A cross-sectional survey of Trichomonas vaginalis infection has been conducted among married pregnant women attending antenatal clinics, for the first time in pregnancy, the direct microscopy technique was adopted. Of the 120 pregnant women studied, 4(3.3%) were infected with T. vaginalis. Individuals age 20-25 years were most infected (3.7%). Women in their third trimester of pregnancy were significantly more infected (1.1%), than those in their second trimester (1.6%) and first trimester (2.3%). Despite reporting a low prevalence of T. vaginalis among pregnant women in the study, this does not imply completely ruling out the presence of T. vaginalis among pregnant women due to the diagnostic technique and also that even the low occurrence among pregnant women in the hospitals cannot totally explain general occurrence. T. vaginalis infection can be dangerous and poses serious threat to the health. Hence, the need for prevention of T. vaginalis and that efforts for prevention of T. vaginalis infection should be targeted at all women of child bearing age. Since T. vaginalis is primarily sexually transmitted, educational efforts must be aimed at high risk groups including women without any formal education and must be explicit regarding the behaviours that leads to the spread of T. vaginalis, and other sexually transmitted infections. There is also the need for proper counseling and education on sexual behaviour and genital hygiene which would greatly help in the prevention of the infection.
This document provides an overview of trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis. Trichomoniasis is caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis and spreads through sexual contact. It commonly causes symptoms like abnormal discharge and irritation, but is often asymptomatic. Left untreated, it can increase risks of other infections like HIV. Bacterial vaginosis results from a disruption of the normal vaginal flora and an overgrowth of certain bacteria. It is associated with increased risks of other STDs during pregnancy complications. Both infections are treatable but their lack of recognition has posed public health challenges.
Trichomonas vaginalis is an anaerobic, flagellated protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis, a common sexually transmitted infection. It infects the urogenital tract and is transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact, usually during vaginal intercourse. Symptoms in women include vaginitis characterized by frothy, greenish discharge. Complications can include preterm birth and increased risk of HIV transmission. Diagnosis is via culture or PCR, and treatment involves antibiotics like metronidazole or tinidazole.
The document discusses a proposed sexual health education program called SHECAW for college-aged women between 18-22 years old. Chlamydia trachomatis is a common sexually transmitted disease that disproportionately affects this demographic. If left untreated, it can cause reproductive health issues and infertility. The goals of SHECAW are to reduce new C. trachomatis cases through education, ensure participants understand transmission risks, and provide a supportive network. The program will address screening, prevention, and treatment of this preventable disease.
Maybe you haven’t heard of this infection. It is the stepchild of sexually transmitted diseases—one that is hard to pronounce, let alone find information about why it is important.
Giardiasis and trichomoniasis are intestinal protozoal infections caused by Giardia intestinalis and Trichomonas vaginalis respectively. Giardiasis causes diarrhea and is transmitted through ingestion of cysts from contaminated food or water. Trichomoniasis primarily causes vaginitis in women and is sexually transmitted. Both infections are generally treated with metronidazole or tinidazole and prevention involves handwashing and water purification. Malaria is a protozoal disease transmitted by mosquitoes that infects red blood cells and causes symptoms like fever. It is a major global health problem with Plasmodium falciparum being the most severe form.
This document discusses sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It notes that 448 million new curable STI cases occur annually worldwide, including syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis. STIs can exist without symptoms and lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, stillbirth, and neonatal death if left untreated. Common bacterial, viral, and parasitic STIs are described. The document emphasizes that STIs increase HIV transmission and recommends abstinence or mutual monogamy for prevention, with condom use providing additional protection.
This document discusses sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It notes that 448 million new curable STI cases occur annually worldwide, including syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis. STIs can exist without symptoms and lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, stillbirth, neonatal death, and increased HIV risk if left untreated. The document outlines common bacterial, viral, and parasitic STIs and recommends abstinence or mutual monogamy for prevention or consistent condom use to reduce transmission risk.
Comparative seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis among three subg...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis among three subgroups (pregnant women, immunocompromised patients, and immunocompetent controls) in Nigeria. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 31.5%. Pregnant women had significantly higher seroprevalence than the other two groups. Living with cats was found to increase the risk of toxoplasmosis four times compared to those not living with cats. Seroprevalence increased with age among pregnant women and immunocompromised patients.
This document provides an overview of trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis. Trichomoniasis is caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis and spreads through sexual contact. It commonly causes symptoms like abnormal discharge and irritation, but is often asymptomatic. Left untreated, it can increase risks of other infections like HIV. Bacterial vaginosis results from a disruption of the normal vaginal flora and an overgrowth of certain bacteria. It is associated with increased risks of other STDs during pregnancy complications. Both infections are treatable but their lack of recognition has posed public health challenges.
Trichomonas vaginalis is an anaerobic, flagellated protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis, a common sexually transmitted infection. It infects the urogenital tract and is transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact, usually during vaginal intercourse. Symptoms in women include vaginitis characterized by frothy, greenish discharge. Complications can include preterm birth and increased risk of HIV transmission. Diagnosis is via culture or PCR, and treatment involves antibiotics like metronidazole or tinidazole.
The document discusses a proposed sexual health education program called SHECAW for college-aged women between 18-22 years old. Chlamydia trachomatis is a common sexually transmitted disease that disproportionately affects this demographic. If left untreated, it can cause reproductive health issues and infertility. The goals of SHECAW are to reduce new C. trachomatis cases through education, ensure participants understand transmission risks, and provide a supportive network. The program will address screening, prevention, and treatment of this preventable disease.
Maybe you haven’t heard of this infection. It is the stepchild of sexually transmitted diseases—one that is hard to pronounce, let alone find information about why it is important.
Giardiasis and trichomoniasis are intestinal protozoal infections caused by Giardia intestinalis and Trichomonas vaginalis respectively. Giardiasis causes diarrhea and is transmitted through ingestion of cysts from contaminated food or water. Trichomoniasis primarily causes vaginitis in women and is sexually transmitted. Both infections are generally treated with metronidazole or tinidazole and prevention involves handwashing and water purification. Malaria is a protozoal disease transmitted by mosquitoes that infects red blood cells and causes symptoms like fever. It is a major global health problem with Plasmodium falciparum being the most severe form.
This document discusses sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It notes that 448 million new curable STI cases occur annually worldwide, including syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis. STIs can exist without symptoms and lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, stillbirth, and neonatal death if left untreated. Common bacterial, viral, and parasitic STIs are described. The document emphasizes that STIs increase HIV transmission and recommends abstinence or mutual monogamy for prevention, with condom use providing additional protection.
This document discusses sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It notes that 448 million new curable STI cases occur annually worldwide, including syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis. STIs can exist without symptoms and lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, stillbirth, neonatal death, and increased HIV risk if left untreated. The document outlines common bacterial, viral, and parasitic STIs and recommends abstinence or mutual monogamy for prevention or consistent condom use to reduce transmission risk.
Comparative seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis among three subg...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis among three subgroups (pregnant women, immunocompromised patients, and immunocompetent controls) in Nigeria. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 31.5%. Pregnant women had significantly higher seroprevalence than the other two groups. Living with cats was found to increase the risk of toxoplasmosis four times compared to those not living with cats. Seroprevalence increased with age among pregnant women and immunocompromised patients.
Trichomoniasis in the women is usually asymptotic however the disease might be manifested as vaginitis, cervicitis, urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and adverse birth outcomes. Methods: A case-control hospital based study conducted at Kassala Hospitals, eastern Sudan during the period from 1st January 2015 to 30th June 2015 to investigate the prevalence rate of Trichomoniasis during pregnancy and its impact on neonatal outcome. Results: During the study period there were 199 infected women with T vaginalis among 2374 deliveries yielding a prevalence rate of 8.3%. The vast majority (140/199, 70.4%) was asymptomatic while the rest presented with vaginal discharge (33/199, 16.6%), itching (16/199, 8%) and dysuria (10/199, 5%). With regard to membranes status and neonatal outcome higher proportion of infected women presented with premature ruptured membranes (30, 15.1% Vs 6, 3%; P = 0.000) and gave preterm birth (31, 15.6% Vs 7, 3.5%; P= 0.000). Using logistic regression analysis the study showed significant association between Trichomoniasis, preterm birth (CI= 1.1 � 13.6, OR= 3.9, P= 0.030) and premature rupture of the amniotic sac before 4 centimeter dilatation (CI= 1.0 3.2, OR= 1.8, P= 0.025). Conclusion: Trichomoniasis is highly prevalent among parturient women in eastern Sudan, and there is significant association between Trichomoniasis, preterm birth and premature ruptured membranes.
To Assess the Effectiveness of Structure Teaching Programme on Knowledge Rega...ijtsrd
A Pre experimental study one group pre test and post test design was selected for the study, which was conducted on 60 GNM first year nursing students of Integral Institute Of Nursing Sciences and Research, Lucknow U.P. through Random sampling technique. Data was collected through using a self structured knowledge questionnaire. Researcher introduced her and explained the purpose of study to the sample. Written informed Consent was taken from each sample. Pretest was administered to the group followed by structured teaching programme which took about 45 minutes. Post test was taken after one week of administration of structured teaching programme. Mr. Aarif Mohammad | Mr. Sabeehuddin "To Assess the Effectiveness of Structure Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection Among the G.N.M. 1st Year Student in Integral Institute of Nursing Sciences & Research, Lucknow U.P." Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63501.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/63501/to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-structure-teaching-programme-on-knowledge-regarding-prevention-of-urinary-tract-infection-among-the-gnm-1st-year-student-in-integral-institute-of-nursing-sciences-and-research-lucknow-up/mr-aarif-mohammad
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infection among Adults...ijtsrd
Urinary tract infections UTI are one of the most prominent bacterial infections responsible for morbidity and hospitalization in HIV positive individuals. Therefore a hospital based cross sectional study was conducted among 150 adult HIV AIDS patients attending Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital COOUTH a tertiary health care facility in Awka, Southeast Nigeria to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Bacterial Urinary Tract infection among Adults with HIV AIDS. Mid stream clean catch urine samples were collected and examined using standard microbiological and biochemical procedures. A semi structured questionnaire was used to obtain their Socio demographic and clinical data. Data entry and analysis were done using statistical package for social science SPSS , version 21 software and statistical significance was placed at P 0.05. Of the 150 examined urine samples, a total of 48 32 showed significant bacterial growth. Six 6 bacterial species were isolated. They include Escherichia coli 16 33.3 , Staphylococcus aureus 16 33.3 , Proteus mirabilis 2 4.2 , Klebsiella pneumoniae 3 6.3 , Enterococcus fecalis 4 8.3 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4 8.3 . The most predominant isolate was S.aureus 19 39.6 . Female participants had a higher prevalence of UTI 30 62.5 compared to their male counterpart 18 37.5 . However, there was no statistically significant association between UTI and gender P 0.05 . Statistically significant association exist between place of residence P=0.005411 , marital status P=0.0054 , educational level P=0.030914 , current UTI symptoms P= 0.00001 , history of catheterization P=0.00001 and Diabetes mellitus P=0.00001 status with UTI. Thus, it is established that living in a rural setting, being married, lack of formal education, history of catheterization and Diabetes mellitus are risk factors for UTI. This is an indication that sensitization and screening for treatment of UTI in all HIV infected patient is very imperative and desirous. Anyebe, M. | Anyamene, C. | Ezebialu C. U "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infection among Adults with HIV/AIDS in a Tertiary Healthcare Facility at Awka" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57421.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/biological-science/microbiology/57421/prevalence-and-risk-factors-of-bacterial-urinary-tract-infection-among-adults-with-hivaids-in-a-tertiary-healthcare-facility-at-awka/anyebe-m
Tuberculosis (TB) is a very common disease worldwide including India. Tuberculosis of the female genital tract is
common enough to be found in 1% of women with DUB (Sutherland 1949) and in 4% of adolescent with excessive
menstrual loss (Sutherland 1953). The commonest site of involvement is the fallopian tubes (90e100%). The next
common site is endometrium (60%). The infection is from the tubes either by lymphatics or direct spread through
continuity. Symptoms vary according to the severity site and stage of the disease. Anti tuberculosis chemotherapy is the mainstay of tt. Initially drugs are used for 2 months. These are isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutal. Treatment is continued for another 4 months with isoniazid and rifampicin.
This document provides information about Trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoan parasite that causes the sexually transmitted infection trichomoniasis. It describes the characteristics of T. vaginalis trophozoites, symptoms of infection, methods of diagnosis, and transmission routes. Trichomoniasis is common worldwide and symptoms in women can include vaginal discharge and irritation while men may experience mild urethritis. Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of trophozoites in vaginal or urethral discharge or urine samples.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the epidemiology of trachoma in Ethiopia. It finds that trachoma is highly prevalent in Ethiopia, disproportionately affecting rural areas and women. The country accounts for 1/3 of the global burden of the disease. Control efforts have included mass antibiotic distribution, facial cleanliness promotion, and trichiasis surgery. However, trachoma remains widespread due to factors like limited access to water and sanitation. The presentation recommends that the Ethiopian government increase investment to strengthen prevention and treatment programs to eliminate trachoma.
Trichomoniasis
Causes of trichomoniasis
Infectious area
Symptoms
Risk factors
Diagnosis
Management
Trichomoniasis, or trich is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a tiny parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis (TV).
About 70% of women and men do not have symptoms when infected.
Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protozoan sexually transmitted infection that infects the urogenital tract, causing vaginitis in women and urethritis in men, with symptoms including abnormal discharge and irritation. It is estimated to infect over 7 million people annually in the US alone, though many cases are asymptomatic. While the first-line treatment is usually the antibiotic metronidazole, some strains have developed resistance requiring alternative treatments like tinidazole.
12Toxoplasmosis and Effects on Abortion, And Fetal A.docxrobert345678
12
Toxoplasmosis and Effects on Abortion, And Fetal Abnormalities
Toxoplasmosis and Effects on Abortion, And Fetal Abnormalities
Abstract
The placenta is an immune-privileged organ that may tolerate antigen exposure without eliciting a strong inflammatory response that could result in an abortion. After that, the pregnancy can progress normally. Th1 answers, characterized by interferon-, are essential for suppressing intracellular infections. Therefore, the maternal immune system finds a catch-22 when intracellular parasites invade the placenta. The pro-inflammatory response required to eradicate the virus carries the danger of causing an abortion. Toxoplasma is a potent parasite that causes lifetime infections and is a leading cause of abortions in people and animals. This paper speculates that the pregnancy outcome may be affected by the Toxoplasma strain and the effectors of the parasite, both of which can modify the signaling pathways of the host cell.
Introduction
Fetuses infected with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii can develop a disorder known as toxoplasmosis, sometimes called congenital toxoplasmosis. This disease is transmitted from mother to child in the womb. A miscarriage or a stillbirth might happen as a result. A child with this illness may also have significant and progressively deteriorating difficulties in their vision, hearing, motor skills, cognitive ability, and other areas of development. The parasite Toxoplasma gondii is blamed for many pregnancies ending in miscarriage (Arranz-Solís et al., 2021). Most abortions happen in the first trimester of pregnancy or during the early stages of acute sickness. This research aimed to determine if women who had an abortion were more likely to be infected with toxoplasmosis.
To make matters worse, the toxoplasmosis-causing Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular pathogen that infects nearly every animal species with a thermoregulatory system. Transferring Toxoplasma from one host to another requires the development of tissue cysts that are infectious when ingested. This means the parasite is incentivized to ensure that the host organism lives during the infection. The parasite does this by stimulating an immune response powerful enough to limit parasite reproduction. Toxoplasma, on the other hand, uses a unique set of effectors to evade the immune response and ensure that the parasite population does not decrease to zero.
Results
Type II strains are the most common cause of infection in both animal and human hosts. However, all four clonal lineages of Toxoplasma may be found throughout Europe and North America. It has been established, however, that the bulk of the South American isolates identified is genetically distinct from the strains seen in North America and Europe. Certain sorts of isolates have been labeled as atypical strains. Birth abnormalities apart, type II strains are the most common in Europe and North America, where the great majority of .
This document discusses sexually transmitted infections (STIs), providing key facts and details. It notes that 448 million new curable STIs like syphilis and gonorrhea occur yearly. Some STIs have no symptoms but can still spread and cause complications. Untreated STIs can lead to infertility, pregnancy complications, cervical cancer, and increased HIV risk. The document outlines common bacterial, viral and parasitic STIs as well as STI syndromes and recommends abstinence or consistent condom use to prevent transmission.
EVALUATION OF VARIOUS CAUSES OF LEUCORRHOEA IN SEXUALLY ACTIVE FEMALESElu Malai
This study evaluated the various causes of leucorrhea in 100 sexually active females aged 15-45 years in India. Candida was found to be the most common cause of leucorrhea (24% of cases), followed by bacterial vaginosis (20% of cases). Trichomoniasis was found in 8% of cases. No cause was found for 48% of cases, likely representing physiological discharge. Maintaining proper perineal hygiene and using condoms were recommended to reduce prevalence of infectious leucorrhea and reproductive tract infections.
This document discusses the epidemiology of endometriosis. It begins with an introduction that defines endometriosis and outlines its prevalence rates, which vary widely from 0.7% to 45% in different populations. Next, it examines the impact of endometriosis, including its effects on fertility and recurrence rates post-surgery. Risk factors associated with endometriosis are then reviewed such as higher socioeconomic status, early menarche, and nulliparity. The document concludes by stating the need for cross-cultural epidemiological studies of endometriosis to understand cultural and regional differences in symptoms.
Association between Trichomonas vaginalis and other pathogensbijbntjournal
There are many pathogens in the reproductive system in both women and men, which are largely responsible for the death of thousands of women as a result of incorrect diagnosis and failure to treat diseases of the reproductive system such as uterine cancer, ectopic pregnancy, acute and chronic infections of the uterus and Fallopian tubes, puerperal infections, and in the event that the patient survived death. These diseases have bad effects, including infertility, miscarriage, fetal death, birth of low-weight fetuses, fetal blindness, pneumonia, and mental retardation. These diseases are transmitted through the mucous membranes during vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse with a person who is infected or passed from mother to fetus. Wrong sexual behaviors also lead to the acquisition of genital infections. The incidence of reproductive system diseases in women is 50%, especially at an early age, compared to 25% for men, and affects them more severely. According to studies, two-thirds of cases of sexually transmitted diseases are obtained in their teens or twenties. There is limited access to health care for women infected with these diseases in developing countries, as health care is often provided in these countries through a range of services for individuals, family planning clinics, reproductive health centers, and public hospitals. However, in developing countries, untrained people provide treatment without accurate diagnosis of the disease, which increases the exacerbation of sexually transmitted diseases, whereas the situation is much better in developed countries.
Assess the Prevalence of Self Reported Vaginal Discharge, Perceived Causes an...ijtsrd
Introduction Womens health is often suffering from gynaecological problems between puberty and post menopause. This will have an impression on their sexual and reproductive health. Many ladies find that persistent discharge is often uncomfortable. Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of self reported vaginal discharge, its perceived causes, and any associated symptoms among reproductive aged women.Methods A community based cross sectional study was conducted among women of the reproductive age group 15 45 years from the village of Kondancherry who met the inclusion criteria and were recruited using an appropriate sampling method Convenient . Formal approval was obtained from the village authorities and received approval from the institutions ethics committee. A self structured questionnaire was wont to collect data during a face to face interview. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data.Result Out of a total of 140 women who were interviewed for the presence of abnormal vaginal discharge, 100 71 were found to possess abnormal discharge. The prevalence of discharge was discovered to be quite high. Most of the ladies had a whitish vaginal discharge 76 , 59 had odourless discharge and 43 of women experience cheesy sticky in consistency of discharge. A majority of respondents 26 attributed the cause to excessive body heat, 22 said it was due to eating hot food, and about 13 of women cited stress. The foremost coexisting associated symptoms with vaginal discharge were itching, lower abdominal pain, and backache.Conclusion The stigma, shame, and embarrassment related to with any genital disorder deter many women and girls from seeking medical help. It must be identified and given great importance. Cecyli. C | Yogalakshmi. S "Assess the Prevalence of Self-Reported Vaginal Discharge, Perceived Causes and Associated Symptoms among Reproductive Aged Women" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59988.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/59988/assess-the-prevalence-of-selfreported-vaginal-discharge-perceived-causes-and-associated-symptoms-among-reproductive-aged-women/cecyli-c
This document discusses chorioamnionitis, an inflammation of the fetal membranes that occurs in 10% of laboring women and nearly 30% of preterm births. Chorioamnionitis increases risks for both mother and baby, including cesarean delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, and neonatal sepsis. It is often caused by ascending bacterial infections during labor and can be influenced by factors like prolonged rupture of membranes, digital exams, fetal monitoring devices, and poor perineal hygiene. The document recommends nursing actions to reduce rates of chorioamnionitis by influencing these modifiable factors.
Endometriosis: an invisible and neglected disease that affects 180 million women. Celebrities and famous women over the years have been known to be affected by this Queen Victoria to Marilyn Monroe to Katrina Kaif who had surgery for endometriosis.
Endometriosis: an invisible and neglected disease that affects 180 million women. Celebrities and famous women over the years have been known to be affected by this Queen Victoria to Marilyn Monroe to Katrina Kaif who had surgery for endometriosis. The old theories of Endometriosis such as Sampsons Theory Angiogenesis, Lymphogenesis theory are no longer acceptable. The Epigenetic/ Genetic theorey has been postulated. ROle of biomarkers in diagnosis Risk factrs affecting Endometriosis and Risk of Cancer is discussed
Syndromic approaches of sexually transmitted diseasesbrightaman
Hello everyone, you will get all materials associated with syndromic approaches of STI including management algorithm and treatment https://www.slideshare.net/brightaman/syndromic-approaches-of-sexually-transmitted-disease
https:/www.YouTube.com/@Bole tube ቦሌ 9297?sub_confirmation=1
This document discusses sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It begins by defining STIs and classifying them based on symptoms such as vaginal discharge, cervicitis, or genital ulcers. Specific STIs are then discussed in more detail, including vulvovaginal candidiasis, trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, genital herpes, and syphilis. Risk factors, transmission, effects, diagnosis and treatment are described for each. The document also covers human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human papillomavirus infection. It emphasizes prevention of STIs through vaccination, safe sex practices, and health education.
Urethritis is inflammation of the urethra which is most commonly seen in sexually active men. Patients experience burning during urination, pain, clear or purulent urethral discharge, and occasionally bleeding. The most common causes are infections from Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, or Mycoplasma genitalium which are sexually transmitted, while penile trauma is a less frequent cause.
Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Network Intrusion Detectio...IIJSRJournal
With the rapid advancement of computer technology during the last couple of decades. Computer systems are commonly used in manufacturing, corporate, as well as other aspects of human living. As a result, constructing dependable infrastructures is a major challenge for IT managers. On the contrary side, this same rapid advancement of technology has created numerous difficulties in building reliable networks which are challenging tasks. There seem to be numerous varieties of attacks that affect the accessibility, authenticity, as well as secrecy of communications systems. In this paper, an in-depth and all-inclusive description of artificial intelligence methods used for the detection of network intrusions is discussed in detail.
Methodologies for Enhancing Data Integrity and Security in Distributed Cloud ...IIJSRJournal
Usually, cloud infrastructure is used individually by businesses, whereas the hybrid cloud would be a blend of two or many kinds of clouds. Because as clouds become increasingly common, safety issues also expanding. Because of such cybersecurity threats, numerous experts suggested procedures as well as ways to assure internet confidentiality. Providers of cloud-based services were accountable for the complete safety of cloud information. Nevertheless, since the clouds are accessible (easily accessible over the World wide web), much research has been conducted on cloud storage cybersecurity. This paper describes methods for enhancing security and reliability in decentralized cloud-based solutions, as well as suggests a few security solution methods of implementation.
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Similar to Prevalence of Trichomonas Vaginalis Infection Among Married Pregnant Women in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State
Trichomoniasis in the women is usually asymptotic however the disease might be manifested as vaginitis, cervicitis, urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and adverse birth outcomes. Methods: A case-control hospital based study conducted at Kassala Hospitals, eastern Sudan during the period from 1st January 2015 to 30th June 2015 to investigate the prevalence rate of Trichomoniasis during pregnancy and its impact on neonatal outcome. Results: During the study period there were 199 infected women with T vaginalis among 2374 deliveries yielding a prevalence rate of 8.3%. The vast majority (140/199, 70.4%) was asymptomatic while the rest presented with vaginal discharge (33/199, 16.6%), itching (16/199, 8%) and dysuria (10/199, 5%). With regard to membranes status and neonatal outcome higher proportion of infected women presented with premature ruptured membranes (30, 15.1% Vs 6, 3%; P = 0.000) and gave preterm birth (31, 15.6% Vs 7, 3.5%; P= 0.000). Using logistic regression analysis the study showed significant association between Trichomoniasis, preterm birth (CI= 1.1 � 13.6, OR= 3.9, P= 0.030) and premature rupture of the amniotic sac before 4 centimeter dilatation (CI= 1.0 3.2, OR= 1.8, P= 0.025). Conclusion: Trichomoniasis is highly prevalent among parturient women in eastern Sudan, and there is significant association between Trichomoniasis, preterm birth and premature ruptured membranes.
To Assess the Effectiveness of Structure Teaching Programme on Knowledge Rega...ijtsrd
A Pre experimental study one group pre test and post test design was selected for the study, which was conducted on 60 GNM first year nursing students of Integral Institute Of Nursing Sciences and Research, Lucknow U.P. through Random sampling technique. Data was collected through using a self structured knowledge questionnaire. Researcher introduced her and explained the purpose of study to the sample. Written informed Consent was taken from each sample. Pretest was administered to the group followed by structured teaching programme which took about 45 minutes. Post test was taken after one week of administration of structured teaching programme. Mr. Aarif Mohammad | Mr. Sabeehuddin "To Assess the Effectiveness of Structure Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection Among the G.N.M. 1st Year Student in Integral Institute of Nursing Sciences & Research, Lucknow U.P." Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63501.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/63501/to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-structure-teaching-programme-on-knowledge-regarding-prevention-of-urinary-tract-infection-among-the-gnm-1st-year-student-in-integral-institute-of-nursing-sciences-and-research-lucknow-up/mr-aarif-mohammad
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infection among Adults...ijtsrd
Urinary tract infections UTI are one of the most prominent bacterial infections responsible for morbidity and hospitalization in HIV positive individuals. Therefore a hospital based cross sectional study was conducted among 150 adult HIV AIDS patients attending Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital COOUTH a tertiary health care facility in Awka, Southeast Nigeria to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Bacterial Urinary Tract infection among Adults with HIV AIDS. Mid stream clean catch urine samples were collected and examined using standard microbiological and biochemical procedures. A semi structured questionnaire was used to obtain their Socio demographic and clinical data. Data entry and analysis were done using statistical package for social science SPSS , version 21 software and statistical significance was placed at P 0.05. Of the 150 examined urine samples, a total of 48 32 showed significant bacterial growth. Six 6 bacterial species were isolated. They include Escherichia coli 16 33.3 , Staphylococcus aureus 16 33.3 , Proteus mirabilis 2 4.2 , Klebsiella pneumoniae 3 6.3 , Enterococcus fecalis 4 8.3 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4 8.3 . The most predominant isolate was S.aureus 19 39.6 . Female participants had a higher prevalence of UTI 30 62.5 compared to their male counterpart 18 37.5 . However, there was no statistically significant association between UTI and gender P 0.05 . Statistically significant association exist between place of residence P=0.005411 , marital status P=0.0054 , educational level P=0.030914 , current UTI symptoms P= 0.00001 , history of catheterization P=0.00001 and Diabetes mellitus P=0.00001 status with UTI. Thus, it is established that living in a rural setting, being married, lack of formal education, history of catheterization and Diabetes mellitus are risk factors for UTI. This is an indication that sensitization and screening for treatment of UTI in all HIV infected patient is very imperative and desirous. Anyebe, M. | Anyamene, C. | Ezebialu C. U "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infection among Adults with HIV/AIDS in a Tertiary Healthcare Facility at Awka" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57421.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/biological-science/microbiology/57421/prevalence-and-risk-factors-of-bacterial-urinary-tract-infection-among-adults-with-hivaids-in-a-tertiary-healthcare-facility-at-awka/anyebe-m
Tuberculosis (TB) is a very common disease worldwide including India. Tuberculosis of the female genital tract is
common enough to be found in 1% of women with DUB (Sutherland 1949) and in 4% of adolescent with excessive
menstrual loss (Sutherland 1953). The commonest site of involvement is the fallopian tubes (90e100%). The next
common site is endometrium (60%). The infection is from the tubes either by lymphatics or direct spread through
continuity. Symptoms vary according to the severity site and stage of the disease. Anti tuberculosis chemotherapy is the mainstay of tt. Initially drugs are used for 2 months. These are isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutal. Treatment is continued for another 4 months with isoniazid and rifampicin.
This document provides information about Trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoan parasite that causes the sexually transmitted infection trichomoniasis. It describes the characteristics of T. vaginalis trophozoites, symptoms of infection, methods of diagnosis, and transmission routes. Trichomoniasis is common worldwide and symptoms in women can include vaginal discharge and irritation while men may experience mild urethritis. Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of trophozoites in vaginal or urethral discharge or urine samples.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the epidemiology of trachoma in Ethiopia. It finds that trachoma is highly prevalent in Ethiopia, disproportionately affecting rural areas and women. The country accounts for 1/3 of the global burden of the disease. Control efforts have included mass antibiotic distribution, facial cleanliness promotion, and trichiasis surgery. However, trachoma remains widespread due to factors like limited access to water and sanitation. The presentation recommends that the Ethiopian government increase investment to strengthen prevention and treatment programs to eliminate trachoma.
Trichomoniasis
Causes of trichomoniasis
Infectious area
Symptoms
Risk factors
Diagnosis
Management
Trichomoniasis, or trich is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a tiny parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis (TV).
About 70% of women and men do not have symptoms when infected.
Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protozoan sexually transmitted infection that infects the urogenital tract, causing vaginitis in women and urethritis in men, with symptoms including abnormal discharge and irritation. It is estimated to infect over 7 million people annually in the US alone, though many cases are asymptomatic. While the first-line treatment is usually the antibiotic metronidazole, some strains have developed resistance requiring alternative treatments like tinidazole.
12Toxoplasmosis and Effects on Abortion, And Fetal A.docxrobert345678
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Toxoplasmosis and Effects on Abortion, And Fetal Abnormalities
Toxoplasmosis and Effects on Abortion, And Fetal Abnormalities
Abstract
The placenta is an immune-privileged organ that may tolerate antigen exposure without eliciting a strong inflammatory response that could result in an abortion. After that, the pregnancy can progress normally. Th1 answers, characterized by interferon-, are essential for suppressing intracellular infections. Therefore, the maternal immune system finds a catch-22 when intracellular parasites invade the placenta. The pro-inflammatory response required to eradicate the virus carries the danger of causing an abortion. Toxoplasma is a potent parasite that causes lifetime infections and is a leading cause of abortions in people and animals. This paper speculates that the pregnancy outcome may be affected by the Toxoplasma strain and the effectors of the parasite, both of which can modify the signaling pathways of the host cell.
Introduction
Fetuses infected with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii can develop a disorder known as toxoplasmosis, sometimes called congenital toxoplasmosis. This disease is transmitted from mother to child in the womb. A miscarriage or a stillbirth might happen as a result. A child with this illness may also have significant and progressively deteriorating difficulties in their vision, hearing, motor skills, cognitive ability, and other areas of development. The parasite Toxoplasma gondii is blamed for many pregnancies ending in miscarriage (Arranz-Solís et al., 2021). Most abortions happen in the first trimester of pregnancy or during the early stages of acute sickness. This research aimed to determine if women who had an abortion were more likely to be infected with toxoplasmosis.
To make matters worse, the toxoplasmosis-causing Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular pathogen that infects nearly every animal species with a thermoregulatory system. Transferring Toxoplasma from one host to another requires the development of tissue cysts that are infectious when ingested. This means the parasite is incentivized to ensure that the host organism lives during the infection. The parasite does this by stimulating an immune response powerful enough to limit parasite reproduction. Toxoplasma, on the other hand, uses a unique set of effectors to evade the immune response and ensure that the parasite population does not decrease to zero.
Results
Type II strains are the most common cause of infection in both animal and human hosts. However, all four clonal lineages of Toxoplasma may be found throughout Europe and North America. It has been established, however, that the bulk of the South American isolates identified is genetically distinct from the strains seen in North America and Europe. Certain sorts of isolates have been labeled as atypical strains. Birth abnormalities apart, type II strains are the most common in Europe and North America, where the great majority of .
This document discusses sexually transmitted infections (STIs), providing key facts and details. It notes that 448 million new curable STIs like syphilis and gonorrhea occur yearly. Some STIs have no symptoms but can still spread and cause complications. Untreated STIs can lead to infertility, pregnancy complications, cervical cancer, and increased HIV risk. The document outlines common bacterial, viral and parasitic STIs as well as STI syndromes and recommends abstinence or consistent condom use to prevent transmission.
EVALUATION OF VARIOUS CAUSES OF LEUCORRHOEA IN SEXUALLY ACTIVE FEMALESElu Malai
This study evaluated the various causes of leucorrhea in 100 sexually active females aged 15-45 years in India. Candida was found to be the most common cause of leucorrhea (24% of cases), followed by bacterial vaginosis (20% of cases). Trichomoniasis was found in 8% of cases. No cause was found for 48% of cases, likely representing physiological discharge. Maintaining proper perineal hygiene and using condoms were recommended to reduce prevalence of infectious leucorrhea and reproductive tract infections.
This document discusses the epidemiology of endometriosis. It begins with an introduction that defines endometriosis and outlines its prevalence rates, which vary widely from 0.7% to 45% in different populations. Next, it examines the impact of endometriosis, including its effects on fertility and recurrence rates post-surgery. Risk factors associated with endometriosis are then reviewed such as higher socioeconomic status, early menarche, and nulliparity. The document concludes by stating the need for cross-cultural epidemiological studies of endometriosis to understand cultural and regional differences in symptoms.
Association between Trichomonas vaginalis and other pathogensbijbntjournal
There are many pathogens in the reproductive system in both women and men, which are largely responsible for the death of thousands of women as a result of incorrect diagnosis and failure to treat diseases of the reproductive system such as uterine cancer, ectopic pregnancy, acute and chronic infections of the uterus and Fallopian tubes, puerperal infections, and in the event that the patient survived death. These diseases have bad effects, including infertility, miscarriage, fetal death, birth of low-weight fetuses, fetal blindness, pneumonia, and mental retardation. These diseases are transmitted through the mucous membranes during vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse with a person who is infected or passed from mother to fetus. Wrong sexual behaviors also lead to the acquisition of genital infections. The incidence of reproductive system diseases in women is 50%, especially at an early age, compared to 25% for men, and affects them more severely. According to studies, two-thirds of cases of sexually transmitted diseases are obtained in their teens or twenties. There is limited access to health care for women infected with these diseases in developing countries, as health care is often provided in these countries through a range of services for individuals, family planning clinics, reproductive health centers, and public hospitals. However, in developing countries, untrained people provide treatment without accurate diagnosis of the disease, which increases the exacerbation of sexually transmitted diseases, whereas the situation is much better in developed countries.
Assess the Prevalence of Self Reported Vaginal Discharge, Perceived Causes an...ijtsrd
Introduction Womens health is often suffering from gynaecological problems between puberty and post menopause. This will have an impression on their sexual and reproductive health. Many ladies find that persistent discharge is often uncomfortable. Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of self reported vaginal discharge, its perceived causes, and any associated symptoms among reproductive aged women.Methods A community based cross sectional study was conducted among women of the reproductive age group 15 45 years from the village of Kondancherry who met the inclusion criteria and were recruited using an appropriate sampling method Convenient . Formal approval was obtained from the village authorities and received approval from the institutions ethics committee. A self structured questionnaire was wont to collect data during a face to face interview. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data.Result Out of a total of 140 women who were interviewed for the presence of abnormal vaginal discharge, 100 71 were found to possess abnormal discharge. The prevalence of discharge was discovered to be quite high. Most of the ladies had a whitish vaginal discharge 76 , 59 had odourless discharge and 43 of women experience cheesy sticky in consistency of discharge. A majority of respondents 26 attributed the cause to excessive body heat, 22 said it was due to eating hot food, and about 13 of women cited stress. The foremost coexisting associated symptoms with vaginal discharge were itching, lower abdominal pain, and backache.Conclusion The stigma, shame, and embarrassment related to with any genital disorder deter many women and girls from seeking medical help. It must be identified and given great importance. Cecyli. C | Yogalakshmi. S "Assess the Prevalence of Self-Reported Vaginal Discharge, Perceived Causes and Associated Symptoms among Reproductive Aged Women" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59988.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/59988/assess-the-prevalence-of-selfreported-vaginal-discharge-perceived-causes-and-associated-symptoms-among-reproductive-aged-women/cecyli-c
This document discusses chorioamnionitis, an inflammation of the fetal membranes that occurs in 10% of laboring women and nearly 30% of preterm births. Chorioamnionitis increases risks for both mother and baby, including cesarean delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, and neonatal sepsis. It is often caused by ascending bacterial infections during labor and can be influenced by factors like prolonged rupture of membranes, digital exams, fetal monitoring devices, and poor perineal hygiene. The document recommends nursing actions to reduce rates of chorioamnionitis by influencing these modifiable factors.
Endometriosis: an invisible and neglected disease that affects 180 million women. Celebrities and famous women over the years have been known to be affected by this Queen Victoria to Marilyn Monroe to Katrina Kaif who had surgery for endometriosis.
Endometriosis: an invisible and neglected disease that affects 180 million women. Celebrities and famous women over the years have been known to be affected by this Queen Victoria to Marilyn Monroe to Katrina Kaif who had surgery for endometriosis. The old theories of Endometriosis such as Sampsons Theory Angiogenesis, Lymphogenesis theory are no longer acceptable. The Epigenetic/ Genetic theorey has been postulated. ROle of biomarkers in diagnosis Risk factrs affecting Endometriosis and Risk of Cancer is discussed
Syndromic approaches of sexually transmitted diseasesbrightaman
Hello everyone, you will get all materials associated with syndromic approaches of STI including management algorithm and treatment https://www.slideshare.net/brightaman/syndromic-approaches-of-sexually-transmitted-disease
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This document discusses sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It begins by defining STIs and classifying them based on symptoms such as vaginal discharge, cervicitis, or genital ulcers. Specific STIs are then discussed in more detail, including vulvovaginal candidiasis, trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, genital herpes, and syphilis. Risk factors, transmission, effects, diagnosis and treatment are described for each. The document also covers human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human papillomavirus infection. It emphasizes prevention of STIs through vaccination, safe sex practices, and health education.
Urethritis is inflammation of the urethra which is most commonly seen in sexually active men. Patients experience burning during urination, pain, clear or purulent urethral discharge, and occasionally bleeding. The most common causes are infections from Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, or Mycoplasma genitalium which are sexually transmitted, while penile trauma is a less frequent cause.
Similar to Prevalence of Trichomonas Vaginalis Infection Among Married Pregnant Women in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State (20)
Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Network Intrusion Detectio...IIJSRJournal
With the rapid advancement of computer technology during the last couple of decades. Computer systems are commonly used in manufacturing, corporate, as well as other aspects of human living. As a result, constructing dependable infrastructures is a major challenge for IT managers. On the contrary side, this same rapid advancement of technology has created numerous difficulties in building reliable networks which are challenging tasks. There seem to be numerous varieties of attacks that affect the accessibility, authenticity, as well as secrecy of communications systems. In this paper, an in-depth and all-inclusive description of artificial intelligence methods used for the detection of network intrusions is discussed in detail.
Methodologies for Enhancing Data Integrity and Security in Distributed Cloud ...IIJSRJournal
Usually, cloud infrastructure is used individually by businesses, whereas the hybrid cloud would be a blend of two or many kinds of clouds. Because as clouds become increasingly common, safety issues also expanding. Because of such cybersecurity threats, numerous experts suggested procedures as well as ways to assure internet confidentiality. Providers of cloud-based services were accountable for the complete safety of cloud information. Nevertheless, since the clouds are accessible (easily accessible over the World wide web), much research has been conducted on cloud storage cybersecurity. This paper describes methods for enhancing security and reliability in decentralized cloud-based solutions, as well as suggests a few security solution methods of implementation.
Agriculture in Indian Economy and Contribution of Science and Technology IIJSRJournal
One of the oldest occupations in history, agriculture has benefited much from innovation throughout the years. Since then, science has played a significant role in agricultural innovation and quality assurance. We have listed a few of the factors that were mentioned in the introduction section if you'd want to understand more about the significance of science and technology in agriculture. Encouraging the use of science and technology is the cornerstone for improving agriculture's productivity, quality, efficiency, and competitiveness, which also contributes to the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, ensures food security, social security, and increases the income of agricultural producers and traders.
The Effect of Kronecker Tensor Product Values on ECG Rates: A Study on Savitz...IIJSRJournal
This article presents a study on ECG signal filtering algorithms to denoise signals corrupted by various types of noise sources. The study also examines the effect of Kronecker tensor product values on ECG rates. The study is conducted in a Matlab environment, and the results demonstrate that a constant number for the respective codes can effectively denoise ECG signals without any trouble. These findings have significant implications for diagnosing abnormal heart rhythms and investigating chest pains. The present study is novel in that it explores the relationship between ECG rate and Kronecker delta values across different age groups, which has not been extensively studied in previous literature. The study's unique contribution is the determination of age-specific values of the constant K required to represent this relationship accurately in different populations, which could inform the development of more effective algorithms for denoising ECG signals in clinical settings. Additionally, this study's finding of an inverse relationship between ECG rate and Kronecker delta values could have broader implications for understanding the physiological factors that contribute to variability in ECG measurements. The study provides valuable insights into ECG signal processing and suggests that the implemented techniques can improve the accuracy of ECG signal analysis in real-time clinical settings. Overall, the manuscript is a valuable contribution to the field of biomedical signal processing and provides important information for researchers and healthcare professionals.
Basic Criteria for Building the Third Renaissance in Uzbekistan IIJSRJournal
On the occasion of the 29th anniversary of the independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev emphasized that the goal of our development should be the Third Renaissance. This strategic idea, in its grandeur, shows the need to aim for a common goal in all aspects of national development. In practice, the head of state expressed the new and clarified content of the national idea of Uzbekistan at the current stage of development. This article analyzes the important role of literature, theater and art in establishing the Third Renaissance in Uzbekistan.
Assessment of Neglected and Under-Utilized Crop Species of African Horned Mel...IIJSRJournal
This document summarizes a research article that assesses the economic and nutritional value of the neglected and underutilized crop species African horned melon in Zambia. Through a literature review and analysis of secondary data sources, the study finds that African horned melon has numerous health benefits as it contains many vitamins and antioxidants. It can help address issues of food insecurity, malnutrition, and support climate-resilient agriculture in Zambia. However, more needs to be done to promote the domestication, production, processing and marketing of this crop to help boost its utilization.
Factors Influencing Professional Project Management Ethical Practices in Buil...IIJSRJournal
This document discusses factors that influence ethical practices in project management for building construction. It identifies several factors at different levels - organizational, project, and individual professional.
At the organizational level, factors include project environment/culture, stakeholder impacts, and organizational culture. At the project level, key factors are project scope/complexity, financing, risks, and stakeholders. Individual professional factors center on technical skills, qualifications, and personal values of project managers.
Upholding ethical standards is important for quality and avoiding building failures. However, many Nigerian building projects have faced issues due to non-adherence to standards. The document examines this problem by identifying specific influencing factors at different levels to help advance sustainable project management
Assessment of Water Occupancy Rates of the Çamlıgöze Dam Lake between 2010-20...IIJSRJournal
This document analyzes the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake in Turkey between 2010-2021. It finds that the annual average water occupancy rate was 69.55% during this period, indicating the lake was approximately 70% full on average. The highest rate was 95.6% in 2021 and the lowest was 55% in 2015 and 2019. This shows that the lake's water levels have remained generally stable with no serious decreases in occupancy rates over the past decade. The lake provides important benefits like energy production and fishing.
Sustainability of Pod Yields of Groundnut through Crop Seasonal Rainfall, Len...IIJSRJournal
A study was conducted with the objective of assessing the effect of crop seasonal rainfall and length of growing period on the sustainability of pod yields of groundnut attained in 31 mandals under arid Alfisols of Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh. We have considered the variability of mandals with regard to (i) crop seasonal rainfall (mm) and (ii) pod yield of groundnut (kg/ha) during 2001 to 2020; (iii) extent of crop area (ha) during 2009 to 2020; and (iv) length of growing period (days). Based on the mean and standard deviation (SD) of each parameter, the mandals were classified into 5 groups viz., (i) G1: Less than (Mean–2SD); (ii) G2: (Mean–2SD) to (Mean–SD); (iii) G3: (Mean–SD) to (Mean+SD); (iv) G4: (Mean+SD) to (Mean+2SD); and (v) G5: More than (Mean+2SD). Out of 31 mandals, 22 mandals for area and crop seasonal rainfall, 20 mandals for LGP and 18 mandals for yield have fallen in G3. Estimates of correlation were derived between groundnut area, crop seasonal rainfall and yield for each mandal over years and tested for significance to assess the superiority of mandals. Significant correlation of yield and crop seasonal rainfall was observed which ranged from 0.433 at Kalyandurg to 0.765 at Putlur. Similarly, significant correlation between yield and area of groundnut was observed in Kalyandurg (-0.764), Brahmasamudram (-0.674) and Rapthadu (-0.584) mandals. The predictability of yield and prediction error were derived based on a regression model of yield calibrated through the crop seasonal rainfall, LGP and crop area in different mandals. The model gave significant predictability (R2) value of 0.46 with prediction error of 90.9 kg/ha and indicated negative effect of area, positive effect of crop seasonal rainfall and LGP on yield. The sustainability yield index ranged from 26.6% (Kambadur) to 87.5% (Peddavadagur) with mean of 53.9% (CV of 30.1%) over years. Ranks were assigned to the mean and variation of area, crop seasonal rainfall, yield, LGP and SYI of each mandal and rank sums were derived. Guntakal, Gooty and Vidapanakal were superior with rank sums of 30, 38 and 70 respectively. Guntakal was superior with an area of 16570 ha (CV of 17.3%), crop seasonal rainfall of 436.1 mm (CV of 33.4%), LGP of 140 days, yield of 644 kg/ha (CV of 70.9%) and SYI of 76.5%, while Gooty was superior with area of 14146 ha (CV of 14.6%), crop seasonal rainfall of 429.6 mm (CV of 42.4%), LGP of 140 days, yield of 663 kg/ha (CV of 69.1%) and SYI of 79.1%. Similarly, Vidapanakal was superior with area of 5077 ha (CV of 31.1%), crop seasonal rainfall of 403.2 mm (CV of 47.4%), LGP of 140 days, yield of 654 kg/ha (CV of 49.5%) and SYI of 77.9%. Due to maximum LGP and crop seasonal rainfall, we recommend that the farmers of these mandals could enhance the area of groundnut and attain maximum sustainable yields under arid Alfisols.
On the Modulation of Biocompatibility of Hydrogels with Collagen and Guar Gum...IIJSRJournal
In this work, we report the synthesis of molybdenum metal-organic frameworks (Mo-MOFs) using 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid and the amino acids L-phenylalanine, L- tryptophan, and L-histidine as ligands. They were incorporated in hydrogel matrixes comprised of collagen and guar gum to obtain composite hydrogels. The effect of chemical structure of Mo-MOFs on the structure, physicochemical properties and in vitro biocompatibility of hydrogels was studied. These biomaterials showed a super absorbent performance (higher than 2000 ± 169%) and a high degree of reticulation (higher than 75 ± 6%). The microstructure of the composites showed a granular morphology with some porosity. These composites were degraded entirely by hydrolysis at pH 5 and pH 7 at room temperature in time lapses shorter than 15 days. Also, they were biocompatible with porcine dermis fibroblasts not showing cytotoxic effects up to 48 h of incubation allowing its proliferation, and it was observed that the MOF containing L-tryptophan improved notably the biocompatibility of the collagen/guar gum matrix. Finally, the matrixes were tested as vehicles for cell encapsulation and release. The slow-release rates show that fibroblasts tend to remain inside the hydrogel matrixes. Thus, these materials are more suitable for cell scaffolds and tissue engineering applications such as wound healing dressings.
Incorporation of Se (IV) Complexes based on Amino Acids in Biomatrixes in Hyd...IIJSRJournal
Selenium is a non-metal that shows biological interest since it is responsible for modulating various proteins at the micronutrient level in living beings. In this work, new complexes based on the Se (IV) ion with amino acids such as phenylalanine (Se-F), histidine (Se-H) and tryptophan (Se-T) were hydrothermally synthesized and characterized. These were incorporated into biomatrixes based on semi-interpenetrated polymeric networks (Semi-IPN) of collagen-polyurethane-guar gum (CPGG) by the microemulsion process using a mass ratio of 1 wt.% with respect to collagen. The structural and crystalline characteristics that the selenium-amino acid complexes show a performance in modulating the properties of the biomatrixes under study. The results indicate that the incorporation of the complex decreases the crosslinking of the hydrogel, generating granular surfaces with porosity dependent on the type of amino acid. The CPGG Se-T biomatrix shows a swelling capacity of 10200 ± 1100 higher than the CPGG base matrix; while the CPGG Se-F and CPGG Se-T biomatrixes present slow degradation at both physiological and acidic pH. Interestingly, the matrix that includes the Se-F complex significantly stimulates the metabolic activity of L929 fibroblasts for up to 48 h, stimulating their proliferation. The fibroblasts encapsulated on these novel biomatrixes show recurrent release capacity for up to 7 days, where the structure of the CPGG Se-H biomatrix exhibits greater release from the encapsulated cells. These results demonstrate that these innovative biomatrixes could be used in biomedical applications such as dermal tissue regeneration and cell release for a specific biological fate.
Machine Learning Based House Price Prediction Using Modified Extreme Boosting IIJSRJournal
In recent years, machine learning has become increasingly important in everyday voice commands and predictions. Instead, it provides a safer auto system and better customer assistance. As a result of all that has been demonstrated, ML is a technology that is becoming more and more popular in a range of industries. To gauge changes in house values, the House Price Index is frequently employed (HPI). Due to the substantial correlation that exists between property prices and other variables, such as location, region, and population, the HPI on its own is not sufficient to accurately forecast a person's house price. Some studies have successfully predicted house prices using conventional machine learning techniques, but they seldom evaluate the efficacy of different models and ignore the more complicated but less well-known models. We proposed Modified Extreme Gradient Boosting as our model in this study due to its adaptive and probabilistic model selection process. Feature engineering, hyperparameter training and optimization, model interpretation, and model selection and evaluation are all steps in the process. Home price indices, which are frequently used to support real estate policy initiatives and estimate housing costs. In this project, models for forecasting changes in home prices are developed using machine learning methods.
Preliminary Evaluation on Vegetative of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) in San...IIJSRJournal
The study was initiated to evaluate the early performance of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) vegetative planted on marginal sandy tin-tailing soil. The experiment was carried out for one year in a plot of 4-year-old rambutan cultivar at MARDI Kundang, Rawang, Selangor, Malaysia. Varieties of Mutiara Merah and Mutiara Wangi were used. Data from the plants as a measurement of vegetative growth was recorded. Mutiara Merah proved that it can be well-grown and cultivated on sandy tin-tailing soil. The plant height of Mutiara Merah indicated the highest significant reading. The parameter of canopy width showed the same variety contributed to the highest record. Nevertheless, Mutiara Merah contributed to the highest significant reading on stem diameter and perimeter respectively. Chlorophyll content in leaves of the plant of the same variety recorded the highest SPAD reading. Further field evaluations are needed to determine the relationship of fertilizer level with the different varieties in inducing the growth and yield of rambutan planted in marginal soil.
Analysis of Physicochemical and Microbiological Parameters of Wine Produced f...IIJSRJournal
Wine is a fermented drink made by the controlled culture of yeasts on fruit juices. This study was undertaken to produce acceptable wines from blends of banana and pineapple by the fermentative action of Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain 1621 and Pichia guilliermondii strain PAX-PAT 18S. The fermentation process lasted for a period of 28 days and, the aging process was for 2 months. The fermentation process comprised two set ups- one was fermented by Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain 1621 and the other was fermented by Pichia guilliermondii strain PAX-PAT 18S. The process was monitored and controlled by carrying out physicochemical analysis (pH, temperature, specific gravity, total titratable acidity, and alcohol content) and yeast count using standard methods. There was a decrease in the pH for both wines and an increase in the total titratable acidity. The temperature was between 17 and 27 0C for both wines. The specific gravity of the wines decreased during the fermentation leading to an increase in alcohol production. There was an increase in yeast count from 6.7×107 sfu/ml to 1.8×108 sfu/ml between days 1 and 17 and a decrease from 1.8×108 sfu/ml to 0 sfu/ml between days 17 to 85 for Meyerozyma guilliermondii; also an increase from 5.1×107 sfu/ml to 1.7×108 sfu/ml from day 1 to 17, and a decrease from 1.7×108 sfu/ml to 0 sfu/ml between day 17 to 85 for Pichia guilliermondii. Statistically, there was no significant difference between the yeast counts, temperature, pH, total titratable acidity, and specific gravity but there was signa ificant difference between the alcohol production for both wines. This study shows that wines can be successfully produced using Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain 1621 and Pichia guilliermondii strain PAX-PAT 18S.
Cohesive and Thermal Properties of Sodium Cyanide-Halide Mixed Crystals IIJSRJournal
In order to analyse the cohesive and thermal properties of sodium cyanide-halide mixed crystals an Extended Three Body Force Shell Model (ETSM) has been applied by incorporating the effect of translational-rotational (TR) coupling. We have conducted theoretical research on cohesive and thermal properties, such as cohesive energy (, molecular force constant (f), compressibility (), Restrahlen frequency (, Debye temperature (D), Gruneisen parameter (), Moelwyn Hughes constants (F1) and the ratio of volume thermal expansion coefficient (v) to volume specific heat (Cv), as a function of temperature within the temperature range 50K T 300K at concentration x=0, 0.27, 0.58 and 1. The current model computations and the findings of the available experiments are in good agreement. The ETSM is a sufficiently realistic model and may be applied to a variety of other mixed crystals in this family.
Discussion on Analysis of Effects of Short-Form Video Advertising on the Purc...IIJSRJournal
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of informativeness, entertainment, credibility, social interaction, incentives, and irritation of short-form video advertising on social media on the purchase intention of Gen Z in Vietnam through user attitude and advertising value. The methodology is conducting a survey by collecting responses from 1257 respondents who are Gen Z and familiar with social media, which was later analysed using SmartPLS. The main findings are advertising value and user attitude significantly affect customers’ purchase intention; advertising value is directly affected by informativeness, entertainment, and credibility; user attitude is directly affected by social interaction, incentives, and irritation. Finally, the research team proposes some solutions for businesses to increase the purchase intention of Gen Z in Vietnam through short-form video advertising on social media.
Comparison of Glucose in Urine with Likening of Pigeons as Pets IIJSRJournal
If someone is liking pigeons as pets, this may be due to their intelligent, effortless, and loving nature. The chief objectives of this study were to relate pigeon lovers as a pet with the level of glucose in their urine. Around 100 students of Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan were participants of this study. Pee has glucose that is measured for measuring the glucose in urine. If glucose is not present in the urine it shows the kidney is working well. There is no major effect of glucose in urine with the love of a pigeon as a pet.
Non-unique Fixed Points of Self Mappings in Bi-metric Spaces IIJSRJournal
In this paper, we prove a few non-unique fixed-point results of mapping on a set with bi-metrics using θ – contraction. We also give an example that justifies our results. In the literature, our result generalized many results.
Research on the Impact of Short-Form Video Advertising on Social Media on the...IIJSRJournal
In recent years, short-form video has become a popular form of advertising on social media. The way consumers make decisions to purchase has changed owing to this new marketing method. This study aims to investigate the impact of informativeness, entertainment, credibility, social interaction, incentives and irritation of short-form video advertising on social media on the purchase intention of Gen Z in Vietnam through user attitude and advertising value. A survey was conducted by collecting responses from 1257 respondents who are Gen Z and familiar with social media, which was later analysed using SmartPLS. The findings revealed that advertising value and user attitude significantly affect customers’ purchase intention. In addition, advertising value is directly affected by informativeness, entertainment and credibility. Meanwhile, user attitude is directly affected by social interaction, incentives and irritation. Finally, the research team propose some solutions for businesses to increase the purchase intention of Gen Z in Vietnam through short-form video advertising on social media.
Can Perfume Allergy Cause Glycosuria? IIJSRJournal
The main aim of this research is to correlate relation between ornament allergy and glycosuria. Glycosuria is a process in which glucose is removed from urine. The value of glucose in blood must be less than 7 mmol/L. Glycosuria is caused by diabetes, high sugar diet, emotion and liver cirrhosis. Some people are sensitive to some fragrances or ornaments when they come in contact with these ornaments, they show marks of allergy like disease in respiratory track, fever, rashes and headache. The best treatment is to avoid such ornaments having unpleasant sharp smell which cause rashes. 17% males have glucose in urine and show perfume allergy while 1.25% females have glucose in urine and have perfume allergy.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
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experience scorching pain while urinating or discomfort brought on by prostate gland involvement (Nester and
Eugene, 2002). Trichomonas vaginalis is an oval-shaped parasite that is around the size of a white blood cell
(10X30mm in diameter), though its size can change depending on a person's physical health. Due to its ability to
travel and directly harm the epithelium, it increases the risk of HIV transmission by causing microulcerations in
inhabited tissues.
The nucleus is situated on the upper pole adjacent to a parabasal body and a group of basal granules from which
four, free flagella originate. A fifth flagellum accompanies a short undulating membrane along the whole length of
the cell wall (Taylor, Green and Stout, 1999). The organism is a eukaryote, but like some other flagellates aerobic of
micro aerophilic flagellate, it lacks mitochondria. Trichomonas vaginalis has an interesting cytoplasmic organelle
called hydrogenases. Tansmission of T. vaginalis occurs by the transfer of vegetative trophozoite, mostly by the
venereal route. Vaginal contamination from toilet seats, the water from toilet bowls and from fermites. It is believed
that sexual intercourse is the most common source of transmission for this infection (Nester and Eugene, 2002).
Trichomonas vaginalis infection is highly associated with the presence of sexually transmitted infections, including
gonorrhea, Chlamydia and HIV. Persons with trichomoniasis are twice as likely to develop HIV infection.
Trichomoniasis has not been the subject of in-depth research or active control initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa,
particularly Nigeria, and this neglect is probably due to the generally mild nature of the infections. T. vaginalis has
been linked to unfavorable pregnancy outcomes, but mounting data now points to the possibility that the bacterium
may play a role in HIV transmission (Vishwanath, Talwar & Prased, 2000). This therefore serves as a motivation
for this study.
1.2. Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this paper are to examine the risk factors of infection in pregnancy women, to evaluate control,
suggest the control, prevention and treatment of T. vaginalis.
░ 2.0. Review of Related Literature
Past related literatures is considered under epidemiology, transmission and association with other STDs, immune
system evasion, pathogenesis, prevention and control of Trichomonas vaginalis.
2.1. Epidemiology
Trichomonas vaginalis is distributed worldwide as a human parasite and has no other reservoirs. Since it lacks a
cyst form, it is easily killed by drying. Therefore, transmission is usually by sexually contact. The organisms can
survive for a long time on moist objects such as towels and bathtubs, so that it can occasionally be transmitted
non-sexually. Nevertheless, T. vaginal is infections in children should at least raise the question of sexual abuse and
possible exposure to other sexually transmitted disease. Newborn infants can contact the infection from infected
mothers at birth (Kamel et al, 2002). There is a high percentage of asymptomatic carriers, especially among men,
and this foster transmission of the disease. Infection rates are highest in men and women with multiple sex partners.
Trichomonas infection has been encountered in every continent and climate and has no seasonal variability. It has a
cosmopolitan distribution and has been identified in all racial groups and social-economic strata (Workowski et al,
2006). The estimated incidence is over 200 million cases worldwide annually (Krieger, 2012) and at least 2 to 3
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million symptomatic infections occur annually among sexually active women in the United States. The frequency
of T. vaginalis is associated with a wide range of symptoms from a symptomatic presentation to serve sequelae
(Lalik et al, 2006).
Trace has been found in numerous investigations to be an indicator of T. vaginalis infection in American women.
Trichomoniasis has also been linked to older age, histories of prior STI prostitution pregnancy, drug use, and
personal health practices, suggesting that this association is likely complex (ACOG, 2006). The association with
older ones contrasts with the association between age and other STIs, particularly chlamydia reproductive hormone
levels may contribute to older women's higher frequency of trichomoniasis.
Among African women, vaginitis including Trichomonal vaginitis was significantly associated with sexual debut at
less than 20 years, a partner who traveled frequently, history of STI and presence of abnormal discharge23
.
Concomitant STI diagnosis is common (15-28% chlamydial co-infection and 10% gonorrheal co-infection rates) in
women with Trichomoniasis, indicating the importance of screening for other STIs (Guenthner, Secorand Dezzuth,
2005). Trichomonas vaginalis is site specific for the genitourinary tract and has been isolated from virtually all
genitourinary structures. However, many women diagnoses with Trichomoniasis are asymptomatic, in Zimbabwe,
75% of women denied symptoms on direct questioning and 16% of these women had Trichomoniasis. When
symptoms arise, the most common presenting complaint among women diagnoses with T. vaginalis is vaginal
discharge, seen in more than 50% of cases, followed by pruritus or dysuria. A study of 200 Nigerian women
demonstrated 74% with vaginal discharge were infected with T. vaginalis (Anorlu et al, 2001).
2.2. Transmission and Association with other STDs
In women, Trichomonas vaginalis causes inflammation of the vaginal epithelium and exocervix, while in men, it
causes inflammation of the urethra. It is primarily spread during vaginal intercourse. Leukocytes, particularly HIV
target cells like CD4-bearing lymphocytes and macrophages, which HIV may bind to and gain access to, are
infiltrated heavily as a result of this inflammatory response. The presence of other STDs, such as gonorrhea,
Chlamydia, and HIV, is strongly correlated with the infection. In the general community, trichomoniasis patients
have a twofold increased risk of contracting HIV (Laga et al, 2003). There are two possible explanations for the link
between T. vaginalis and HIV.
Respiratory or genital infection in the newborn should also be considered. One study has shown that a higher risk of
pelvic inflammatory disease in women occur with trichomoniasis (Aboyeji et al, 2003). Other studies have reported
a 1.9-fold risk of tubal infertility in women with trichomoniasis (Nanda et al, 2006). Trichomonas may also play a
role in cervical neoplasia and postoperative infection. In addition, T. vaginalis can frequently cause punctuate
mucosal hemorrhages. In an HIV negative person, both the leukocytes infiltration and genital lesions are induced.
Finally, trichomoniasis facilitates spread of the HIV epidemic. One theoretical calculation concludes that id
infection with T. vaginalis increased the risk of HIV transmission by 90% in a population with 25% prevalence of
trichomoniasis, approximately 20% of cases of HIV would be attributable to trichomoniasis (Sonvillo, Smith and
Kerndy, 2011).
This relation could explain some of the differences in rates of HIV infection in different regions of Africa where
rates of HIV infection in different regions of Africa where rates of trichomonis and HIV seems to be directly
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proportional (Buve, Weiss and Laga, 2001). Data from studies conducted in Africa have shown and association
between Trichomonas and HIV infection, suggestion a two-three fold increase in HIV transmission. A cross –
sectional study conducted among 1,209 female sex workers in the Ivory Coast found and association between HIV
and Trichomonas infection in bivariate analysis (Niccolai et al, 2000).
2.3. Immune System Evasion
In a hostile changing environment, T. vaginalis can survive and flourish. Its ability to evade the host immune system
is an important aspect of pathogenesis (Pepin et al, 2001). Avoidance of complement is a strategic tactic which is
used by T. vaginalis to overcome the human immune system. It has long been known that T. vaginalis activates the
alternative pathway of complement, yet we are only just beginning to understand how the parasite escapes
eradication.
Trichomanas vaginalis has taken the advantage of a niche in which little complement is present. Cervical mucus is
surprisingly deficient in complement. Menstrual blood represents the only source of complement available to the
vagina. Interestingly, its complement activity is about half that of venous blood, and about one third of menstrual
blood samples have no complement-mediated cytocity towards T. vaginalis. However, a reduction if parasite
concentration is seen during menses while the number of organisms in the vagina actually decreases during menses
(Mayta et al, 2000). It was found that iron was a contributing factor in complement resistance. Demes et al (2001)
found that fresh isolates of T. vaginalis differ in their susceptibility or resistance to complement mediated lysis in
serum. It appears that complement resistant isolates become susceptible to complement after prolonged in – vitro
cultivation, which is consistent with the hypothesis that phenotypic variation allows the trichomonad to avoid by
complement. Resistance to complement is dependent upon a high concentration of iron (Kehker, 2000), a nutrient
which is indeed abundant during menses. It seems that iron regulates the expression of complements, which have
been found to degrade the c3 portion of complement on the surface of the organism, this allows the organism to
evade complement – mediated destruction.
2.4. Pathogenesis
Trichomoniasis presents a wide variety of clinical patterns. The spectrum of clinical patterns. The spectrum of
clinical trichomoniasis in women ranges from the asymptomatic carrier state to flagrant vaginalis, with one-third of
asymptomatic injected patients becoming symptomatic within six (6) months. Trichomonas vaginalis principally
infects the squamous epithelium in the genital tract. The infection, once established, persist for long periods in
females but only for a short time in males. It is chiefly a disease of the reproductive years and the clinical
manifestation of the infection are observed before menarche or after menopause. The incubation period is 4 to 28
days in about 50% of infected individuals.
Trichomonas vaginalis has a flagellated parasitic lifestyle and is extracellular to the genitourinary tract epithelium.
Its pathophysiology reveals that it is normally pyriform but can rarely take on an amoeboid shape (Harp &
Chowdhury, 2011). The size of the individual organism is between 2 and 20 meters long. One flagellum extends
backward to the center of the organism and four flagella sprout from the cell's front region, generating an undulating
membrane. The posterior part of the organism has an axostyle that expands. The vast genome of Trichomonas
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vaginalis (strain G3, 176,441,227 bp) has around 60,000 protein-coding genes arranged on six chromosomes. It is
an extremely predatory obligatory parasite that eats erythrocytes, vaginal epithelial cells, and bacteria before being
consumed by macrophages.
Figure 1. Diagram of Trichomonas vaginalis
SOURCE: Adapted from Atlas (2023)
2.5. Prevention and Control
Control of Trichonmonas vaginalis infection always requires simultaneous treatment of both sexual partners.
Abstinence from sex until the infection is cured, consistent and correct males latex condom use, put on before
starting sexual intercourse and worn until the penis is withdrawn. Females should indulge in spermicide ad
diaphragms practices which may provide some protection. When an individual is individual is infected, he or she
should see the doctor, health professional or urologist immediately. Individuals should know each other’s sexual
history. Good standard of personal hygiene should also be maintained. Control of this infection necessitates
examination and of necessary use of condoms are effective ways to prevent transmission (Lawing and Hedges,
2000).
Definitive therapy for trichomoniasis became possible with the introduction of nitroimidozoles (meteronidazole,
tinidazole, carnidazole, and nimorazole).In a meta-analysis of nitromidozoles for treatment of trichomoniasis. In
short or prolonged courses of oral therapy, parasitological cure resulted in 90% of cases. Topical metronidazole is
not effective for therapy for trichomoniasis (Schmid, Narcisi, Mosune et al, 2001). The Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) has estimated that 5% of clinical isolates of T. vaginalis exhibited some degree of
metronidazole resistance. Metronidazole resistance may predict tinidazole for the entire class of nitroimidazoles
(Narcisi and Secor, 2000). The CDC has proposed and escalated therapeutic regimen for management of infection
with resistant strains.
Rurazolidone, a nitrofuran, was shown to be effective invitro against both laboratory and clinical specimens with
high level metronidazole resistance. Metronidazole resistance may predict tinidazole resistance, however, is
unclear if this situation is true for the entire class of nitromidazoles (Narcisi and Secor, 2000). The CDC has
proposed an escalated therapeutic regimen for management of infection with resistant strains.
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Furazolidone, a nitrofuran, was shown to be effective invitro against both laboratory and clinical specimens with
high level metronidazole resistance, and topical paromomycin was effective in seven of 12 patients infected with
resistant strains, however, paromomycin had adverse dermatological effects. Alternative for treatment of highly
resistant trichomoniasis exist but have not been subjected to the rigors of clinical trials (Kigozzi et al, 2003). Side
effects of nitroimidazoles include a bitter metallic taste, nausea, and vomiting, a ‘disulfiram’ - like reaction with
ingestion of alcohol and some central nervous system effects. Despite the low doses required for treatment of
trichomoniasis, side effects occur in more than half patients, especially with the metronidazole 2g dose (Krieger et
al 2000). Risk factors for re-infection with T. vaginalis in HIV infected women have been evaluated.
In a study of 411 HIV positive women, 36% were re-infection of recurrent infection in these women were age 22
years and history of previous STI in multivariate analysis (Klebanoff et al, 2001). Some pregnant women with
trichomoniasis may present with premature rupture of membranes, preterm labour (Lawing, Hedges and Schwebke,
2000). However, a randomized placebo controlled trial of 615 asymptomatic pregnant women with trichomoniasis
did not demonstrate a difference in rates of preterm birth between the treatments and placebo groups.
░ 3.0. Methods
The study location was Yenagoa the capital city of Bayelsa State, South-South Nigeria with a population size of
about 12. The study was conducted at two major hospitals in the city with facilities for ante-natal care. The hospitals
are Federal Medical Center (FMC) Yenagoa and Family Support Programme (FSP) Clinic. Samples were collected
from eighty (80) samples from FMC Yenagoa and 40 samples from FSP Yenagoa and were examined for T.
vaginalis. This sample population varied in age and social background.
The study was conducted within one month among pregnant women attending routine antenatal clinic at the
selected hospitals. Approval for this study was obtained from the Ministry of Health (Director of Services).
Socio-demographic information and obstetric history were obtained from participants by interview, thereafter, each
subject was given a wide mouthed, leak-proof universal specimen container and was instructed on how to collect
her own urine sample.
About 10mls of urine sample was obtained from each participant. Samples were also collected from the pregnant
women by using a high vaginal swab stick in collection fresh samples from the vagina. The swab samples were
examined soon after collection. Normal saline was dispensed into the HVS container and a smear was made on a
clean dry grease free microscope slide and covered with a cover slip making sure that the preparation was not too
thick so the moving organisms were easily observed and noted. The jerking characteristics motility of Trichomonas
vaginalis was observed under the microscope using x10 and x40 magnification respectively with the condense iris
diaphragm closed sufficiently to give good contrast.
3.1. Results
In Table 1, it was revealed that out of 120 pregnant women, only 4(6.6%) of them were infected with T. vaginalis. It
was also revealed in Table 2 that out of the total of 120 pregnant women studied, pregnant women between ages
21-25 had the highest percentage of confirmed T. vaginalis infection and majority of them were in their third
trimester.
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Table 1. Prevalence of T. Vaginalis among specimens
Specimen Number Examined Number Positive % Infected
Urine 60 1 1.6%
HVS 60 3 5.0%
Total 120 4 6.6%
Table 2. Socio-Demographic and Obstetric History with Trichomonas vaginalis infection
Parameters Investigated Number Examined Number Positive % Positive
Age
15-20 14 - 0.0%
21-25 24 3 3.7%
26-30 54 1 2.5%
31-35 20 - 0.0%
36-40 8 - 0.0%
Pregnancy Trimester Number Examined Number Positive % Positive
First 42 1 2.3%
Second 60 1 1.6%
Third 18 2 11.1%
░ 4.0. Conclusion
Despite reporting a low prevalence of T. vaginalis among pregnant women in the study, this must be interpreted
with caution as the possibility of underestimation of the prevalence may not be completely ruled out due to the
diagnostic technique and also that even the low occurrence is not acceptable. Studies have shown that excess of
preterm births were treated with metronidazole which might be dangerous. Hence, the need for prevention of T.
vaginalis and that efforts for prevention of T. vaginalis infection should be targeted at all women of child bearing
age. Since T. vaginalis is primarily sexually transmitted, educational efforts must be aimed at high risk groups
including women without any formal education and must be explicit regarding the behaviours that leads to the
spread of T. vaginalis, and other sexually transmitted infections. There is also the need for proper counseling and
education on sexual behaviour and genital hygiene which would greatly help in the prevention of the infection.
Declarations
Source of Funding
This research work did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing Interests Statement
Author has declared no competing interests.
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Consent for Publication
The author declares that he/she consented to the publication of this research work.
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