Background: Human papillomavirus is the main factor in the etiology of cervical cancer, with over 99.7% of cases being associated with high-risk human papillomavirus infection. Although the majority of HPV infections are asymptomatic and self-limiting, persistent HPV infection can result in genital warts, oropharyngeal cancer, and cervical cancer in women, in addition to various anogenital malignancies and other genital warts in both men and women.
Method: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study which employed a convenience sampling technique where both qualitative and quantitative methods were used for data collection. A total of 374 participants were enrolled in the study and a semi structured questionnaire was administered to collect socio-demographic, reproductive and sexual history data. Laboratory analysis involved detection of HPV DNA hybrids with a chemiluminescent substrate, Digene Hybrid Capture 2 technology. Descriptive and inferential (logistic regression) analyses at level of significant (α=0.05) were used to summarize the data, and results illustrated using charts and tables.
Results: The study findings reported a significant risk level of human papillomavirus among female of age group 40-49 years (AOR; 0.15, 95% CI: 0.03-0.79; p = 0.026). Furthermore, in bivariate logistic regression the circulating HPV genotypes among the respondents was significantly characterized among women of the same age group (95% CI; 0.09-0.7; p = 0.008) as well as in the multivariate regression (AOR = 0.13; 95% CI: 0.02-0.72; p = 0.019).
Conclusion: The study thus concluded that there is 23/94 (25.67%) risk of developing cervical cancer due to high risk level HPV (with the presence of low risk level HPV 71/94 (74.33%) known for causing various forms of warts. Therefore, there is need for combined efforts from the Ministry of health and stakeholders to avail and train health care workers on the usage of HPV DNA kits to ensure timely detection of low and high-risk levels HPV. This will ensure timely identification of women at increased risk for the development of cervical cancer, thereby reducing mortality rate.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice toward Cervical Cancer and Cervical Cancer S...ijtsrd
BACKGROUND Invasive Cervical Cancer ICC has been identified as the second most common cause of morbidity and mortality compared to other cancers among women in Cameroon. Cervical cancer can be treated e ectively if diagnosed early. Less than half the number of participants presented with good practice.The correlation between participants’ knowledge, attitude and practice showed that there was a significant association which therefore provides sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis. The result obtained in this study indicates how useful it will be to establish health education programs to increase women’s awareness and knowledge about cervical cancer. Fongang Che Landis | Enow-Orock George | Njajou Omer | Ngowe Ngowe Marcelin "Knowledge, Attitude and Practice toward Cervical Cancer and Cervical Cancer Screening and Its Associated Factors among Women in the City of Bamenda, Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43667.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/other/43667/knowledge-attitude-and-practice-toward-cervical-cancer-and-cervical-cancer-screening-and-its-associated-factors-among-women-in-the-city-of-bamenda-cameroon/fongang-che-landis
Factors Associated with Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine Uptake amongst Girls Ag...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a sexually transmitted infection. HPV vaccine since its first licensure in 2006 has proven to be safe, highly immunogenic, and induces strong direct and indirect protection against HPV and its sequelae. The study was designed to determine the socio-demographic, health care, and parental factors associated with human papillomavirus vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. The study was a cross-sectional study employing a simple random sampling method and a total of 364 girls were interviewed following the set criteria using questionnaire data. Data were cleaned, coded, and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Findings were presented as frequencies, percentages, odd ratios, and p-values using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. From the study, statistically significant sociodemographic factors such as age (p=0.0000), schooling status (p=0.0000), level of education (p=0.007442), attitudes towards the HPV vaccine (p=0.005175), Receiving vaccine doses from different vaccination sites (p=0.0000), and Ethnicity (p=0.0000), healthcare factors such as outreaches in communities (p=0.0000), information received (p=0.0000), encouragement from health workers (p=0.0000), availability of vaccines (p=0.0000) and parental factors such as knowledge about HPV vaccine(p=0.001), parental hesitancy (p<0.001), level of education (p=0.0000), social economic status (p=0.001), attitudes towards HPV vaccine, (p=0.0000) and HPV vaccine awareness (p=0.0000) were found statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. From the study findings, the study variables such as sociodemographic, and health-related factors were found to be statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. Therefore, effort should be brought to all levels of intervention so that HPV uptake is taken into consideration if the need for good health among girls needs to be achieved.
Keywords: Human papillomavirus virus, sexually transmitted infection, Health care, HPV vaccine, Cancer.
Voluntary medical male circumcision vs hiv prevention...evidence.Adeniji Victory
Voluntary Medical Male circumcision has been proven to be an evidence based route of HIV prevention . Its also envisaged that the cost of HIV treatment in the next ten year can be reduced by tenth fraction with an elaborate VMMC performed in two years.
The uptake of VMMC is still not impressive in sub-saharan Africa.
This slides present the evidence for the efficiency of VMMC in HIV prevention.
Clinics of Oncology | Oncology Journals | Open Access JournaEditorSara
Clinics of OncologyTM (ISSN 2640-1037) - Impact Factor 1.920* is a medical specialty that focuses on the use of operative techniques to investigate and resolve certain medical conditions caused by disease or traumatic injury
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice toward Cervical Cancer and Cervical Cancer S...ijtsrd
BACKGROUND Invasive Cervical Cancer ICC has been identified as the second most common cause of morbidity and mortality compared to other cancers among women in Cameroon. Cervical cancer can be treated e ectively if diagnosed early. Less than half the number of participants presented with good practice.The correlation between participants’ knowledge, attitude and practice showed that there was a significant association which therefore provides sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis. The result obtained in this study indicates how useful it will be to establish health education programs to increase women’s awareness and knowledge about cervical cancer. Fongang Che Landis | Enow-Orock George | Njajou Omer | Ngowe Ngowe Marcelin "Knowledge, Attitude and Practice toward Cervical Cancer and Cervical Cancer Screening and Its Associated Factors among Women in the City of Bamenda, Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43667.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/other/43667/knowledge-attitude-and-practice-toward-cervical-cancer-and-cervical-cancer-screening-and-its-associated-factors-among-women-in-the-city-of-bamenda-cameroon/fongang-che-landis
Factors Associated with Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine Uptake amongst Girls Ag...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a sexually transmitted infection. HPV vaccine since its first licensure in 2006 has proven to be safe, highly immunogenic, and induces strong direct and indirect protection against HPV and its sequelae. The study was designed to determine the socio-demographic, health care, and parental factors associated with human papillomavirus vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. The study was a cross-sectional study employing a simple random sampling method and a total of 364 girls were interviewed following the set criteria using questionnaire data. Data were cleaned, coded, and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Findings were presented as frequencies, percentages, odd ratios, and p-values using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. From the study, statistically significant sociodemographic factors such as age (p=0.0000), schooling status (p=0.0000), level of education (p=0.007442), attitudes towards the HPV vaccine (p=0.005175), Receiving vaccine doses from different vaccination sites (p=0.0000), and Ethnicity (p=0.0000), healthcare factors such as outreaches in communities (p=0.0000), information received (p=0.0000), encouragement from health workers (p=0.0000), availability of vaccines (p=0.0000) and parental factors such as knowledge about HPV vaccine(p=0.001), parental hesitancy (p<0.001), level of education (p=0.0000), social economic status (p=0.001), attitudes towards HPV vaccine, (p=0.0000) and HPV vaccine awareness (p=0.0000) were found statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. From the study findings, the study variables such as sociodemographic, and health-related factors were found to be statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. Therefore, effort should be brought to all levels of intervention so that HPV uptake is taken into consideration if the need for good health among girls needs to be achieved.
Keywords: Human papillomavirus virus, sexually transmitted infection, Health care, HPV vaccine, Cancer.
Voluntary medical male circumcision vs hiv prevention...evidence.Adeniji Victory
Voluntary Medical Male circumcision has been proven to be an evidence based route of HIV prevention . Its also envisaged that the cost of HIV treatment in the next ten year can be reduced by tenth fraction with an elaborate VMMC performed in two years.
The uptake of VMMC is still not impressive in sub-saharan Africa.
This slides present the evidence for the efficiency of VMMC in HIV prevention.
Clinics of Oncology | Oncology Journals | Open Access JournaEditorSara
Clinics of OncologyTM (ISSN 2640-1037) - Impact Factor 1.920* is a medical specialty that focuses on the use of operative techniques to investigate and resolve certain medical conditions caused by disease or traumatic injury
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...eshaasini
We carried out a descriptive and cross-sectional study over a period of 7 months from January to July 2019 in the department of Lekoumou. 100 women ranging in age from 16 to 73 years old. The variables studied were as follows: age, marital status, level of education, risk factors for the onset of HPV infection, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, parity, gesture. The multivariate analysis was done between age, number of level of instruction, parity, age of first sexual intercourse and number of sexual Partners. The statistical analysis and the data processing were carried out by the Excel 2016 software and the graph pad prism version 5 software. The statistical test used was the chi-square test.
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...semualkaira
We carried out a descriptive and cross-sectional study over a period of 7 months from January to July 2019 in the department of Lekoumou. 100 women ranging in age from 16 to 73 years old. The variables studied were as follows: age, marital status, level of education, risk factors for the onset of HPV infection, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, parity, gesture. The multivariate analysis was done between age, number of level of instruction, parity, age of first sexual intercourse and number of sexual Partners. The statistical analysis and the data processing were carried out by the Excel 2016 software and the graph pad prism version 5 software. The statistical test used was the chi-square test.
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...semualkaira
We carried out a descriptive and cross-sectional study over a period of 7 months from January to July 2019 in the department of Lekoumou. 100 women ranging in age from 16 to 73 years old. The variables studied were as follows: age, marital status, level of education, risk factors for the onset of HPV infection, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, parity, gesture. The multivariate analysis was done between age, number of level of instruction, parity, age of first sexual intercourse and number of sexual Partners. The statistical analysis and the data processing were carried out by the Excel 2016 software and the graph pad prism version 5 software. The statistical test used was the chi-square test.
HPV infection, cervical abnormalities, and cancer in HIV-infected women in Mu...Dr.Samsuddin Khan
Background: HIV-infected women are at a higher risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cancer than women in the general population, partly due to a high prevalence of persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The aim of the study was to assess the burden of HPV infection, cervical abnormalities, and cervical cancer among a cohort of HIV-infected women as part of a routine screening in an urban overpopulated slum setting in Mumbai, India.
Methods: From May 2010 to October 2010, Médecins Sans Frontières and Tata Memorial Hospital Mumbai offered routine annual Pap smears and HPV DNA testing of women attending an antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic and a 12-month follow-up. Women with abnormal test results were offered cervical biopsy and treatment, including treatment for sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Results: Ninety-five women were screened. Median age was 38 years (IQR: 33–41); median nadir CD4-count 143 cells/µL (IQR: 79–270); and median time on ART 23 months (IQR:10–41). HPV DNA was detected in 30/94 women (32%), and 18/94 (19%) showed either low-grade or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL/HSIL) on Pap smear. Overall, >50% had cervical inflammatory reactions including STIs. Of the 43 women with a cervical biopsy, eight (8.4%) had CIN-1, five (5.3%) CIN-2, and two (2.1%) carcinoma in situ. All but one had HPV DNA detected (risk ratio: 11, 95% confidence interval: 3.3–34). By October 2011, 56 women had completed the 12-month follow-up and had been rescreened. No new cases of HPV infection/LSIL/HSIL were detected.
Conclusion: The high prevalence of HPV infection, STIs, and cervical lesions among women attending an ART clinic demonstrates a need for routine screening. Simple, one-stop screening strategies are needed. The optimal screening interval, especially when resources are limited, needs to be determined.
HPV Vaccine: A Breakthrough In Prevention of Cervical CancerApollo Hospitals
Cervical cancer is one of the commonest cancers in women. As it affects young women it has grave
personal, social and economic consequences. It is unfortunate that despite cancer cervix being a preventable
disease, we have failed to reduce the number of deaths related to it. Recent developments in the understanding of the disease process and its link to the oncogenic strains of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has opened new avenues in
the way of prevention of cervical cancer.
[[INOSR ES 11(2)108-121, 2023.Evaluation of Male partner participation in pre...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of Male partner participation in prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV/AIDs at Hoima Referral hospital
Sebwami Richard
School of Allied Health Sciences, Kampala International University Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to assess the knowledge and attitude, the level of male involvement and factors associated with male involvement in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Hoima municipality. This study was a descriptive cross section in which quantitative method of data collection was employed in collection of data from respondents. Questionnaires were distributed to participants to assess the knowledge and attitude, the level of male involvement and factors associated with male involvement in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) in Hoima municipality. Sample size of 200 participants were used, this included the Male partners who hard escorted their pregnant partners to the antenatal clinic aged between 20-50years.The predominant religion were Catholics 59% and seventh day Adventists. Regarding educational levels, majority of respondents had completed secondary level and above (61%) and the predominant ages were between 20-29 years. The study revealed that very few males partner were involved in the PMTCT program especially during HIV counseling and testing (HCT) because of being at old age group above 30years couples, couples not living together, high number of wife’s pregnancies four and above, having no knowledge on methods of MTCT, and husbands failure to discuss HCT with their wives. From the findings, majority of the respondents have ever had about the male involvement in the PMTCT but there was still low male involvement in PMTCT programs at antenatal clinics. There is a need to do an in-depth assessment of women’s experiences when tested HIV-positive in the presence of their partners at the ANC, as well as to develop strategies to improve male involvement. The study again recommends formative research on the use of incentives to promote male involvement in the PMTCT program and the government should train more of the health promoters and the Village Health Teams in order to reach even those that are deep in the village that are not having easy access to the health facility.
Keywords: HIV, Hoima municipality, Male partner, counseling
Epidemiology and carcinogenesis of premalignant lesions of cervixManinder Ahuja
Cervicall cancer is number one cancer in India and mortality is every seven minute one woman is dyign of cervical cancer. And we still have to make a desicsion that these women's lives are worth saving by doing simple screening tests like VIA. Cytology by PAP Or LBC and HPV DNA ,
Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Network Intrusion Detectio...IIJSRJournal
With the rapid advancement of computer technology during the last couple of decades. Computer systems are commonly used in manufacturing, corporate, as well as other aspects of human living. As a result, constructing dependable infrastructures is a major challenge for IT managers. On the contrary side, this same rapid advancement of technology has created numerous difficulties in building reliable networks which are challenging tasks. There seem to be numerous varieties of attacks that affect the accessibility, authenticity, as well as secrecy of communications systems. In this paper, an in-depth and all-inclusive description of artificial intelligence methods used for the detection of network intrusions is discussed in detail.
Methodologies for Enhancing Data Integrity and Security in Distributed Cloud ...IIJSRJournal
Usually, cloud infrastructure is used individually by businesses, whereas the hybrid cloud would be a blend of two or many kinds of clouds. Because as clouds become increasingly common, safety issues also expanding. Because of such cybersecurity threats, numerous experts suggested procedures as well as ways to assure internet confidentiality. Providers of cloud-based services were accountable for the complete safety of cloud information. Nevertheless, since the clouds are accessible (easily accessible over the World wide web), much research has been conducted on cloud storage cybersecurity. This paper describes methods for enhancing security and reliability in decentralized cloud-based solutions, as well as suggests a few security solution methods of implementation.
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Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...eshaasini
We carried out a descriptive and cross-sectional study over a period of 7 months from January to July 2019 in the department of Lekoumou. 100 women ranging in age from 16 to 73 years old. The variables studied were as follows: age, marital status, level of education, risk factors for the onset of HPV infection, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, parity, gesture. The multivariate analysis was done between age, number of level of instruction, parity, age of first sexual intercourse and number of sexual Partners. The statistical analysis and the data processing were carried out by the Excel 2016 software and the graph pad prism version 5 software. The statistical test used was the chi-square test.
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...semualkaira
We carried out a descriptive and cross-sectional study over a period of 7 months from January to July 2019 in the department of Lekoumou. 100 women ranging in age from 16 to 73 years old. The variables studied were as follows: age, marital status, level of education, risk factors for the onset of HPV infection, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, parity, gesture. The multivariate analysis was done between age, number of level of instruction, parity, age of first sexual intercourse and number of sexual Partners. The statistical analysis and the data processing were carried out by the Excel 2016 software and the graph pad prism version 5 software. The statistical test used was the chi-square test.
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...semualkaira
We carried out a descriptive and cross-sectional study over a period of 7 months from January to July 2019 in the department of Lekoumou. 100 women ranging in age from 16 to 73 years old. The variables studied were as follows: age, marital status, level of education, risk factors for the onset of HPV infection, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, parity, gesture. The multivariate analysis was done between age, number of level of instruction, parity, age of first sexual intercourse and number of sexual Partners. The statistical analysis and the data processing were carried out by the Excel 2016 software and the graph pad prism version 5 software. The statistical test used was the chi-square test.
HPV infection, cervical abnormalities, and cancer in HIV-infected women in Mu...Dr.Samsuddin Khan
Background: HIV-infected women are at a higher risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cancer than women in the general population, partly due to a high prevalence of persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The aim of the study was to assess the burden of HPV infection, cervical abnormalities, and cervical cancer among a cohort of HIV-infected women as part of a routine screening in an urban overpopulated slum setting in Mumbai, India.
Methods: From May 2010 to October 2010, Médecins Sans Frontières and Tata Memorial Hospital Mumbai offered routine annual Pap smears and HPV DNA testing of women attending an antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic and a 12-month follow-up. Women with abnormal test results were offered cervical biopsy and treatment, including treatment for sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Results: Ninety-five women were screened. Median age was 38 years (IQR: 33–41); median nadir CD4-count 143 cells/µL (IQR: 79–270); and median time on ART 23 months (IQR:10–41). HPV DNA was detected in 30/94 women (32%), and 18/94 (19%) showed either low-grade or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL/HSIL) on Pap smear. Overall, >50% had cervical inflammatory reactions including STIs. Of the 43 women with a cervical biopsy, eight (8.4%) had CIN-1, five (5.3%) CIN-2, and two (2.1%) carcinoma in situ. All but one had HPV DNA detected (risk ratio: 11, 95% confidence interval: 3.3–34). By October 2011, 56 women had completed the 12-month follow-up and had been rescreened. No new cases of HPV infection/LSIL/HSIL were detected.
Conclusion: The high prevalence of HPV infection, STIs, and cervical lesions among women attending an ART clinic demonstrates a need for routine screening. Simple, one-stop screening strategies are needed. The optimal screening interval, especially when resources are limited, needs to be determined.
HPV Vaccine: A Breakthrough In Prevention of Cervical CancerApollo Hospitals
Cervical cancer is one of the commonest cancers in women. As it affects young women it has grave
personal, social and economic consequences. It is unfortunate that despite cancer cervix being a preventable
disease, we have failed to reduce the number of deaths related to it. Recent developments in the understanding of the disease process and its link to the oncogenic strains of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has opened new avenues in
the way of prevention of cervical cancer.
[[INOSR ES 11(2)108-121, 2023.Evaluation of Male partner participation in pre...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of Male partner participation in prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV/AIDs at Hoima Referral hospital
Sebwami Richard
School of Allied Health Sciences, Kampala International University Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to assess the knowledge and attitude, the level of male involvement and factors associated with male involvement in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Hoima municipality. This study was a descriptive cross section in which quantitative method of data collection was employed in collection of data from respondents. Questionnaires were distributed to participants to assess the knowledge and attitude, the level of male involvement and factors associated with male involvement in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) in Hoima municipality. Sample size of 200 participants were used, this included the Male partners who hard escorted their pregnant partners to the antenatal clinic aged between 20-50years.The predominant religion were Catholics 59% and seventh day Adventists. Regarding educational levels, majority of respondents had completed secondary level and above (61%) and the predominant ages were between 20-29 years. The study revealed that very few males partner were involved in the PMTCT program especially during HIV counseling and testing (HCT) because of being at old age group above 30years couples, couples not living together, high number of wife’s pregnancies four and above, having no knowledge on methods of MTCT, and husbands failure to discuss HCT with their wives. From the findings, majority of the respondents have ever had about the male involvement in the PMTCT but there was still low male involvement in PMTCT programs at antenatal clinics. There is a need to do an in-depth assessment of women’s experiences when tested HIV-positive in the presence of their partners at the ANC, as well as to develop strategies to improve male involvement. The study again recommends formative research on the use of incentives to promote male involvement in the PMTCT program and the government should train more of the health promoters and the Village Health Teams in order to reach even those that are deep in the village that are not having easy access to the health facility.
Keywords: HIV, Hoima municipality, Male partner, counseling
Epidemiology and carcinogenesis of premalignant lesions of cervixManinder Ahuja
Cervicall cancer is number one cancer in India and mortality is every seven minute one woman is dyign of cervical cancer. And we still have to make a desicsion that these women's lives are worth saving by doing simple screening tests like VIA. Cytology by PAP Or LBC and HPV DNA ,
Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Network Intrusion Detectio...IIJSRJournal
With the rapid advancement of computer technology during the last couple of decades. Computer systems are commonly used in manufacturing, corporate, as well as other aspects of human living. As a result, constructing dependable infrastructures is a major challenge for IT managers. On the contrary side, this same rapid advancement of technology has created numerous difficulties in building reliable networks which are challenging tasks. There seem to be numerous varieties of attacks that affect the accessibility, authenticity, as well as secrecy of communications systems. In this paper, an in-depth and all-inclusive description of artificial intelligence methods used for the detection of network intrusions is discussed in detail.
Methodologies for Enhancing Data Integrity and Security in Distributed Cloud ...IIJSRJournal
Usually, cloud infrastructure is used individually by businesses, whereas the hybrid cloud would be a blend of two or many kinds of clouds. Because as clouds become increasingly common, safety issues also expanding. Because of such cybersecurity threats, numerous experts suggested procedures as well as ways to assure internet confidentiality. Providers of cloud-based services were accountable for the complete safety of cloud information. Nevertheless, since the clouds are accessible (easily accessible over the World wide web), much research has been conducted on cloud storage cybersecurity. This paper describes methods for enhancing security and reliability in decentralized cloud-based solutions, as well as suggests a few security solution methods of implementation.
Agriculture in Indian Economy and Contribution of Science and Technology IIJSRJournal
One of the oldest occupations in history, agriculture has benefited much from innovation throughout the years. Since then, science has played a significant role in agricultural innovation and quality assurance. We have listed a few of the factors that were mentioned in the introduction section if you'd want to understand more about the significance of science and technology in agriculture. Encouraging the use of science and technology is the cornerstone for improving agriculture's productivity, quality, efficiency, and competitiveness, which also contributes to the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, ensures food security, social security, and increases the income of agricultural producers and traders.
The Effect of Kronecker Tensor Product Values on ECG Rates: A Study on Savitz...IIJSRJournal
This article presents a study on ECG signal filtering algorithms to denoise signals corrupted by various types of noise sources. The study also examines the effect of Kronecker tensor product values on ECG rates. The study is conducted in a Matlab environment, and the results demonstrate that a constant number for the respective codes can effectively denoise ECG signals without any trouble. These findings have significant implications for diagnosing abnormal heart rhythms and investigating chest pains. The present study is novel in that it explores the relationship between ECG rate and Kronecker delta values across different age groups, which has not been extensively studied in previous literature. The study's unique contribution is the determination of age-specific values of the constant K required to represent this relationship accurately in different populations, which could inform the development of more effective algorithms for denoising ECG signals in clinical settings. Additionally, this study's finding of an inverse relationship between ECG rate and Kronecker delta values could have broader implications for understanding the physiological factors that contribute to variability in ECG measurements. The study provides valuable insights into ECG signal processing and suggests that the implemented techniques can improve the accuracy of ECG signal analysis in real-time clinical settings. Overall, the manuscript is a valuable contribution to the field of biomedical signal processing and provides important information for researchers and healthcare professionals.
Basic Criteria for Building the Third Renaissance in Uzbekistan IIJSRJournal
On the occasion of the 29th anniversary of the independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev emphasized that the goal of our development should be the Third Renaissance. This strategic idea, in its grandeur, shows the need to aim for a common goal in all aspects of national development. In practice, the head of state expressed the new and clarified content of the national idea of Uzbekistan at the current stage of development. This article analyzes the important role of literature, theater and art in establishing the Third Renaissance in Uzbekistan.
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There is an increasing interest in neglected and under-utilized crop species (NUS) throughout the world, reflecting a growing trend within agriculture to identify and develop new crops for export and domestic markets. Interest in NUS stems from a variety of factors, including their contribution to agricultural diversification and better use of land, their economic potential and the opportunities they provide for diet diversification. The main objective was to assess the economic and nutritional value of neglected and utilized crop species of African horned melon in Zambia.
The study used the qualitative research design and descriptive, using desk review to collect secondary data from various literature on neglected and under-utilized crops species of African horned melon.
In conclusion, the findings reveal that the African horned melon has nutritional value consisting numerous vitamins and antioxidants which are beneficial to health living of humans and will contribute and broaden food diversity and nutritional among rural and urban communities of Zambia. The crop will promote healthy living among Zambian citizen to overcome malnutrition and obesity. Further, African horned melon is a climate change crop that will enhancing rural resiliency and climate smart agriculture activities in many areas. Communities must be trained and have knowledge experience of farmer-to-farmer capacity building in rural areas of Zambia.
Prevalence of Trichomonas Vaginalis Infection Among Married Pregnant Women in...IIJSRJournal
A cross-sectional survey of Trichomonas vaginalis infection has been conducted among married pregnant women attending antenatal clinics, for the first time in pregnancy, the direct microscopy technique was adopted. Of the 120 pregnant women studied, 4(3.3%) were infected with T. vaginalis. Individuals age 20-25 years were most infected (3.7%). Women in their third trimester of pregnancy were significantly more infected (1.1%), than those in their second trimester (1.6%) and first trimester (2.3%). Despite reporting a low prevalence of T. vaginalis among pregnant women in the study, this does not imply completely ruling out the presence of T. vaginalis among pregnant women due to the diagnostic technique and also that even the low occurrence among pregnant women in the hospitals cannot totally explain general occurrence. T. vaginalis infection can be dangerous and poses serious threat to the health. Hence, the need for prevention of T. vaginalis and that efforts for prevention of T. vaginalis infection should be targeted at all women of child bearing age. Since T. vaginalis is primarily sexually transmitted, educational efforts must be aimed at high risk groups including women without any formal education and must be explicit regarding the behaviours that leads to the spread of T. vaginalis, and other sexually transmitted infections. There is also the need for proper counseling and education on sexual behaviour and genital hygiene which would greatly help in the prevention of the infection.
Factors Influencing Professional Project Management Ethical Practices in Buil...IIJSRJournal
Ethical practices are essential to providing quality work which cut across every sector. In building construction, adherence to project management ethical standards is essential to providing quality services that can stand the test of time. However, many building projects have been constructed with standards that are far below the professional ethics. This is evident in the cases of building failure reported throughout the country. The study examines the factors that influences project management ethical practices in Nigeria and specifically in Lagos. A total of 384 samples were selected from project stakeholders and construction professionals. A well-structured 25 items questionnaire was designed to elicit for response on ethical practices and factors that influences ethical practices. The results indicated that ethical practices in project management are influenced by various factors, including the project environment and stakeholder's impact as organizational factors. The major project-related factors that affect ethical practices are project scope and complexity, project financing, project risk, and project stakeholders, while project managers' technical skills, qualifications, and personal values have significant impacts on adherence to ethical practices. The influencing factors could be related to the organization, the project, or the professional, but in most cases, they are a combination of these factors. Therefore, it is recommended that thorough assessments are conducted before, during, and after construction, and different professionals should be assigned to ensure transparency and compliance with standards.
Assessment of Water Occupancy Rates of the Çamlıgöze Dam Lake between 2010-20...IIJSRJournal
With the increasing world population, the importance of dam lakes is increasing within the framework of more effective and efficient use of water resources. This study focuses on the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake, located in Turkey, between the years 2010-2021. The annual average water occupancy rate of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake between 2010-2021 was calculated as 69.55 percent. This shows that approximately seventy percent of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake was full between 2010-2021. According to these values, it was determined that the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake did not face a serious decrease between 2010-2021. As a result, there is no short term problem in terms of water occupancy rates in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake, but this does not mean that it will not be a problem in the long term. For this reason, it should not be abandoned to use the water of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake effectively, economically and consciously.
Sustainability of Pod Yields of Groundnut through Crop Seasonal Rainfall, Len...IIJSRJournal
A study was conducted with the objective of assessing the effect of crop seasonal rainfall and length of growing period on the sustainability of pod yields of groundnut attained in 31 mandals under arid Alfisols of Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh. We have considered the variability of mandals with regard to (i) crop seasonal rainfall (mm) and (ii) pod yield of groundnut (kg/ha) during 2001 to 2020; (iii) extent of crop area (ha) during 2009 to 2020; and (iv) length of growing period (days). Based on the mean and standard deviation (SD) of each parameter, the mandals were classified into 5 groups viz., (i) G1: Less than (Mean–2SD); (ii) G2: (Mean–2SD) to (Mean–SD); (iii) G3: (Mean–SD) to (Mean+SD); (iv) G4: (Mean+SD) to (Mean+2SD); and (v) G5: More than (Mean+2SD). Out of 31 mandals, 22 mandals for area and crop seasonal rainfall, 20 mandals for LGP and 18 mandals for yield have fallen in G3. Estimates of correlation were derived between groundnut area, crop seasonal rainfall and yield for each mandal over years and tested for significance to assess the superiority of mandals. Significant correlation of yield and crop seasonal rainfall was observed which ranged from 0.433 at Kalyandurg to 0.765 at Putlur. Similarly, significant correlation between yield and area of groundnut was observed in Kalyandurg (-0.764), Brahmasamudram (-0.674) and Rapthadu (-0.584) mandals. The predictability of yield and prediction error were derived based on a regression model of yield calibrated through the crop seasonal rainfall, LGP and crop area in different mandals. The model gave significant predictability (R2) value of 0.46 with prediction error of 90.9 kg/ha and indicated negative effect of area, positive effect of crop seasonal rainfall and LGP on yield. The sustainability yield index ranged from 26.6% (Kambadur) to 87.5% (Peddavadagur) with mean of 53.9% (CV of 30.1%) over years. Ranks were assigned to the mean and variation of area, crop seasonal rainfall, yield, LGP and SYI of each mandal and rank sums were derived. Guntakal, Gooty and Vidapanakal were superior with rank sums of 30, 38 and 70 respectively. Guntakal was superior with an area of 16570 ha (CV of 17.3%), crop seasonal rainfall of 436.1 mm (CV of 33.4%), LGP of 140 days, yield of 644 kg/ha (CV of 70.9%) and SYI of 76.5%, while Gooty was superior with area of 14146 ha (CV of 14.6%), crop seasonal rainfall of 429.6 mm (CV of 42.4%), LGP of 140 days, yield of 663 kg/ha (CV of 69.1%) and SYI of 79.1%. Similarly, Vidapanakal was superior with area of 5077 ha (CV of 31.1%), crop seasonal rainfall of 403.2 mm (CV of 47.4%), LGP of 140 days, yield of 654 kg/ha (CV of 49.5%) and SYI of 77.9%. Due to maximum LGP and crop seasonal rainfall, we recommend that the farmers of these mandals could enhance the area of groundnut and attain maximum sustainable yields under arid Alfisols.
On the Modulation of Biocompatibility of Hydrogels with Collagen and Guar Gum...IIJSRJournal
In this work, we report the synthesis of molybdenum metal-organic frameworks (Mo-MOFs) using 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid and the amino acids L-phenylalanine, L- tryptophan, and L-histidine as ligands. They were incorporated in hydrogel matrixes comprised of collagen and guar gum to obtain composite hydrogels. The effect of chemical structure of Mo-MOFs on the structure, physicochemical properties and in vitro biocompatibility of hydrogels was studied. These biomaterials showed a super absorbent performance (higher than 2000 ± 169%) and a high degree of reticulation (higher than 75 ± 6%). The microstructure of the composites showed a granular morphology with some porosity. These composites were degraded entirely by hydrolysis at pH 5 and pH 7 at room temperature in time lapses shorter than 15 days. Also, they were biocompatible with porcine dermis fibroblasts not showing cytotoxic effects up to 48 h of incubation allowing its proliferation, and it was observed that the MOF containing L-tryptophan improved notably the biocompatibility of the collagen/guar gum matrix. Finally, the matrixes were tested as vehicles for cell encapsulation and release. The slow-release rates show that fibroblasts tend to remain inside the hydrogel matrixes. Thus, these materials are more suitable for cell scaffolds and tissue engineering applications such as wound healing dressings.
Incorporation of Se (IV) Complexes based on Amino Acids in Biomatrixes in Hyd...IIJSRJournal
Selenium is a non-metal that shows biological interest since it is responsible for modulating various proteins at the micronutrient level in living beings. In this work, new complexes based on the Se (IV) ion with amino acids such as phenylalanine (Se-F), histidine (Se-H) and tryptophan (Se-T) were hydrothermally synthesized and characterized. These were incorporated into biomatrixes based on semi-interpenetrated polymeric networks (Semi-IPN) of collagen-polyurethane-guar gum (CPGG) by the microemulsion process using a mass ratio of 1 wt.% with respect to collagen. The structural and crystalline characteristics that the selenium-amino acid complexes show a performance in modulating the properties of the biomatrixes under study. The results indicate that the incorporation of the complex decreases the crosslinking of the hydrogel, generating granular surfaces with porosity dependent on the type of amino acid. The CPGG Se-T biomatrix shows a swelling capacity of 10200 ± 1100 higher than the CPGG base matrix; while the CPGG Se-F and CPGG Se-T biomatrixes present slow degradation at both physiological and acidic pH. Interestingly, the matrix that includes the Se-F complex significantly stimulates the metabolic activity of L929 fibroblasts for up to 48 h, stimulating their proliferation. The fibroblasts encapsulated on these novel biomatrixes show recurrent release capacity for up to 7 days, where the structure of the CPGG Se-H biomatrix exhibits greater release from the encapsulated cells. These results demonstrate that these innovative biomatrixes could be used in biomedical applications such as dermal tissue regeneration and cell release for a specific biological fate.
Machine Learning Based House Price Prediction Using Modified Extreme Boosting IIJSRJournal
In recent years, machine learning has become increasingly important in everyday voice commands and predictions. Instead, it provides a safer auto system and better customer assistance. As a result of all that has been demonstrated, ML is a technology that is becoming more and more popular in a range of industries. To gauge changes in house values, the House Price Index is frequently employed (HPI). Due to the substantial correlation that exists between property prices and other variables, such as location, region, and population, the HPI on its own is not sufficient to accurately forecast a person's house price. Some studies have successfully predicted house prices using conventional machine learning techniques, but they seldom evaluate the efficacy of different models and ignore the more complicated but less well-known models. We proposed Modified Extreme Gradient Boosting as our model in this study due to its adaptive and probabilistic model selection process. Feature engineering, hyperparameter training and optimization, model interpretation, and model selection and evaluation are all steps in the process. Home price indices, which are frequently used to support real estate policy initiatives and estimate housing costs. In this project, models for forecasting changes in home prices are developed using machine learning methods.
Preliminary Evaluation on Vegetative of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) in San...IIJSRJournal
The study was initiated to evaluate the early performance of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) vegetative planted on marginal sandy tin-tailing soil. The experiment was carried out for one year in a plot of 4-year-old rambutan cultivar at MARDI Kundang, Rawang, Selangor, Malaysia. Varieties of Mutiara Merah and Mutiara Wangi were used. Data from the plants as a measurement of vegetative growth was recorded. Mutiara Merah proved that it can be well-grown and cultivated on sandy tin-tailing soil. The plant height of Mutiara Merah indicated the highest significant reading. The parameter of canopy width showed the same variety contributed to the highest record. Nevertheless, Mutiara Merah contributed to the highest significant reading on stem diameter and perimeter respectively. Chlorophyll content in leaves of the plant of the same variety recorded the highest SPAD reading. Further field evaluations are needed to determine the relationship of fertilizer level with the different varieties in inducing the growth and yield of rambutan planted in marginal soil.
Analysis of Physicochemical and Microbiological Parameters of Wine Produced f...IIJSRJournal
Wine is a fermented drink made by the controlled culture of yeasts on fruit juices. This study was undertaken to produce acceptable wines from blends of banana and pineapple by the fermentative action of Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain 1621 and Pichia guilliermondii strain PAX-PAT 18S. The fermentation process lasted for a period of 28 days and, the aging process was for 2 months. The fermentation process comprised two set ups- one was fermented by Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain 1621 and the other was fermented by Pichia guilliermondii strain PAX-PAT 18S. The process was monitored and controlled by carrying out physicochemical analysis (pH, temperature, specific gravity, total titratable acidity, and alcohol content) and yeast count using standard methods. There was a decrease in the pH for both wines and an increase in the total titratable acidity. The temperature was between 17 and 27 0C for both wines. The specific gravity of the wines decreased during the fermentation leading to an increase in alcohol production. There was an increase in yeast count from 6.7×107 sfu/ml to 1.8×108 sfu/ml between days 1 and 17 and a decrease from 1.8×108 sfu/ml to 0 sfu/ml between days 17 to 85 for Meyerozyma guilliermondii; also an increase from 5.1×107 sfu/ml to 1.7×108 sfu/ml from day 1 to 17, and a decrease from 1.7×108 sfu/ml to 0 sfu/ml between day 17 to 85 for Pichia guilliermondii. Statistically, there was no significant difference between the yeast counts, temperature, pH, total titratable acidity, and specific gravity but there was signa ificant difference between the alcohol production for both wines. This study shows that wines can be successfully produced using Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain 1621 and Pichia guilliermondii strain PAX-PAT 18S.
Cohesive and Thermal Properties of Sodium Cyanide-Halide Mixed Crystals IIJSRJournal
In order to analyse the cohesive and thermal properties of sodium cyanide-halide mixed crystals an Extended Three Body Force Shell Model (ETSM) has been applied by incorporating the effect of translational-rotational (TR) coupling. We have conducted theoretical research on cohesive and thermal properties, such as cohesive energy (, molecular force constant (f), compressibility (), Restrahlen frequency (, Debye temperature (D), Gruneisen parameter (), Moelwyn Hughes constants (F1) and the ratio of volume thermal expansion coefficient (v) to volume specific heat (Cv), as a function of temperature within the temperature range 50K T 300K at concentration x=0, 0.27, 0.58 and 1. The current model computations and the findings of the available experiments are in good agreement. The ETSM is a sufficiently realistic model and may be applied to a variety of other mixed crystals in this family.
Discussion on Analysis of Effects of Short-Form Video Advertising on the Purc...IIJSRJournal
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of informativeness, entertainment, credibility, social interaction, incentives, and irritation of short-form video advertising on social media on the purchase intention of Gen Z in Vietnam through user attitude and advertising value. The methodology is conducting a survey by collecting responses from 1257 respondents who are Gen Z and familiar with social media, which was later analysed using SmartPLS. The main findings are advertising value and user attitude significantly affect customers’ purchase intention; advertising value is directly affected by informativeness, entertainment, and credibility; user attitude is directly affected by social interaction, incentives, and irritation. Finally, the research team proposes some solutions for businesses to increase the purchase intention of Gen Z in Vietnam through short-form video advertising on social media.
Comparison of Glucose in Urine with Likening of Pigeons as Pets IIJSRJournal
If someone is liking pigeons as pets, this may be due to their intelligent, effortless, and loving nature. The chief objectives of this study were to relate pigeon lovers as a pet with the level of glucose in their urine. Around 100 students of Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan were participants of this study. Pee has glucose that is measured for measuring the glucose in urine. If glucose is not present in the urine it shows the kidney is working well. There is no major effect of glucose in urine with the love of a pigeon as a pet.
Non-unique Fixed Points of Self Mappings in Bi-metric Spaces IIJSRJournal
In this paper, we prove a few non-unique fixed-point results of mapping on a set with bi-metrics using θ – contraction. We also give an example that justifies our results. In the literature, our result generalized many results.
Research on the Impact of Short-Form Video Advertising on Social Media on the...IIJSRJournal
In recent years, short-form video has become a popular form of advertising on social media. The way consumers make decisions to purchase has changed owing to this new marketing method. This study aims to investigate the impact of informativeness, entertainment, credibility, social interaction, incentives and irritation of short-form video advertising on social media on the purchase intention of Gen Z in Vietnam through user attitude and advertising value. A survey was conducted by collecting responses from 1257 respondents who are Gen Z and familiar with social media, which was later analysed using SmartPLS. The findings revealed that advertising value and user attitude significantly affect customers’ purchase intention. In addition, advertising value is directly affected by informativeness, entertainment and credibility. Meanwhile, user attitude is directly affected by social interaction, incentives and irritation. Finally, the research team propose some solutions for businesses to increase the purchase intention of Gen Z in Vietnam through short-form video advertising on social media.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)
Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 01-13, January-March 2023
ISSN: 2581-5059 2
According to [12] there is a worldwide consensus that "high-risk" genotypes, such as genotypes 16, 18, 31, 33, 35,
39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, and 66, are linked to cervical cancer and are associated with some other mucosal
anogenital malignancies as well as head and neck cancers. Furthermore, genital warts or growths on the cervix,
vagina, vulva, and anus in women, and the penis, scrotum, or anus in men, can result from infections with different
genotypes, or "low-risk" infections. Subsequently, they can also result in surgically treatable epithelial growths
(recurrent respiratory papillomatosis or juvenile respiratory papillomatosis) on both children and adults' vocal
cords [13]. Therefore, risk factors for HPV infection include new and frequent sexual partners as well as irregular
condom use. [14] reiterated that, there are more than 100 types of genital HPV; about 13 are considered oncogenic
otherwise referred to as ―high-risk‖. As such, persistent high-risk HPV infection is thus the most important risk
factor for cervical cancer precursors and cervical cancer. Generally, women who have HIV are more likely to
contract HPV and have a 2–8-times higher risk of cervical cancer than women without the virus [15]. Studies have
revealed that HIV-positive women experience an earlier onset of serious precancerous lesions than women without
the virus [16]. Subsequently, majority of women typically contract HPV infection shortly after starting to engage
in sexual activity in their teens or early 20s. Furthermore, more than 90% of cervix-related HPV infections are
asymptomatic and resolve in two to three years, but women who have chronic infection are at significant risk of
later developing high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive malignancy [17]. Despite the cervical
cancer screening intervention that has been put in place by the MOH and the stakeholders in place, there are still
incidences of mortality due to cervical cancer [18]. Since no research has been done in the study area to address
the issue, region-specific genotypes must be discovered and characterized considering that different HPV
genotypes carry differing levels of risk. Therefore, if not detected early enough and managed in time it can lead to
cervical cancer which is a serious health problem which predominantly affects women of reproductive age.
░ 2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Study design and setting
This study adopted a mixed-methods approach comprising a quantitative laboratory analysis to characterize detect
circulating HPV phenotypes and a short semi-structured questionnaire to investigate the sociodemographic
attributes of the study participants. It was carried out at Rabuor Sub County Hospital which is a government-run
health facility located in Kochieng East Sub-location, in Kadibo Division, Nyando Constituency in Kisumu
County along Kisumu-Nairobi highway. It was selected as a study site to be a representative of the entire
constituency due to the fact that it is easily accessible thus receives patients from all over the neighbouring
villages. Kisumu County lies within longitudes 330
20`E and 350
20`E and latitude 00
20`South and 00
50`South. It
sits on the shores of Lake Victoria, providing it with the potential to be a major centre of fishing. Rice is grown
under irrigation in the Kano plains. Most of the water for irrigation comes from River Nyando, whose annual
floods used to displace huge numbers of people but also deposit a lot of fertile salt all across the plain. Some of the
basic services offered at the facility include cervical cancer screening, anti-retroviral therapy, family planning,
home based care, in-patient department as well as maternity. The facility has 30 bed capacity for in-patients. The
study managed to obtain the demographic and clinical report from 374 consenting, non-pregnant female aged 15
3. Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)
Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 01-13, January-March 2023
ISSN: 2581-5059 3
years and above since this age group was considered sexually active. Kisumu County has a population of
1,155,574 (according to the 2019 National Census) and a population density of 550 persons per Km2
. The
population distribution by sex is 556,942 male and 594,609 female (2019 Kenya population and housing census).
2.2. Sample size determination and sampling procedure
A total number of 374 participants who were not pregnant and aged 15years and above, were given equal chance
to be enrolled in the study. Thus, they were to make their own informed consent and would opt out whenever they
felt uncomfortable in continuing within the study. This criteria ensured fairly, unbiased representative sample from
the entire population under the study. The sample size was calculated based on a study done by De Vuyst et al.
(2010) which found the prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in Mombasa, Kenya to be 42%.
Cochran’s formula was used to determine and arrive at the required sample size, this was calculated as below:
2
2
Z p 1 p
n
d
2
/2
2
Z p 1 q
n
d
2
2
1.96 0.42 0.58
n
0.05
n 374.3 374
2.3. Specimen Collection and Handling
For laboratory analysis, cervical specimens were collected from the cervix of female participants who signed the
consent form. This was done by the trained, qualified personnel, using the Digene® HC2 DNA Collection Device
after which, the collected samples were placed in PreservCyt® Solution containing Buffered Methanol CAS
67-56-1 as the preservative. The specimen were stored in Special Transport Media (STM) before being delivered
to the testing facility without refrigeration after which, they were sent utilizing a 2-day delivery vendor in an
insulated container to the testing laboratory. Considerably, a preservative (Buffered Methanol CAS 67-56-1) had
been added to the STM to retard bacterial growth and to retain the integrity of DNA.
2.4. Detecting the risk levels and genotyping of HPV
The low-risk and high-risk HPV Probes were used to aid the detection and characterization of sexually transmitted
HPV infections with HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, and 68 as well as to
differentiate between two HPV DNA groups: low-risk HPV types 6, 11, 42, 43, and 44 and high-risk HPV types
16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39. Additionally, HPV genotypes of the circulating human papillomavirus 16, 18, 31, and 45
were detected quantitatively in cervical swabs using the in vitro real time amplification test, the 14 Real-TM quant.
2.5. Data Analysis
The data collected was entered into Microsoft Excel (2010) worksheets, secured with a password. It was then
cleaned and entered into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS®) version 20.0 where descriptive
statistics and multiple regression analysis were done.
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ISSN: 2581-5059 4
Regression analysis was used to determine the odds ratio for the risk level of human papilloma virus among the
participants. In addition, qualitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics to answer the specific objective
that entails the characterization of the circulating genotypes of human papilloma virus among female patients
attending Rabuor Sub County hospital, Kisumu County
░ 3. Study Results
3.1. Socio-demographic characteristics of participants
This study involved 374 female respondents seeking health services at Rabuor Sub County Hospital. Majority
(170; 45.5%) of the participants were aged 20 to 29 years, while only 10 (2.7%) were aged 50 years and above. In
terms of the level of education, secondary was the majority 139 (37.2%) with the minority being from university
14 (3.7%). Most (225; 60.2%) of the respondents were married, with 81(36.0%) having been married in the last 5
years. Based on the occupation of the respondent, business persons were the majority, accounting for 179 (47.9%).
The participants had an average monthly earning of KSh 7176.20, while their husbands on average earned KSh
13,039.84; together, the total average earning was KSh. 21030.21 (Table 1)
Table 1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the respondents
Variable Frequency (n) Percentage (%)
Age in years
< 20 44 11.76
20-29 170 45.45
30-39 95 25.4
40-49 55 14.71
≥ 50 10 2.67
Education Level
Primary 132 35.29
Secondary 139 37.17
College 89 23.8
University 14 3.74
Marital Status
Married civil/traditional 225 60.16
Unmarried but not committed 149 39.84
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Duration of Marriage (years)
1-5 81 36
6-10 55 24.44
11-15 55 24.44
> 15 34 15.11
Occupation
Farmer 115 30.75
Employed 80 21.39
Business person 179 47.86
Family Earnings (KSh)
Husband earning (mean) 374 100 13039.84
Wife earning (mean) 374 100 7176.20
Total family earning (mean) 374 100 21030.21
3.2. Risk level of human papillomavirus among female patients
Out of the 374 participants, HPV genotypes were only detected in 94 individuals, with the majority (n=71;
74.33%) having low risk level HPV while only 23 (25.67%) had high risk level HPV.
3.2.1. Demographics characteristics and HPV risk level among female patients
Bivariate logistic regression analysis showed that respondents who aged 20 to 29, 30 to 39 and 40 to 49 years were
0.47 (95% CI; 0.24-0.94; p = 0.033), 0.40 (95% CI; 0.18-0.85; p = 0.018) and 0.19 (95% CI; 0.07-0.52; p = 0.001)
times less likely to be at increased risk for development of cervical cancer due to high-risk HPV type as compared
to the age of below 20 years, respectively. In multivariate regression, the respondents who were between 40 to 49
years were 0.15 times less likely to be at increased risk for development of cervical cancer due to high-risk HPV
type as compared to the age of below 20 years (AOR; 0.15, 95% CI: 0.03-0.79; p = 0.026).
On occupation, bivariate regression analysis revealed that the respondents who were employed and in business
were 0.51 (95% CI: 0.26-0.98; p = 0.044) and 0.53 (95% CI: 0.32-0.89; p = 0.017) times less likely to be at
increased risk for development of cervical cancer due to high-risk HPV type as compared to farmers, respectively.
In the multivariate regression the study revealed that those who were employed were less likely to be at increased
risk for development of cervical cancer due to high risk HPV type as compared to farmers (AOR=0.20; 95% CI:
0.05-0.73; p = 0.015). These findings are summarized on Table 2.
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Table 2. Demographics characteristics on human papilloma virus risk level status among female patients attending
Rabuor sub-County hospital
Variables N (%)
Low-risk
n (%)
High-risk
n (%)
COR (95% CI) P-Value AOR (95% CI) P-Value
Age Category Years
< 20 44(11.76) 25(56.82) 19(43.18) Ref Ref
20-29 170(45.45) 125(73.53) 45(26.47) 0.47(0.24-0.94) 0.033 0.38(0.1-1.38) 0.14
30-39 95(25.4) 73(76.84) 22(23.16) 0.4(0.18-0.85) 0.018 0.41(0.1-1.63) 0.206
40-49 55(14.71) 48(87.27) 7(12.73) 0.19(0.07-0.52) 0.001 0.15(0.03-0.79) 0.026
≥ 50 10(2.67) 7(70) 3(30) 0.56(0.13-2.47) 0.448 0.2(0.01-4.03) 0.294
Education Level
Primary 132(35.29) 97(73.48) 35(26.52) Ref Ref
Secondary 139(37.17) 103(74.1) 36(25.9) 0.97(0.56-1.66) 0.908 1.08(0.48-2.41) 0.858
College 89(23.8) 69(77.53) 20(22.47) 0.8(0.43-1.51) 0.496 0.97(0.35-2.69) 0.954
University 14(3.74) 9(64.29) 5(35.71) 1.54(0.48-4.91) 0.466 0.65(0.07-6.31) 0.708
Marital Status
Married civil/traditional 225(60.16) 171(76) 54(24) Ref Ref
unmarried but not committed 149(39.84) 107(71.81) 42(28.19) 1.24(0.78-1.99) 0.364 N/A N/A
Duration of Marriage Years
1-5 81(36) 60(74.07) 21(25.93) 0 N/A N/A
6 – 10 55(24.44) 45(81.82) 10(18.18) 0.63(0.27-1.48) 0.293 0.94(0.3-2.94) 0.916
11 – 15 55(24.44) 41(74.55) 14(25.45) 0.98(0.45-2.14) 0.951 1.29(0.44-3.74) 0.639
≥ 15 34(15.11) 25(73.53) 9(26.47) 1.03(0.41-2.55) 0.952 2.11(0.58-7.76) 0.26
Occupation
Farmer 115(30.75) 83(72.17) 32(27.83) Ref Ref
Employed 80(21.39) 61(76.25) 19(23.75) 0.51(0.26-0.98) 0.044 0.2(0.05-0.73) 0.015
Business person 179(47.86) 134(74.86) 45(25.14) 0.53(0.32-0.89) 0.017 0.54(0.23-1.3) 0.171
Earnings
Husband earnings 374(100) N/A N/A 1(1-1) 0.285 1(0.72-1.4) 0.985
Wife earnings 374(100) N/A N/A 1(1-1) 0.86 1(0.72-1.4) 0.985
Total earnings 374(100) N/A N/A 1(1-1) 0.46 1(0.72-1.39) 0.985
Table 2 - Demographics characteristics on human papilloma virus risk level status among female patients
attending Rabuor sub-County hospital.
Ref - Reference group, OR- Odds ratio, CI-confidence interval. P value<0.05 was considered significant.
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3.3. Circulating genotypes of human papillomavirus
3.3.1. Genotypes detected
Only 94 (25.13%) participants had HPV genotype circulating in their samples, while the remain-ing 280 (74.86%)
tested negative. There was a marked difference in the prevalence of variants detected, as demonstrated by Figure 1.
Figure 1. HPV circulating genotypes detected with their Risk Levels
Key Genotype present
16,39,33,58,31,45,36,52,18,59,68,66,56,51 1
6, 11,31,43,36,44,44,59,68,66,54,61 2
6,11,36,43,44,54,61 3
16,18,39,33,58,31,45,36,52,56,51 4
6, 11, 31,43,36,44, 5
31,45,36,52, 18,59,68,66,54,61 6
56,51 7
31,45,36,52,56,51 8
6,11,36,43,44,54, 9
18,59,68,66,56,51 10
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3.3.2. Demographic characteristics and HPV genotypes among female patients
Bivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the respondents aged between 40 to 49 years were 0.26 (95%
CI; 0.09-0.7; p = 0.008) times less likely to be at increased risk for development of cervical cancer due to
circulating HPV genotype compared to those aged below 20 years. The same observation was made in the
multivariate regression whereby the respondents aged between 40 to 49 years were 0.13 (AOR = 0.13; 95% CI:
0.02-0.72; p = 0.019) times less likely to be at increased risk for development of cervical cancer due to circulating
HPV genotype compared to those aged below 20 years. Considering occupation from bivariate regression, the
study revealed that the respondents who were employed were less likely to be at increased risk for development of
cervical cancer due to high risk HPV type as compared to farmers (COR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.23-0.95; p = 0.037). A
similar observation was made in the multivariate regression, (AOR = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.04-0.7; p = 0.014). The
results are as shown on Table 3.
Table 3. Relationship between demographic characteristics and HPV genotypes among female patients
Variables N (%)
No
Genotype
n (%)
Genotype
Present
n (%)
COR (95% CI) P-Value AOR (95% CI) P-Value
Age Category Years
< 20 44(11.76) 26(59.09) 18(40.91) Ref Ref
20-29 170(45.45) 126(74.12) 44(25.88) 0.54(0.26-1.09) 0.087 0.3(0.08-1.13) 0.076
30-39 95(25.4) 73(76.84) 22(23.16) 0.47(0.21-1.03) 0.058 0.34(0.08-1.39) 0.133
40-49 55(14.71) 48(87.27) 7(12.73) 0.26(0.09-0.7) 0.008 0.13(0.02-0.72) 0.019
≤ 50 10(2.67) 7(70) 3(30) 0.75(0.17-3.31) 0.704 0.18(0.01-3.68) 0.264
Education Level
Primary 132(35.29) 98(74.24) 34(25.76) Ref Ref
Secondary 139(37.17) 103(74.1) 36(25.9) 1.06(0.6-1.86) 0.843 1.08(0.48-2.47) 0.85
College 89(23.8) 70(78.65) 19(21.35) 0.86(0.45-1.66) 0.658 0.95(0.33-2.71) 0.922
University 14(3.74) 9(64.29) 5(35.71) 1.89(0.59-6.07) 0.285 0.72(0.07-7.21) 0.783
Marital Status
Married
civil/traditional
225(60.16) 172(76.44) 53(23.56) Ref Ref
Unmarried 149(39.84) 108(72.48) 41(27.52) 1.24(0.78-1.99) 0.364 N/A N/A
Duration of Marriage
(Years)
1-5 81(36) 60(74.07) 21(25.93) Ref Ref
6 - 10 55(24.44) 45(81.82) 10(18.18) 0.6(0.25-1.43) 0.247 0.85(0.26-2.78) 0.794
11 - 15 55(24.44) 42(76.36) 13(23.64) 0.94(0.42-2.1) 0.888 1.11(0.37-3.32) 0.851
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> 15 34(15.11) 25(73.53) 9(26.47) 1.1(0.44-2.74) 0.841 2.1(0.56-7.93) 0.274
Occupation
Farmer 115(30.75) 84(73.04) 31(26.96) Ref Ref
Employed 80(21.39) 62(77.5) 18(22.5) 0.47(0.23-0.95) 0.037 0.18(0.04-0.7) 0.014
Business person 179(47.86) 134(74.86) 45(25.14) 0.6(0.35-1.01) 0.056 0.63(0.26-1.54) 0.312
Husband earnings 374(100) N/A N/A 1(1-1) 0.249 1(0.53-1.9) 0.992
Wife earnings 374(100) N/A N/A 1(1-1) 0.832 1(0.53-1.9) 0.991
Total earnings 374(100) N/A N/A 1(1-1) 0.409 1(0.53-1.89) 0.992
Table 3 - Relationship between demographic characteristics and HPV genotypes among female patients.
Ref - Reference group, OR- Odds ratio, CI-confidence interval. P value<0.05 was considered significant.
░ 4. Discussions
This study aimed at detecting the circulating genotype and the associated risks levels of human papilloma virus
among female patients attending Rabuor sub–County Hospital in Kisumu County. According to [19], age is an
intrinsic factor that merits association with risk for acquiring HPV infection which is considered by providers who
are attempting to target HPV vaccination based on woman’s risk profile. Having said that, HPV genotypes among
the respondents in the present study was significantly characterized among women of age group 20-29, 40-49
years. Comparatively, numerous studies have equally demonstrated an increased risk on HPV infections that
occurs among adolescents as well as younger adults between the ages of 20 to 29, where more than 75% of new
HPV infections have been reported to take place [20,19,10,11]. This could have been attributed to the fact that, in
most cases youths engage in early sexual debut with some having multiple sexual partners, not being vaccinated
against HPV due to varying reasons as well as low uptake of cervical cancer screening among the women in this
age groups.
The findings from this study as well demonstrated that, there was a significant risk level of human papillomavirus
among female of age group 40-49 years among patient attending Rabuor sub County hospital. Additionally, the
study showed that fourteen HPV types (HPV-16,-39,-33,-58,-31,-45,-36,-52,-18,-59,-68,-66,-56 and -51) were
detected in this study showing co-circulation of various HPV types among the minority 94/374 (25.13%) female
patients in Rabuor. In contrast, this finding is higher than the WHO estimate of 19.5% HPV prevalence in women
from western Africa [21]. Although, it is consistent with that of [22] which revealed that those with high risk level
HPV type were fewer than those with low risk level HPV type. On the other hand, another study revealed that
HPV remains to be common in Kenya and prevalence is still high [23,24]. Conclusively, this is dependable with
prevailing reports of the elevated HPV prevalence in women who trust their partners as compared to other women
who don’t trust their partners. Noteworthy is the fact that HPV infection is a multistep process which typically
takes place over many years, although this finding reveals that this process may be significantly accelerated.
Considerably, [25] revealed that one or more of these high-risk HPV type has been reported in more than 90% of
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women diagnosed with cervical cancer. Another report by [26] showed that persistent infection with high-risk
HPV genotypes and the integration of HPV DNA in the cells of the host are normally necessary and required for
malignant transformation of the cervix. Moreover, [27] identified old age as the time when women who were
previously infected with high risk level HPV develop cervical cancer.
░ 5. Conclusion
This study reveals that there was a significant risk level of human papillomavirus among female of age group
40-49 years among patient attending Rabuor sub County hospital. Furthermore, the circulating HPV genotypes
among the respondents was significantly characterized among women of age group 20-29, 40-49 years of age.
░ 6. Recommendations
The Ministry of Health (national and County Government of Kisumu) should adequately support qualitative
detection of High risk HPV and low risk HPV levels at all government health facilities for timely identification of
women at increased risk for the development of cervical cancer. Equally, characterization of HPV genotypes
should be embraced by health care workers at the facility level especially for those women who turn positive with
acetic acid during cervical cancer screening.
░ 7. Suggestion for further research
There is need to conduct a much bigger study, covering a much wider geographic area, and including more
variables not included in the current study, like reproductive and sexual health of the women, especially relating to
parity, pregnancy and childbirth. Further, such a study should include a detailed analysis to determine the
relationship and distribution of different types of HPV genotypes. To be very objective, this study should be
conducted at both health facility and community levels, to also capture the diagnosis process.
░ 8. Abbreviations and acronyms
AOR - Adjusted Odds Ratio; BPS – Board of Post Graduate Studies; CDC - Centre for Disease Control; COR -
Crude Odds Ratio; DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid; HC2 - Hybrid Capture 2 Technology; HPV - Human
papillomavirus; Hr HPV - High Risk Human Papilloma virus; HSIL-High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion;
JOOUST - Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Lr HPV - Low Risk Human
Papilloma virus; PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA - Ribo-Nuclei Acid; SCH - Sub County Hospital,
SPSS - Statistical Package for Social Sciences; STI - Sexually Transmitted Infections; STM - Special Transport
Media, UNAIDS - United Nation AIDS; WHO - World Health Organisation.
░ Acknowledgements
Special gratitude to JOOUST BPS, Ethics Review Committee (ERC), Kisumu County Public Health and
Sanitation Office, Nyando Sub County Medical Officer of Health and Rabuor Management team for granting me
permission to proceed with data collection. I am truly grateful to all participants and Rabuor Sub County Hospital
dedicated staff for their unfailing voluntary contribution towards sample and demographic data collection, Mr.
George Warui of University of Nairobi-Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative Laboratory for support with sample
analysis.
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ISSN: 2581-5059 11
Declarations
Source of Funding
This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing Interests Statement
The authors declare no competing financial, professional, or personal interests.
Consent for publication
The authors declare that they consented to the publication of this research work.
Ethical approval and consent to participate
This research was carried out in accordance with the ethical principles as defined in the guidance for Good Clinical
Practice and the Principles as outlined in the Declaration of Hlsinki [28]. Approval to carry out the study was
sought from the Board of Postgraduate Studies, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology.
Ethical clearance was obtained from Ethics Review Committee (Tel: 057-2020801/2020803/2020321) and
NACOSTI. Permission to collect data from the study area was obtained from Ministry of Public Health and
Sanitation -Kisumu County, Nyando Sub County MOH, and the management of Rabuor Sub County Hospital
through the facility in charge. A written informed consent was sought from each prospective participant prior to
enrolment. Patients were assured of maximum confidentiality as all the information obtained were only used for
research purposes.
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