Desulphurization of kerosene
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there are several methods available for desulphurization but adsorption method is best method. because clay contains highest adsorption capacity and we get 0.05% of sulphur in the kerosene oil.
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Mainly in industries dry, elevated temperature removal processes are used as cold plume is not formed and problem of handling large amount of slurry in flue gases is avoided.
But there are technical issues resulting in such method making wet method more applicable in industries.
Adsorption of SO2 by metal oxides to from stable sulphites or sulphates with subsequent regeneration.
-Alkalized Alumina Process
-Manganese Oxide Process
Adsorption on activated carbon followed by regeneration and conversion of concentrated SO2 to sulphuric acid or elemental sulphur.
-The Reinluft Process
ALKALIZED ALUMINA PROCESS:
Also called as Cyclic Adsorption Process.
It was developed by U.S Bureau of Mines.
Adsorbent used : Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3)-it is porous form.
This process uses Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3) to remove SO2 in fluidized bed at 315°C.
Na2O.Al2O3 + SO2 + ½ O2 → Na2SO4 + Al2SO3
The product of above reaction is then contacted with a reducing gas such as H2 in a regenerator at 680°C to produce H2S.
Na2SO4 + Al2O3 + 4H2 → Na2O.Al2O3 + H2S + 3H2O
Sodium Aluminate is recycled back and H2S is sent to Claus Process for producing Sulphur.
Cpt1
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Environmental Catalysis Module: Students examines different types of catalytic systems, including heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. Depending on the knowledge they gained during activities, the students are then asked to design their projects.
Our Project: Clean the Soil From Gasoline: Air is used to extract gasoline from the soil. Then the air is collected and sent to the oxidizing unit, where the gasoline components are oxidized (burned). This breaks down the complex hydrocarbons.
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The document discusses several key points about nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and their compounds:
1) Nitrogen makes up 80% of air and is essential for living things. It is obtained commercially from air through fractional distillation or by removing oxygen over hot coke.
2) Oxygen makes up 23% of the atmosphere and is vital for life. It is industrially produced by fractionally distilling air. Ozone is a reactive form of oxygen that protects from UV rays but contributes to smog.
3) Sulfur exists in many forms and reacts with most elements. It is mined as free sulfur near the Gulf of Mexico. Sulfuric acid is very important and
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The chemical treatment of petroleum products aims to remove impurities like sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and some aromatic compounds at low temperatures. There are four main methods of chemical treating: 1) oxidative processes that convert mercaptans to less objectionable disulfides, 2) caustic processes that use lye to react with hydrogen sulfide, 3) acid processes like sulfuric acid treatment to remove sulfur compounds, and 4) solvent processes including solvent deasphalting to remove asphaltenes, solvent extraction to remove aromatics from lube stocks, and solvent dewaxing.
1 nitrogen removal
The document discusses various methods for removing nitrogen from wastewater, including biological, chemical, and physicochemical approaches. Biologically, nitrification and denitrification can convert nitrogenous wastes to nitrogen gas. Chemically, methods like breakpoint chlorination and struvite precipitation are used. Physicochemically, ammonia stripping releases nitrogen gas from wastewater. The preferred approach is nitrogen removal via nitrification and denitrification during secondary wastewater treatment using activated sludge or other suspended growth systems.
Desulfurization of diesel
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Inorganic salts used in Tanning of Hides or skin
This presentation discusses inorganic salts used in tanning leather. It describes the tanning process and various stages where salts are used, including curing, soaking, liming, de-liming, pickling, and chrome tanning. Specific salts used in each stage are identified, such as sodium chloride in curing, sodium carbonate in soaking, and chromium sulfate in chrome tanning. The document also provides details on chromium and its behavior in solutions, discussing its common oxidation states and stable forms. Finally, it mentions complex forms of trivalent titanium salts like potassium hexafluorotitanate.
King of acids -Sulphuric Acid H2SO4
Sulphuric acid is a highly corrosive and strong mineral acid that is colorless and soluble in water. It is manufactured through the contact process, which involves combining sulfur dioxide with oxygen in the presence of a vanadium catalyst to form sulfur trioxide, and then combining the sulfur trioxide with concentrated sulfuric acid to form oleum. Sulfuric acid is considered the "king of acids" due to its widespread industrial use in manufacturing fertilizers, detergents, chemicals, and other products. Proper protective equipment and safety procedures must be followed when handling sulfuric acid due to its corrosive and oxidizing properties.
Chemistry project
1. The document discusses the processes involved in isolating elements from minerals and ores, including concentration, extraction of crude metal, and reduction.
2. Concentration involves removing unwanted materials (gangue) from the ore using methods like hydraulic washing, magnetic separation, and froth flotation.
3. Extraction of crude metal involves converting the concentrated ore into an oxide through calcination or roasting, then reducing the metal oxide to extract the pure metal using a reducing agent like carbon.
General principles and process of isolation of elements (STD 12 SCIENCE) lec...
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LEACHING
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Heavy metals in drinking water
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Desulphurization of kerosene
- 2. Introduction Forms in which sulphur occurs Detection of Sulphur & its compund Methods of Desulphurization surveyed Experiment Result Advantages & Disadvantages Conclusion Reference Index
- 3. The term kerosene is derived from the Greek word keros. Sulphur is present as an impurity in liquid fuel such as petrol, diesel, kerosene, crude oil. Sulphur causes environmental pollution if present in the liquid fuels. Sulphur removal from fuels has become a very important and active subject worldwide in past decade INTRODUCTION Kerosene, one of the byproducts of petroleum was discovered in 1853 by Abraham Gesner.
- 4. 1. Free Sulphur The free sulphur is elemental sulphur dissolved in a crude oil. 2. Hydrogen Sulphide Hydrogen sulphide is produced by the decay of organic matter, particularly under anaerobic conditions, and it is a frequent constituent of volcanic gases & occurs dissolved in water. 3. Organic Sulphur Compounds It is very difficult to separate from crude petroleum, any of its constituent hydrocarbon in pure form. Forms In Which Sulphur Occurs
- 5. 1. Copper Test Free sulphur, hydrogen sulphide, and perhaps other sulphur compounds, in oils can be detected by the formation of a dark spot of copper sulphide when two or three drops of the oil are left on the polished metal for a sufficient length of time. 2. Sodium Test If the oil is not too volatile, but can be heated to 250 to 300⁰C without boiling out of the test tube, the sodium test can be applied. Detection of Sulphur and its Compound
- 6. 1. Adsorptive Desulfurization Of Kerosene By Zn Impregnated Montmorollonite Clay Desulfurization of kerosene has been carried out by selective adsorption through metals impregnated montmorollonite clay (MMT). 2. Oxidative Desulfurization Of Kerosene In The Presence Of Iron Chloride Ionic Liquid Catalyst And Ultra Sound- Oxidative Desulfurization of kerosene refinery with sulfur content of 293% with iron chloride - hydrogen peroxide and ultra sonic liquid catalysts in the presence of acetic acid - formic acid and an oxidizing hydrogen peroxide has been studied. Methods of Desulphurization Surveyed
- 7. 3. Desulphurization By Adsorption • Sulphur causes environmental pollution if present in the liquid fuels. • Adsorption is a low cost and important physical process for the removal of sulphur from liquid fuel. • Adsorption is a process of accumulation of one substance over another. It occurs between liquid-liquid, gas-liquid, gas-solid, or liquid solid interface. • Typical liquid separation includes the removal moisture dissolved in gasoline decolourization of petroleum products and fractionations of mixtures of aromatic and paraffinic hydrocarbons.
- 8. 1. Materials:- Kerosene & bentonite clay or montmorollonite clay. 2. Equipments:- Filter Paper, Measuring cylinder, conical flask, Beaker, stirrer, Muffle furnace. 3. Method:- Adsorption by montmorollonite clay Acid Modification of clay Preparation of adsorbent Desulfurization of kerosene Expeiment
- 10. In the current study desulfurization of the kerosene was carried out using metals impregnated montmorollonite clay. The kerosene contains 0.0542% of sulphur. Result
- 11. Advantages Easy Handling Use of less expensive reagents Produce environmentally friendly fuels Disadvantages Take too much time for process Advantages & Disadvantages
- 12. From the above study we conclude that, Montmorollonite clay is locally available, can be efficiently used for adsorptive desulfurization. Metals impregnation on MMT clay increases its adsorption characteristics. Metal impregnated MMT has more high desulfurization efficiency than the original MMT. Conclusion
- 13. Thank you