.8, 6.3, and 7.2 per 100 person-years, respectively. Pregnancy incidence was also high at 5.7, 3.1, and 6.3 per 100 person-years despite high reported contraceptive use. These findings suggest ongoing high risk of HIV transmission in these communities.
HIV prevalence and incidence remain high in peri-urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa according to a study of three districts. Cross-sectional surveys found HIV prevalence of 42% in Ladysmith, 46% in Edendale, and 41% in Pinetown. Follow-up cohort studies in these areas measured HIV incidence rates of 14.8, 6.3, and 7.2 per 100 person-years respectively. Pregnancy incidence was also high at 5.7, 3.1, and 6.3 per 100 person-years despite high reported contraceptive use. These findings suggest ongoing high risk of HIV transmission in these communities.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice toward Cervical Cancer and Cervical Cancer S...ijtsrd
BACKGROUND Invasive Cervical Cancer ICC has been identified as the second most common cause of morbidity and mortality compared to other cancers among women in Cameroon. Cervical cancer can be treated e ectively if diagnosed early. Less than half the number of participants presented with good practice.The correlation between participants’ knowledge, attitude and practice showed that there was a significant association which therefore provides sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis. The result obtained in this study indicates how useful it will be to establish health education programs to increase women’s awareness and knowledge about cervical cancer. Fongang Che Landis | Enow-Orock George | Njajou Omer | Ngowe Ngowe Marcelin "Knowledge, Attitude and Practice toward Cervical Cancer and Cervical Cancer Screening and Its Associated Factors among Women in the City of Bamenda, Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43667.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/other/43667/knowledge-attitude-and-practice-toward-cervical-cancer-and-cervical-cancer-screening-and-its-associated-factors-among-women-in-the-city-of-bamenda-cameroon/fongang-che-landis
Etiopathogenesis and natural history of ca cervixNiranjan Chavan
CERVICAL CANCER , the 2nd most common cancer in India can be easily prevented with proper adequate screening and awareness.
Adequate sex education is necessary to inculcate safe sexual practices to prevent HPV infection.
Etiopathogenesis and natural history of ca cervixNiranjan Chavan
CERVICAL CANCER , the 2nd most common cancer in India can be easily prevented with proper adequate screening and awareness.
Adequate sex education is necessary to inculcate safe sexual practices to prevent HPV infection.
HPV infection, cervical abnormalities, and cancer in HIV-infected women in Mu...Dr.Samsuddin Khan
Background: HIV-infected women are at a higher risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cancer than women in the general population, partly due to a high prevalence of persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The aim of the study was to assess the burden of HPV infection, cervical abnormalities, and cervical cancer among a cohort of HIV-infected women as part of a routine screening in an urban overpopulated slum setting in Mumbai, India.
Methods: From May 2010 to October 2010, Médecins Sans Frontières and Tata Memorial Hospital Mumbai offered routine annual Pap smears and HPV DNA testing of women attending an antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic and a 12-month follow-up. Women with abnormal test results were offered cervical biopsy and treatment, including treatment for sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Results: Ninety-five women were screened. Median age was 38 years (IQR: 33–41); median nadir CD4-count 143 cells/µL (IQR: 79–270); and median time on ART 23 months (IQR:10–41). HPV DNA was detected in 30/94 women (32%), and 18/94 (19%) showed either low-grade or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL/HSIL) on Pap smear. Overall, >50% had cervical inflammatory reactions including STIs. Of the 43 women with a cervical biopsy, eight (8.4%) had CIN-1, five (5.3%) CIN-2, and two (2.1%) carcinoma in situ. All but one had HPV DNA detected (risk ratio: 11, 95% confidence interval: 3.3–34). By October 2011, 56 women had completed the 12-month follow-up and had been rescreened. No new cases of HPV infection/LSIL/HSIL were detected.
Conclusion: The high prevalence of HPV infection, STIs, and cervical lesions among women attending an ART clinic demonstrates a need for routine screening. Simple, one-stop screening strategies are needed. The optimal screening interval, especially when resources are limited, needs to be determined.
This study investigated the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among school children in Al-Mahweet Governorate, Yemen. Stool samples from 200 children aged 7-15 years old were collected and examined using diagnostic techniques. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was found to be 90%. The most common parasites identified were Entamoeba histolytica cysts (64%), Schistosoma mansoni (36.5%), and amorphous amoebae (22.5%). Most children were found to have multiple parasitic infections (75.5%). Poor hygiene practices and sanitation were likely responsible for the high infection rates. The study recommends deworming programs and health education on hygiene for these school children.
EVALUATION OF VARIOUS CAUSES OF LEUCORRHOEA IN SEXUALLY ACTIVE FEMALESElu Malai
This study evaluated the various causes of leucorrhea in 100 sexually active females aged 15-45 years in India. Candida was found to be the most common cause of leucorrhea (24% of cases), followed by bacterial vaginosis (20% of cases). Trichomoniasis was found in 8% of cases. No cause was found for 48% of cases, likely representing physiological discharge. Maintaining proper perineal hygiene and using condoms were recommended to reduce prevalence of infectious leucorrhea and reproductive tract infections.
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma with Isolated Venous Involvement: Is Neoadjuvant Tr...EditorSara
Neoadjuvant Treatment (NAT) is indicated in locally advanced tumors and improves the results of subsequent surgery. In borderline tumors, the place of this preoperative treatment is more controversial, probably because borderline tumors are a heterogeneous group. We focused on the tumors with venous involvement without any arterial involvement and studied the results of neoadjuvant treatment in this particular group.
Racial Differences in Accepting Pegfilgrastim Onpro Kit (On-Body Injector) Us...EditorSara
Neulasta Onpro kit eliminates need for additional clinic visit after chemotherapy. Given the racially diverse population in our institution, we investigated acceptance of Onpro kit among patients on chemotherapy.Single-institution, retrospective review conducted in patients with GI tumors who received Onpro kit within 1 hour of completion of systemic chemotherapy from Jan 2014 through Jan 2018...
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This study evaluated the suitability of populations of sexually active women in two districts of South Africa, Madibeng and Mbekweni, for participation in microbicide trials by determining HIV prevalence and incidence. The study found HIV prevalence was 24% in Madibeng and 22% in Mbekweni. HIV incidence rates based on seroconversions over 12 months were 6.0/100 person-years in Madibeng and 4.5/100 person-years in Mbekweni. Genital symptoms were very common. The populations were found to be suitable for microbicide trials if HIV incidence remains sufficiently high over time.
This study evaluated the suitability of populations of sexually active women in Madibeng, North-West Province and Mbekweni, Western Cape, South Africa for microbicide trials by determining HIV prevalence and incidence.
The study found an HIV prevalence of 24% in Madibeng and 22% in Mbekweni. HIV incidence rates based on seroconversions over 12 months in the cohort studies were 6.0/100 person-years in Madibeng and 4.5/100 person-years in Mbekweni. Incidence rates estimated by cross-sectional BED testing were similar. Pregnancy incidence rates were also determined.
Nearly all participants expressed a willingness to participate
Influence of Risk Factors on HPV, Pap smear Abnormalities, Cervical Intraepit...Shannon Laratonda MHS
The document summarizes four studies that identify risk factors for HPV. All four studies found that younger age and a higher number of sexual partners are strongly correlated with HPV infection. Additional risk factors identified across the studies include ever having sex, alcohol consumption, low income, smoking, and oral contraceptive use. Understanding risk factors can help target prevention efforts and may provide insight into HPV persistence and cervical cancer development.
Malaria parasitaemia and socioeconomic status of selected residents of Emohua...IOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study that investigated the prevalence of malaria and socioeconomic status of residents in Emohua Community, Rivers State, Nigeria. Blood samples were collected from 200 subjects aged 0-17 years old and tested for malaria parasites. The main findings were:
1) The overall malaria prevalence was 53%, with higher rates among females, young children aged 0-6 years, and individuals from lower socioeconomic classes.
2) Subjects not using mosquito nets or using untreated nets had higher infection rates compared to those using treated nets.
3) Most individuals had non-formal education and sought treatment from patent drug sellers rather than hospitals. Treatment-seeking behaviors differed based on education levels.
Factors Associated with Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine Uptake amongst Girls Ag...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a sexually transmitted infection. HPV vaccine since its first licensure in 2006 has proven to be safe, highly immunogenic, and induces strong direct and indirect protection against HPV and its sequelae. The study was designed to determine the socio-demographic, health care, and parental factors associated with human papillomavirus vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. The study was a cross-sectional study employing a simple random sampling method and a total of 364 girls were interviewed following the set criteria using questionnaire data. Data were cleaned, coded, and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Findings were presented as frequencies, percentages, odd ratios, and p-values using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. From the study, statistically significant sociodemographic factors such as age (p=0.0000), schooling status (p=0.0000), level of education (p=0.007442), attitudes towards the HPV vaccine (p=0.005175), Receiving vaccine doses from different vaccination sites (p=0.0000), and Ethnicity (p=0.0000), healthcare factors such as outreaches in communities (p=0.0000), information received (p=0.0000), encouragement from health workers (p=0.0000), availability of vaccines (p=0.0000) and parental factors such as knowledge about HPV vaccine(p=0.001), parental hesitancy (p<0.001), level of education (p=0.0000), social economic status (p=0.001), attitudes towards HPV vaccine, (p=0.0000) and HPV vaccine awareness (p=0.0000) were found statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. From the study findings, the study variables such as sociodemographic, and health-related factors were found to be statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. Therefore, effort should be brought to all levels of intervention so that HPV uptake is taken into consideration if the need for good health among girls needs to be achieved.
Keywords: Human papillomavirus virus, sexually transmitted infection, Health care, HPV vaccine, Cancer.
1) The study evaluated the suitability of populations of sexually active women in two districts of South Africa, Madibeng and Mbekweni, for microbicide trials by determining HIV prevalence and incidence.
2) HIV prevalence was 24% in Madibeng and 22% in Mbekweni. Estimated HIV incidence rates were 6.0/100 person-years in Madibeng and 4.5/100 person-years in Mbekweni.
3) Pregnancy incidence rates were 4.8/100 person-years in Madibeng and 7.0/100 person-years in Mbekweni. Genital symptoms were very common.
4) The
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
HIV prevalence and incidence remain high in peri-urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa according to a study of three districts. Cross-sectional surveys found HIV prevalence of 42% in Ladysmith, 46% in Edendale, and 41% in Pinetown. Follow-up cohort studies in these areas then determined HIV incidence rates of 14.8, 6.3, and 7.2 per 100 person-years, respectively. Pregnancy incidence was also high at 5.7, 3.1, and 6.3 per 100 person-years despite high reported contraceptive use. These findings suggest ongoing high risk of HIV transmission in these communities.
HIV prevalence and incidence remain high in peri-urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa according to a study of three districts. Cross-sectional surveys found HIV prevalence of 42% in Ladysmith, 46% in Edendale, and 41% in Pinetown. Follow-up cohort studies in these areas measured HIV incidence rates of 14.8, 6.3, and 7.2 per 100 person-years respectively. Pregnancy incidence was also high at 5.7, 3.1, and 6.3 per 100 person-years despite high reported contraceptive use. These findings suggest ongoing high risk of HIV transmission in these communities.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice toward Cervical Cancer and Cervical Cancer S...ijtsrd
BACKGROUND Invasive Cervical Cancer ICC has been identified as the second most common cause of morbidity and mortality compared to other cancers among women in Cameroon. Cervical cancer can be treated e ectively if diagnosed early. Less than half the number of participants presented with good practice.The correlation between participants’ knowledge, attitude and practice showed that there was a significant association which therefore provides sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis. The result obtained in this study indicates how useful it will be to establish health education programs to increase women’s awareness and knowledge about cervical cancer. Fongang Che Landis | Enow-Orock George | Njajou Omer | Ngowe Ngowe Marcelin "Knowledge, Attitude and Practice toward Cervical Cancer and Cervical Cancer Screening and Its Associated Factors among Women in the City of Bamenda, Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43667.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/other/43667/knowledge-attitude-and-practice-toward-cervical-cancer-and-cervical-cancer-screening-and-its-associated-factors-among-women-in-the-city-of-bamenda-cameroon/fongang-che-landis
Etiopathogenesis and natural history of ca cervixNiranjan Chavan
CERVICAL CANCER , the 2nd most common cancer in India can be easily prevented with proper adequate screening and awareness.
Adequate sex education is necessary to inculcate safe sexual practices to prevent HPV infection.
Etiopathogenesis and natural history of ca cervixNiranjan Chavan
CERVICAL CANCER , the 2nd most common cancer in India can be easily prevented with proper adequate screening and awareness.
Adequate sex education is necessary to inculcate safe sexual practices to prevent HPV infection.
HPV infection, cervical abnormalities, and cancer in HIV-infected women in Mu...Dr.Samsuddin Khan
Background: HIV-infected women are at a higher risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cancer than women in the general population, partly due to a high prevalence of persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The aim of the study was to assess the burden of HPV infection, cervical abnormalities, and cervical cancer among a cohort of HIV-infected women as part of a routine screening in an urban overpopulated slum setting in Mumbai, India.
Methods: From May 2010 to October 2010, Médecins Sans Frontières and Tata Memorial Hospital Mumbai offered routine annual Pap smears and HPV DNA testing of women attending an antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic and a 12-month follow-up. Women with abnormal test results were offered cervical biopsy and treatment, including treatment for sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Results: Ninety-five women were screened. Median age was 38 years (IQR: 33–41); median nadir CD4-count 143 cells/µL (IQR: 79–270); and median time on ART 23 months (IQR:10–41). HPV DNA was detected in 30/94 women (32%), and 18/94 (19%) showed either low-grade or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL/HSIL) on Pap smear. Overall, >50% had cervical inflammatory reactions including STIs. Of the 43 women with a cervical biopsy, eight (8.4%) had CIN-1, five (5.3%) CIN-2, and two (2.1%) carcinoma in situ. All but one had HPV DNA detected (risk ratio: 11, 95% confidence interval: 3.3–34). By October 2011, 56 women had completed the 12-month follow-up and had been rescreened. No new cases of HPV infection/LSIL/HSIL were detected.
Conclusion: The high prevalence of HPV infection, STIs, and cervical lesions among women attending an ART clinic demonstrates a need for routine screening. Simple, one-stop screening strategies are needed. The optimal screening interval, especially when resources are limited, needs to be determined.
This study investigated the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among school children in Al-Mahweet Governorate, Yemen. Stool samples from 200 children aged 7-15 years old were collected and examined using diagnostic techniques. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was found to be 90%. The most common parasites identified were Entamoeba histolytica cysts (64%), Schistosoma mansoni (36.5%), and amorphous amoebae (22.5%). Most children were found to have multiple parasitic infections (75.5%). Poor hygiene practices and sanitation were likely responsible for the high infection rates. The study recommends deworming programs and health education on hygiene for these school children.
EVALUATION OF VARIOUS CAUSES OF LEUCORRHOEA IN SEXUALLY ACTIVE FEMALESElu Malai
This study evaluated the various causes of leucorrhea in 100 sexually active females aged 15-45 years in India. Candida was found to be the most common cause of leucorrhea (24% of cases), followed by bacterial vaginosis (20% of cases). Trichomoniasis was found in 8% of cases. No cause was found for 48% of cases, likely representing physiological discharge. Maintaining proper perineal hygiene and using condoms were recommended to reduce prevalence of infectious leucorrhea and reproductive tract infections.
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Volume 6 Issue 1 -2022 Review Article
countries, the incidence of cervical cancer continues to decrease,
unlike in developing countries, especially in Africa. sub-Saharan
region where the incidence is increasing exponentially mainly be-
cause of the poor organization of screening and prevention policies
[4]. In Congo, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer
in women in terms of incidence and the second in terms of mor-
tality [5]. Some epidemiological and molecular studies related to
HPV and CCU have been carried out in certain departments of the
country Ebatetou E.A. [6] and Boumba A. [7] showed the direct
involvement of HPV 16, 18, 33 and 31 in the development of pre-
cancerous lesions of the cervix, respectively. In the departments
of Niari and Lékoumou, as well as all the other departments of the
Congo, no studies have been carried out. It is in this context that
we set ourselves the objective of determining the prevalence of
HPV infection in the departments of Lékoumou and Niari.
3. Patients and Methods
We conducted a descriptive and cross-sectional study over a period
of 7 months from January to July 2019 in the departments of Lek-
oumou and Niari. The analyzes were carried out in the Laboratory
of Medical and Morphological Analysis of the General Hospital
of Loandjili (HGL) and the Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology
and Quality / Eco-toxicology and Biodiversity (LVMQ / ETB) of
the Faculty of Sciences and Techniques du Maroc (FSTM). Our
study involved a population of 100 women ranging in age from 16
to 73 years old. All of these women voluntarily benefited from a
cervico-uterine sample. Sexually active patients aged 16 and over
who have given informed consent for adults and parental consent
for minors were included. We did not include patients who had
undergone total hysterectomy as well as those who were menstru-
ating. We carried out a simple random draw to constitute the size
of our sample.
3.1. Sampling method
Each patient was placed in a gynecological position. After placing
a sterile disposable speculum, two samples were taken:
• The first sample was taken using an Ayre spatula from the exo
and endocervix. The collected cells were spread evenly and in a
thin layer on a glass slide, then fixed with a cytological fixative
spray (Spray name). Each blade was numbered.
• The 2nd sample was taken using a cytobrush from the exo and
endocervix. The detachable head of the cytobrush was immersed
in a vial containing a 10% buffered formaldehyde solution. Each
bottle was numbered.
3.2. Storage and transport of samples
After collection at the Sibiti base hospital, Komono and Mayéyé
CSIs, the samples were transported to the Pointe-Noire LGH. Stor-
age was at -20 ° C.
The transport to Morocco was done in dry ice by plane, in the
hold, according to the WHO recommendations for the transport
of biological samples. In Morocco, the samples were immediately
returned to -20 ° C in order to maintain the cold chain.
3.3. Molecular analysis
The molecular analysis took place in 4 steps:
• DNA extraction
• The evaluation of the DNA extract
• The detection of HPV viral DNA
• HPV genotyping
3.4. DNA extraction
The DNA extraction took place in 5 phases
• First phase: sample pretreatment
The cells were collected in a 1.5 mL eppendorf tube, to which were
added 250 μL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS). We carried out
two successive washes with PBS, by centrifugation at 12,000 rpm
for 15 min at 4 ° C.
• Second phase: enzymatic digestion
• Third phase: purification with phenol chloroform
• Fourth phase: precipitation
• Fifth phase: washing and rehydration
3.5. Evaluation of the DNA extract
4-2-1-Qualitative evaluation of the DNA extract by β-globin PCR
All PCR amplifications were done in a GeneAmp ® PCR thermal
cycler
3.6. Detection of HPV viral DNA
4-3-1-Revelation
3.7. HPV genotyping by specific PCR
3-4-1-Analysis of specific PCR products
The variables studied were as follows:
- age,
- marital status,
- the level of education,
- the age of first sexual intercourse,
- the number of sexual partners,
- parity,
-the frequency of HPV infection
Bivariate analysis was done between age, education level, age at
first intercourse, number of sexual partners, marital status and par-
ity.
4. Statistical Analysis
All the results of this study were statistically analyzed from the
Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test using Epi-InfoTM software
version 7.1.1.14, USA (http://www.epiinfo.com). For all tests, the
association between two variables was considered statistically sig-
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Volume 6 Issue 1 -2022 Review Article
nificant when p <0.05.
5. Results
During this study we collected 100 women. The mean age of the
patients was 34.6 ± 11.9 years with ranges ranging from 16 to 73
years. The most represented age groups were that of 20-29 years
(31%) and that of 30-39 years (29%) (Table 1). The most repre-
sented level of education was the college level in 53% of cases
monitoring of the level of primary education in 25% of cases
(Figure 1). Almost ¾ of our study population were married wom-
en (74%). Singles represented only 22% of the study population
(Figure 2). The mean age at first intercourse was 16.4 ± 2.3 with
extremes ranging from 12 to 25 years Almost all of the women
(97%) constituting our study population had had their first sex-
ual intercourse before age 20 (Figure 3). The average number of
sexual partners was 5.3 ± 3.2 with extremes ranging from 1 to 15
partners, 53% of the women had at least 5 sexual partners (Table
2). The mean number of deliveries was 3.6 ± 2.4 with extremes
ranging from 0 to 12 deliveries. 36% of our study population had
between 4 and 7 deliveries (Figure 4). Out of 100 cases of women
studied, HPV viral DNA was identified in 29 cases, for an overall
prevalence of infection of 29%. (Table 3). HPV infection was ob-
served in 58.3% in women aged 50 and over while only 12.5%
of
cases in women under 20 were infected (Figure 5). No difference
significant was observed. p = 0.15; chi2 = 2.073 between the level
of instruction and the infection with HPV (Figure 6). Although
50% of the widows of our population are infected by HPV, we did
not observe a significant difference between the carrying of the
infection and marital status. P = 0.91; chi2 = 0.013. (Figure 7).
There was no association between age at first intercourse and HPV
infection (Figure 8). No significant difference was observed (p =
0.47). Chi2 = 0.522 between the number of sexual partners and
HPV infection in (Figure 9). There was no association between the
distribution of HPV infection by number of deliveries. The differ-
ence was not significant with a p = 0.16. Chi2 = 1.985 (Figure 10).
Table 1 : Distribution of patients according to Age
Age Group Number Percentage
<20 8 8%
20-29 31 31%
30-39 29 29%
40-49 20 20%
≥ 50 12 12%
Total 100 100%
1- Sociodemographic characteristics ; Age
Partners Number Percentage
1 to 2 19 19%
2 to 4 28 28%
≥ to 5 53 53%
Total 100 100%
Table 2 : Distribution of patient according to sexual partners
Sexual partners
Table 3 : Distribution of patients according to prevalence of infection of HPV.
HPV Number Percentage
Negative 71 71
Positive 29 29
Total 100 100
2-Prevalence of infection of HPV
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Volume 6 Issue 1 -2022 Review Article
Level of instruction
Figure 1: Distribution of patients according to level of instruction
Marital Status
Figure 2: Distribution of patient according to marital status
Age of first intercourse
Figure 3; Distribution of patient according to age of first intercourse
5. clinicsofoncology.com 5
Volume 6 Issue 1 -2022 Review Article
parity
Figure 4: Distribution of patient according to parity
3-Risk factors of infection of HPV
3-1-Age
Figure 5: Distribution of patients according to infection of HPV and Age
3-2-Level of instruction
Figure 6: Distribution of patients according to infection of HPV and level of instruction
6. clinicsofoncology.com 6
Volume 6 Issue 1 -2022 Review Article
3-3-Marital status
Figure 7: Distribution of patients according to infection of HPV and marital status
3-4-Age of first intercourse
Figure 8: Distribution of patients according to infection of HPV and Age of first intercourse
3-5-Number of sexual partners
Figure 9 : Distribution of patients according of infection of HPV and number of sexual partners
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Volume 6 Issue 1 -2022 Review Article
3-6-Parity
Figure 10 : Distribution of patients according to infection of HPV and parity
6. Discussion
6.1. Analysis of the methodology
6.2. Type and period of the study
The descriptive and transversal nature of this study ensures an op-
timal quality of the results, because the collection of information
was contemporaneous with the events described. The homogene-
ity of our study sample allowed us to make a simple analysis of
the results obtained, representative of the general population of
the study area.
6.3. Study population
The selection criteria were established in order to avoid bias in the
interpretation of the results. We performed cervico-uterine smears
(CDU) in women aged 16 years or older. For adolescents aged 16
to 18, informed consent from a parent or guardian was required to
be part of the study, while those over 18 had to consent themselves.
Quite similar criteria were also used by Xavier Castellsagué in
2006 [8], in a study on the detection of the HPV genotype in rural
areas in Mozambique. The mean age of women in our study popu-
lation was lower than that observed in the Louie study population
in 2009 [9] which was estimated to be 33.9 years.
6.4. Sampling strategy
The constitution of the sample consisted in making a simple ran-
dom selection of women from the entire rural area of
the Kouilou
department, representing our sampling territory. The purpose of
this random selection was to obtain a number of cases representa-
tive of the general population, in order to ensure statistical signifi-
cance of the results. In total, we selected 100 cases for our cytolog-
ical and molecular studies of HPVs. Elsewhere, but close to us in
Kinshasa, in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ali-Risasi
in 2008 [10] using the same methodology, had recruited 272 cases
to carry out this type of molecular study of HPV identification in
the area. urban.
6.5. Sampling method
Like the other teams, including Ali-Risasi in 2008 [10], we used
liquid phase cervico-uterine smear samples. It consisted of rotating
the cytobrush 3 times for each sample and this allowed us to have a
homogeneous study sample, collected under the same conditions.
The density of the cells obtained was perfect in all the samples,
between 1.8 and 2. Currently, the liquid phase smear with the
marketing of transport and preservation media has improved the
conventional smear. The advantage of the liquid phase smear with
cytobrush sample is that it allows both cytomorphological and mo-
lecular study to be done without having to use a second sample.
6.6. Choice of study methodology
According to Mougin in 2001 [11], epidemiological studies car-
ried out around the world have shown that HPV research should
take place well upstream of screening for dysplastic lesions and
the revelation of cervical cancer. Indeed, the detection of HPV in-
fections makes it possible to better identify populations at risk,
with the aim of carrying out better surveillance, and therefore good
prevention against this scourge. Currently, in the absence of a sero-
logical test, molecular biology techniques remain the only reliable
tools for detecting viral DNA in a biological sample.
The genotyping technique was motivated by the objective and pur-
pose of our study: that of studying the genomic variability of HPV
16 strains in our study population. Despite many existing genotyp-
ing techniques, only sequencing can achieve this goal by studying
mutations directly on a fragment of the sequenced gene. Indeed,
sequencing remains the genotyping technique par excellence today
and is used in several studies around the world,
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Volume 6 Issue 1 -2022 Review Article
6.7. Prevalence of HPV infection
In a sample of 100 women, our study found a prevalence of HPV
infection of 29%, of which 18% were HPV type 16 (HPV-HR).
In Africa, the work carried out on the genotyping of HPV strains
has found very high frequencies; indeed, Castellsagué et al [8] in
Mozambique found a prevalence of 36% in 2001 with respective-
ly frequencies for subtypes 16, 18 and 45 of 15%, 13% and 8%,
Didelot-Rousseau et al [12] in Burkina-Faso found frequencies of
HPV infection of 62.7% including 36.4% of high-risk subtypes
(7.8% for HPV 16 and 6.4% for HPV 18) and a meta-analysis pub-
lished by Clifford et al [13] noted a frequency of HPV infections
in sub-Saharan Africa of 25.6% including 68.6% of HR HPV (8%
for HPV 16, 4 % for HPV 18 and 6% for HPV 45) in women with
normal cytology.
In our study, the HPV-HR consisted exclusively of type 16. This
rate remains within the limit of most studies carried out in Africa
on the general population which is 54.6% according to Munoz et
al in 2003 [14] and 52 , 9% according to Didellot-Rousseau et al
in 2006 [12]. In Congo, the only molecular studies on HPV have
been carried out by Boumba [7], he focused on the genotyping
of oncogenic HPV in circulation in Congo-Brazzaville, with the
result of a prevalence of HPV 16 of 62.12% in an urban population
of the city of Pointe-Noire. We note that this prevalence is close
to that which we observed, thus confirming the high prevalence
of HPV 16, a high risk oncogenic virus in the rural population of
Kouilou. We were thus able to conclude that the HPV 16 virus in
these two areas (urban in the study by Boumba , rural in ours) is
present at high rates.
6.8. Analysis of HPV infection and associated risk factors
Several studies have shown that certain factors such as sexual be-
havior, parity, pregnancy, age, marital status, level of education
are the risk factors most involved in the development of precan-
cerous and cancerous lesions of the cervix. uterus. In our study,
the statistical analysis between the majority of these risk factors
(in particular parity, age, marital status and level of education) and
HPV infection (viral DNA positivity) n 'showed no significant dif-
ference. This result, although contrary to most studies around the
world, does not call into question the association between these
risk factors and the carriage of HPV infection. Indeed, these risk
factors are reported in the literature as risk factors associated with
HPV infection and these complications [15]. The non-significance
of certain risk factors in our study could be explained on the one
hand by the fact that certain risk factors require a very large sam-
ple to be significant and on the other hand by the fact that some
of these factors are markers of sexual activity more than cervical
HPV lesions according to Mougin in 2001 [16] and Woodnam in
2001 [17]. Only the age of the first sexual intercourse (less than
20 years) is statistically significant for all the risk factors studied,
these observations have been noted in several studies in the world,
those of Castellsague [8] and Munoz [14] for example.
7. Conclusion
Cervical cancer is a public health problem apart from HPV in-
fection which is the risk factor there are some co-factors such as
parity, age at first intercourse. The prevalence of HPV infection
is relatively high in the Lékoumou and Niari regions. This high
prevalence may justify primary and secondary prevention against
cervical cancer in our resource-constrained setting.
8. Conflict of Interest
Where were no conflict of interest during this study.
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