The main objective of this study was to identify the key determinants of farmers’ willingness to pay for improved irrigation water use using the contingent valuation method. Cross sectional data were collected from 251 households using a two-stage sampling technique (purposive and random sampling techniques) from four kebeles of Woliso District through a semi-structured questionnaire. The result from the Tobit model revealed that education level, family size, irrigable land size, number of oxen owned, total annual income, experience in irrigated farming, dissatisfaction, credit utilization and cash crops have significant and positive effect on households’ WTP for the improvement of the existing irrigation use whereas initial bid was found to have a negative and significant effect. Since these variables are identified as major determinants of willingness to pay for improved irrigation water use, policy makers and government should take into account in the designing of improved irrigation water supply system.
Determinants of Loan Repayment Performance of Smallholder Farmers in Horro an...Premier Publishers
Credit repayment is one of the dominant importance for viable financial institutions. This study was aimed to identify determinants of loan repayment capacity of smallholder farmers in Horro and Abay-Chomen Woredas. The study used primary data from a sample of formal credit borrower farmers in the two woredas through structured questionnaire. A total of 120 farm households were interviewed during data collection and secondary data were collected from different organizations. The logit model results indicated that a total of fourteen explanatory variables were included in the model of which six variables were found to be significant.; among these variables, family size and expenditure in social ceremonies negatively while, credit experience, livestock, extension contact and income from off-farm activities positively influenced the loan repayment performance of smallholder farmers in the study areas. Based on the result, the study recommended that the lending institution should give attention on loan supervision and management while the borrowers should give attention on generating alternative source of income to pay the loans which is vital as it provides information that would enable to undertake effective measures with the aim of improving loan repayment in the study area.
Determinants of farmers’ willingness to pay for irrigation water use: the cas...Premier Publishers
The objective of the study was to analyse determinants of willingness to pay for irrigation water use by individual households. Both primary and secondary data were used for these purposes. The primary data were collected from 120 sample households drawn from two kebeles of Agarfa district. Descriptive and inferential statistics and tobit model were used to analyse the data. The result of tobit model showed that sex of the household, educational level of the household head, total annual income, credit utilization, and perceived trend in rain fed agricultural productivity were positively and significantly related to the probability willingness to pay whereas, family size and initial bid were negatively and significantly related to the probability willingness to pay. Therefore, these variables should be considered while designing irrigation water related projects in the area.
Farmers comparative use assessment of wind and electric pump for irrigationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Keta District provides one of the best wind regimes in Ghana and farming is the main occupation of most people in the communities of the district, notably the anloga community.A small size wind pump (1.6m rotor diameter) is currently in operation in Anloga in the Keta District on pilot bases to verify its cost effectiveness compared with the hydro electric power technology. The high electricity tariff paid every month for power consumption deterred majority of the farmers using hydro electricity technology for pumping. A survey conducted revealed that out of about 50 farmers, only 29% engaged in the use of electric power for pumping whilst 69% are still practising the manual method. 2% of the farmers are practising wind energy technology on pilot bases. Farmers in these coastal communities may have engaged in the use of wind energy for water pumping but for its high initial cost.
Keywords: wind, irrigation, electric, rural, development
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the C...Mohd Asif Shah
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the
Case of Apple Cultivation: A Case Study of District Kulgam, Jammu and
Kashmir
Determinants of Loan Repayment Performance of Smallholder Farmers in Horro an...Premier Publishers
Credit repayment is one of the dominant importance for viable financial institutions. This study was aimed to identify determinants of loan repayment capacity of smallholder farmers in Horro and Abay-Chomen Woredas. The study used primary data from a sample of formal credit borrower farmers in the two woredas through structured questionnaire. A total of 120 farm households were interviewed during data collection and secondary data were collected from different organizations. The logit model results indicated that a total of fourteen explanatory variables were included in the model of which six variables were found to be significant.; among these variables, family size and expenditure in social ceremonies negatively while, credit experience, livestock, extension contact and income from off-farm activities positively influenced the loan repayment performance of smallholder farmers in the study areas. Based on the result, the study recommended that the lending institution should give attention on loan supervision and management while the borrowers should give attention on generating alternative source of income to pay the loans which is vital as it provides information that would enable to undertake effective measures with the aim of improving loan repayment in the study area.
Determinants of farmers’ willingness to pay for irrigation water use: the cas...Premier Publishers
The objective of the study was to analyse determinants of willingness to pay for irrigation water use by individual households. Both primary and secondary data were used for these purposes. The primary data were collected from 120 sample households drawn from two kebeles of Agarfa district. Descriptive and inferential statistics and tobit model were used to analyse the data. The result of tobit model showed that sex of the household, educational level of the household head, total annual income, credit utilization, and perceived trend in rain fed agricultural productivity were positively and significantly related to the probability willingness to pay whereas, family size and initial bid were negatively and significantly related to the probability willingness to pay. Therefore, these variables should be considered while designing irrigation water related projects in the area.
Farmers comparative use assessment of wind and electric pump for irrigationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Keta District provides one of the best wind regimes in Ghana and farming is the main occupation of most people in the communities of the district, notably the anloga community.A small size wind pump (1.6m rotor diameter) is currently in operation in Anloga in the Keta District on pilot bases to verify its cost effectiveness compared with the hydro electric power technology. The high electricity tariff paid every month for power consumption deterred majority of the farmers using hydro electricity technology for pumping. A survey conducted revealed that out of about 50 farmers, only 29% engaged in the use of electric power for pumping whilst 69% are still practising the manual method. 2% of the farmers are practising wind energy technology on pilot bases. Farmers in these coastal communities may have engaged in the use of wind energy for water pumping but for its high initial cost.
Keywords: wind, irrigation, electric, rural, development
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the C...Mohd Asif Shah
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the
Case of Apple Cultivation: A Case Study of District Kulgam, Jammu and
Kashmir
APPRAISAL OF GROUND WATER CHARACTERISTICS AND WATER QUALITY INDEX OF RICH IRO...AM Publications
Bellary is a rich iron ore city in Karnataka; it is experienced degradation due to rapid urbanization and mining activity. The hydro-chemical investigation in the present study is restricted to the major ions concentrations, distributions, their relative abundance, and the pattern of the variability in groundwater chemistry. The present work is aimed at assessing the water quality index (WQI) for the groundwater of rich iron mineral city. For calculating the WQI, the following 16 parameters have been considered: turbidity, pH, EC, TDS, Total hardness, calcium, magnesium, total alkalinity, Bicarbonate, carbonate, chloride, Fluoride, Nitrate, Sulphate, sodium and potassium. The WQI for these samples ranges from 79.1 to 180.2 the maximum value of 180.2 is observed in the sample 3 (ATP Road) of rich iron mineral city, while the minimum is recorded in 9 (Bislahalli). The high value of WQI has been found to be mainly from the higher values of nitrate, total dissolved solids, hardness, fluorides, bicarbonate and chlorides in the groundwater. The results of analyses have been used to suggest models for predicting water quality. The analysis reveals that the groundwater of the area needs some degree of treatment before consumption, and it also needs to be protected from the perils of contamination. Water Quality Index, has been calculated for the Rich iron mineral city and was studied for the suitability of water for drinking purposes and the results showed that 28% of the ground water quality was poor quality category and localities are scoring a water quality index greater than 100. The continuous monitoring of groundwater is required in the rich iron mineral city to protect water in future from any possible contamination due to growing industrialization and agricultural practices.
Effectiveness of Watershed Management- Means Of Economical Development- A Cas...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Water is the life-blood of the environment, without water no living beings can survive. Water plays
unique role in development of all sectors in any economy of every country. Water is used for agricultural,
domestic, industrial, power generation and other various purposes. But misuses of water resources cause
widespread degradation of soil and disrupt the supply of potable water, generate massive economical loss.
Hence it becomes necessary to harness the water resources available on Earth through the application of
science and technology. This paper presents one such case study where large amount of rainwater is possible to
direct to recharge ground water resources. Kaneri is a small village located at distance of 10 Kms. from
Kolhapur city. It is planned to take such engineering and biological measures which will direct this extra runoff
to ground water storage. The most significant feature of the work is that if such technologies are developed and
adopted at larger scale in rural areas, it will prevent thousands of villages of the country from water supply by
tankers. Moreover this will also help us for economical development of village people which mainly occurs due
to water scarcity.
Adoption of Kelo Watershed Project in Raigarh District of Chhattisgarhinventionjournals
Development rainfed areas in India is one of the prime concerns of the Goverment as 60 percent of agriculture is rain-fed. Rainfed areas are the hot spots of of poverty, water security, malnutrition and prone to severe land degradation. Watershed development programme is concidered and adopted as an effective tool to addren problem of rain-fed areas in the country. The persent study focused on benefit of Kelo watershed project in selected blocd of Raigarh district of Chhattisgarh which was selected purposively. Descriptive survey research design was followed and data was collected by using personal interview method. The study infered that majority of respondents had medium level of adoption towards paddy cultivation during Kelo Watershed Project. Education, family Type, annual income were found positive and significant correlation with their adoption of paddy cultivation under Kelo Watershed Project. The result reveled that Kelo watershed project is providing multiple benefits in terms of augmeting income, generating rural employment, increasing crop yields, increasing cropping intensity (38.4%), reducing run-off (42%), soil loss and reducing proverty.
Efficiency and Yield Gap Analysis in Potato Production: The Case of Potato Fa...Premier Publishers
The study examined efficiency, yield gap and level of responsiveness of output to the factors of production in potato production in central highlands of Ethiopia. The study used household level cross sectional data collected in 2015/16 from 196 sample farmers selected through multistage sampling technique. A stochastic frontier model was employed for the efficiency analysis. The scale coefficient for production function was calculated to be 1.1, indicating a 1% increase in all inputs proportionally increases total production by 1.1%. The mean technical efficiency and actual yield gap of sample households are 62.6% and 15.2 t/ha respectively. Eighty six percent of the yield variation in potato production is due to technical inefficiency and accounts for 13.07 t/ha yield gap. Therefore, efforts designed to improve efficiency would be more cost effective than introducing new technologies such as developing new varieties as a means of increasing potato production and productivity.
SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ CREDIT PARTICIPATION: THE CASE OF OMO MICROFINANCE INSTI...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted with specific objectives to examine households’ participation in credit services of Omo Microfinance Institution and identify the determinants of credit participation and loan amount received in the Gimbo district of Kaffa zone, Southern Ethiopia. The study was based on the data collected from 200 sample households selected through two-stage sampling technique. Both descriptive statistics and econometric model were used to analyze the data. A double hurdle model was employed to assess the determinants of households’ credit participation and the amount of loan received. Econometric model result showed that sex, education level, family size, land size, distance from service provision center, extension contact, perception on group lending, and perception on loan provision time were found to be significant in influencing the probability of credit participation. Furthermore, sex, education, family size, land size, livestock holding, and extension contact were found to be significantly affecting loan amount received. The result suggests the need for improvement on delayed loan disbursement time for credit service in order to increase households’ participation in the services.
Cereal and grain legumes play a vital role in food security and as income sources for millions of people in Ethiopia.
However, poor storage handling and storage pests lead to high postharvest loss. This study therefore assessed
farmers’ storage practices and grain storage hygiene status in selected districts of Jimma, West Shoa, and East
Wollega zones of southwestern Ethiopia. One district was selected from each zone based on their production
potential of selected grain crops such as maize, sorghum, wheat, and fababean. Then, three Peasant Associations
(PAs) were randomly selected from each district. For the survey, 377 households (HHs) were interviewed. The
present study showed that farmers in the study areas stored their grains in different kinds of traditional structures,
such as plastered gombisa (14.1%), unplastered gombisa (25.5%), gumbi (13.8%), polypropylene sacks (41.4%),
and Purdue improved crop storage (PICS) bags (5.3%) and indicated that most farmers used polypropylene sacks
followed by unplastered gombisa. On the other hand, most of farmer’s grain storage hygiene status was categorised
as poor (50.7%) or very poor (33.3%). The results of this study demonstrate that the farmers use an inefficient
storage facility and adopt poor hygiene practices, which predisposes the stored grains to insects and rodent attacks.
Thus, there is a need to train farmers in storage hygiene and develop and disseminate efficient grain storage
facilities to reduce loss in farmers ‘grain stores
Technical Efficiency in Teff (Eragrostis teff) Production: The Case of Smallh...Premier Publishers
The aim of this study was to determine the level of technical efficiency of smallholder teff producers and identify factors affecting technical efficiency of smallholder farmers in teff production of Jamma district, South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. A three-stage sampling technique was employed to select 149 sample farmers. A Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production analysis approach with the inefficiency effect model was used to estimate technical efficiency and identify the determinants of efficiency of teff producing farmers. The maximum likelihood parameter estimates showed that teff output was positively and significantly influenced by area, fertilizer, labor and number of oxen. The mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample farmers were about 78%. This shows that there exists a possibility to increase the level of teff output by 22% through efficiently utilizing the existing resources. The estimated stochastic production frontier model together with the inefficiency parameters showed that, age, education, improved seed, training and credit were found to have negative and significant effect on technical inefficiency while farm size was found to have positive and significant effect on technical inefficiency of teff production. Hence, local government should provide necessary supports such as formal as well as informal education, training, credit, improved seed and timely supply of fertilizer.
Assessing Agricultural Losses of 2014/2015 Flood Disaster in Kelantan, MalaysiaPremier Publishers
Floods account for a significant socio-economic loss against all other natural disasters occurring in most part of the world in recent decades, especially to small farming communities living along coastal and low-lying areas. Hence, flood loss assessment which has become an important segment in decision making processes towards flood risk management needs to be given adequate attention by the policy makers and/or researchers. This paper therefore, aimed at describing and examining the extent of agricultural losses of 2014/2015 flood disaster in Kelantan, Malaysia. Data were gathered from 344 smallholder farmers using multi-stage sampling technique and analyzed through the use of descriptive (using bar charts) and Paired sample t-test. Findings of the study revealed that, agricultural losses incurred by farmers were significant at 5% level of significance for almost all the reported crops, livestock and agricultural assets. The implication of this study would give an insight to the policy makers in facilitating cost-effective integrated flood management to avoid future losses. In addition, while promising a baseline data it would further give an insight to the academicians in employing advanced methods of analysis while undertaking post disaster damage, loss and needs assessment of flood and/or other natural disasters in the future.
CAN PAYMENTS FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES REDUCE SOIL EROSION? THE CASE OF EASTERN ...IAEME Publication
The fragile dryland areas in Morocco are seriously threatened by soil and water degradation. Each year, 100 million tons of soil are removed. Several soil conservation technologies have been developed in Morocco and are available for large diffusion but in many cases these technologies have not been permanently adopted. It seems that a large dissemination of these new practices requires some financial incentives that must be sufficiently high to stimulate farmers to adopt the technologies. The objective of this study is to identify the optimum level of payments for eco-system services (PES) that allows an acceptable adoption rate. In this study we used the Minimum data approach (MD) to assess the adoption rates of soil conservation technologies. Input data needed by this model are in general simple, compared to other data-intensive models. They are very often available from secondary sources. The technologies concerned by this study are Alley cropping of Atriplex with barley, deep de-stoning and improved olive trees. The results show that farmers in the study area are very aware of soil erosion damages. Model results show very high adoption rates of the proposed technologies (more than 90%) and without any financial incentives. Compared to field data the model over-estimates the adoption rates. This is mainly due to the fact that the model does not consider institutional and political constraints to the adoption. Therefore, any improvement of the adoption rates of soil conservation technologies in the region should consider the problem of credit access and land tenure as a first step. Furthermore, in complex environment such as the study region we suggest that this type of approach be coupled with qualitative analysis in order to better analyze and understand the problem of technology adoption.
Global Food Waste (A problem for water resource management)Shehzad Ali
These slides show food production data as well as water footprints for several countries. The data was obtained from reliable sources, and I analyzed it using a variety of technologies to create a geographic representation of the data.
Assessing Fruit Farmers’ Perceptions of Post-Harvest Losses in the Ashanti Re...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Post-harvest loss reduces food availability. The need to examine post-harvest loss in Africa is recognized in one of 2030 SDG goals for sustainable consumption and production. This goal appears to be a tremendous challenge as Africa expects to double its population from 1.2 billion to 2.5 billion. This paper examines fruit farmers’ perceptions about post-harvest loss in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. We interviewed 70 fruit farmers about the sources of post-harvest loss. We also assessed the relationship between their perceptions and socio-demographic characteristics. In revealing nuanced perceptions, we used the five-point Likert-scale in some questions. To determine the relationship between farmers’ perceptions and their socio-demographic characteristics, we conducted the multiple linear regression analysis. We found that the respondents were most concerned about their loss at market centers and storage. Loss during transportation was the least source of post-harvest loss perceived by the fruit farmers. The results from the regression analysis also showed that age, gender and farming experience were significantly associated with their perceptions. This paper then makes some recommendations to help reduce post-harvest loss for farmers.
Determinants of Small-Scale Irrigation Use: The Case of Jeldu District, West ...Premier Publishers
The study was conducted in Jeldu district on two peasant associations namely Metekoma and Laku. The objective of this study was to identify determinants of Small-scale irrigation use. A total of 118 farmers were randomly selected and interviewed by using semi structured questionnaire. A three-stage sampling technique was used to obtain a sample size of 118 rural farm households. Cross sectional data were collected through structured questionnaire, focus group discussion, key informants and observation. Household caloric acquisition was employed to measure household food security in the study area. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. Binary logistic regression model reveals that, out of eleven explanatory variables, age of household, educational level of household, Adult equivalent, cultivated land size, Oxen ownership of household, livestock ownership in TLU, and total farm income were found to be significant. Governmental and non-governmental should give attention on intensifying agricultural production in order to encourage the productivity of limited land. The study concluded that small scale irrigation is one of the viable solutions to secure household food needs in the study area. The study also suggested the proper management system of the irrigation schemes in order to sustainably use them.
Effectiveness of drip irrigation in enhancing smart farming: a micro-study in...AkashSharma618775
This study aims to examine the effectiveness of drip irrigation in enhancing smart farming in the midnorth of Uganda. A descriptive review was adopted targeting one smart farm in the district. Data was gathered by
means of an interview guide and a farmers’ observation guide, and it was analysed using content analysis
correspondingly. The outcomes suggest that drip irrigation does not represent a large fraction of irrigation systems
in mid-north Uganda and the world in general; however, a number of new drip irrigation systems are being set-up
notwithstanding the very slow pace. Further revelation suggests that farmers can benefit from drip irrigation
through gaining knowledge and skills from visits and advises from the frequent visits; being a source of income
when the produce are sold; as well as providing food security for families, the adjacent community and the district
as a whole. Nonetheless, drip irrigation faces challenges of dearth of commitment by some members of the family,
untimely delivery of agro inputs, over cultivation of the land and very expensive inputs. It is obvious that drip
irrigation technologies are essential in enhancing smart farming in Oyam district, mid-north Uganda and the
country as a whole. The outcomes of the study can be useful as a source for scaling out drip irrigation in the region
and beyond especially when mounting a parameter on integration of drip irrigation on community development
agendas for small-holder farmers as targeted by the government’s agricultural cluster development programme.
This article contributes to the budding body of information on smart farming by emphasising obtainable
prospects, which can generate more pro-active small scale drip irrigation technologies.
APPRAISAL OF GROUND WATER CHARACTERISTICS AND WATER QUALITY INDEX OF RICH IRO...AM Publications
Bellary is a rich iron ore city in Karnataka; it is experienced degradation due to rapid urbanization and mining activity. The hydro-chemical investigation in the present study is restricted to the major ions concentrations, distributions, their relative abundance, and the pattern of the variability in groundwater chemistry. The present work is aimed at assessing the water quality index (WQI) for the groundwater of rich iron mineral city. For calculating the WQI, the following 16 parameters have been considered: turbidity, pH, EC, TDS, Total hardness, calcium, magnesium, total alkalinity, Bicarbonate, carbonate, chloride, Fluoride, Nitrate, Sulphate, sodium and potassium. The WQI for these samples ranges from 79.1 to 180.2 the maximum value of 180.2 is observed in the sample 3 (ATP Road) of rich iron mineral city, while the minimum is recorded in 9 (Bislahalli). The high value of WQI has been found to be mainly from the higher values of nitrate, total dissolved solids, hardness, fluorides, bicarbonate and chlorides in the groundwater. The results of analyses have been used to suggest models for predicting water quality. The analysis reveals that the groundwater of the area needs some degree of treatment before consumption, and it also needs to be protected from the perils of contamination. Water Quality Index, has been calculated for the Rich iron mineral city and was studied for the suitability of water for drinking purposes and the results showed that 28% of the ground water quality was poor quality category and localities are scoring a water quality index greater than 100. The continuous monitoring of groundwater is required in the rich iron mineral city to protect water in future from any possible contamination due to growing industrialization and agricultural practices.
Effectiveness of Watershed Management- Means Of Economical Development- A Cas...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Water is the life-blood of the environment, without water no living beings can survive. Water plays
unique role in development of all sectors in any economy of every country. Water is used for agricultural,
domestic, industrial, power generation and other various purposes. But misuses of water resources cause
widespread degradation of soil and disrupt the supply of potable water, generate massive economical loss.
Hence it becomes necessary to harness the water resources available on Earth through the application of
science and technology. This paper presents one such case study where large amount of rainwater is possible to
direct to recharge ground water resources. Kaneri is a small village located at distance of 10 Kms. from
Kolhapur city. It is planned to take such engineering and biological measures which will direct this extra runoff
to ground water storage. The most significant feature of the work is that if such technologies are developed and
adopted at larger scale in rural areas, it will prevent thousands of villages of the country from water supply by
tankers. Moreover this will also help us for economical development of village people which mainly occurs due
to water scarcity.
Adoption of Kelo Watershed Project in Raigarh District of Chhattisgarhinventionjournals
Development rainfed areas in India is one of the prime concerns of the Goverment as 60 percent of agriculture is rain-fed. Rainfed areas are the hot spots of of poverty, water security, malnutrition and prone to severe land degradation. Watershed development programme is concidered and adopted as an effective tool to addren problem of rain-fed areas in the country. The persent study focused on benefit of Kelo watershed project in selected blocd of Raigarh district of Chhattisgarh which was selected purposively. Descriptive survey research design was followed and data was collected by using personal interview method. The study infered that majority of respondents had medium level of adoption towards paddy cultivation during Kelo Watershed Project. Education, family Type, annual income were found positive and significant correlation with their adoption of paddy cultivation under Kelo Watershed Project. The result reveled that Kelo watershed project is providing multiple benefits in terms of augmeting income, generating rural employment, increasing crop yields, increasing cropping intensity (38.4%), reducing run-off (42%), soil loss and reducing proverty.
Efficiency and Yield Gap Analysis in Potato Production: The Case of Potato Fa...Premier Publishers
The study examined efficiency, yield gap and level of responsiveness of output to the factors of production in potato production in central highlands of Ethiopia. The study used household level cross sectional data collected in 2015/16 from 196 sample farmers selected through multistage sampling technique. A stochastic frontier model was employed for the efficiency analysis. The scale coefficient for production function was calculated to be 1.1, indicating a 1% increase in all inputs proportionally increases total production by 1.1%. The mean technical efficiency and actual yield gap of sample households are 62.6% and 15.2 t/ha respectively. Eighty six percent of the yield variation in potato production is due to technical inefficiency and accounts for 13.07 t/ha yield gap. Therefore, efforts designed to improve efficiency would be more cost effective than introducing new technologies such as developing new varieties as a means of increasing potato production and productivity.
SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ CREDIT PARTICIPATION: THE CASE OF OMO MICROFINANCE INSTI...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted with specific objectives to examine households’ participation in credit services of Omo Microfinance Institution and identify the determinants of credit participation and loan amount received in the Gimbo district of Kaffa zone, Southern Ethiopia. The study was based on the data collected from 200 sample households selected through two-stage sampling technique. Both descriptive statistics and econometric model were used to analyze the data. A double hurdle model was employed to assess the determinants of households’ credit participation and the amount of loan received. Econometric model result showed that sex, education level, family size, land size, distance from service provision center, extension contact, perception on group lending, and perception on loan provision time were found to be significant in influencing the probability of credit participation. Furthermore, sex, education, family size, land size, livestock holding, and extension contact were found to be significantly affecting loan amount received. The result suggests the need for improvement on delayed loan disbursement time for credit service in order to increase households’ participation in the services.
Cereal and grain legumes play a vital role in food security and as income sources for millions of people in Ethiopia.
However, poor storage handling and storage pests lead to high postharvest loss. This study therefore assessed
farmers’ storage practices and grain storage hygiene status in selected districts of Jimma, West Shoa, and East
Wollega zones of southwestern Ethiopia. One district was selected from each zone based on their production
potential of selected grain crops such as maize, sorghum, wheat, and fababean. Then, three Peasant Associations
(PAs) were randomly selected from each district. For the survey, 377 households (HHs) were interviewed. The
present study showed that farmers in the study areas stored their grains in different kinds of traditional structures,
such as plastered gombisa (14.1%), unplastered gombisa (25.5%), gumbi (13.8%), polypropylene sacks (41.4%),
and Purdue improved crop storage (PICS) bags (5.3%) and indicated that most farmers used polypropylene sacks
followed by unplastered gombisa. On the other hand, most of farmer’s grain storage hygiene status was categorised
as poor (50.7%) or very poor (33.3%). The results of this study demonstrate that the farmers use an inefficient
storage facility and adopt poor hygiene practices, which predisposes the stored grains to insects and rodent attacks.
Thus, there is a need to train farmers in storage hygiene and develop and disseminate efficient grain storage
facilities to reduce loss in farmers ‘grain stores
Technical Efficiency in Teff (Eragrostis teff) Production: The Case of Smallh...Premier Publishers
The aim of this study was to determine the level of technical efficiency of smallholder teff producers and identify factors affecting technical efficiency of smallholder farmers in teff production of Jamma district, South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. A three-stage sampling technique was employed to select 149 sample farmers. A Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production analysis approach with the inefficiency effect model was used to estimate technical efficiency and identify the determinants of efficiency of teff producing farmers. The maximum likelihood parameter estimates showed that teff output was positively and significantly influenced by area, fertilizer, labor and number of oxen. The mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample farmers were about 78%. This shows that there exists a possibility to increase the level of teff output by 22% through efficiently utilizing the existing resources. The estimated stochastic production frontier model together with the inefficiency parameters showed that, age, education, improved seed, training and credit were found to have negative and significant effect on technical inefficiency while farm size was found to have positive and significant effect on technical inefficiency of teff production. Hence, local government should provide necessary supports such as formal as well as informal education, training, credit, improved seed and timely supply of fertilizer.
Assessing Agricultural Losses of 2014/2015 Flood Disaster in Kelantan, MalaysiaPremier Publishers
Floods account for a significant socio-economic loss against all other natural disasters occurring in most part of the world in recent decades, especially to small farming communities living along coastal and low-lying areas. Hence, flood loss assessment which has become an important segment in decision making processes towards flood risk management needs to be given adequate attention by the policy makers and/or researchers. This paper therefore, aimed at describing and examining the extent of agricultural losses of 2014/2015 flood disaster in Kelantan, Malaysia. Data were gathered from 344 smallholder farmers using multi-stage sampling technique and analyzed through the use of descriptive (using bar charts) and Paired sample t-test. Findings of the study revealed that, agricultural losses incurred by farmers were significant at 5% level of significance for almost all the reported crops, livestock and agricultural assets. The implication of this study would give an insight to the policy makers in facilitating cost-effective integrated flood management to avoid future losses. In addition, while promising a baseline data it would further give an insight to the academicians in employing advanced methods of analysis while undertaking post disaster damage, loss and needs assessment of flood and/or other natural disasters in the future.
CAN PAYMENTS FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES REDUCE SOIL EROSION? THE CASE OF EASTERN ...IAEME Publication
The fragile dryland areas in Morocco are seriously threatened by soil and water degradation. Each year, 100 million tons of soil are removed. Several soil conservation technologies have been developed in Morocco and are available for large diffusion but in many cases these technologies have not been permanently adopted. It seems that a large dissemination of these new practices requires some financial incentives that must be sufficiently high to stimulate farmers to adopt the technologies. The objective of this study is to identify the optimum level of payments for eco-system services (PES) that allows an acceptable adoption rate. In this study we used the Minimum data approach (MD) to assess the adoption rates of soil conservation technologies. Input data needed by this model are in general simple, compared to other data-intensive models. They are very often available from secondary sources. The technologies concerned by this study are Alley cropping of Atriplex with barley, deep de-stoning and improved olive trees. The results show that farmers in the study area are very aware of soil erosion damages. Model results show very high adoption rates of the proposed technologies (more than 90%) and without any financial incentives. Compared to field data the model over-estimates the adoption rates. This is mainly due to the fact that the model does not consider institutional and political constraints to the adoption. Therefore, any improvement of the adoption rates of soil conservation technologies in the region should consider the problem of credit access and land tenure as a first step. Furthermore, in complex environment such as the study region we suggest that this type of approach be coupled with qualitative analysis in order to better analyze and understand the problem of technology adoption.
Global Food Waste (A problem for water resource management)Shehzad Ali
These slides show food production data as well as water footprints for several countries. The data was obtained from reliable sources, and I analyzed it using a variety of technologies to create a geographic representation of the data.
Assessing Fruit Farmers’ Perceptions of Post-Harvest Losses in the Ashanti Re...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Post-harvest loss reduces food availability. The need to examine post-harvest loss in Africa is recognized in one of 2030 SDG goals for sustainable consumption and production. This goal appears to be a tremendous challenge as Africa expects to double its population from 1.2 billion to 2.5 billion. This paper examines fruit farmers’ perceptions about post-harvest loss in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. We interviewed 70 fruit farmers about the sources of post-harvest loss. We also assessed the relationship between their perceptions and socio-demographic characteristics. In revealing nuanced perceptions, we used the five-point Likert-scale in some questions. To determine the relationship between farmers’ perceptions and their socio-demographic characteristics, we conducted the multiple linear regression analysis. We found that the respondents were most concerned about their loss at market centers and storage. Loss during transportation was the least source of post-harvest loss perceived by the fruit farmers. The results from the regression analysis also showed that age, gender and farming experience were significantly associated with their perceptions. This paper then makes some recommendations to help reduce post-harvest loss for farmers.
Determinants of Small-Scale Irrigation Use: The Case of Jeldu District, West ...Premier Publishers
The study was conducted in Jeldu district on two peasant associations namely Metekoma and Laku. The objective of this study was to identify determinants of Small-scale irrigation use. A total of 118 farmers were randomly selected and interviewed by using semi structured questionnaire. A three-stage sampling technique was used to obtain a sample size of 118 rural farm households. Cross sectional data were collected through structured questionnaire, focus group discussion, key informants and observation. Household caloric acquisition was employed to measure household food security in the study area. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. Binary logistic regression model reveals that, out of eleven explanatory variables, age of household, educational level of household, Adult equivalent, cultivated land size, Oxen ownership of household, livestock ownership in TLU, and total farm income were found to be significant. Governmental and non-governmental should give attention on intensifying agricultural production in order to encourage the productivity of limited land. The study concluded that small scale irrigation is one of the viable solutions to secure household food needs in the study area. The study also suggested the proper management system of the irrigation schemes in order to sustainably use them.
Effectiveness of drip irrigation in enhancing smart farming: a micro-study in...AkashSharma618775
This study aims to examine the effectiveness of drip irrigation in enhancing smart farming in the midnorth of Uganda. A descriptive review was adopted targeting one smart farm in the district. Data was gathered by
means of an interview guide and a farmers’ observation guide, and it was analysed using content analysis
correspondingly. The outcomes suggest that drip irrigation does not represent a large fraction of irrigation systems
in mid-north Uganda and the world in general; however, a number of new drip irrigation systems are being set-up
notwithstanding the very slow pace. Further revelation suggests that farmers can benefit from drip irrigation
through gaining knowledge and skills from visits and advises from the frequent visits; being a source of income
when the produce are sold; as well as providing food security for families, the adjacent community and the district
as a whole. Nonetheless, drip irrigation faces challenges of dearth of commitment by some members of the family,
untimely delivery of agro inputs, over cultivation of the land and very expensive inputs. It is obvious that drip
irrigation technologies are essential in enhancing smart farming in Oyam district, mid-north Uganda and the
country as a whole. The outcomes of the study can be useful as a source for scaling out drip irrigation in the region
and beyond especially when mounting a parameter on integration of drip irrigation on community development
agendas for small-holder farmers as targeted by the government’s agricultural cluster development programme.
This article contributes to the budding body of information on smart farming by emphasising obtainable
prospects, which can generate more pro-active small scale drip irrigation technologies.
The Brussels Development Briefing n. 56 on The Land-Water-Energy nexus and the Sustainability of the Food System organised by CTA, the European Commission/EuropeAid, the ACP Secretariat and Concord was held on 3rd of July 2019, 9h00-13h00 at the ACP Secretariat, Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels, Room C.
Analysis of Rural Households Food Security Status in Dibatie District, Wester...Premier Publishers
This study examines the rural household’s food security status and its determinants in the Dibatie district of Bebishangul Gumuz region. The simple random sampling technique was used to select respondents with proportionate sample size based on the number of households that exists in sampled kebele administrations. The data were collected using structured questionnaires and key informants interviews. Both descriptive statistics and econometric model (binary logit model) were used to analyze this data at household levels. Food Security Index is used to measure the food security status of sample households based on average kcal/day/adult equivalent. The results of this study revealed that households of 59.4% were found food secure and 46.6% food insecure. The mean calorie intake of all sampled households was 2431.68kcal/day/equivalent. Furthermore, estimated a binary logit model results show that the variables such as education level of household head, utilization of formal credit, cultivated land size, access to training, farm experience, household size and distance to nearest market were found significant influence on households’ food security status in the study area. However, the remaining variables were not found significant effect on households’ food security status. Finally, the study suggests that any interventions designed to promote farmers to increase food security status at household level in the study area are welcome.
Maximizing Water Productivity of Maize using Alternate Furrow Irrigation at C...Premier Publishers
Nowadays, water availability is a major limiting factor for development of agriculture in arid and semiarid areas. Under conditions of scarce water supply and drought, irrigation practices demand the maximum use of every drop of water to maximize water productivity for irrigated crops. A field experiment with a split-plot design was carried out to evaluate the combined effect of three furrow irrigation techniques and three irrigation levels treatments on maize grain yield and water productivity at Mekhoni Agricultural Research center (MeARC), Raya valley district. Irrigation was applied through furrows in three ways as the main plots: conventional furrow irrigation (CFI), alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), and fixed furrow irrigation (FFI). In CFI, irrigation was applied to every furrow at each irrigation event; in AFI irrigation was applied to alternate furrows which were dry in the preceding irrigation cycle, while in FFI, irrigation was applied to fixed furrows throughout the growing season. Each irrigation technique was further divided into three sub-irrigation treatments: two deficit irrigation levels 75% and 50% ETc and a control of 100% ETc as sub-plot were investigated. Results showed that maximum water productivity was obtained under the AFI system without a trade-off in grain yield and considerably save water. Hence, it is recommended as efficient irrigation technique in areas with limited water resources.
Elizabeth Bryan: Linkages between irrigation nutrition health and genderIFPRI Gender
A4NH and Gender Task Force seminar on Gender, Agriculture, and Health: Tracing the Links
Screencast recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/zer79kc0vnsrsgy/2015-10-20%2009.31%2010_20%20A4NH_IFPRI%20Gender%20Task%20Force%20Seminar_%20Gender%2C%20agriculture%2C%20and%20health.mp4?dl=0
How can we take into account health in our agriculture, nutrition, and gender research? Health and nutrition are closely interrelated: health status influences nutritional outcomes, by mediating a person’s ability to utilize nutrients and lead a healthy life, and nutritional status influences health, by mediating a person’s vulnerability to various illnesses. Both health and nutrition are directly and indirectly affected by rural livelihood decisions related to agriculture, livestock, and water management. Livelihood decisions and duties are gendered, in that social identity influences an individual’s options and choices. Men and women’s exposure to health risks, capacity to provide health care, and access to health services often vary due to these differing roles and rights.
This seminar provides three case studies in how gender dynamics in rural livelihoods influence health, and in turn, nutrition. Intended as an introduction to topics in gender, health, and agriculture, the seminar will help researchers familiar with the agriculture-to-nutrition pathways begin to think about how health has bearings on this framework.
In the seminar, Kelly Jones will present on recent research that traces how livelihood shocks may increase HIV transmission through higher-risk sex, especially for women. Elizabeth Bryan will share early-stage research on the links between small-scale irrigation adoption, gender, and health and nutrition outcomes. Delia Grace will introduce a gender-sensitive participatory risk assessment framework for addressing food safety.
Challenges of Water Supply and its Effect on Economic Production: A Case Stud...Premier Publishers
In recent years, Ussa has faced various challenges in water supply which has been a major concern to law makers and the government of Taraba state. This study therefore is aimed at examining the various problems and prospect of water supply in Ussa Local Government. The specific objectives were to identify the existing sources of water supply in Ussa Local Government of Taraba state, to examine the problems and prospect associated with each source in the study area, and to proffer alternative measure to appropriate quarters. Data were collected from 150 respondent of the study area. The data were analyzed using frequency tables and simple percentage statistics. The results revealed that 87.1% of the respondents agreed that there is water shortage in the area which as a result has led to increase charges by the suppliers, 51.3% said the water was good. More than 60% of the respondent claimed that the population of the study area usually consumes the water directly without any method of purification, and that the water is mostly used for domestic purposes. The study also reveals that 68.1% problem of water supply problem is seasonality and distance to source. Finally, the research shows that there are 28 boreholes existing in the study area while only 15 of the boreholes are functioning at the time when the research was conducted. The study recommends government at all levels to increase investment in providing water to the residents of the study area.
The Effects of Shifting Irrigation on Community Livelihoods and Environmental...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
This study sets out to investigate the effects of shifting irrigation on community livelihoods and environmental quality along the Ewaso Nyiro Basin of Isiolo County in Kenya. The study uses longitudinal data collected between 2006 and 2015 through participatory research techniques, case studies, observation, key informant interviews and questionnaire survey. Results from the study show that the lower EwasoNyiro basin has nine operational irrigation schemes which households along the basin depend to practice irrigation farming. Irrigation has diversified the means of livelihood of the people and is an important source of food in the lower EwasoNyiro basin. Due to irrigation practices, environmental degradation has been experienced. These include, soil erosion, deforestation, salinity and water logging. However biocide and chemical fertilizers use is low in these irrigation schemes. Environmental conservation practices are rarely practised in the irrigation schemes with minimal cases reporting soil erosion control, afforestation, soil fertility management and safe use of agro-chemicals. The study recommends portable means of lifting water from the river schemes and environmental conservation at the household level and at the scheme level in the short term. We also recommend policy measures that will ensure flood control at the catchment level as this will enablesetting up of permanent irrigation schemes in the study area as a long-term solution.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000545.php
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Factors influencing rice production in the Lwafi-katongolo irrigation scheme:...Open Access Research Paper
This study was conducted to assess factors influencing rice production in the Lwafi-Katongolo Irrigation Scheme. A sample of 120 farmers from 4 villages of Katongolo, Masolo, Kamwanda and Mpata were purposively selected for the assessment of factors influencing crop yields and water delivery (flow). Data was collected through a questionnaire administered to households to generate information on factors influencing water delivery and how the influence affects rice production. The data were subjected to analysis of trends in crop production and water flows using Microsoft Excel. Multivariate regression analysis was used to assess factors influencing production during the wet and dry seasons while Descriptive analysis was used to determine the level of farmer satisfaction on irrigation services. Qualitative data were analyzed by content analysis. The findings show that Cropped land size, condition of secondary canals, relative position of irrigated area and Government facilitation for maintenance significantly and positively influenced productivity in the scheme. Experience of farmers in irrigation practices influenced negatively the productivity in the scheme. The annual rainfall increased 1.58mm in the period 1981-2020 causing destruction of canal walls and soil erosion in the scheme. Water discharge in the irrigation scheme decreased by 40.36m3/s between 2019 and 2021 implying poor water supply hence negatively influencing productivity. The finding also explained farmers satisfaction for water delivery in the scheme as the response was 61.57% Neutral, 33.75% Dissatisfied, 3.64% Satisfied, 1.04 Strong Dissatisfied and 0% Strong Satisfied. The study recommends, the government and other stake holder of agriculture should continue planning for rehabilitating the infrastructure destructed and constructing other structure as per design, construction of water dam, and rescheduling of the maintenance and operation for Water user association in the scheme.
Overview of water resources and sustainable development impacts in SenegalAI Publications
Senegal's water resources and water economy system largely determines its sustainable socio-economic development. Water resources and water sustainability for future generations, water and environmental security, public access to clean water, reliability and sustainability of water supplies to meet needs economy, the condition of water bodies and water resources, and the ability to predict and prevent damage from water-related emergencies, all play an important role in safety. national country. Water resources are national goods and natural resources which undergo quantitative and qualitative changes throughout the national territory. Water resources have been described as an essential resource that underpins economic growth, social development and, of course, environmental protection. This article examines in detail the concepts and links between water resources and sustainable development, the different sectors, and also the current situation of water resources in Senegal. Information is gathered from secondary sources and available statistics (books and the Internet). The results show the state of the deterioration of water resources and the rising demand for water from the population which is worsening with population growth, development and climate change. In 2017, 78.5% of the total population had access to drinking water, 92.9% in urban areas and 67.3% in rural areas. As for the total renewable water resources per capita, they are only 2459 m3 / capita / year and places Senegal in a situation of water vulnerability, a situation that will deteriorate further by 2 030 when a good part of the world's population will live under the grip of a weak or catastrophically weak water supply.
Factors Affecting Adoption and its Intensity of Malt Barley Technology Packag...Premier Publishers
Enhancing the probability of adoption and its intensity is not an easy task because there are numerous factors that affect producers’ adoption decision. Hence, the study was aimed to investigate the factors that affect adoption and intensity of adoption among malt barley producers in southern Ethiopia. Using random sampling technique, 251 smallholder malt barley producers were selected to collect primary data through semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and econometrics model (Tobit model) methods were used for data analysis. The study identified five major malt barley technology packages in the study area. Such practices are; improved seed, seeding rate, fertilizer rate, plowing frequency and row planting. Thus, non-adopter accounted for 7.5% of total sample, partial adopter (50.2%), fully adopter (42.3%) and intensity ranges from 0.12-0.84 for partially adopter and 0.85-0.96 for fully adopter. The results of Tobit model indicated that factors influencing adoption and its intensity are; education, family size, land size, access to credit, membership to cooperative, access to training, access to demonstration, total livestock unit and distance to nearest market. Which are affected farmers adoption decision and intensity of adoption significantly in one or another way. Therefore, government and any development interventions should give emphasis to improvement of such institutional support system so as to achieve wider adoption, increased productivity and income to small scale.
Assessing the availability of community water at Madlangamphisi, a community ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The research was conducted to assess the availability of domestic water and the extent of the problems associated with water scarcity at Madlangamphisi area in the Hhohho district of Eswatini. The research was a descriptive survey. A questionnaire was used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data for the survey. A total of 169 households out of 300 households in the community were randomly selected to participate in the survey. The majority (56.2%) of the households confirmed that there was water scarcity problems in the area as the streams they used for domestic water frequently dried up during the winter months. The study showed that a majority, 51.5% used water from rivers as the main source of domestic water, while 40.2% of the people travelled for more than 1,000 m to fetch water. To cope with water scarcity problems, 43.2% of the households reduced their water consumption level during droughts while 45% practiced rooftop rainwater harvesting. The study concluded that Madlangamphisi community experienced serious water scarcity problems since they relied on unprotected water sources for domestic use. Moreover, they had to travel for more than 200 m to collect water from nearest sources which is considered an indication of water scarcity by the WHO. The study observed that there was a need to introduce a rural water supply scheme in the area to solve the water scarcity problems and that households should treat water for drinking by either boiling or use a disinfectant to eliminate pathogenic organisms in the water.
Similar to Determinants of Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Improved Irrigation Water Use: The Case of Woliso District, Ethiopia (20)
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
The goal of neuroprotection is to shield neurons against damage, whether that damage is caused by environmental factors, pathogens, or neurodegenerative illnesses. Inhibiting protein-based deposit buildup, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as rectifying abnormalities of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, are some of the ways in which medicinal herbs have neuroprotective effects [1-3]. This review will focus on the ways in which medicinal herbs may protect neurons.
A phytochemical and pharmacological review on canarium solomonenseAI Publications
The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally canarium solomonense have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for canarium solomonense as discussed in this review include antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.
Influences of Digital Marketing in the Buying Decisions of College Students i...AI Publications
This research investigates the influence of digital marketing channels on purchasing decisions among college students in Ramanathapuram District. The study highlights that social media marketing, online advertising, and mobile marketing exhibit substantial positive effects on purchase decisions. However, email marketing's impact appears to be more complex. Moreover, the study explores how demographic variables like gender and academic level shape these effects. Notably, freshman students display varying susceptibility to specific digital marketing messages compared to their junior, senior, or graduate counterparts. These findings offer crucial insights for marketers aiming to tailor their strategies effectively to the preferences and behaviors of college students. By understanding the differential impacts of various digital marketing channels and considering demographic nuances, marketers can refine their approaches, optimize engagement, and ultimately enhance the effectiveness of their campaigns in targeting this demographic.
A Study on Performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural...AI Publications
The Karnataka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Limited is the apex bank of all the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development banks in the state. All the PCARD Banks in the state are affiliated to it. The KSCARD Bank provides financial accommodation to the PCARD Banks for their lending operations. In order to quick sanction and disbursement of loans and supervision over the PCARD Banks the KSCARD Bank has opened district level branches. Bank has established Women Development Cell to promote entrepreneurship among women in 2005. The Bank is identifying women borrowers in the rural areas by assigning suitable projects to motivate their self-confidence to lead independent life. Progress made in financing women entrepreneurs women.
Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
More analysis on environment protection and sustainable agriculture - A case ...AI Publications
This study presents a case of tea and coffee crops , esp. environment protection and sustainable agriculture in Son La and Thai Nguyen of Vietnam. Research results show us that The process of having an agricultural product goes through many steps such as planting, planning, harvesting, packing, transporting, storing and distributing. - The State adopts policies to encourage innovation of agricultural production models and methods towards sustainability, adapting to climate change, saving water, and limiting the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. chemicals and products for environmental treatment in agriculture; develop environmentally friendly agricultural models. Our research limitation is that we can expand for other crops, industries and markets as well.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Cultivating Proactive Cybersecurity Culture among IT Professional to Combat E...AI Publications
In the current digital landscape, cybercriminals continually evolve their techniques to execute successful attacks on businesses, thus posing a great challenge to information technology (IT) professionals. While traditional cybersecurity approaches like layered defense and reactive security have helped IT professionals cope with traditional threats, they are ineffective in dealing with evolving cyberattacks. This paper focuses on the need for a proactive cybersecurity culture among IT professionals to enable them combat evolving threats. The paper emphasis that building a proactive security approach and culture can help among IT professionals anticipate, identify, and mitigate latent threats prior to them exploiting existing vulnerabilities. This paper also points out that as IT professionals use reactive security when dealing with traditional attacks, they can use it collaboratively with proactive security to effectively protect their networks, data, and systems and avoid heavy costs of dealing with cyberattack’s aftermaths and business recovery.
The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
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Determinants of Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Improved Irrigation Water Use: The Case of Woliso District, Ethiopia
1. International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research (IJREH) [Vol-3, Issue-3, May-Jun, 2019]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijreh.3.3.4 ISSN: 2456-8678
www.aipublications.com/ijreh Page | 101
Determinants of Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for
Improved Irrigation Water Use: The Case of
Woliso District, Ethiopia
Tadesse Tolera Ejeta1*, Belaineh Legesse2, Mohammed Aman3
1
Department of Agricultural Economics, Ambo University, Woliso Campus, Woliso, Ethiopia
2,3
Department of Agricultural Economics, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
Abstract— The main objective of this study was to identify the key determinants of farmers’ willingness to pay for improved
irrigation water use using the contingent valuation method. Cross sectional data were collected from 251 households using a
two-stage sampling technique (purposive and random sampling techniques) from four kebeles of Woliso District through a semi-
structured questionnaire. The result from the Tobit model revealed that education level, family size, irrigable land size, number
of oxen owned, total annual income, experience in irrigated farming, dissatisfaction, credit utilization and cash crops have
significant and positive effect on households’ WTP for the improvement of the existing irrigation use whereas initial bid was
found to have a negative and significant effect. Since these variables are identified as major determinants of willingness to pay
for improved irrigation water use, policy makers and government should take into account in the designing of improved
irrigation water supply system.
Keywords— Contingent Valuation, Willingness to Pay, Irrigation, Tobit Model, Woliso.
I. INTRODUCTION
Water is a finite and vulnerable resource for which
irrigation water is generally regarded as non-market good,
plays a vital role in economic development (Anteneh,
2016). However, the future use and quality of water
resources is affected by the effective use, financing and
management of water in addition to the most important
factor of population size. As a result, one of the determining
factors of water availability will be water users and, their
willingness to pay for the financing of systems and the
sustainable management of water resources (Aydogdu,
2012).
In many parts of the world including developed world,
irrigation farming has been necessitated by the growing
land shortage and the need to maximize on the limited land
available to grow food (Moyo et al., 2015). Irrigation, being
one of ameliorating measures, is certainly most successful
way of fighting against drought because it controls soil
water balance, which creates favorable conditions for high,
stable and economically justified plant production (Kljajic
et al., 2013). This also benefits the poor through higher
production, higher yields, lower risk of crop failure, and
higher and year-round farm and non-farm employment.
Irrigation enables smallholders to adopt more diversified
cropping patterns, and to switch from low value staple
production to high-value market-oriented production.
Increased production makes food available and affordable
for the poor (Asayehegn et al., 2011).
Irrigation development in Ethiopia is in its infancy stage
(Eneyew, 2014). There are some constraints regarding the
development of irrigation systems in Ethiopia. The major
constraints hindering irrigation developments are
predominantly primitive nature of the overall existing
production system, shortage of adequate agricultural inputs
and limited improved irrigation technologies, limited
trained human power, inadequate extension services, and
heavy capital requirement (MoA, 2011). Besides, lack of
regular maintenance and rehabilitation hampered proper
implementation of the irrigation project and as a
consequence, discouraged smallholder farmers in the
country (Alemayehu, 2014). Ethiopia has yet developed not
more than 5% of the irrigation potential. Much of this is
owned and poorly managed by small holder farmers
(Eneyew et al., 2014). Similarly, Dereje et al. (2011)
reported that irrigated agriculture comprises only 3% of the
total national food production. That is why; irrigated
agriculture is far from satisfactory despite of public interest,
and strategic support of the government.
2. International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research (IJREH) [Vol-3, Issue-3, May-Jun, 2019]
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Because there is nonuse value attached to irrigation water,
in practice, it is difficult to determine the monetary value of
irrigation water using market price. Thus, user participation
throughout the entire irrigation management process
appears to be an important method to achieve better
irrigation water management (Tang et al., 2013).
Accordingly, water pricing can potentially raise an
ownership feeling to the farmers, which will ultimately lead
to better use of available water and increased crop
production (Bongole, 2014). However, free or very low
charge encourages overuse, reduces the incentive for
farmers to cooperate or participate in irrigation originations,
and may result in low system productivity and poor
conservation. Therefore, more attention should be given by
government and other stakeholders for the implementation
of irrigation water management practices in order to supply
reliable irrigation water to the farmers. Furthermore,
government and policy makers should consider the
significant variables which have an impact in determining
households' WTP (Alemayehu, 2014).
Previously, a number of studies were conducted using CVM
in the valuation of irrigation water improvement to identify
only the probability of households’ WTP (Assefa, 2012;
Alhassan et al., 2013; Angella et al., 2014), but none has
been focused in estimation of improved irrigation water use
to analyze both the probability of WTP and amount of
money the households could pay as a whole and particularly
in Ethiopia. Therefore, the objective of this study is to
analyze the determinants of households’ willingness to pay
for improved irrigation water use in Woliso District of
Ethiopia.
II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1. Description of the Study Area
The study was undertaken in Woliso District of South West
Shoa Zone of Oromia National Regional State. Woliso
District is located at a latitude and longitude of 8ᵒ 32′ 23.0′′
N and 37ᵒ 58′ 16.3′′ E in the Southern West part of the
country along Finfinne to Jimma main road, extending from
90-140 km from the capital city of the country, Finfinne. It
has an area of 1,511.501 km2, and 37 rural kebeles and three
urban centers including Woliso town. The district is
bordered in South by the Regional State of Southern
Peoples’ Nations and Nationalities and Goro district, in the
North by Dendi district of West Shoa and Dawo district, in
North East by Becho district, in West by Amaya district, in
North West by Wonchi district, in East by Saden Sodo of
South West Shoa Zone. Agro-ecologically, it is classified
into weinadega (70%) and dega (30%) zones. Chromic and
Vertisol are the dominant soil types found in the district.
The largest river in the district, Walga River that located at
8 km from Woliso town is a major source of irrigation water
of the farmer (WWAdO, 2016).
The population of the district is projected at about 171,150
persons in 2014, of which 85,175 are male and 85,975
females. From the total population 3,622 are urban dwellers
whereas 167,528 are rural people. It is the most densely
populated district of the zone (CSA, 2013).
The district has a long history of traditional irrigation
practices and indigenous knowledge. Hence, it is possible to
grab the opportunities and capitalize on. Accordingly, the
households of the district are used to produce mostly
different crops. However, there is a low institutional support
for both irrigation users and non-users (Beyera, 2004).
2.2. Data type, Sources and Methods of Data Collection
The primary data were collected from sample households in
the study area through semi-structured questionnaire using
face to face interview. Besides, the data were generated by
interview of the District Irrigation Development Authority
Offices workers and supplemented by Focus Group
Discussion (FGD) to generate qualitative information on the
pre-test. Secondary data were also collected from the
District Irrigation Development Authority Office and other
relevant sources.
2.3. Sampling Technique and Sample Size
The study used a two-stage sampling technique (both a
purposive and randomsampling techniques) in the selection
of the study site and the sample households, respectively. In
the first stage, four kebeles (namely Badessa-Koricha, Gute-
Godeti, Ciracha-Wanberi, and Gurura-Baka) were
purposively selected from 37 rural kebeles of Woliso
District based on representativeness to the major irrigation
users of the Woliso District, proximity to the source of
water i.e. their irrigable farm land is close to the river that
used as the major irrigation source, and personal experience
in irrigated farm in the area. In second stage, irrigation
water user farm households were selected randomly from
each sample kebele using probability proportional to sample
size. Accordingly, the desired sample size is equal to 251.
2.4. Methods of Data Analysis
Econometric Model Specification
Tobit model was used in this study for analyzing the
determinants of WTP and the maximum amount of money
3. International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research (IJREH) [Vol-3, Issue-3, May-Jun, 2019]
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that respondents are willing to pay for improved irrigation
water use. This model has an advantage over other discrete
models in that, it reveals both the probability of WTP and
its maximum WTP for the households, simultaneously.
From an empirical standpoint Logit and Probit typically
yield similar estimates of the relevant derivatives for only
between 0 and 1. The cumulative distribution functions for
the two models differ slightly only in the tails of their
respective distributions. This makes the choice of the model
arbitrary, though Logit has advantage of simplicity and ease
of interpretation. However, the Tobit model uses all of the
information, including information on censoring, and
provides consistent and efficient estimates than other
discrete models, logit and probit (Patnaik and Sharma,
2013).
Following Maddala (1992) and Johnston and Dindaro
(1997), the Tobit model can be defined as:
MWTPi
∗
= Xi β + εi i = 1,2,3 … . . . N… (1)
MWTPi = MWTPi
∗
,if MWTPi
∗
> 0
MWTPi = 0, if MWTPi
∗
≤ 0
Where, MWTPi = the observed dependent variable, in this
case maximum willingness to pay of each household (𝑖 𝑡ℎ
household).
MWTPi
∗
= is a latent variable which is not observed when it
is less than or equal to 0, but is observed if it is greater than
0.
Xi = Vector of factors affecting WTP
= Vector of unknown parameters
εi = Error terms that are independently and normally
distributed with mean zero and common variance σ2.
The model parameters are estimated by maximizing the
tobit likelihood function of the following form (Amamiya,
1985).
L = ∏ 1
δMWTPi
∗
>0 f (
MWTPi−β′X
σ
) (2)
Where: f and F are the density function and cumulative
distribution function of Yi
∗ , respectively. ∏MWTPi
∗
≤0 Means
the product over those i for which ∏MWTPi
∗
≤0 and
∏MWTPi
∗
>0 Means the product over those ἰ for which
∏MWTPi
∗
>0 .
It may not be sensible to interpret coefficient of a Tobit in
the same way as one interprets coefficients in a non
censored linear model (Johnston and Dindaro, 1997).
Hence, one has to compute the derivatives of the estimated
Tobit model to predict the effects of changes in the
exogenous variables.
∂E(MWTPi
)
∂Xi
= f(t)β′
(3)
Where,
β′
Xi
σ
is denoted by t.
The change in the probability of WTP as independent
variable changes is:
∂F(t)
∂Xi
= f(t) β′
σ
(4)
The change in the amount of WTP with respect to a change
in explanatory variable among individuals who are willing
to pay is:
∂E(
MWTPi
MWTPi
∗
≠ 0⁄ ) =
β′ [1 − t
f(t)
F(t)
− (
f(t)
F(t)
) 2] (5)
Where, F(t) is the cumulative normal distribution of T, f(t)
is the value of derivative of the normal curve at a given
point (i.e., unit normal density), t is the T score for the area
under normal curve, β′
is the vector of tobit maximum
likelihood estimate and is the standard error of the error
term.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1. Households’ Characteristics
The survey results show that the average educational
attainment of household was 6 class years with the
minimum educational achievement of no attendance, and
the maximum achievement was 12 class years. The
student’s t-test shows that there is a statistically significance
difference in the mean class year between willing and non-
willing households. In the study area, the households are
varying according to the size of their family. Accordingly,
the mean family size was 3.6 adult equivalents which vary
between a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 7.4 adult
equivalents. The mean experience of farm household in
irrigation practice was 15.52 years which range from a
minimum of 4 to a maximum of 33 years. Practical
irrigation farming experience significantly varies between
willing and non willing households, with average years of
experience of 16.18 and 7.58, respectively.
The total number of household respondents, only about
12.75% were female headed while the remaining 87.25%
were male headed households. From the total 232 willing
households, 90.09% were male headed households and
9.91% were female headed households. The chi-square
value shows that there is a statistically significant difference
between male and female headed households with regards
to their willingness to pay, showing that sex difference is
systematically related to the status of willingness to pay for
improved irrigation use in the study area.
4. International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research (IJREH) [Vol-3, Issue-3, May-Jun, 2019]
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3.2. Institutional Characteristics of Sample Households
The mean credit households obtained fromdifferent sources
and utilized is about 2069.6 Birr which ranges from 0 to
6000 Birr in the last year crop season. The significant
respective mean difference for both willing and non willing
households is found to be 2228.8 and 124.6 Birr,
respectively. About 72.11% of the credit was from micro
financial institutions. The rest 26.09% of the credit has been
received from friends and relatives, and only about 1.8%
comes from idir. The purpose of the credit received by
respondents was to purchase fertilizer, to buy oxen, to buy
seed, for livestock rearing, to purchase irrigation facilities,
for petty trade, for home consumption and house building,
in descending.
3.3. Farm Characteristics and Resource Ownership of
Sample Households
The irrigable land holding is the most important input of
production for households of the study area. The mean
irrigable land holding of sample households is 3.99 timad
(0.99 ha). The survey result also indicated that a mean
irrigable land ownership for the willing and non-willing
households is 4.11 timad (1.03 ha) and 2.55 timad (0.64 ha)
respectively, that was found to be statistically significant.
Oxen are the sole draft power used for plowing, and used
for other function such as threshing, in the study area.
Hence, it is much needed by farm households to cultivate
their land on time in crop season. The average number of
oxen owned by farm households was 4 with a minimum of
0 and maximum of 8 oxen.
The observed average annual household income is about
Birr 66,631.4. The income level ranges from a minimum of
Birr 1700 to a maximum of Birr 160,223 per year. The
mean income difference between willing and non-willing
household is 69,939 and 26,243.79 Birr, respectively that is
found to be statistically significant. From the total mean
annual income of sample households, vegetable and
perennial crops contribute the highest income followed by,
income from livestock and its products, off/non-farm
income, annual crop respectively. The mean distance of the
household walk on foot from the water source of irrigation
was 1.3 hours with the range of 0.3 to 2 hours.
From all sample households included in the study, about
75.3% responded that rainfed agricultural crop productivity
decreased and the remaining 24.7% of the households
responded that there was no decrease in rainfed agricultural
crop productivity. As it was indicated by the majority of
household heads, the variability in rainfall pattern, intensity
and amount is the major cause for the decrease in
productivity.
The survey results identified that about 98.01% of
households are dissatisfied with the existing irrigation water
use while only the remaining 1.99% households are
satisfied with the existing irrigation water supply. This may
be because of seasonality of irrigation water, imbalance
between existing demand and supply, distance from water
source, absence of canal, and conflict among them made to
be dissatisfied with the existing water use.
Results also shows that of the total households surveyed,
96.02% were growing cash crops (such as khat, coffee,
sugarcane) and 3.98% were not growing cash cops. In the
study area most households grow cash crops on the major
portion of their irrigable land, and they always worry about
such crops whether or not to get the optimum amount of
water supply for them.
3.4. Determinants of Willingness to Pay for Improved
Irrigation Water Use
Before estimating the effect of the explanatory variables,
the correlation matrix using survey data was generated, and
shows that multicollinearity is not a serious problem.
Besides, robust standard errors were used and estimated in
this study to solve heteroscedasticity problem. The results
of the Tobit model show that farmers’ willingness to pay is
influenced by 10 variables that found to be statistically
significant out of 16 explanatory variables included in the
model. The results of the Tobit model and its marginal
effects are presented in Table 1 and 2, respectively.
Education Level of the Household Head (EDUC):
Educational level, as expected was positively related to
WTP and significant at 5% probability level. Keeping other
factors constant, the marginal effect of the variable indicates
that a class year increase in education level of the household
increases the probability of WTP for improved irrigation
water use by 0.024%. In the similar way, as the education
level of household increased by a class year, the amount of
cash a household is willing to pay for improved irrigation
water use could increase by 10.87 Birr, ceteris paribus. That
is, households with more class years are more willing to pay
for improved irrigation water. One possible reason could be
that more literate individuals are more concerned about
water resource as education provides knowledge and makes
the household get information, and the information creates
awareness about the benefits obtained from improved
irrigation water than less educated or illiterate ones. This
5. International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research (IJREH) [Vol-3, Issue-3, May-Jun, 2019]
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was consistent with the findings of (Ayana et al., 2015;
Birhane and Geta, 2016).
Family size (FAMSIZ): In agreement with a prior
expectation, family size was found to be statistically
significant at the 10% level with positive sign. Keeping the
influence of other factors constant, an increase in the total
family size by a single adult equivalent increases the
probability of being willing to pay for improved irrigation
water use by 0.024%. Similarly, when the family size of the
household increases by one adult equivalent, the amount of
cash a household is willing to pay for improved irrigation
water use may increase by 10.94 Birr, keeping other factors
constant. This may be because irrigation practices are labor
intensive to utilize available water; hence households with
large family size are willing to invest more in irrigation.
Irrigation water can also support the large family
households through increasing the production and ensuring
the supply of enough food to them. This is consistent with
the findings of (Mezgebo et al., 2013; Alemayehu, 2014).
Irrigable Land Size (LANDSIZ): Irrigable land size of the
household is statistically significant at 1% and related
positively to WTP for improved irrigation water use. Other
factors remaining constant, if irrigable land size of a
household increases by one timad (0.25ha), the probability
of WTP for improved irrigation water use increases by
about 0.05%. In another way, when irrigable land size of the
household increases by one timad (0.25 ha), the amount of
cash that the household could pay for improved irrigation
water use increases by 22.67 Birr, holding other factors
constant. It has been expected that as the irrigable land size
of a household in timad increases, the opportunity of high
income from crop production using irrigation water will be
surge. Therefore, this would lead to a higher demand for
improved irrigation water. The findings of (Syaukat et al.,
2014; Anteneh, 2016) are in agreement with what has been
found in the present study.
Number of Oxen Owned (OXEN): Total number of oxen
has been found to relate to the probability of willingness to
pay for improved irrigation water use positively and
significantly at 1% significance level. The calculated
marginal effect shows that for each additional increment of
the number of oxen, the probability of households’
willingness to pay for the improved irrigation water use will
increase by 0.075%, keeping the other explanatory variables
constant. Similarly, when the number of oxen owned by a
household increases by one head, the amount of cash a
household is willing to pay for improved irrigation water
use may increase by 34.37 Birr, ceteris paribus. Number of
oxen could have a lion’s share in rising income and wealth
of rural households for its direct role in agricultural
productivity. Households with larger number of oxen are
likely to participate in irrigation practice (Gebrehiwot et al.,
2015), and also raise farm income for they can use other
farm inputs more efficiently by bringing additional land into
cultivation through either cash rent or share cropping basis
(Asayehegn, 2012). When this holds true, the willingness to
pay for improved irrigation will also increase.
Total Annual Income (INCOM): Households’ total yearly
income has a positive sign and it is statistically significant
at 1% level of significance. The marginal effect shows that
an increase in the total annual income of the household by a
thousand Birr increases the likelihood of households’ WTP
for improved irrigation water supply by 0.0068%, keeping
other factors constant. In similar way, when an income of a
household increases by one thousand Birr, the amount of
cash a household could pay for improved irrigation water
use increases by 3.1 Birr, holding other factors constant.
Higher income increases the ability of household to pay and
contribute to the allocation of available water to the
households. Besides, those households with higher income
are willing to pay more for improved irrigation water than
their counterparts with lower income. This result is
consistent report of (Assefa, 2012; Tang et al., 2013).
Experience in Irrigated Farming (EXPER): The
irrigation farming experience is found to be statistically
significant at 1% level of significance with the expected
positive sign. The results suggest that a one year increase in
irrigation farming experience of a household head increases
the probability of households’ WTP for improved irrigation
water use by 0.018%, holding other factors constant. When
irrigated farming experience of a household increases by
one year, the amount of cash that the households could pay
for improved irrigation water use would increase by 8.1
Birr, ceteris paribus. A possible explanation is that
households with longer irrigation farming experience can
easily realize the benefit from it and hence are more likely
to attach high value for irrigation water than those shorter
years of irrigation farming experience. This result is
consistent with the findings of (Assefa, 2012; Ayana et al.,
2015).
Dissatisfaction (DISSAT): Dissatisfaction with the existing
irrigation water supply system is found to be positively
influencing households’ WTP for improved irrigation water
use at 1% level of significance. The marginal effect
estimate shows that households who are not satisfied by the
existing irrigation water use are 16.1% more likely to
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support its improvement than those households reported
their satisfaction with the existing irrigation water use.
Similarly, households who are dissatisfied with the existing
irrigation water use would pay Birr 326.54 more than those
expressed their satisfaction with the existing use.
Comparing to other variables, this variable has more an
immense effect on determining the WTP of the household
for improved irrigation water use in the study area.
Households who are dissatisfied with the existing irrigation
water supply system are found to be willing to pay more if
there is an improvement as compared to those who are
currently satisfied with the existing irrigation water supply.
This may be due to the prevailing problems with the
existing irrigation water use such as water scarcity, poor
distribution of water, imbalance between the supply and
demand, and conflict among users. This result is consistent
with the findings of (Anteneh, 2016).
Credit Utilization (CREDT): The variable credit
utilization has a positive sign as expected and significant at
10% significance level. This indicates that utilization of
cash credit has a positive influence on the price farmers’ are
willing to pay for the improved of irrigation water use. The
result indicates that, keeping other factors constant, a one
Birr increase in the households’ credit utilization increases
the probability of the households’ willingness to pay for
improved irrigation water use by 0.13%. Similarly, when
the credit utilization of households increases by one Birr the
amount of cash that the household could pay for improved
irrigation water use also increases by Birr 50.6, holding the
effect of factors constant. The better credit farmers utilize,
the higher is the price that they are willing to pay, because
credit enables cash constrained farmers to invest in
complementary inputs to irrigation, thereby enhancing their
output and income. This result is supported by the findings
of (Omondi et al., 2014; Angella et al., 2014).
Table 1: The Tobit model results of the maximum willingness to pay
Variables Coefficients Robust Std.Err. t-values
Distance from water source (Hour) -4.883297 3.371691 -1.45
Distance from the market (Hour) -23.03829 30.28418 -0.76
Education (Class Year) 10.99667** 4.766136 2.31
Family size (Adult Equivalent) 11.07262* 5.970248 1.85
Land size (timad) 22.9416*** 8.3019 2.76
Oxen (Count) 34.78387*** 6.57817 5.29
Income (Birr) 3.13863*** .523806 5.99
Age (Year) -1.947455 1.364906 -1.43
Experience (Year) 8.166546*** 2.086936 3.91
Sex (1=Male) 10.38187 35.49004 0.29
Trend(1=Decrease) 13.48568 28.93801 0.47
Dissatisfaction (1= Yes) 378.7321*** 138.5536 2.73
Credit utilization (Birr) 51.29487* 27.23905 1.88
Cash crop growing(1=Grow) 190.7497** 84.03015 2.27
Labor shortage (1=Yes) 27.23397 24.11122 1.13
Initial bid (Birr) -25.92072*** 6.866233 -3.78
Constant -488.9225 175.9271 -2.78
No. of observation: 251; Log likelihood = -1546.23; F (16, 235) = 27.15; Pro > F = 0.000;
Pseudo R2 = 0.0987; Threshold value for the model: Lower = 0.0000 Upper = + infinity
***, **, *: significant at 1%, 5% and 10% significance level, respectively.
Source: Own computation
Table 2: Marginal effects of explanatory variables on the amount of willingness to pay
Variable Change in the
probability
Change among
the water users(Birr)
Overall
change
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Distance from water source (Hr) 0.0001052 -4.825382 -4.877585
Distance from the market (Hr) 0.0004963 -22.76505 -23.01134
Education (Class Year) 0.0002369 10.86625 10.98381
Family size (Adult Equivalent) 0.0002385 10.9413 11.05967
Land size (timad) 0.0004942 22.66951 22.91476
Oxen (Count) 0.0007493 34.37134 34.74318
Income (Birr) 0.0000676 3.101407 3.134959
Age (Year) -0.000042 -1.924358 -1.945177
Experience (Year) 0.0001759 8.069691 8.156993
Sex (1=Male) 0.0002389 10.25126 10.36881
Trend(1=Decrease) 0.0003082 13.31708 13.46884
Dissatisfaction (1= Yes) 0.1609477 326.5385 363.3554
Credit utilization (Birr) 0.0012903 50.59861 51.22353
Cash crop growing(1=Grow) 0.0202417 181.9665 189.3812
Labor shortage (1=Yes) 0.000616 26.8969 27.20034
Initial bid (Birr) 0.0005584 -25.6133 -25.8904
Source: Own computation
Cash crops growing (CASHCRP): Growing cash crops
are found to influence the willingness of the households to
pay for improved irrigation water use positively at 5%
significance level. The marginal effect of the variable
indicates that, keeping other factors constant, farmers who
grow cash crops had 2.02% more probability of paying for
improved irrigation water use than those farmers who do
not grow cash crops. Farmers who grow cash crops would
also pay Birr 181.96 for improved irrigation water more
than those who do not grow cash crops. This is because of
the economic importance of cash crops, which means
households’ growing such crops earn significant amount of
income, which in turn enable the household to purchase
productive inputs on time, and access technologies. In the
study area, there are some households who obtain the
highest annual income from sales of cash crops specially,
khat. Therefore, in the study area households are willing to
increase the area under cash crops. The increase in the area
under cash crops can help in increasing the household
income levels (Ali, 2013). Accordingly, they need more
improved irrigation water to sustain their source of income,
and they are also more willing to pay for an improved
provision of improved irrigation water.
Initial Bid (IBID): The coefficient of initial bid has the
negative sign as expected, and significant at 1% level of
significance, indicating that the higher the amount the lesser
the probability of accepting the offered amount which is
consistent with the economic theory. This suggests that a
one hundred Birr increase in the offered initial bid will
decrease the probability of the household‘s willingness to
pay for improved irrigation water use in the study area by
0.056%, other factors held constant. In similar way, when
the initial bid price increases by one hundred Birr, the
amount of cash the farmer could pay for improved irrigation
water use decrease by 25.61 Birr, ceteris paribus.
Comparable effects have been reported by (Tang et al.,
2013; Alemayehu, 2014).
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Water is an economic resource which is necessary in the
development of irrigation and plays a vital role in economic
development. Hence, the main objective of this study was to
identify the determinants of farmers’ willingness to pay for
improved irrigation water using the contingent valuation
method in Woliso District.
The contingent valuation method used a Tobit model to
identify the key determinants of farmers’ willingness to pay
for improved irrigation water use. The important variables
identified in this study to determine farmers’ WTP for
improved irrigation water are, education level of the
household head, family size, irrigable land size, number of
oxen, total annual income, experience in irrigated farming,
dissatisfaction, credit utilization, cash crops growing, and
initial bid. All these variables were found to positively and
significantly influence the probability of WTP for improved
irrigation water use, except the initial offered bid value that
was negatively and significantly related to WTP of the
farmers. In conclusion, policy makers and government
should take into account these important variables in
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designing and implementing the improved irrigation water
supply systemfor the users of the study area.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to acknowledge the Ministry of Education
of Ethiopia in general and Wollega University in particular
for providing a research funding to the first author to carry
out this study.
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