- The document analyzes determinants of farmers' willingness to pay for irrigation water use in Agarfa District, Bale Zone, Oromia National Regional State in Ethiopia.
- A tobit model was used to identify factors that influence the probability of willingness to pay and the maximum amount farmers are willing to pay. The results showed that sex of household head, education level, income, credit use, and perceived trend in rain-fed agriculture positively influence willingness to pay, while family size and initial bid negatively influence willingness to pay.
- The study provides information to help design effective irrigation projects in the area by understanding what drives farmers' valuation of irrigation water.
Determinants of Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Improved Irrigation Water Use...AI Publications
The main objective of this study was to identify the key determinants of farmers’ willingness to pay for improved irrigation water use using the contingent valuation method. Cross sectional data were collected from 251 households using a two-stage sampling technique (purposive and random sampling techniques) from four kebeles of Woliso District through a semi-structured questionnaire. The result from the Tobit model revealed that education level, family size, irrigable land size, number of oxen owned, total annual income, experience in irrigated farming, dissatisfaction, credit utilization and cash crops have significant and positive effect on households’ WTP for the improvement of the existing irrigation use whereas initial bid was found to have a negative and significant effect. Since these variables are identified as major determinants of willingness to pay for improved irrigation water use, policy makers and government should take into account in the designing of improved irrigation water supply system.
This document analyzes rainfall occurrences, deficits, and surpluses over 33 years in Bishoftu District, Ethiopia to inform agricultural planning. It finds:
1) The main rainy season (June-September) has more stable rainfall distributions compared to the shorter rainy season (March-May), which experiences high rainfall variability.
2) Rainfall is generally sufficient during the main rainy season based on probability analyses, but the shorter rainy season often experiences rainfall deficits.
3) Most decades during the main rainy season have rainfall amounts well above the threshold for crop water requirements, while the shorter rainy season generally has amounts below the threshold.
4) Rainfall harvesting during
Challenges in Women-managed Small Scale Irrigation Practices: the Case of Lum...Premier Publishers
This document discusses challenges faced by male-headed and female-headed households in small-scale irrigation practices in Lume District, Ethiopia. The key findings are:
1) Male-headed households had better access to extension services, training, and improved seeds than female-headed households.
2) Both male-headed and female-headed households faced problems with disease and pest identification, amount of chemical and fertilizer application, and market access.
3) There was no significant difference between male-headed and female-headed households in fertilizer and chemical application or involvement in cash income generating activities from small-scale irrigation.
Higher Input Prices Result in Greater Economic Incentives for Precision Agric...nacaa
Higher input prices can increase economic incentives for precision agriculture. The study evaluated fertilizer application rates using four scenarios on a farm with nine years of GPS yield data. Scenario 1 used the farmer's normal practices. Scenario 2 used 2.5 acre grid soil sampling. Scenario 3 used management zones based on soil type. Scenario 4 used zones based on GPS crop removal. Scenarios 2-4 all reduced fertilizer use and increased net returns, with savings of $36-88 per acre compared to normal practices. Precision agriculture was shown to be economically beneficial.
This document analyzes the level of agricultural development in Mandla-Dindori region of Madhya Pradesh, India using secondary data collected from various sources. Fourteen indicators related to irrigation, cropping intensity, use of technology, and production are used to calculate a composite Z-score for each of the 16 community development blocks in the region. Most blocks show a moderate level of development, while three blocks are high and three are low. Deteriorating irrigation, poor water management, inappropriate technology use, and lack of infrastructure are found to be major causes of agricultural backwardness in the region.
Analysis of resource use efficiency in smallholder mixed crop livestock agric...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the resource use efficiency of smallholder mixed crop-livestock farmers in central Ethiopia. It finds that on average, farmers are 26% technically inefficient, 32% allocatively inefficient, and 50% economically inefficient in their production of major crops like teff, wheat, and chickpeas. A regression analysis finds that livestock ownership and off-farm work reduce inefficiency, while large family size and association membership increase inefficiency. The study suggests improving integrated livestock and crop systems, promoting off-farm activities, and reforming farmers' associations to boost efficiency.
Community Assets and Crop Diversification: Evidence from Ethiopia's PSNPessp2
Community Assets and Crop Diversification: Evidence from Ethiopia's PSNP analyzes the impact of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on crop diversity. The study uses panel data from 2006-2012 to estimate fixed effects models. The results show:
1) PSNP irrigation and soil conservation projects significantly increase crop diversity as measured by number of crops, Margalef index, Shannon index, and Simpson index.
2) There is an interaction effect, where the combination of irrigation and roads projects further increases diversity.
3) On average, PSNP projects are estimated to contribute 0.61 to 0.90 additional crops per farmer, depending on the model.
The
Determinants of Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Improved Irrigation Water Use...AI Publications
The main objective of this study was to identify the key determinants of farmers’ willingness to pay for improved irrigation water use using the contingent valuation method. Cross sectional data were collected from 251 households using a two-stage sampling technique (purposive and random sampling techniques) from four kebeles of Woliso District through a semi-structured questionnaire. The result from the Tobit model revealed that education level, family size, irrigable land size, number of oxen owned, total annual income, experience in irrigated farming, dissatisfaction, credit utilization and cash crops have significant and positive effect on households’ WTP for the improvement of the existing irrigation use whereas initial bid was found to have a negative and significant effect. Since these variables are identified as major determinants of willingness to pay for improved irrigation water use, policy makers and government should take into account in the designing of improved irrigation water supply system.
This document analyzes rainfall occurrences, deficits, and surpluses over 33 years in Bishoftu District, Ethiopia to inform agricultural planning. It finds:
1) The main rainy season (June-September) has more stable rainfall distributions compared to the shorter rainy season (March-May), which experiences high rainfall variability.
2) Rainfall is generally sufficient during the main rainy season based on probability analyses, but the shorter rainy season often experiences rainfall deficits.
3) Most decades during the main rainy season have rainfall amounts well above the threshold for crop water requirements, while the shorter rainy season generally has amounts below the threshold.
4) Rainfall harvesting during
Challenges in Women-managed Small Scale Irrigation Practices: the Case of Lum...Premier Publishers
This document discusses challenges faced by male-headed and female-headed households in small-scale irrigation practices in Lume District, Ethiopia. The key findings are:
1) Male-headed households had better access to extension services, training, and improved seeds than female-headed households.
2) Both male-headed and female-headed households faced problems with disease and pest identification, amount of chemical and fertilizer application, and market access.
3) There was no significant difference between male-headed and female-headed households in fertilizer and chemical application or involvement in cash income generating activities from small-scale irrigation.
Higher Input Prices Result in Greater Economic Incentives for Precision Agric...nacaa
Higher input prices can increase economic incentives for precision agriculture. The study evaluated fertilizer application rates using four scenarios on a farm with nine years of GPS yield data. Scenario 1 used the farmer's normal practices. Scenario 2 used 2.5 acre grid soil sampling. Scenario 3 used management zones based on soil type. Scenario 4 used zones based on GPS crop removal. Scenarios 2-4 all reduced fertilizer use and increased net returns, with savings of $36-88 per acre compared to normal practices. Precision agriculture was shown to be economically beneficial.
This document analyzes the level of agricultural development in Mandla-Dindori region of Madhya Pradesh, India using secondary data collected from various sources. Fourteen indicators related to irrigation, cropping intensity, use of technology, and production are used to calculate a composite Z-score for each of the 16 community development blocks in the region. Most blocks show a moderate level of development, while three blocks are high and three are low. Deteriorating irrigation, poor water management, inappropriate technology use, and lack of infrastructure are found to be major causes of agricultural backwardness in the region.
Analysis of resource use efficiency in smallholder mixed crop livestock agric...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the resource use efficiency of smallholder mixed crop-livestock farmers in central Ethiopia. It finds that on average, farmers are 26% technically inefficient, 32% allocatively inefficient, and 50% economically inefficient in their production of major crops like teff, wheat, and chickpeas. A regression analysis finds that livestock ownership and off-farm work reduce inefficiency, while large family size and association membership increase inefficiency. The study suggests improving integrated livestock and crop systems, promoting off-farm activities, and reforming farmers' associations to boost efficiency.
Community Assets and Crop Diversification: Evidence from Ethiopia's PSNPessp2
Community Assets and Crop Diversification: Evidence from Ethiopia's PSNP analyzes the impact of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on crop diversity. The study uses panel data from 2006-2012 to estimate fixed effects models. The results show:
1) PSNP irrigation and soil conservation projects significantly increase crop diversity as measured by number of crops, Margalef index, Shannon index, and Simpson index.
2) There is an interaction effect, where the combination of irrigation and roads projects further increases diversity.
3) On average, PSNP projects are estimated to contribute 0.61 to 0.90 additional crops per farmer, depending on the model.
The
Biophysical characterization of watersheds in northern Ghana africa-rising
Poster prepared by Davie Kadyampakeni, Fred Kizito, Asamoah Larbi, Benjamin Ghansah and Richard Appoh for the AfrIca RISING West Africa Review and Planning Meeting, Accra, 30 March-1 April 2016
Farmers comparative use assessment of wind and electric pump for irrigationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Keta District provides one of the best wind regimes in Ghana and farming is the main occupation of most people in the communities of the district, notably the anloga community.A small size wind pump (1.6m rotor diameter) is currently in operation in Anloga in the Keta District on pilot bases to verify its cost effectiveness compared with the hydro electric power technology. The high electricity tariff paid every month for power consumption deterred majority of the farmers using hydro electricity technology for pumping. A survey conducted revealed that out of about 50 farmers, only 29% engaged in the use of electric power for pumping whilst 69% are still practising the manual method. 2% of the farmers are practising wind energy technology on pilot bases. Farmers in these coastal communities may have engaged in the use of wind energy for water pumping but for its high initial cost.
Keywords: wind, irrigation, electric, rural, development
Technical Efficiency in Teff (Eragrostis teff) Production: The Case of Smallh...Premier Publishers
- The study aimed to determine the technical efficiency and factors affecting efficiency of smallholder teff producers in Jamma district, Ethiopia.
- A stochastic frontier production analysis was conducted on data from 149 farmers. The mean technical efficiency was found to be 78%, indicating potential to increase output by 22% through efficient use of resources.
- Age, education, use of improved seed, training, and credit access were found to negatively impact technical inefficiency, while larger farm size positively impacted inefficiency. The study recommends that local government support education, training, credit access, and supply of inputs like fertilizer and seed to improve efficiency.
Sources of Inefficiency and Growth in Agricultual Output in Subsistence Agric...essp2
Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI, Seventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy, EEA Conference, June 26, 2010
Assessment of the preference of smallholders' farmers on the adoption of soil...Mziray14
This document summarizes a study assessing smallholder farmers' preferences for adopting irrigation techniques and soil conservation interventions in Tanzania. The study used choice experiments to understand which technologies farmers prefer based on attributes like type, financing, provider, and contract length. Results showed farmers preferred improved alternate furrow irrigation over traditional methods and grass strips over other soil conservation options. Socioeconomic factors like family size, farm size, and income influenced technology preferences. The expansive survey areas and need for additional enumerator training presented challenges.
Geospatial Science, Technology and Application in Agro-Ecosystem ResearchExternalEvents
Satellite remote sensing approaches along with climate and in-situ observations will accelerate interventions and decision making by understanding the dynamics of the crop production and patterns in space and time. The overarching goal of the study is to develop and demonstrate agri-food informatics, which can provide systemic quantification of the crop productivity and production dynamics. This open access technology provide enhances the ability to identify better management practices for improving system-wide productivity, while reducing environmental impacts and contribute to sustainable and resilient agro-ecosystems.
This study investigates the socio-economic impact of small-scale irrigation schemes on smallholder farmers in East Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. The study uses survey data from 200 households, including beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of irrigation schemes. Logit regression analysis finds that irrigation scheme participation positively impacts education levels, farm income, non-farm income, living standards, and cooperative membership. However, problems accessing irrigation negatively impact participation. In general, small-scale irrigation schemes were found to improve socio-economic conditions for smallholder farmers, but issues like water management problems and lack of seed supply limited some benefits.
Analysis of Rural Households Food Security Status in Dibatie District, Wester...Premier Publishers
This study examines the rural household’s food security status and its determinants in the Dibatie district of Bebishangul Gumuz region. The simple random sampling technique was used to select respondents with proportionate sample size based on the number of households that exists in sampled kebele administrations. The data were collected using structured questionnaires and key informants interviews. Both descriptive statistics and econometric model (binary logit model) were used to analyze this data at household levels. Food Security Index is used to measure the food security status of sample households based on average kcal/day/adult equivalent. The results of this study revealed that households of 59.4% were found food secure and 46.6% food insecure. The mean calorie intake of all sampled households was 2431.68kcal/day/equivalent. Furthermore, estimated a binary logit model results show that the variables such as education level of household head, utilization of formal credit, cultivated land size, access to training, farm experience, household size and distance to nearest market were found significant influence on households’ food security status in the study area. However, the remaining variables were not found significant effect on households’ food security status. Finally, the study suggests that any interventions designed to promote farmers to increase food security status at household level in the study area are welcome.
The study examined the impact of drip irrigation systems on 234 farmers in Bikaner district, Rajasthan. It found that vegetable cultivation area and cropping intensity increased after adopting drip irrigation. Total gross cropped area rose to 299 hectares from less than 200 hectares previously. Per hectare income and expenditure also increased for farmers, allowing them to spend more on food, clothing, education, and home improvements. Average yields of vegetable crops grew significantly with drip irrigation due to more efficient water and fertilizer use.
Efficiency and Yield Gap Analysis in Potato Production: The Case of Potato Fa...Premier Publishers
This document analyzes potato production efficiency, yield gaps, and responsiveness to inputs among potato farmers in central Ethiopia. A survey of 196 farmers found the average technical efficiency was 62.6% and actual yield gap was 15.2 tons/ha. Eighty-six percent of yield variation was due to technical inefficiency, accounting for a 13.07 ton/ha yield gap. Efforts to improve efficiency through better farm management would be more cost-effective than introducing new technologies like varieties to increase production and productivity in the region.
The document discusses several topics related to water management and climate change including:
1) Fresh water is a limited renewable resource facing increasing demands from population growth, economic development, and climate change.
2) Agriculture accounts for approximately 70% of global water consumption and climate change is impacting agricultural productivity.
3) Lifestyle and consumption choices can significantly reduce individual and societal water footprints, such as adopting diets with lower virtual water content.
This document summarizes a study on farmers' agricultural practices, use of organic manure, and water availability in Madaya township, Myanmar. The study found that most farmers were middle-aged with 11-30 years of farming experience. They owned medium-sized farms of 4-30 acres. The majority practiced continuous flooding irrigation and grew rice varieties suited to their water availability. However, many farmers lacked organic manure and experienced water shortages or flooding. The study evaluated farmers' perceptions of climate change impacts on agriculture.
Assessment of wheat yield gap in Central AsiaExternalEvents
This document analyzes wheat yield gaps in Central Asia through case studies from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. It finds that irrigated wheat yields could be increased 1.5 times through optimal irrigation and nitrogen application. Rainfed wheat yields could increase 1.6 times through early sowing, supplementary irrigation, busy fallow periods, crop residue retention, water harvesting, and optimal nitrogen application. Closing yield gaps requires improved varieties, crop rotations, optimal sowing dates, leaching to control salinity, and applying nitrogen after rainfall.
Abstract presentation of Dr Zeba Sathar (part of Dr Ashish Bajracharya's abst...CNS www.citizen-news.org
This is the abstract presentation of Dr Zeba Sathar (part of Dr Ashish Bajracharya's abstract presentation), which took place as part of the fifth session of #APCRSHR10 #Virtual on the theme of "Climate change and sexual and #reproductivehealth and rights in Asia and the Pacific" | more details are online at www.bit.ly/apcrshr10virtual5
SESSION CHAIR
Noelene Nabulivou
co-founder
Diverse Voices and Action for Equality (DIVA), Fiji
PLENARY SPEAKER
Adrian Hayes
School of Demography, Australian National University
Improving SRHR in an age of climate change and sustainable development
A B S T R A C T P R E S E N T A T I O N S
Leiloa Asaasa
SRH and building stronger Samoan communities through the Community Disaster and Climate Risk Management (CDCRM) program
Safieh Shahriari Afshar
Humanitarian assistance through the provision of SRH services in flood affected areas of Golestan Province, Islamic Republic of Iran by Family Health Association of Iran
Biplabi Shrestha
Raising the bar on SRHR in the Age of Climate Change through Women and Earth (WORTH) Initiative
Ashish Bajracharya
How Do Environmental Changes Affect the Health and Wellbeing of Vulnerable Populations in South and Southeast Asia: Evidence from Country Studies in Cambodia, India and Pakistan
For more information on APCRSHR10 Virtual, go to www.bit.ly/apcrshr10virtual
#SRHR #sexualhealth #reproductiverights #familyplanning #womenshealth #LGBT #genderequality #SDGs
Water use in Global Dairy Farming Systems and lessons for breeding policies f...SIANI
This presentation was held by N.Sultana & K.J. Peters at the interntional seminar 'Livestock Resources for Food Security in the Light of Climate Change' co-hosted by SIANI and SLU Global in Uppsala on the 11th of March 2016.
Study of irrigation sources and cultivation area for Cereals & Pulses in the ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Cereals and pulses play a significant role in the diet of population. As per WHO, the recommended ratio is 2:1 for cereals and & pulses. However, there are different reasons which have gone against the production of pulses in general. Cereals on the other hand, have picked up larger portion in overall cultivation and consequently, the gross & net sown area are more under the cultivation of cereals. Currently, the ratio between cereal to pulses production ranges from 8:1 to 6:1. In this paper, it is found that the ratio between cereals and pulses which was 7.3:1 in the year 2012-13 increased to 7.7 1 in the year 2018-19. The study found that there was not much change in the gross & net area sown in the district of Meerut from the year 2012-13 to 2018-19. Irrigated area was also constant in both the years. Furthermore, production of different cereals and pulses are studied to know whether there is any change in their production due to change in the availability of water for irrigation during studied years in the district of Meerut, Uttar Pradesh.
The document discusses a study on the impact of pumpset supply schemes on tribal farmers in India's Akola district. The study found that the schemes resulted in major increases for tribal farmers, including 58.33% increase in agricultural production, 53.79% increase in productivity, and 52.35% increase in annual income. However, the schemes only resulted in a 18.63% increase in cropping intensity. The schemes were largely successful in improving economic outcomes for tribal farmers through increasing access to irrigation, but had less impact on cropping patterns.
Gender differences in perceptions and experiences of sexual harassment in the...Premier Publishers
This paper examined gender differences in the perceptions and experiences of sexual harassment in the workplace. Sexual harassment has negative effects and is an obstacle to proper integration of women into the labour market. Gender was found to significantly correlate with experiences of sexual harassment, delineation of sexual harassment and the reactions and options adopted in handling it. There were disparities on the possible consequences of sexual harassment. Sexual harassment in the workplace results in an uncomfortable, hostile, offensive or intimidating work environment, which affects employee work morale and work performance. It also reduces job satisfaction and productivity but increases turnover, absenteeism and health challenges.
Sexual harassment may never be totally removed in the workplace but all stakeholders stand to benefit from its reduced occurrences and the solutions to the challenge are not simple. However, employers can curb sexual harassment by establishing on boarding training as part of their initial orientation especially as it pertains to women in the work force, to affirm that sexual harassment is unacceptable. They can also issue tough policies opposed to it, educate employees on the subject; institute formal complaint procedures to address allegations of sexual harassments; and build cultures that disallow sexual harassment.
First record of Himalayan Wolf Snake (Lycodon mackinnoni Wall, 1906) in Doda ...Premier Publishers
During the present field survey, a specimen of Lycodon mackinnoni over a stone in a field around 7:30 am on May 24, 2015 was encountered near village, “Nai” (33o 5ꞌ 32.73ꞌꞌN; 75o 42ꞌ 30.25ꞌꞌE, at an altitude of 1824 masl) of District Doda (J and K, India) situated in Shiwalikas, the lower mountain ranges of Himalaya for the first time. The current surveillance of Lycodon mackinnoni is the first record and also a new addition to the faunal list of Jammu and Kashmir state, India. Additional we suggest that awareness programmes needs to be conducted concerning these creatures conservation strategies at current locality and for that every individual should understand that the safety of these creatures is an important aspect in the protection of these species.
Upper GI bleed is a common, scary and life threatening medical condition usually caused by peptic ulcer disease or oesophageal varices. Uncommon causes include neoplasms, aortoenteric fistulas, vascular lesions, Dieulafoy's lesion etc. Patients usually present with hematemesis or melena. GIST is the third most common tumor of stomach and also the most common mesenchymal tumor. GIST may be asymptomatic and discovered incidentally or they may cause nonspecific symptoms like early satiety and fullness. Although major presentation of GIST is upper GI bleed, GIST as a cause of upper GI bleed is very rare. We here present a patient admitted to us with massive upper GI bleed due to gastrointestinal stromal tumor.
Biophysical characterization of watersheds in northern Ghana africa-rising
Poster prepared by Davie Kadyampakeni, Fred Kizito, Asamoah Larbi, Benjamin Ghansah and Richard Appoh for the AfrIca RISING West Africa Review and Planning Meeting, Accra, 30 March-1 April 2016
Farmers comparative use assessment of wind and electric pump for irrigationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Keta District provides one of the best wind regimes in Ghana and farming is the main occupation of most people in the communities of the district, notably the anloga community.A small size wind pump (1.6m rotor diameter) is currently in operation in Anloga in the Keta District on pilot bases to verify its cost effectiveness compared with the hydro electric power technology. The high electricity tariff paid every month for power consumption deterred majority of the farmers using hydro electricity technology for pumping. A survey conducted revealed that out of about 50 farmers, only 29% engaged in the use of electric power for pumping whilst 69% are still practising the manual method. 2% of the farmers are practising wind energy technology on pilot bases. Farmers in these coastal communities may have engaged in the use of wind energy for water pumping but for its high initial cost.
Keywords: wind, irrigation, electric, rural, development
Technical Efficiency in Teff (Eragrostis teff) Production: The Case of Smallh...Premier Publishers
- The study aimed to determine the technical efficiency and factors affecting efficiency of smallholder teff producers in Jamma district, Ethiopia.
- A stochastic frontier production analysis was conducted on data from 149 farmers. The mean technical efficiency was found to be 78%, indicating potential to increase output by 22% through efficient use of resources.
- Age, education, use of improved seed, training, and credit access were found to negatively impact technical inefficiency, while larger farm size positively impacted inefficiency. The study recommends that local government support education, training, credit access, and supply of inputs like fertilizer and seed to improve efficiency.
Sources of Inefficiency and Growth in Agricultual Output in Subsistence Agric...essp2
Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI, Seventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy, EEA Conference, June 26, 2010
Assessment of the preference of smallholders' farmers on the adoption of soil...Mziray14
This document summarizes a study assessing smallholder farmers' preferences for adopting irrigation techniques and soil conservation interventions in Tanzania. The study used choice experiments to understand which technologies farmers prefer based on attributes like type, financing, provider, and contract length. Results showed farmers preferred improved alternate furrow irrigation over traditional methods and grass strips over other soil conservation options. Socioeconomic factors like family size, farm size, and income influenced technology preferences. The expansive survey areas and need for additional enumerator training presented challenges.
Geospatial Science, Technology and Application in Agro-Ecosystem ResearchExternalEvents
Satellite remote sensing approaches along with climate and in-situ observations will accelerate interventions and decision making by understanding the dynamics of the crop production and patterns in space and time. The overarching goal of the study is to develop and demonstrate agri-food informatics, which can provide systemic quantification of the crop productivity and production dynamics. This open access technology provide enhances the ability to identify better management practices for improving system-wide productivity, while reducing environmental impacts and contribute to sustainable and resilient agro-ecosystems.
This study investigates the socio-economic impact of small-scale irrigation schemes on smallholder farmers in East Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. The study uses survey data from 200 households, including beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of irrigation schemes. Logit regression analysis finds that irrigation scheme participation positively impacts education levels, farm income, non-farm income, living standards, and cooperative membership. However, problems accessing irrigation negatively impact participation. In general, small-scale irrigation schemes were found to improve socio-economic conditions for smallholder farmers, but issues like water management problems and lack of seed supply limited some benefits.
Analysis of Rural Households Food Security Status in Dibatie District, Wester...Premier Publishers
This study examines the rural household’s food security status and its determinants in the Dibatie district of Bebishangul Gumuz region. The simple random sampling technique was used to select respondents with proportionate sample size based on the number of households that exists in sampled kebele administrations. The data were collected using structured questionnaires and key informants interviews. Both descriptive statistics and econometric model (binary logit model) were used to analyze this data at household levels. Food Security Index is used to measure the food security status of sample households based on average kcal/day/adult equivalent. The results of this study revealed that households of 59.4% were found food secure and 46.6% food insecure. The mean calorie intake of all sampled households was 2431.68kcal/day/equivalent. Furthermore, estimated a binary logit model results show that the variables such as education level of household head, utilization of formal credit, cultivated land size, access to training, farm experience, household size and distance to nearest market were found significant influence on households’ food security status in the study area. However, the remaining variables were not found significant effect on households’ food security status. Finally, the study suggests that any interventions designed to promote farmers to increase food security status at household level in the study area are welcome.
The study examined the impact of drip irrigation systems on 234 farmers in Bikaner district, Rajasthan. It found that vegetable cultivation area and cropping intensity increased after adopting drip irrigation. Total gross cropped area rose to 299 hectares from less than 200 hectares previously. Per hectare income and expenditure also increased for farmers, allowing them to spend more on food, clothing, education, and home improvements. Average yields of vegetable crops grew significantly with drip irrigation due to more efficient water and fertilizer use.
Efficiency and Yield Gap Analysis in Potato Production: The Case of Potato Fa...Premier Publishers
This document analyzes potato production efficiency, yield gaps, and responsiveness to inputs among potato farmers in central Ethiopia. A survey of 196 farmers found the average technical efficiency was 62.6% and actual yield gap was 15.2 tons/ha. Eighty-six percent of yield variation was due to technical inefficiency, accounting for a 13.07 ton/ha yield gap. Efforts to improve efficiency through better farm management would be more cost-effective than introducing new technologies like varieties to increase production and productivity in the region.
The document discusses several topics related to water management and climate change including:
1) Fresh water is a limited renewable resource facing increasing demands from population growth, economic development, and climate change.
2) Agriculture accounts for approximately 70% of global water consumption and climate change is impacting agricultural productivity.
3) Lifestyle and consumption choices can significantly reduce individual and societal water footprints, such as adopting diets with lower virtual water content.
This document summarizes a study on farmers' agricultural practices, use of organic manure, and water availability in Madaya township, Myanmar. The study found that most farmers were middle-aged with 11-30 years of farming experience. They owned medium-sized farms of 4-30 acres. The majority practiced continuous flooding irrigation and grew rice varieties suited to their water availability. However, many farmers lacked organic manure and experienced water shortages or flooding. The study evaluated farmers' perceptions of climate change impacts on agriculture.
Assessment of wheat yield gap in Central AsiaExternalEvents
This document analyzes wheat yield gaps in Central Asia through case studies from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. It finds that irrigated wheat yields could be increased 1.5 times through optimal irrigation and nitrogen application. Rainfed wheat yields could increase 1.6 times through early sowing, supplementary irrigation, busy fallow periods, crop residue retention, water harvesting, and optimal nitrogen application. Closing yield gaps requires improved varieties, crop rotations, optimal sowing dates, leaching to control salinity, and applying nitrogen after rainfall.
Abstract presentation of Dr Zeba Sathar (part of Dr Ashish Bajracharya's abst...CNS www.citizen-news.org
This is the abstract presentation of Dr Zeba Sathar (part of Dr Ashish Bajracharya's abstract presentation), which took place as part of the fifth session of #APCRSHR10 #Virtual on the theme of "Climate change and sexual and #reproductivehealth and rights in Asia and the Pacific" | more details are online at www.bit.ly/apcrshr10virtual5
SESSION CHAIR
Noelene Nabulivou
co-founder
Diverse Voices and Action for Equality (DIVA), Fiji
PLENARY SPEAKER
Adrian Hayes
School of Demography, Australian National University
Improving SRHR in an age of climate change and sustainable development
A B S T R A C T P R E S E N T A T I O N S
Leiloa Asaasa
SRH and building stronger Samoan communities through the Community Disaster and Climate Risk Management (CDCRM) program
Safieh Shahriari Afshar
Humanitarian assistance through the provision of SRH services in flood affected areas of Golestan Province, Islamic Republic of Iran by Family Health Association of Iran
Biplabi Shrestha
Raising the bar on SRHR in the Age of Climate Change through Women and Earth (WORTH) Initiative
Ashish Bajracharya
How Do Environmental Changes Affect the Health and Wellbeing of Vulnerable Populations in South and Southeast Asia: Evidence from Country Studies in Cambodia, India and Pakistan
For more information on APCRSHR10 Virtual, go to www.bit.ly/apcrshr10virtual
#SRHR #sexualhealth #reproductiverights #familyplanning #womenshealth #LGBT #genderequality #SDGs
Water use in Global Dairy Farming Systems and lessons for breeding policies f...SIANI
This presentation was held by N.Sultana & K.J. Peters at the interntional seminar 'Livestock Resources for Food Security in the Light of Climate Change' co-hosted by SIANI and SLU Global in Uppsala on the 11th of March 2016.
Study of irrigation sources and cultivation area for Cereals & Pulses in the ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Cereals and pulses play a significant role in the diet of population. As per WHO, the recommended ratio is 2:1 for cereals and & pulses. However, there are different reasons which have gone against the production of pulses in general. Cereals on the other hand, have picked up larger portion in overall cultivation and consequently, the gross & net sown area are more under the cultivation of cereals. Currently, the ratio between cereal to pulses production ranges from 8:1 to 6:1. In this paper, it is found that the ratio between cereals and pulses which was 7.3:1 in the year 2012-13 increased to 7.7 1 in the year 2018-19. The study found that there was not much change in the gross & net area sown in the district of Meerut from the year 2012-13 to 2018-19. Irrigated area was also constant in both the years. Furthermore, production of different cereals and pulses are studied to know whether there is any change in their production due to change in the availability of water for irrigation during studied years in the district of Meerut, Uttar Pradesh.
The document discusses a study on the impact of pumpset supply schemes on tribal farmers in India's Akola district. The study found that the schemes resulted in major increases for tribal farmers, including 58.33% increase in agricultural production, 53.79% increase in productivity, and 52.35% increase in annual income. However, the schemes only resulted in a 18.63% increase in cropping intensity. The schemes were largely successful in improving economic outcomes for tribal farmers through increasing access to irrigation, but had less impact on cropping patterns.
Gender differences in perceptions and experiences of sexual harassment in the...Premier Publishers
This paper examined gender differences in the perceptions and experiences of sexual harassment in the workplace. Sexual harassment has negative effects and is an obstacle to proper integration of women into the labour market. Gender was found to significantly correlate with experiences of sexual harassment, delineation of sexual harassment and the reactions and options adopted in handling it. There were disparities on the possible consequences of sexual harassment. Sexual harassment in the workplace results in an uncomfortable, hostile, offensive or intimidating work environment, which affects employee work morale and work performance. It also reduces job satisfaction and productivity but increases turnover, absenteeism and health challenges.
Sexual harassment may never be totally removed in the workplace but all stakeholders stand to benefit from its reduced occurrences and the solutions to the challenge are not simple. However, employers can curb sexual harassment by establishing on boarding training as part of their initial orientation especially as it pertains to women in the work force, to affirm that sexual harassment is unacceptable. They can also issue tough policies opposed to it, educate employees on the subject; institute formal complaint procedures to address allegations of sexual harassments; and build cultures that disallow sexual harassment.
First record of Himalayan Wolf Snake (Lycodon mackinnoni Wall, 1906) in Doda ...Premier Publishers
During the present field survey, a specimen of Lycodon mackinnoni over a stone in a field around 7:30 am on May 24, 2015 was encountered near village, “Nai” (33o 5ꞌ 32.73ꞌꞌN; 75o 42ꞌ 30.25ꞌꞌE, at an altitude of 1824 masl) of District Doda (J and K, India) situated in Shiwalikas, the lower mountain ranges of Himalaya for the first time. The current surveillance of Lycodon mackinnoni is the first record and also a new addition to the faunal list of Jammu and Kashmir state, India. Additional we suggest that awareness programmes needs to be conducted concerning these creatures conservation strategies at current locality and for that every individual should understand that the safety of these creatures is an important aspect in the protection of these species.
Upper GI bleed is a common, scary and life threatening medical condition usually caused by peptic ulcer disease or oesophageal varices. Uncommon causes include neoplasms, aortoenteric fistulas, vascular lesions, Dieulafoy's lesion etc. Patients usually present with hematemesis or melena. GIST is the third most common tumor of stomach and also the most common mesenchymal tumor. GIST may be asymptomatic and discovered incidentally or they may cause nonspecific symptoms like early satiety and fullness. Although major presentation of GIST is upper GI bleed, GIST as a cause of upper GI bleed is very rare. We here present a patient admitted to us with massive upper GI bleed due to gastrointestinal stromal tumor.
Antiplasmodial activity of methanol leaf extract of Salacia senegalensis Lam ...Premier Publishers
The antiplasmodial effect of methanol leaf extract of Salacia senegalensis were evaluated in albino mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei berghei (NK65) in order to justify or otherwise its use as antimalarial remedy in Nigeria folk medicine. Activities investigated were suppressive effect against early infection, curative effect against established infection and prophylactic effect against residual infection. Results showed a dose dependent blood schizontocidal activity at all the phases of malarial infection studied. The in vivo antiplasmodial effect of the extract (1000, 1200 and 1400 mg/kg body weight) against P. berghei showed significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent activity for suppressive, curative and prophylactic test. When the extract dose increased from 1000 to 1400 mg/kg/day, chemosuppressive activity of the extract increased from 66.47 % to 80.33 %. There was also an increase from 66.57 % to 75.41 % and from 64.90 % to 82.72 % for the repository and curative activities respectively. The schizontocidal activities were comparable to that of chloroquine -which had percentage suppression of parasitaemia as 87.03 %, 85.12 %, and 91.68 % for suppressive, prophylactic and curative activities respectively). It was thus concluded that the herbal extract possesses significant antimalarial potency which could be exploited in the formulation of antimalarial drugs.
Flavoring and medicinal values of the yellow pigment produced by Monascus rub...Premier Publishers
The Thin Layer Chromatographic analysis (TLC) of the crud red pigment extract of M. ruber 4066 cultivated on the malt static medium well developed into three separate bands includes red, orange and yellow pigmented bands. Sixty four volatile metabolites are detected by GC/MS analysis which gave yellow pigment high flavoring value. The detected metabolites are classified, chemical and physical properties are characterized, and their uses are reported. The detected metabolites including fourteen aliphatic metabolites, twenty nine aromatic metabolites and terpenoids, thirteen nitrogenous metabolites and also five heterocyclic nitrogenous thiols metabolites are detected. Also they are classified into thirteen volatile and aroma groups includes one metabolite from the each "alcohol, acid, aldehyde, amine, furan and mercapto", two phenols, three amides, four from each "indoles and ketones", twelve terpenoids, fourteen alkanes & alkenes, sixteen esters and three metabolites are unknown for me.
Pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic cancer in Jehovah’s Witness using infe...Premier Publishers
Pancreaticoduodenectomy is an accepted procedure for management of pancreatic carcinomas. The procedure is associated with significant operative blood loss. Therefore, blood transfusion is an important supportive measure. Jehovah's Witnesses are widely known for their prohibition on the acceptance of blood transfusion. Despite their belief regarding transfusion, Jehovah's Witnesses do not have a higher mortality rate after traumatic injury or surgery. We represent the case of pancreaticoduodenectomy with vein resection in Jehovah’s Witness. During the November - December 2011 period 2 female Jehovah’s Witness underwent pancreaticoduodenectomies for pancreatic cancer. Preoperative biliary stent was placed in second patient. Both patients had Whipple operation, using inferior pancreatoduodenal artery first approach. In the first case en-block resection of the affected superior mesenteric vein was done. Intraoperative blood loss was 100 ml in the first case and 200 ml in the second case. No postoperative complications occurred in the first case; postoperative period was complicated by pancreatic fistula grade B in the second case. No transfusion of blood and blood products was done in both cases. We did not use сell-saver in both cases. The contemporary surgical techniques make it possible to perform pancreaticoduodenectomy with minimal blood loss and low risk of surgical complications.
An analysis on the relation between Strategic Knowledge Management and Talent...Premier Publishers
Scientific and technological advances together with the increase in human knowledge have highlighted the essence of applying knowledge and utilizing talents to attain the organizational goals. Also, the close bond between knowledge and talent with organizational strategy will be essential for obtaining the competitive advantage, sustainability, value creation, profitability, and having a successful brand within the national and international levels. Therefore, this study aims to establish an association between Strategic Knowledge Management and Talent Management Strategy with Profitability at the Southern Khorasan Electric Distribution Company (SKEDC). As a private company, the SKEDC will need to focus on the optimal use of intangible resources for gaining profitability and productivity in order to cover the expenditures and take the responsibility against its customers. Moreover, the statistical population contains 163 people with higher diploma, bachelor, and master degrees from which 115 people have been selected as sample size based upon the Krejcie & Morgan Table, and questionnaires were distributed among them. Furthermore, the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) as well as Lisrel Software was utilized for analyzing the data, and subsequently, it was specified that Strategic Knowledge Management and Talent Management Strategy have a positive impact on Profitability at the above-mentioned company.
Cultural-pluralism: implications for national integration and socio-economic ...Premier Publishers
The process by which nation states are created makes them to be a conglomerate of various ethnic groups or sub-nationalities. These groups, as it were, surrender some of their sovereignty to the new state with the central objective of providing security and welfare for the people. This derives perhaps from the notion that things are better achieved within a cooperative environment. The state therefore strives to create a peaceful and conducive environment to enable it attain its objectives of sustainable development using appropriate structures. The state also ensures that its various segments live in harmony in their day-to-day interactions by establishing a consensus on norms, values and ethics of engagement. This leads to forging a ‘homogeneous’ culture which further engenders peaceful co-existence and socio-economic development of the country/state. However one cannot say this about Nigeria where ethnic rivalry has continued to undermine her developmental efforts. This paper examines the plural nature of Nigeria and concludes that rather than be an asset, the country’s cultural pluralism is a draw-back to its development. Means of harmonious co-existence geared towards national socio-economic development are suggested.
On the k-Riemann-Liouville fractional integral and applications Premier Publishers
Fractional calculus is a generalization of ordinary differentiation and integration to arbitrary non-integer order. The subject is as old as differential calculus and goes back to times when G.W. Leibniz and I. Newton invented differential calculus. Fractional integrals and derivatives arise in many engineering and scientific disciplines as the mathematical modeling of systems and processes in the fields of physics, chemistry, aerodynamics, electrodynamics of a complex medium. Very recently, Mubeen and Habibullah have introduced the k-Riemann-Liouville fractional integral defined by using the -Gamma function, which is a generalization of the classical Gamma function. In this paper, we presents a new fractional integration is called k-Riemann-Liouville fractional integral, which generalizes the k-Riemann-Liouville fractional integral. Then, we prove the commutativity and the semi-group properties of the -Riemann-Liouville fractional integral and we give Chebyshev inequalities for k-Riemann-Liouville fractional integral. Later, using k-Riemann-Liouville fractional integral, we establish some new integral inequalities.
A servant of two masters: The dual role of the budget in nonprofitsPremier Publishers
In the absence of clear and acceptable measures for outcomes, the budget is probably the most important managerial tool for nonprofits. Nevertheless many nonprofits use their budget solely for fund raising and neglect its managerial role. A properly designed budget should have a dual role: it should provide the organization's management with tools for decision making and at the same time should serve as a fund raising tool by presenting a clear picture of the organization's programs. These two goals require two different financial presentations, which the budget should be able to address. This paper uses a case study of an Israeli nonprofit that provides services to drug addicts, in order to demonstrate the dual role of the budget. The use of the budget for decision making is demonstrated by combining the economic presentation of the budget with a judgmental scale that is derived by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Then the budget for fundraising is constructed and the different methods of allocating fixed costs are discussed. Finally the concept of "true program cost" – a term which is often used by donors and funders - is discussed and is shown to be futile.
Some Notes on Self-similar Axisymmetric Force-free Magnetic Fields and Rotati...Premier Publishers
An axisymmetric force-free magnetic field in spherical coordinates has a relationship between its azimuthal component to its poloidal flux-function. A power law dependence for the connection admits separable field solutions but poses a nonlinear eigenvalue boundary-value problem for the separation parameter (Low and Lou, Astrophys. J. 352, 343 (1990)).When the atmosphere of a star is rotating the problem complexity increases. These Notes consider the nonlinear eigenvalue spectrum, providing an understanding of the eigen functions and relationship between the field's degree of multi-polarity, the rotation and rate of radial decay as illustrated through a polytropic equation of state. The Notes are restricted to uniform rotation and to axisymmetric fields. Dominant effects are presented of rotation in changing the spatial patterns of the magnetic field from those without rotation. For differential rotation and non-axisymmetric force-free fields there may be field solutions of even richer topological structure but the governing equations have remained intractable to date. Perhaps the methods and discussion given here for the uniformly rotating situation indicate a possible procedure for such problems that need to be solved urgently for a more complete understanding of force-free magnetic fields in stellar atmospheres.
By using the anharmonic correlated einstein model to define the expressions o...Premier Publishers
By using potential effective interaction in the anharmonic correlated Einstein model on the basis of quantum statistical theory with phonon interaction procedure, the expressions describing asymmetric component (cumulants) and thermodynamic parameters including the anharmonic effects contributions and by new structural parameters of cubic crystals have been formulated. These new parameters describe the distribution of atoms. The expansion of cumulants and thermodynamic parameters through new structural parameters has been performed. The results of this study show that, developing further the anharmonic correlated Einstein model it obtained a general theory for calculation cumulants and thermodynamic parameters in XAFS theory including anharmonic contributions. The expressions are described through new structural parameters that agree with structural contributions of cubic crystals like face center cubic (fcc), body center cubic (bcc).
Effectiveness of staff retention strategies in Zimbabwe’s public and private ...Premier Publishers
This paper critiqued the effectiveness of staff retention strategies in Zimbabwe’s public and private universities from the Returnee Lecturers’ perspective. It employed criterion sampling to select the participants. Open-ended interview method was used to gather data. Data analysis was done using NVivo. The study established that given the current macro-economic environment obtaining in Zimbabwe, both monetary and non-monetary strategies complement each other in retaining staff in the studied universities, although non-monetary strategies tend to be more effective in the long run. The effectiveness of particular staff retention strategies such as salaries, allowances, tuition waiver, and provision of accommodation, staff development and research and career development opportunities, and provision of adequate and appropriate resources were found to be of varying degrees in public and private universities. It concluded that the effectiveness of monetary and non-monetary strategies to retain staff in both sets of the universities is circumstantial. Another study’s conclusion was that the effectiveness of staff retention strategies in the universities is negatively impacted on by lack of knowledge and information about staff retention. The study recommended that universities should increase opportunities for career growth, staff development, research and post-doctoral research fellowships to recognise, motivate and retain lecturers.
Assessment of wheat crop coefficient using remote sensing techniquesPremier Publishers
Irrigation water consumption under physical and climatic conditions for large scale will be easier with remote sensing techniques. Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) uses crop coefficient (Kc) and reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Kc plays an essential role in agricultural practices and it has been widely used to estimate ETc. In this paper Normalized Deference Vegetation Index (NDVI) used to estimate crop coefficient according to satellite data (KcSat) through simple model (KcSat = 2NDVI - 0.2). Landsat8; bands 4 and 5 provide Red (R) and Near Infra-Red (NIR) measurements and it used to calculate NDVI. Single KcFAO estimated under Egyptian conditions according to FAO 56 paper. The KcFAO used to validate KcSat. Linear relationship between KcFAO and KcSat was established and R2 was 0.96. The main objective of this paper is estimation of wheat crop coefficient using remote sensing techniques.
New Developments in the field of Didactics: Application for Enhancement of Ex...Premier Publishers
The study was carried out in uMzingwane district of Matabeleland South province in Zimbabwe to identify practical strategies that can be used to enhance agricultural knowledge among agriculture scholars. The research applied both tacit and informal theories (Schraw and Moshman, 1995) to identify ideal approaches in adult learning aimed to create scope for researching on agriculture learning didactics. A multi-stage random sampling was used to select 65 agriculturists (farmers) to which structured questionnaires were randomly administered. The data was analysed using a Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, 2013). Farmers prefer learning through demonstrations (63%), participatory appraisals (17%) and question and answer (10%). There was an association in learning didactics using demonstration methods and word instruction: (X2=11.673, P<0.05). There was also strong positive correlation (r=0.8) between knowledge application using field trials and open or field days. Role plays seemed to out of be out of fashion (r=0.2). Training in agriculture should be holistic and emphasize on application of theory into practice. Some developments in the field of didactics are in harmony with training methods and approaches but they underscore the importance of matching training goals to individual, sector and national skills. There is need to rationalize and select cost effective teaching methods that consider institutional and national resource.
Teachers’ perceptions on challenges faced by rural secondary schools in the i...Premier Publishers
The paper analysed the teachers’ perceptions on challenges faced by rural secondary schools in the implementation of the technical and vocational education and training policy in Nkayi District in Zimbabwe. This study sought to investigate the challenges confronting teachers of rural secondary schools in Zimbabwe using the quantitative methodology. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. The target population comprised all secondary school teachers in Nkayi District. The sample consisted of 120 teachers of which 68 were female and 52 were male. The data were gathered through a questionnaire. The study revealed that most teachers had a positive attitude towards the TVET programme. It also revealed that schools faced many challenges as they tried to implement TVET. The study recommends that there should be more allocation of financial, material and human resources towards TVET in secondary schools.
Teachers’ perceptions on challenges faced by rural secondary schools in the i...
Similar to Determinants of farmers’ willingness to pay for irrigation water use: the case of Agarfa District, Bale Zone, Oromia National Regional State
Determinants of Small-Scale Irrigation Use: The Case of Jeldu District, West ...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of small-scale irrigation use in Jeldu District, West Shewa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The study used a survey of 118 rural households and logistic regression analysis. It found that age of household, education level, family size, land size, oxen ownership, livestock ownership, and farm income were significant determinants of small-scale irrigation use. The study concluded small-scale irrigation can help ensure household food security in the area but requires proper management systems. It suggested intensifying agricultural production and encouraging productivity on limited land.
Farmers’ perception of the impact of land degradation and soil and water cons...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study assessing farmers' perceptions of land degradation and soil conservation measures in Ethiopia. The key findings are:
1) Most farmers perceived soil erosion and declining soil fertility on their lands as severe problems. Over half believed these issues were reducing crop yields.
2) Nearly all farmers recognized the benefits of soil conservation for improving soil quality and production. However, many were still using traditional conservation methods.
3) Factors like labor requirements, maintenance needs, and reduced farm area discouraged some from adopting improved conservation techniques.
Determinants of Loan Repayment Performance of Smallholder Farmers in Horro an...Premier Publishers
Credit repayment is one of the dominant importance for viable financial institutions. This study was aimed to identify determinants of loan repayment capacity of smallholder farmers in Horro and Abay-Chomen Woredas. The study used primary data from a sample of formal credit borrower farmers in the two woredas through structured questionnaire. A total of 120 farm households were interviewed during data collection and secondary data were collected from different organizations. The logit model results indicated that a total of fourteen explanatory variables were included in the model of which six variables were found to be significant.; among these variables, family size and expenditure in social ceremonies negatively while, credit experience, livestock, extension contact and income from off-farm activities positively influenced the loan repayment performance of smallholder farmers in the study areas. Based on the result, the study recommended that the lending institution should give attention on loan supervision and management while the borrowers should give attention on generating alternative source of income to pay the loans which is vital as it provides information that would enable to undertake effective measures with the aim of improving loan repayment in the study area.
Even though Ethiopia had undertaken different policy measures since 1991 to boost agricultural production and increase the spillover effects of agriculture, there is no available study done to know the effects of such policies. This study aimed to fill this gap by analyzing the supply response of the commodity chosen haricot bean in Sidama Zone of Southern Ethiopia. The study applies the modified Nerlovian model and uses price data and non price data from 1991-2012.The result of the estimates of the time series data shows that acreage is positively and significantly influenced by change in its own price in the long run. Acreage and yield are highly influenced by price and non price factors both in the long run and short run. Generally farmers respond to price incentives by reallocating land and increase yield. The error correction term shows that deviation of acreage from the equilibrium corrected in the current period and it takes less than five years to come to the equilibrium. On the other hand any deviation of yield from the equilibrium corrected in the current period and takes less than two years to come to the equilibrium. The empirical results illustrate that there is still great potential to increase production through improvement of price and non price inputs. Hence the ongoing measures should be directed towards assuring appropriate remunerative prices and increase investment and supply of other non price factors like, increase investment in irrigation.
The Impact of Climate Change on Teff Production in Southeast Tigray, EthiopiaPremier Publishers
The document discusses a study on the impact of climate change on teff production in Southeast Tigray, Ethiopia. It finds that climate factors, particularly temperature and rainfall, significantly influence net teff revenues. Increasing temperature was found to reduce teff revenues, while increasing rainfall was found to increase teff revenues. Adaptation to climate change was also found to play a key role in net revenues. The study utilized a Ricardian model and data from 210 farming households across three agro-ecological zones to analyze how various factors, including climate, socioeconomic characteristics, and adaptations strategies, influence teff production and revenues.
Long-term observed Precipitation Trends in Arid and Semi-arid Lands, Baringo ...Premier Publishers
The research was conducted to validate the pastoralists’ and agro-pastoralists’ claim that there has been an increasingly variable and changing climate in the study area. The station average and Theissen polygon methods were used to estimate the mean areal precipitation of the small (Mogotio and Baringo South Sub-counties) and the large area (Baringo County), respectively. The aim of the current study is to analyse rainfall time series over long term observed precipitation and a wide area, detecting potential trends and assessing their significance. Monthly precipitation data for the period 1974-2003 from six weather stations, located mainly in Mogotio and Baringo South sub-counties and covering 3906km2 were used in the analysis. The data were quality controlled to ensure no missing data and any inconsistencies. Linear regression analysis of the database highlighted that; the trends were predominantly negative, both where the average and Theissen polygon methods were used and over the whole reference period. The negative trends are not significant. This finding implies that the study area has been suffering a precipitation decrease especially in the period under review.
Assessment of water management efficiency in EgyptICARDA
The document assesses the impacts of irrigation management transfer on crop water use, yields, and productivity in northern Egypt. Key findings include:
- Significant reductions in irrigation time and costs for farmers after the transfer, with irrigation time decreasing 50-60% for various crops.
- Some improvements in equitable water distribution and prevention of tail-end water losses.
- Higher crop yields and cultivated areas in improved irrigation areas compared to unimproved areas.
- Livelihood expenses accounted for over 70% of total household expenses both before and after the transfer, with total expenses increasing with wealth scale but not significantly different between improved and unimproved areas.
The Brussels Development Briefing n. 56 on The Land-Water-Energy nexus and the Sustainability of the Food System organised by CTA, the European Commission/EuropeAid, the ACP Secretariat and Concord was held on 3rd of July 2019, 9h00-13h00 at the ACP Secretariat, Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels, Room C.
Valuation of soil conservation practices in adwa woreda, ethiopia a conting...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that uses contingent valuation methods to estimate the value that farmers place on soil conservation practices in Adwa Woreda, Ethiopia. 218 farmers were surveyed using a double bounded dichotomous choice format to elicit their willingness to pay for soil conservation. Regression analysis found that age, sex, education level, family size, perceptions, land tenure, livestock ownership, and initial bids were significant factors influencing willingness to pay. The average willingness to pay per household was estimated to be 56.65 person days per year. Aggregated across the study area, the total value of soil conservation was estimated to be 1,373,592 person days per year or approximately 16.5 million Ethiopian Birr. The
This document reviews the impact of small-scale irrigation on household food security in Ethiopia. It finds that access to reliable irrigation water enables farmers to intensify cultivation, leading to increased productivity, production, and returns. Irrigated households are able to grow crops more than once a year, ensuring stable production, income, and food consumption to improve food security. However, simply providing irrigation infrastructure is not enough - farmers also need access to roads, markets, credit, training, and information to engage in irrigation and reduce food insecurity. The potential for irrigation in Ethiopia is estimated at 3.7 million hectares, but currently only 853,000 hectares are under small-scale irrigation.
This document summarizes water resource management (WRM) financing in Thailand. It outlines the status of WRM in Thailand, including existing institutions and challenges. These challenges include increased competition for water between users, deteriorating water quality from wastewater and agriculture, increasing flood risks as more people live in cities, and many city dwellers lacking access to water and sanitation. The document also notes Thailand's increasing water demands outpacing available supply and discusses drought risks, flood risks, and challenges of expanding wastewater treatment. It concludes with recommendations around collective decision making, coping with risks, and promoting water governance.
Technical Efficiency of Soya Beans Production in Mubi North Local Government ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study was conducted to evaluate the technical efficiency of soya bean production in Mubi North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The objective of the study was to examine the inputs and output relationship of soya bean production in the study area. A multi stage random sampling techniques was used to select 80 respondents in the study area who were noted for soya beans production. Primary data were collected from the respondents with the aid of structured questionnaire and were analyzed using stochastic frontier function. It was therefore recommended that inputs such as seeds, fertilizers and agrochemicals which were the major inputs that increase the output of soya bean production in the study area should be made available on time, in right amounts and at affordable prices to the farmer's stakeholders in agriculture. Proper orientation and knowledge should be given to people willing to go into the cultivation of soya beans on the appropriate time of planting. Extension services should also be rendered effectively.
Participatory agricultural production constraint analysis was conducted in AGP-II project supported district; Biyo-Awale district from Dire Dawa Adminisrative Councile (DDAC) of Ethiopia with the objective to assess agricultural production constraints of the target community in the study area. The study was used Participatory Rural Appraisals (PRA) approach to collect and generate the required data and infortation. The study used PRA tools which included reviewing secondary data, focus group discussions, pair-wise ranking, and field observation. Results of PRA study revealed that the main crop production constraints facing the study area are shortage of improved crop varieties for cereal and horticultural crops, pest infestation (weeds, crop disease, and insects), moisture stress due to eratic rainfall distribution and inadequate moisture management practices. The PRA study also revealed that crop production was constraints facing are drought, deforestation, depletion of water resource and declining of soil fertility. The PRA study further indicates shortage of financial capital, and inadequate support in the income source diversification have been identified as major institutiona constraints that are limiting the capacity of the communities to diversify their livelihoods. Hence, there is need for research, development and institutional interventions to alleviate the identified constraints to crop production and socioeconomic in the study area through holistic approach.
The Effects of Shifting Irrigation on Community Livelihoods and Environmental...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
This study sets out to investigate the effects of shifting irrigation on community livelihoods and environmental quality along the Ewaso Nyiro Basin of Isiolo County in Kenya. The study uses longitudinal data collected between 2006 and 2015 through participatory research techniques, case studies, observation, key informant interviews and questionnaire survey. Results from the study show that the lower EwasoNyiro basin has nine operational irrigation schemes which households along the basin depend to practice irrigation farming. Irrigation has diversified the means of livelihood of the people and is an important source of food in the lower EwasoNyiro basin. Due to irrigation practices, environmental degradation has been experienced. These include, soil erosion, deforestation, salinity and water logging. However biocide and chemical fertilizers use is low in these irrigation schemes. Environmental conservation practices are rarely practised in the irrigation schemes with minimal cases reporting soil erosion control, afforestation, soil fertility management and safe use of agro-chemicals. The study recommends portable means of lifting water from the river schemes and environmental conservation at the household level and at the scheme level in the short term. We also recommend policy measures that will ensure flood control at the catchment level as this will enablesetting up of permanent irrigation schemes in the study area as a long-term solution.
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Determinant of income from pineapple production in imo state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of income from pineapple production in Imo State, Nigeria. 120 pineapple farmers were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Key findings include:
- The average age of farmers was 47 years, most had secondary education, and the average household size was 5.68 people.
- The average farm income was 81,810 Naira ($545) per year. The average farm size was 1.41 hectares.
- Regression analysis found that household size, farm income, extension services, education, farm size, and cooperative membership significantly influenced income levels.
- Farmers cited inadequate capital, storage, and processing facilities as key challenges to pineapple production. The
Assessment of passion fruit orchard management and farmersAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed passion fruit orchard management and farmer technical efficiency in central-eastern and north-rift highlands of Kenya. The study found:
1) Technical efficiency varied across counties, with Meru having the highest mean at 65% followed by Uasin Gishu at 57% and Embu the lowest at 47%.
2) Orchard management practices like training vines, pruning, weeding and watering also varied significantly across counties and influenced technical efficiency.
3) Improving management practices could help farmers increase technical efficiency and reduce input costs by 35-53%, improving profits. The study recommends increased farmer training to boost awareness of good management.
SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ CREDIT PARTICIPATION: THE CASE OF OMO MICROFINANCE INSTI...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted with specific objectives to examine households’ participation in credit services of Omo Microfinance Institution and identify the determinants of credit participation and loan amount received in the Gimbo district of Kaffa zone, Southern Ethiopia. The study was based on the data collected from 200 sample households selected through two-stage sampling technique. Both descriptive statistics and econometric model were used to analyze the data. A double hurdle model was employed to assess the determinants of households’ credit participation and the amount of loan received. Econometric model result showed that sex, education level, family size, land size, distance from service provision center, extension contact, perception on group lending, and perception on loan provision time were found to be significant in influencing the probability of credit participation. Furthermore, sex, education, family size, land size, livestock holding, and extension contact were found to be significantly affecting loan amount received. The result suggests the need for improvement on delayed loan disbursement time for credit service in order to increase households’ participation in the services.
Adaptation to climate change and variability in eastern ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on climate change adaptation in eastern Ethiopia. It finds that small-scale agriculture is vulnerable to climate impacts like drought and flooding. While farmers have adapted practices over time, climate change poses new challenges. The study analyzes factors influencing farmers' choices of adaptation strategies like changing planting dates or crops. It finds that education, land size, credit access, and climate factors like decreasing rainfall influence strategy selection. The conclusion calls for policies to improve farmers' access to resources and increase climate change awareness to support better adaptation.
WorldFish scientist Yumiko Kura presents on findings from the Yali Falls Hydropower Dam in Vietnam, making a strong case for local communities to gain access and use rights to the reservoir for multiple uses. This research was part of the Challenge Program for Water and Food and now falls under the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems.
Find out more about our work in the Mekong: http://wle.cgiar.org/focal-regions/southeastasia/
This document summarizes a study on crop diversification patterns, trends, and determinants among smallholder farmers in eastern Ethiopia. The study analyzed survey data from 167 households in two districts. Crop diversification is an important risk management strategy for farmers in the region due to risks from drought, pests, soil degradation, and input price variations. The study found that farmers with more access to extension services, larger livestock holdings, and market information were less likely to diversify crops, while those with more farm plots, machinery, and irrigation access were more likely to diversify. The document recommends improving access to machinery, market information, and irrigation to promote greater crop diversification in the region.
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2. Determinants of farmers’ willingness to pay for irrigation water use: the case of Agarfa District, Bale Zone, Oromia National Regional State
Birhane and Geta 073
Figure 1.Location Map of the Study Area
However, according to Seleshi (2010) the country has
about 5.3 million hectare (Mha) potential irrigable land.
Yet, only about 640,000ha are irrigated, of which about
241,000 ha from small scale, 315,000 ha from medium
scale and 84,000ha from large scales schemes.
Nonetheless, some of the existing irrigation schemes are
not operating at their full potential, while others are not
functioning because of problems related to infrastructure,
management and water shortages. A performance
assessment conducted on six selected irrigation schemes
(five small scales, one large-scale) confirmed they are
performing poor (FAO, 2011).
Specifically to the Oromia Regional State there are 199
irrigation schemes. These irrigation schemes covered
33,765.19 ha of irrigated area, of which 4,627.29 ha is
from small-scale, 2,800.01 ha from medium-scale and
26,338 ha from large-scale, making 37,479 household
beneficiaries (Seleshi, 2010).
.
The government of Ethiopia has designed policy and
strategy to eradicate poverty in its five year plan called
Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) by maintaining
agriculture as a major source of economic growth. To
promote multiple cropping and better cope with climate
variability and ensure food security, GTP will enhance the
uses of the country’s water resources. Expansion of
small-scale irrigation was given priority while due
attention was given to medium and large-scale irrigation
to the extent possible (MoFED, 2010). Consequently,
different irrigation projects starting from small scale to
large scale projects are under implementation.
The existing irrigation policy of the country gives more
emphasis on the construction of small scale irrigation
projects rather than the valuation of the irrigation water.
But the irrigation water policy has to focus on the pricing
of irrigation water because valuation of irrigation water
helps in an economy with high dependency on agriculture
and a large percentage of the population lives in the rural
areas. Furthermore, the need to fill the information gap
on the determinants of pricing of irrigation water for
policy measures is required. Therefore, this study is
aimed to identify the determinants of farmers’ willingness
to pay for irrigation water use based on data generated
from household survey in Agarfa district of Ethiopia.
MATERIALS ANDMETHODS
Description of the Study Area
This study was conducted in Agarfa district, which is
found in Bale zone of the Oromia National Regional
State. There are 18 districts and 2 urban administrative
towns in Bale zone. Agarfa district falls between 7
0
17'
North Latitude and 39
0
49' East Longitude (Figure 1). The
lowest and highest altitude of the district is 1000m and
3. Determinants of farmers’ willingness to pay for irrigation water use: the case of Agarfa District, Bale Zone, Oromia National Regional State
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Dev. 074
3000m above sea level, respectively. The lowest area
occupies the North East part of the district (around the
border of Arsi zone) whereas the highest elevation is
Hora Mountain which is found around South Western part
of the district. The mean annual temperature of the
district is 17.5
o
c. The minimum and maximum
temperature is 10
o
c and 25
o
c respectively. The average
annual rainfall is 800ml whereas 400ml and 1200ml is the
minimum and maximum annual rainfall recorded in the
district, respectively (AWFEDO, 2009).
Methods of Data Collection and Sampling Design
The study used data that were gathered from both
primary and secondary sources. The primary
datawerecollectedthroughfacetofaceinterviewofthesample
householdheads using structured questionnaire. Besides,
the data were supplemented by focus group discussion
to generate qualitative information. In addition primary
data were generated by personal observation during
focus group discussion and by the interview of the
officials from the office of the District Agriculture and
Water Mineral and Energy.Secondary data were also
collected from the District Water, Mineral and Energy
Office and other relevant sources. A two-stage sampling
procedure was employed to select the sample
irrigation water user households. In the first Stage two
kebeles were purposively selected on the basis of the
availability of irrigation water schemes, then120
irrigation water user farm households were selected
randomly from each sample kebeles using probability
proportional to population size.
Empirical Model Specification and Analysis
In this study tobit model was used to identify the
determinants of willingness to pay (WTP) and the
maximum amount of money the individual would pay.
This model has an advantage over other discrete models
like Linear Probability Model, logistic, and probit. Tobit
model revealed both the probability of WTP and its
maximum WTP by the respondents.
Following Maddala (1992) and Johnston and Dindaro
(1997), the tobit model can be defined as:
𝑀𝑊𝑇𝑃∗
= 𝛽0 + 𝛽′
𝑋𝑖 + 𝜀𝑖
𝑀𝑊𝑇𝑃𝑖 = 𝑀𝑊𝑇𝑃𝑖
∗
𝑖𝑓 𝑀𝑊𝑇𝑃𝑖
∗
≠ 0
= 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑀𝑊𝑇𝑃𝑖
∗
≤ 0
Where:
𝑀𝑊𝑇𝑃𝑖= the observed dependent variable, in this case
maximum willingness to pay of each respondent.
𝑀𝑊𝑇𝑃𝑖
∗
=is a latent variable which is not observed
when it is less than or equal to zero but is observed if it is
greater than zero.
𝑋𝑖 =vector of factors affecting WTP
𝛽′
=vector of unknown parameters
𝜀𝑖 = error term that are independently and normally
distributed with mean zero and common variance 𝜹2
.
Note that the threshold value in the above model is zero.
This is not a very restrictive assumption, because the
threshold value can be set to zero or assumed to be any
known or unknown value (Green, 2000). The tobit model
shown above is also called a censored regression
because it is possible to view the problem as one where
observation of at or below zero are censored (Johnston
and Dinardo, 1997 and Green, 2000).
The model parameters are estimated by maximizing the
tobit likelihood function of the following form (Maddala,
1997 and Amamiya, 1985).
𝐿 =
1
𝛿
𝑀𝑊𝑇𝑃𝑖
∗
>0
𝑓
𝑀𝑊𝑇𝑃𝑖 − 𝛽′
𝑋𝑖
𝛿
𝐹
−𝛽′
𝑋𝑖
𝛿
𝑀𝑊𝑇𝑃𝑖
∗
≤0
Where: f and F are respectively, the density function and
cumulative distribution function of 𝑌𝑖
∗
.
𝑀𝑊𝑇𝑃𝑖
∗
≤ 0
Means the product over those i for
which 𝑀𝑊𝑇𝑃𝑖
∗
≤ 0, and
𝑀𝑊𝑇𝑃𝑖
∗
≤ 0
means the
product over those i for which 𝑀𝑊𝑇𝑃𝑖
∗
> 0.
It may not be sensible to interpret coefficient of a tobit in
the same way as one interprets coefficients in an
uncensored linear model (Johnston and Dinardo, 1997).
Hence, one has to compute the derivatives of the
estimated tobit model to predict the effects of changes in
the exogenous variables.
According to Scott Long (1997), McDonald and Mof fit the
following techniques could be used to decompose the
effect of explanatory variables into WTP and on the
amount of WTP. The marginal effect of an explanatory
variable on the expected value of the dependent variable
is:
𝜕𝐸(𝑀𝑊𝑇𝑃𝑖)
𝜕𝑋𝑖
= 𝐹(𝑧)𝛽′
Where,
𝛽′ 𝑋 𝑖
𝛿
is denoted by z, following Maddala, (1997)
The change in the probability of WTP as independent
variable 𝑋𝑖 changes is:
𝜕𝐹(𝑍)
𝜕𝑋𝑖
= 𝑓(𝑧)
𝛽′
𝛿
4. Determinants of farmers’ willingness to pay for irrigation water use: the case of Agarfa District, Bale Zone, Oromia National Regional State
Birhane and Geta 075
Table 1. Summary of descriptive statistics forcontinuous explanatory variables (N=120)
Variables Mean Std. Dev. Min. Max.
Age 39.42 8.42 25 64
Educational level 3.91 3.59 0 13
Experience in irrigated farming 4.14 3.50 0 32
Family size 6.1 3.33 1 18
Distance from market center 0.90 0.71 0.71 3.17
Total annual income 24366.9 13880.68 3450 92210
Livestock ownership in TLU 8.71 4.95 2.13 33.15
Initial bid 575 192.83 300 800
Table 2. Summary of descriptive statistics fordummy explanatory variables (N=120)
Variables Frequency Percentage
0 1 0 1
Sex of the household head 19 101 15.83 84.17
Access to credit 74 46 61.67 38.33
Perceived trend in rain fed agri. productivity 47 73 39.17 60.83
Labor shortage 58 62 48.33 51.67
The change in the amount of WTP with respect to a
change in explanatory variable among individuals who
are willing to pay is:
𝜕𝐸(𝑀𝑊𝑇𝑃𝑖 / 𝑀𝑊𝑇𝑃𝑖
∗
≠ 0)
𝜕𝑋𝑖
= 𝛽′
1 − 𝑍
𝑓 𝑧
𝐹 𝑧
−
𝑓(𝑧)
𝐹(𝑧)
2
Where, F(z) is the cumulative normal distribution of Z, f(z)
is the value of derivative of the normal curve at a given
point (i.e., unit normal density), Z is the Z score for the
area under normal curve, 𝛽′
is the vector of tobit
maximum likelihood estimate and 𝛿 is the standard error
of the error term.
Based on review of empirical studies and personal
observations, specific household characteristics which
are hypothesized to affect households’ maximum
willingness to pay for irrigation water use were identified.
These include sex of the household (SEX), household
age(AGE), Education level of the household(EDU),
household irrigation farming experience (EXP), family
size (FSIZE), credit utilization of the household (CRDT),
distance from market center (DMKT), total annual income
(INCOME), Perceived trend in rain-fed agricultural
productivity (TREND), livestock ownership (TLU),
laborshortage (LAB) and Initial bid (BID1).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Descriptive Results
From the total sample, 84.17% were male headed
households and 15.83% were female headed households
(Table 2). The result of the study showed that the
average family size of the total sample respondents was
about six. The average grade level the household head
learned for the total sample respondents was about four.
The survey result showed that the mean age of the total
sampled farmers was about 39years.The mean amount
of walking distance to the market center was 0.90 hour.
Themean irrigated farming experience of the entire
sample was 4.14years (Table 1).
About38%of the sample respondents had received credit
while the remaining 62%hadnotreceived credit (Table 2).
Of those who had received credit, about 30% received it
from friends and relatives. The other41 % and 24%
received it from microfinance and cooperatives,
respectively. The rest5% received credit from merchants.
In addition, 50% of the respondents received the credit to
purchase fertilizer andabout1 3% for livestock rearing and
fattening, yet only 15% received credit to purchase
irrigation facilities. The remaining 17% and 4% used
credit for the purpose of petty trade and home
consumption, respectively.
Of all sample households included in the study
about61%responded that rain fed agricultural productivity
was decreased and the remaining 39% of the households
responded that there was no decrease in rain fed
agricultural productivity (Table 2). The majority of them,
about 81%, believed that rainfall variability wast because
for the decrease in productivity.
The minimum and maximum potential irrigable land size
owned was 0.16 ha and 1.50 ha respectively. The
average size of potential irrigable land for the total
sample farmers was 0.60 ha. The average livestock
ownership in terms of TLU for the total sampled
households was 8.71 with the minimum and maximum
5. Determinants of farmers’ willingness to pay for irrigation water use: the case of Agarfa District, Bale Zone, Oromia National Regional State
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Dev. 076
Table 3. Maximum Likelihood Estimates of the Tobit model
Variables Coefficient Std. Err t-value
Sex 254.609** 112.651 2.26
Age
Educational level
Experience in irrigated farming
Family size
Credit utilization
Distance from market center
Total annual income
Rain-fed agricultural productivity
Livestock ownership in TLU
Labor shortage
Initial bid
_Cons
3.358
46.791***
-1.052
-25.959**
129.662*
-91.146
0.0134***
217.278***
11.362
54.896
-0.375*
-220.073
5.550
11.551
11.086
12.723
77.979
62.511
0.003
79.752
7.342
74.130
0.211
332.910
0.61
4.05
-0.09
-2.04
1.66
-1.46
4.85
2.72
1.55
0.74
-1.78
-0.66
Number of observations = 120
Log likelihood = -720.06872
Threshold value for the model: Lower =0.0000 Upper = + infinity
***, **, * significant at 1%, 5%, and 10%, level respectively
Source: Survey, 2014
Table 4. Marginal effects of explanatory variables on the amount of willingness to pay
Variables Change in probabilities
of being irrigation water
user
Change among
irrigation water
users
Change among
the whole
Sex 0.155 166.158 217.670
Age 0.002 2.424 3.042
Education level 0.021 33.769 42.383
Experience in irrigated farming -0.0005 -0.759 -0.953
Family size -0.012 -18.735 -23.514
Credit utilization 0.056 95.024 118.175
Distance from market center -0.042 -65.780 -82.560
Total annual income 6.11e
-06
0.010 0.012
Rain-fed agricultural productivity 0.108 152.640 193.659
Livestock ownership in TLU 0.005 8.200 10.292
Labor shortage 0.025 39.576 49.690
Initial bid -0.0002 -0.271 -0.340
Source: Survey, 2014
being 2.13 and 33.15, respectively. Income from
agricultural activities was the most important source of
income for the farmers interviewed. A typical household
earned a gross income of ETB 24366.90 for the year
2012/13 from different sources (Table 1). The average
annual sale of a household from crop enterprises was
ETB12256.98. The corresponding figure for the average
annual income from the sale of livestock was
ETB5367.32. Non-farm activities such as petty trade and
other sources like sale of fire wood, non-farm
employments are important sources of non-farm income
for the sample households. The average non-farm
income for the total sample was estimated to be
ETB2371.18.
Econometric Results
The contingency coefficients and variance inflation factor
(VIF) were computed to check associations between
dummy and continuous variables, respectively. Both the
VIF values and the contingency coefficients indicated that
both sets of continuous and dummy variables have no
serious multicollinearity problem. Thus, all hypothesized
explanatory variables were included in the econometric
analysis. The tobit model was used to identify the
explanatory variables that affect households WTP for
irrigation water use. Thus, the explanatory variables
which affected WTP were discussed as follows (Table 3
and 4).
Sex of the household head: Sex of the household head
was positively related to willingness to pay for irrigation
water use and significant at 5% probability level. The
result of tobit model revealed that male headed
household were found to be willing to pay more for
irrigation water use than female headed households. This
6. Determinants of farmers’ willingness to pay for irrigation water use: the case of Agarfa District, Bale Zone, Oromia National Regional State
Birhane and Geta 077
is mainly because; female headed households have less
resources possession endowment as well as some
cultural constraints than male headed households.The
marginal effect of the variable indicates that, keeping
other factors constant, male headed households have
15.5% more probability of paying for irrigation water use
than female headed households. Also, male headed
households would pay ETB 166.16 more than female
headed households.
Education Level of the Household Head: Educational
level as expected was positively related to WTP and
significant at 1% probability level. That is, respondents
with more years of schooling are willing to pay for
irrigation water. One possible reason could be that
literate individuals are more concerned about water
resource than illiterate ones. This was consistent with the
findings of Anteneh (2013) and Tiwari (2005). Keeping
other factors constant, the marginal effect of the variable
indicates that a unit increase in education increases the
MWTP for irrigation water use probability by 2.1%. Also,
as the year of education increased by one year, the
amount of cash a household is willing to pay for irrigation
water use may increased by 33.77 ETB.
Family Size: This variable was significant at
5%probability level and negatively related to WTP.
Keeping other factors constant, the marginal effect of the
variable indicates that a unit increase in household
member decreases the MWTP probability by1.2%. Also,
when the family size of the household increased by one
unit, the amount of cash a household is willing to pay for
irrigation water use may decreased by 18.74 ETB.
This can be justified by the fact that an increase in family
size decreases the per capital income of the member
and, hence it will decrease the payment for irrigation
water. The result was consistent with the hypothesis and
the findings of Dagne (2008) and Simret (2009).
Credit Utilization: Credit was found to influence the
willingness of the farm households to pay for irrigation
water use positively and at 10% significance levels.
Credit may solve financial constraints and enables the
farmer to purchase productive inputs on time, access
technologies and enhance farm production. The marginal
effect of the variable indicates that, keeping other factors
constant, farmers who received credit had 5.6% more
probability of paying for irrigation water use than those
farmers who did not receive credit. Also, farmers received
credit would pay ETB95.02 more than those who did not
receive credit. This result is in line with the studies
conducted by Yokwe (2004).
Total Annual Income: Total annual income of a farm
household was found to influence the willingness of the
farmers to pay for irrigation water use positively at 1%
significance levels. This result is also in line with the
basic economic theory, which states that individual's
demand for most commodities or services positively
related with income level. Keeping other factors constant,
the result of marginal effect shows that a one ETB
increase in the total annual income increases MWTP for
irrigation water use by 0.006%. And when income of the
farmer increases by one ETB, the MWTP for irrigation
water increased by .01 ETB. And also, the marginal effect
result indicates that those households with higher income
are willing to pay more for irrigation water than their
counterparts with lower income.This result is inconformity
with the studies done by Ayalneh and Birhanu (2012)
Perceived Trend in Rain-fed Agricultural Productivity:
This variable was positively affect’s the willingness of the
respondents to pay for irrigation water use at 1%
significant level. The four year time horizon would provide
an adequate period to realize whether crop productivity
reduction (if there was any) was caused by changes in
rainfall. If a productivity decline is related to rainfall, we
expect that farmers may value more for irrigation water.
This result is in line with the studies conducted by
Simret(2009) and Zelalem (2010).
Initial Bid: The coefficient of initial bid was negative as
expected and statistically significant at 10% probability
level. As the bid amount increases, the respondents
would be less willing to accept the scenario and that is
consistent with the law of demand. Keeping other factors
constant, the result of the marginal analysis indicated that
as the starting bid price increases by one unit, the
probability of household’s MWTP for irrigation water use
decreased by 0.02%.Also, when the starting bid price
increases by one ETB, the amount of cash the farmer
could pay for irrigation water decreased by 0.27 ETB.
CONCLUSIONS
This study was conducted to identify thedeterminants of
farmers’ WTP for irrigation water use. Both primary and
secondary data were collected for these purposes. The
primary data were collected from 120 sample households
from two Kebeles of Agarfa district. Tobit model were
used to identify and analyse the factors that determine
farmers’ WTP for irrigation water use.
The result from the tobit model indicated that sex of the
household head, educational level of the household
head, credit utilization, total annual income, and
perceived trend in rain fed agriculture, were found to be
positively and significantly related to the probability of
WTP whereas household family size, and the bid value
offered were found to be negatively and significantly
influence the probability of WTP for irrigation water
use.Based on the findings from the survey, it can be