This document provides information on various operating systems including Ubuntu, Windows XP, Windows 7, and Mac OS. It discusses key details about each system such as their original release date, developer, new features introduced, and basic design concepts for Mac OS. Ubuntu is described as a Debian-based Linux distribution with Unity as its default desktop environment, while Windows XP was the first widely successful version of Windows after 2000 and included improvements in performance and security.
history and development of operating systemsAyesha Ch
Before operating systems, computers were programmed by manually rewiring circuits or loading programs with punch cards or tape. The first operating systems allowed multiple programs to run simultaneously by introducing a "boss" program to manage memory and processing time. Early operating systems for personal computers included MS-DOS, which required typing commands, and later systems introduced graphical user interfaces using a mouse. Major operating systems developed over time include Windows, Mac OS, Android, and iOS.
Bill Gates and Paul Allen started Microsoft in 1975. Microsoft launched Windows 1.0 in 1985, marking the beginning of the GUI era. Through several versions, Windows gained functionality and popularity, transitioning to a 32-bit OS with Windows NT 3.1 in 1993. In 1995, Windows 95 was released, bringing the Start menu and Internet connectivity to mainstream users. Subsequent versions refined the OS and added features for consumers and businesses.
An operating system is software that allows other programs to run by communicating with hardware. Major operating systems include Windows, Android, iOS, Mac, and BlackBerry. Microsoft Windows has seen fourteen major versions since its initial release in 1985. Each new version of Windows introduced improvements to the user interface and additional features while maintaining compatibility with older software and hardware.
An operating system is software that acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware, managing tasks like file management, memory usage, running programs, and connecting to peripheral devices. The document discusses several common operating systems including Windows, MacOS, Linux, Unix, MS-DOS, Android, and iOS. For each OS, it provides a brief history and overview and lists some of their key features.
Process management, memory management, interrupts, graphical user interfaces, and operating systems are described. Specifically, the document discusses how operating systems allocate resources and memory to processes, enable process synchronization through interrupts, and use graphical user interfaces for user interaction. It then provides brief descriptions of the Windows 98, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Linux operating systems.
Windows and Linux are two of the most popular operating systems. Windows was first introduced by Microsoft in 1985 and came to dominate the personal computer market. Linux was originally written in 1991 by Linus Torvalds and is an example of free and open source software collaboration. While Windows has maintained a large majority market share for personal desktop use, Linux has sustained its status as the prominent free software operating system. The two operating systems now compete in various markets beyond personal computers such as servers and mobile devices.
Windows NT is a family of operating systems produced by Microsoft. It was the first version of Windows to be a fully 32-bit operating system and utilize 32-bit virtual memory addressing. It employs advanced principles like virtual memory, multitasking, and structured exception handling. Windows NT supports running multiple operating system environments like Win32, 16-bit Windows, MS-DOS, POSIX, and OS/2 programs.
The document provides a history of operating systems, beginning with the creation of UNIX at Bell Labs in 1969. It describes how UNIX was rewritten in C in 1973 and some of its key authors. It discusses the development of commercial Unix systems, BSD, and Linux and major distributions like Slackware, Debian, and Red Hat. It also references the GNU project and development of the GPL license, and how these led to the rise of free and open source software.
history and development of operating systemsAyesha Ch
Before operating systems, computers were programmed by manually rewiring circuits or loading programs with punch cards or tape. The first operating systems allowed multiple programs to run simultaneously by introducing a "boss" program to manage memory and processing time. Early operating systems for personal computers included MS-DOS, which required typing commands, and later systems introduced graphical user interfaces using a mouse. Major operating systems developed over time include Windows, Mac OS, Android, and iOS.
Bill Gates and Paul Allen started Microsoft in 1975. Microsoft launched Windows 1.0 in 1985, marking the beginning of the GUI era. Through several versions, Windows gained functionality and popularity, transitioning to a 32-bit OS with Windows NT 3.1 in 1993. In 1995, Windows 95 was released, bringing the Start menu and Internet connectivity to mainstream users. Subsequent versions refined the OS and added features for consumers and businesses.
An operating system is software that allows other programs to run by communicating with hardware. Major operating systems include Windows, Android, iOS, Mac, and BlackBerry. Microsoft Windows has seen fourteen major versions since its initial release in 1985. Each new version of Windows introduced improvements to the user interface and additional features while maintaining compatibility with older software and hardware.
An operating system is software that acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware, managing tasks like file management, memory usage, running programs, and connecting to peripheral devices. The document discusses several common operating systems including Windows, MacOS, Linux, Unix, MS-DOS, Android, and iOS. For each OS, it provides a brief history and overview and lists some of their key features.
Process management, memory management, interrupts, graphical user interfaces, and operating systems are described. Specifically, the document discusses how operating systems allocate resources and memory to processes, enable process synchronization through interrupts, and use graphical user interfaces for user interaction. It then provides brief descriptions of the Windows 98, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Linux operating systems.
Windows and Linux are two of the most popular operating systems. Windows was first introduced by Microsoft in 1985 and came to dominate the personal computer market. Linux was originally written in 1991 by Linus Torvalds and is an example of free and open source software collaboration. While Windows has maintained a large majority market share for personal desktop use, Linux has sustained its status as the prominent free software operating system. The two operating systems now compete in various markets beyond personal computers such as servers and mobile devices.
Windows NT is a family of operating systems produced by Microsoft. It was the first version of Windows to be a fully 32-bit operating system and utilize 32-bit virtual memory addressing. It employs advanced principles like virtual memory, multitasking, and structured exception handling. Windows NT supports running multiple operating system environments like Win32, 16-bit Windows, MS-DOS, POSIX, and OS/2 programs.
The document provides a history of operating systems, beginning with the creation of UNIX at Bell Labs in 1969. It describes how UNIX was rewritten in C in 1973 and some of its key authors. It discusses the development of commercial Unix systems, BSD, and Linux and major distributions like Slackware, Debian, and Red Hat. It also references the GNU project and development of the GPL license, and how these led to the rise of free and open source software.
Linux is a family of open-source operating systems based on Unix and initially developed in 1991. It can run on a variety of devices from phones to supercomputers. Originally developed in C programming language, Linux distributions like Ubuntu, Mint and Fedora now offer graphical user interfaces. Linux sees widespread adoption from governments, militaries, and companies seeking technology independence and is used for everything from embedded systems to enterprise servers.
Windows is a multitasking operating system developed by Microsoft that uses a graphical user interface. It was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 1975 under the name Micro-soft, later changed to Microsoft. Major versions included Windows 1, 2, 3, 95, 98, ME, 2000, XP, 7, 8, and 10. Windows introduced innovations like overlapping windows, minimizing/maximizing windows, running DOS programs in windows, plug and play functionality, and a start menu. It functions include process management, memory management, device management, and provides less security than other operating systems due to its popularity. Microsoft currently has the largest market share of any operating system.
This document provides a comparative analysis of different versions of the Windows operating system, including Windows XP, Vista, 7, and 8. It begins with introductions to operating systems and Windows. It then describes each Windows version, highlighting some of their key features. Finally, it compares the different versions side-by-side based on factors like included software, system requirements, and security features. The document aims to outline the evolution of the Windows OS and differences between its major releases.
Evolution of Microsoft windows operating systemsSai praveen Seva
- Microsoft Windows is a series of graphical interface operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It introduced the concept of using a mouse and iconic windows to drive a computer's graphical user interface.
- Early versions included Windows 1.0 in 1985, Windows 2.0 in 1987, and Windows 3.0 in 1990. Windows 3.0 became the first widely successful version.
- Later major releases included Windows 95 in 1995, Windows 98 in 1998, Windows 2000 in 2000, Windows XP in 2001, Windows Vista in 2007, Windows 7 in 2009, Windows 8 in 2012, and Windows 10 in 2015. Each new version built upon the previous with updated features, improved security, and new capabilities.
This document provides an overview of the history and releases of several operating systems including Windows, Mac OS, and Linux from 1985 to 2012. It notes the initial releases of Windows 1.0 in 1985 and Windows 2.0 in 1987 as 16-bit systems. It describes the introduction of major Mac OS releases including System 7 in 1991 and OS X in 2001. It also mentions key events for Linux such as the start of the comp.os.linux newsgroup in 1992 and the first Linux Expo in 1995.
BitLocker Drive Encryption helps prevent unauthorized access to data on lost or stolen computers by encrypting volumes and verifying integrity of early boot components. It uses a Trusted Platform Module to store encryption keys and check system integrity on startup. While a TPM is preferred, BitLocker can also use a USB drive to store keys. The document discusses BitLocker concepts, architecture, system requirements, group policy settings, and getting started.
The document discusses various operating systems including proprietary, Unix-like, and Mac OS systems. It provides details on early systems like ACORN, ARX, MOS, and RISC OS. It also covers AmigaOS, Apple systems like Lisa, Macintosh and their operating systems. It discusses the evolution of Mac OS from System 1 to Mac OS X.
The document discusses the history and features of various Windows operating systems, including:
- Windows was developed by Microsoft to overcome limitations of MS-DOS and the first successful version was Windows 3.0 in 1990. Common versions included Windows 95, 98, 2000, XP, Vista, 7, 8, and 8.1.
- Early systems included MS-DOS, Windows 95 which included a DOS emulator, and Windows NT which did not use DOS.
- Windows 2000 was the last to use the "Windows NT" designation before being succeeded by Windows XP for desktops and Windows Server 2003 for servers.
- Newer versions like Windows 7, 8, and 8.1 focused on improvements
Microsoft Windows is a family of operating systems that dominates the personal computer world, running on over 90% of personal computers. It provides a graphical user interface, virtual memory, multitasking, and support for many devices. The Windows operating systems evolved from early versions like MS-DOS and Windows 1.0-2.0, which introduced the windows interface, to Windows 3.0-3.1 which established the standard Windows look and feel, to Windows 95 which supported 32-bit applications and removed DOS limitations, and Windows 98 which integrated the web browser into the operating system.
Linux is an open source operating system originally developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991. It provides users freedom in how they use, modify, and distribute the software. The Linux kernel manages hardware resources and runs programs. Popular distributions include Ubuntu and Linux Mint. Linux uses a graphical user interface with menus and desktop icons to access applications, files, and devices. It can be installed by booting from a live USB or CD, setting up partitions, and following installation instructions.
The document compares the Windows and Linux operating systems across several categories such as performance, stability, and security. Windows has traditionally dominated the personal desktop market while Linux is most prominent as a free operating system. Both systems now extend beyond personal computers and compete in other markets like servers and embedded systems. The document concludes that neither system is truly superior as it depends on the intended use, though Linux is generally better suited for servers and web development due to its security, cost-effectiveness, and open-source benefits.
This document discusses the history and technological evolution of major video game consoles from 1977 to 2010. It provides details on specifications and features of consoles such as the Atari VCS, Nintendo NES, Sega Genesis, PlayStation, Xbox, and Wii. It also describes Microsoft's Kinect motion sensor accessory for the Xbox 360 which enabled controller-free gaming through gesture and voice recognition.
This document presents information about the UNIX operating system from a group consisting of 5 members. It provides a brief history of UNIX, noting it was developed in the 1970s at Bell Labs and was intended as a programmer's workbench. The document outlines some key advantages of UNIX, including its portability, multi-tasking abilities, and security features. It also mentions some disadvantages such as its less user-friendly command line interface. In conclusion, it notes UNIX now runs on almost every type of computer.
The document discusses operating systems, their types, and functions. It defines an operating system as software that monitors, controls, and maintains a computer. It then describes four main types of operating systems - UNIX, Linux, Solaris, and Windows. The functions of an operating system are then outlined as process management, resource management, file management, communication management, security management, and memory management.
This ppt discusses the history of both the operating systems & compares both of them in terms of Kernel, memory management, GUI and application support.
Ubuntu is a Linux operating system based on Debian that emphasizes simplicity and freedom. It uses the Linux kernel and consists of free software. Ubuntu aims to give users freedom over the software, including accessing source code and modifying or redistributing the software. Major editions include Ubuntu Desktop and Server. It supports common computer architectures and has variants customized for different uses. Popular applications included in Ubuntu are Firefox, LibreOffice, GIMP, and Thunderbird. Ubuntu is a popular choice due to its simplicity, large software repository, active community support, and regular free updates.
Ubuntu is a Debian-based Linux operating system with Unity as its default desktop. It contains software like LibreOffice, Firefox, and Thunderbird by default and supports additional software via its software center. Ubuntu aims to be secure out of the box with user programs running with low privileges. It uses GRUB as its bootloader and EXT4 as its default file system. Software can be installed and managed through the software center or via terminal commands. Ubuntu is generally considered virus free and safe due to its architecture and lack of widespread malware.
This document summarizes several common operating systems: Windows, which is developed by Microsoft and includes families like Windows NT; Mac OS, the system developed by Apple that was first introduced in 1984; Ubuntu, a popular Linux distribution that is easy to use and install; and Linux/GNU Linux, a free and open source operating system.
The document discusses the history and evolution of major video game consoles from 1977 to 2006, highlighting key specs and features of each generation. It also covers the introduction of the Kinect motion sensor for the Xbox 360 in 2010, describing its controller-free gaming capabilities using a webcam-style sensor that can track multiple people from up to 11 feet away. The summary concludes by asking if the reader would consider purchasing a Kinect and their reasons for or against it.
This presentation discusses several operating systems including Ubuntu, Windows XP, Windows 7, and Mac OS. It provides brief descriptions of each system, noting key facts such as their developers, original release dates, and some of their main features. For example, it states that Ubuntu is a Debian-based Linux distribution named after an African philosophy, Windows XP was released in 2001 for mainstream consumer use, and the original Mac OS was introduced in 1984 and was integral to the original Macintosh.
The document provides information about operating systems including their definition, common features, and examples. It defines an operating system as software that manages hardware resources and allows applications and users to control the computer. Common features of operating systems discussed are process management, memory management, interrupts, and graphical user interfaces. Examples of popular operating systems described are Windows 98, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Linux.
Linux is a family of open-source operating systems based on Unix and initially developed in 1991. It can run on a variety of devices from phones to supercomputers. Originally developed in C programming language, Linux distributions like Ubuntu, Mint and Fedora now offer graphical user interfaces. Linux sees widespread adoption from governments, militaries, and companies seeking technology independence and is used for everything from embedded systems to enterprise servers.
Windows is a multitasking operating system developed by Microsoft that uses a graphical user interface. It was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 1975 under the name Micro-soft, later changed to Microsoft. Major versions included Windows 1, 2, 3, 95, 98, ME, 2000, XP, 7, 8, and 10. Windows introduced innovations like overlapping windows, minimizing/maximizing windows, running DOS programs in windows, plug and play functionality, and a start menu. It functions include process management, memory management, device management, and provides less security than other operating systems due to its popularity. Microsoft currently has the largest market share of any operating system.
This document provides a comparative analysis of different versions of the Windows operating system, including Windows XP, Vista, 7, and 8. It begins with introductions to operating systems and Windows. It then describes each Windows version, highlighting some of their key features. Finally, it compares the different versions side-by-side based on factors like included software, system requirements, and security features. The document aims to outline the evolution of the Windows OS and differences between its major releases.
Evolution of Microsoft windows operating systemsSai praveen Seva
- Microsoft Windows is a series of graphical interface operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It introduced the concept of using a mouse and iconic windows to drive a computer's graphical user interface.
- Early versions included Windows 1.0 in 1985, Windows 2.0 in 1987, and Windows 3.0 in 1990. Windows 3.0 became the first widely successful version.
- Later major releases included Windows 95 in 1995, Windows 98 in 1998, Windows 2000 in 2000, Windows XP in 2001, Windows Vista in 2007, Windows 7 in 2009, Windows 8 in 2012, and Windows 10 in 2015. Each new version built upon the previous with updated features, improved security, and new capabilities.
This document provides an overview of the history and releases of several operating systems including Windows, Mac OS, and Linux from 1985 to 2012. It notes the initial releases of Windows 1.0 in 1985 and Windows 2.0 in 1987 as 16-bit systems. It describes the introduction of major Mac OS releases including System 7 in 1991 and OS X in 2001. It also mentions key events for Linux such as the start of the comp.os.linux newsgroup in 1992 and the first Linux Expo in 1995.
BitLocker Drive Encryption helps prevent unauthorized access to data on lost or stolen computers by encrypting volumes and verifying integrity of early boot components. It uses a Trusted Platform Module to store encryption keys and check system integrity on startup. While a TPM is preferred, BitLocker can also use a USB drive to store keys. The document discusses BitLocker concepts, architecture, system requirements, group policy settings, and getting started.
The document discusses various operating systems including proprietary, Unix-like, and Mac OS systems. It provides details on early systems like ACORN, ARX, MOS, and RISC OS. It also covers AmigaOS, Apple systems like Lisa, Macintosh and their operating systems. It discusses the evolution of Mac OS from System 1 to Mac OS X.
The document discusses the history and features of various Windows operating systems, including:
- Windows was developed by Microsoft to overcome limitations of MS-DOS and the first successful version was Windows 3.0 in 1990. Common versions included Windows 95, 98, 2000, XP, Vista, 7, 8, and 8.1.
- Early systems included MS-DOS, Windows 95 which included a DOS emulator, and Windows NT which did not use DOS.
- Windows 2000 was the last to use the "Windows NT" designation before being succeeded by Windows XP for desktops and Windows Server 2003 for servers.
- Newer versions like Windows 7, 8, and 8.1 focused on improvements
Microsoft Windows is a family of operating systems that dominates the personal computer world, running on over 90% of personal computers. It provides a graphical user interface, virtual memory, multitasking, and support for many devices. The Windows operating systems evolved from early versions like MS-DOS and Windows 1.0-2.0, which introduced the windows interface, to Windows 3.0-3.1 which established the standard Windows look and feel, to Windows 95 which supported 32-bit applications and removed DOS limitations, and Windows 98 which integrated the web browser into the operating system.
Linux is an open source operating system originally developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991. It provides users freedom in how they use, modify, and distribute the software. The Linux kernel manages hardware resources and runs programs. Popular distributions include Ubuntu and Linux Mint. Linux uses a graphical user interface with menus and desktop icons to access applications, files, and devices. It can be installed by booting from a live USB or CD, setting up partitions, and following installation instructions.
The document compares the Windows and Linux operating systems across several categories such as performance, stability, and security. Windows has traditionally dominated the personal desktop market while Linux is most prominent as a free operating system. Both systems now extend beyond personal computers and compete in other markets like servers and embedded systems. The document concludes that neither system is truly superior as it depends on the intended use, though Linux is generally better suited for servers and web development due to its security, cost-effectiveness, and open-source benefits.
This document discusses the history and technological evolution of major video game consoles from 1977 to 2010. It provides details on specifications and features of consoles such as the Atari VCS, Nintendo NES, Sega Genesis, PlayStation, Xbox, and Wii. It also describes Microsoft's Kinect motion sensor accessory for the Xbox 360 which enabled controller-free gaming through gesture and voice recognition.
This document presents information about the UNIX operating system from a group consisting of 5 members. It provides a brief history of UNIX, noting it was developed in the 1970s at Bell Labs and was intended as a programmer's workbench. The document outlines some key advantages of UNIX, including its portability, multi-tasking abilities, and security features. It also mentions some disadvantages such as its less user-friendly command line interface. In conclusion, it notes UNIX now runs on almost every type of computer.
The document discusses operating systems, their types, and functions. It defines an operating system as software that monitors, controls, and maintains a computer. It then describes four main types of operating systems - UNIX, Linux, Solaris, and Windows. The functions of an operating system are then outlined as process management, resource management, file management, communication management, security management, and memory management.
This ppt discusses the history of both the operating systems & compares both of them in terms of Kernel, memory management, GUI and application support.
Ubuntu is a Linux operating system based on Debian that emphasizes simplicity and freedom. It uses the Linux kernel and consists of free software. Ubuntu aims to give users freedom over the software, including accessing source code and modifying or redistributing the software. Major editions include Ubuntu Desktop and Server. It supports common computer architectures and has variants customized for different uses. Popular applications included in Ubuntu are Firefox, LibreOffice, GIMP, and Thunderbird. Ubuntu is a popular choice due to its simplicity, large software repository, active community support, and regular free updates.
Ubuntu is a Debian-based Linux operating system with Unity as its default desktop. It contains software like LibreOffice, Firefox, and Thunderbird by default and supports additional software via its software center. Ubuntu aims to be secure out of the box with user programs running with low privileges. It uses GRUB as its bootloader and EXT4 as its default file system. Software can be installed and managed through the software center or via terminal commands. Ubuntu is generally considered virus free and safe due to its architecture and lack of widespread malware.
This document summarizes several common operating systems: Windows, which is developed by Microsoft and includes families like Windows NT; Mac OS, the system developed by Apple that was first introduced in 1984; Ubuntu, a popular Linux distribution that is easy to use and install; and Linux/GNU Linux, a free and open source operating system.
The document discusses the history and evolution of major video game consoles from 1977 to 2006, highlighting key specs and features of each generation. It also covers the introduction of the Kinect motion sensor for the Xbox 360 in 2010, describing its controller-free gaming capabilities using a webcam-style sensor that can track multiple people from up to 11 feet away. The summary concludes by asking if the reader would consider purchasing a Kinect and their reasons for or against it.
This presentation discusses several operating systems including Ubuntu, Windows XP, Windows 7, and Mac OS. It provides brief descriptions of each system, noting key facts such as their developers, original release dates, and some of their main features. For example, it states that Ubuntu is a Debian-based Linux distribution named after an African philosophy, Windows XP was released in 2001 for mainstream consumer use, and the original Mac OS was introduced in 1984 and was integral to the original Macintosh.
The document provides information about operating systems including their definition, common features, and examples. It defines an operating system as software that manages hardware resources and allows applications and users to control the computer. Common features of operating systems discussed are process management, memory management, interrupts, and graphical user interfaces. Examples of popular operating systems described are Windows 98, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Linux.
The document provides information about operating systems including their definition, common features, and examples. It defines an operating system as software that manages hardware resources and allows other programs to execute. Common features described are process management, memory management, interrupts, and graphical user interfaces. Examples of operating systems discussed include Windows 98, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Linux.
The document discusses different types of operating systems. It begins by defining an operating system as an interface between the user and computer hardware that manages resources and allows applications to run. It then covers the main functions of operating systems like memory management, process management, and file management. The rest of the document summarizes different categories of operating systems including GUI, multi-user, multi-tasking, multi-processing, and multi-threading operating systems. It also provides examples like Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and discusses some of their features. Server operating systems and their applications are covered as well as some popular mobile operating systems.
The document discusses various operating systems including:
1. LynxOS, a Unix-like real-time operating system produced by LynuxWorks for use in embedded systems.
2. Various versions of Microsoft Windows operating systems from Windows 1.0 to Windows 7.
3. Other operating systems mentioned include OS/2, NetWare, TSOS, and SUSE Linux.
The document provides information about operating systems and computer security. It defines an operating system as a set of programs that manage computer hardware resources and provide common services for application software. It lists five main services provided by operating systems: program execution, I/O operations, file system manipulation, communications, and error detection. It also discusses different types of operating systems including GUI, multi-user, multiprocessing, multitasking, and multithreading operating systems. Finally, it covers the importance of computer security and risks like data loss, misuse, and cybercrime.
The document discusses operating systems, describing them as the most important programs that run on computers and allow them to run other programs. It outlines the major functions of operating systems like process management, resource management, file management, and security management. It then describes some common operating systems like Mac OS, Linux, Ubuntu, UNIX, and RTOS. Finally, it provides a brief history of operating systems from the 1950s to today, highlighting early systems like GM-NAA I/O, MCP, DOS/360, CP/M, and modern systems like Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
This document provides an overview of different types of operating systems, including Windows OS, Mac OS, Linux, DOS, and Unix. It discusses the history and key features of each operating system, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. The document focuses on explaining the user interface, applications, and versions of different operating systems like Windows, highlighting Windows XP, Vista, and 10. It also summarizes the origins and uses of Linux, Mac OS, DOS, and Unix operating systems.
An operating system manages computer hardware and software resources, provides common services to programs, and acts as an interface between the computer and user. The document discusses key operating systems Windows and Linux. It describes features of different Windows versions from 95 to 8 and popular Linux distributions like Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian. It provides a comparison of Windows and Linux on aspects such as bundled software, drivers, price, reliability, hardware support, security, open source nature, support and software costs. Linux is typically more secure, open source, and free while Windows has broader hardware and software support.
The document discusses the history and origins of several major operating systems. It describes how Microsoft DOS and Windows got their names from being disk operating systems and graphical interfaces respectively. It explains that Linux was named after its creator Linus Torvalds and that Ubuntu's name comes from African philosophy. Mac OS was named after the original Apple Macintosh computer, and versions are numbered sequentially. Debian and Red Hat also derived their names from their founders or logos.
The document discusses various computer operating systems including their definitions, types, examples, and brief histories. It covers operating systems such as DOS, Windows NT, Windows 9x, Windows XP, Mac OS, and others, providing basic information about each one such as what they are, when they were developed, and their key features and purposes.
- Linux originated from the open source software movement started by Richard Stallman and his GNU project in the 1980s. It aimed to create an operating system with source code available to all that could be freely modified and shared.
- Linus Torvalds developed the Linux kernel in 1991 as a hobby. His open source operating system gained popularity and various Linux distributions were later developed by companies and organizations.
- Today Linux powers many servers, embedded systems, and has gained widespread adoption for tasks like web hosting, high-performance computing, and more due to its security, customizability, and low cost. However, it requires more technical expertise from users compared to other operating systems.
System software is creating a modern world Kawsar Ahmed
System software is a type of computer program that runs a computer's hardware and allows it to run application programs. The most well-known example of system software is the operating system, which manages other programs and resources. Windows, developed by Microsoft, is a powerful system software that provides a graphical user interface and platform to run applications. It was first released in 1985 and has continued evolving through various versions to its current form, with over 1 billion users worldwide.
windows operating system and its advancementsparthrai2
The document provides a history of operating systems from their early absence in 1940s computers through modern versions like Windows 7. It traces the evolution from batch processing systems in the 1950s to graphical user interfaces in Windows 95. The document also defines what an operating system is and describes common operating system features like program execution, interfaces, input/output handling, error handling, memory management, and process management. It concludes by listing several Windows operating systems from Windows 95 through Windows 7.
Linux is a free and open-source operating system based on the Linux kernel, which was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. It is widely used on servers, desktops, and embedded devices. Major Linux distributions combine the Linux kernel with tools and libraries from the GNU operating system and various application software into a format that is easy to install and use. Linux has gained popularity for its security, reliability, and low cost as well as avoiding vendor lock-in.
Operating systems have evolved through four generations from the 1940s to present. Early systems in the 1940s had no operating systems, while systems in the 1950s introduced batch processing with punch cards. In the 1960s, multiprogramming and time-sharing were developed to better utilize resources. Personal computers and workstations emerged in the 1980s with operating systems like MS-DOS, Mac OS, and Windows facilitating use by non-technical users. Modern operating systems provide interfaces, process management, system resource management, security, and file management. Popular operating systems today include Mac OS X, Ubuntu, Linux, Android, and Fedora.
Windows was developed by Microsoft to overcome limitations of MS-DOS. Key versions included Windows 3.0, 95, NT, XP, Vista, 7, 8, and the current Windows 10. Microsoft Windows came to dominate the PC market. It provides features like program execution, interfaces, input/output handling, error handling, and memory and process management. Each version built upon the previous and introduced new capabilities.
This document provides an introduction to Linux by Murtala Lawal. It discusses what Linux is, its history and development, popular desktop environments and distributions, programming in Linux, uses of Linux on desktops, servers, supercomputers, and other devices. It highlights benefits of Linux like security, stability, free cost, bundled software, easy updating and customization. It also discusses adoption of Linux in various sectors and countries. The document encourages readers to consider using Linux due to these advantages over other operating systems.
The document discusses several operating systems including:
- LynxOS, a Unix-like real-time operating system used in embedded systems
- MicroC/OS-II, a low-cost priority-based pre-emptive real-time multitasking operating system kernel for microprocessors used in embedded systems
- Xenix, a version of Unix licensed by Microsoft from AT&T and later distributed by SCO
- Novell's NetWare, a network operating system that initially used cooperative multitasking and was superseded by Open Enterprise Server
- SUSE, a major retail operating system produced by Novell
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. operating system is the set of programs that controls a computer.
It provide a pleasant and effective interface between the user
and the hardware.
It is considered the backbone of a computer, managing both
software and hardware resources
Without a computer operating system, a computer
would be useless
What is Operating System?
3. LIST OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
Operating systems Date of released platform developer
Microsoft Windows November 20, 1985 IBM / PC Microsoft
Ubuntu - - -
Android September 23, 2008 ARM, MIPS Google
Berkeley Software
Distribution(BDS)
1977 PDP-11, VAX, Intel
80368
UC Berkeley
Fedora May 21 2010 various Red Hat
IOS June 29, 2007 Apple Macintosh Apple
Windows Phone November 8, 2010 Qualcomm
Snapdragon (based
on ARMv7)
Microsoft
Linux 1991 All Community
Unix March 11,1971 Various Unisys
5. UBUNTU
UBUNTU IS ADEBIAN-BASED LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM,
WITH UNITY AS ITS DEFAULT DESKTOP ENVIRONMENT.
IT IS BASED ON FREE SOFTWARE AND NAMED AFTER THE
SOUTHERN AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY OF UBUNTU WHICH OFTEN IS
TRANSLATED AS "HUMANITY TOWARDS OTHERS" OR "THE BELIEF IN
A UNIVERSAL BOND OF SHARING THAT CONNECTS ALL HUMANITY“
A DEFAULT INSTALLATION OF UBUNTU CONTAINS A WIDE RANGE OF
SOFTWARE THAT ICLUDES LIBREOFFICE, FIREFOX, THUNDERBIRD
,TRANSMISSION, AND SEVERAL LIGHTWEIGHT GAMES SUCH
AS SUDOKU AND CHESS.
6. UBUNTU
MANY ADDITIONAL SOFTWARE
PACKAGES, INCLUDING TITLES NO
LONGER IN THE DEFAULT
INSTALLATION SUCH
AS EVOLUTION, GIMP, PIDGIN,
AND SYNAPTIC, ARE ACCESSIBLE
FROM THE BUILT IN UBUNTU
SOFTWARE CENTER AS WELL AS ANY
OTHER APT BASED PACKAGE
MANAGEMENT TOOL. EXECUTION OF
MICROSOFT OFFICE AND
OTHER MICROSOFT
WINDOWS APPLICATIONS CAN BE
FACILITATED VIA THE WINE
COMPATIBILITY PACKAGE OR
THROUGH THE USE OF A VIRTUAL
7. WINDOWS XP
WINDOWS XP IS A PERSONAL COMPUTER OPERATING
SYSTEM PRODUCED BY MICROSOFT AS PART OF THE WINDOWS
NT FAMILY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS. THE OPERATING SYSTEM
WAS RELEASED TO MANUFACTURING ON AUGUST 24, 2001, AND
GENERALLY RELEASED FOR RETAIL SALE ON OCTOBER 25, 2001.
DEVELOPMENT OF XP BEGAN IN THE LATE 1990S AS "NEPTUNE",
AN OPERATING SYSTEM BUILT ON THE WINDOWS NT KERNEL
WHICH WAS INTENDED SPECIFICALLY FOR MAINSTREAM
CONSUMER USE—AN UPDATED VERSION OF WINDOWS 2000 WAS
ALSO ORIGINALLY PLANNED FOR THE BUSINESS MARKET.
8. WINDOWS 7
WINDOWS 7 IS A PERSONAL COMPUTER OPERATING
SYSTEM DEVELOPED BY MICROSOFT.
IT IS A PART OF WINDOWS NT FAMILY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
AMONG WINDOWS 7'S NEW FEATURES ARE ADVANCES IN TOUCH
AND HANDWRITING RECOGNITION, SUPPORT FOR VIRTUAL HARD
DISKS, IMPROVED PERFORMANCE ON MULTICORE PROCESSOR
IMPROVED BOOT PERFORMANCE, DIRECT ACCESS, AND KERNEL
IMPROVEMENTS
WINDOWS 7 INCLUDES IMPROVED GLOBALIZATION SUPPORT
THROUGH A NEW EXTENDED LINGUISTIC SERVICES AP
9. MAC OS
MAC OS IS A SERIES OF GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE-
BASED OPERATING SYSTEMS DEVELOPED BY APPLE INC. FOR
THEIR MACINTOSH LINE OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS.
THE ORIGINAL OPERATING SYSTEM WAS FIRST INTRODUCED IN 1984 AS
BEING INTEGRAL TO THE ORIGINAL MACINTOSH, AND REFERRED TO AS
THE "SYSTEM". REFERRED TO BY ITS MAJOR REVISION STARTING WITH
"SYSTEM 6 AND "SYSTEM 7", APPLE REBRANDED VERSION 7.6 AS "MAC
OS" AS PART OF THEIR MACINTOSH CLONE PROGRAM IN 1996. THE
MACINTOSH, SPECIFICALLY ITS SYSTEM SOFTWARE, IS CREDITED WITH
HAVING POPULARIZED THE EARLY GRAPHICAL USER
INTERFACE CONCEPT.
MACINTOSH OPERATING SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN RELEASED IN TWO MAJOR
SERIES. UP TO MAJOR REVISION 9, FROM 1984 TO 2000
10. DESIGN
CONCEPT
APPLE'S ORIGINAL CONCEPT FOR THE MACINTOSH DELIBERATELY SOUGHT
TO MINIMIZE THE USER'S CONCEPTUAL AWARENESS OF THE OPERATING
SYSTEM.
MOUSE GESTURES
GRAPHIC CONTROLS
APPLE DEALERS
UPGRADE
COMMAND LINE INTERFACE
ACCESS CONTROLS
SINGLE USER ROOT PRIVILEGES
Editor's Notes
Ubuntu (originally /ʊˈbuːntʊ/ uu-boon-tuu, according to the company website /ʊˈbʊntuː/ uu-buun-too)[7][8][9][10][11] is aDebian-based Linux operating system, with Unity as its default desktop environment. It is based on free softwareand named after the Southern African philosophy of ubuntu (literally, "human-ness"), which often is translated as "humanity towards others" or "the belief in a universal bond of sharing that connects all humanity".[12]
Development of Ubuntu is led by UK-based Canonical Ltd.,[13] a company owned by South African entrepreneurMark Shuttleworth. Canonical generates revenue through the sale of technical support and other services related to Ubuntu.[14][15] The Ubuntu project is publicly committed to the principles of open source development; people are encouraged to use free software, study how it works, improve upon it, and distribute it.[16][17]
Windows XP (codenamed Whistler)[5] is a personal computer operating system produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. The operating system was released to manufacturing on August 24, 2001, and generally released for retail sale on October 25, 2001.
Development of XP began in the late 1990s as "Neptune", an operating system built on the Windows NT kernelwhich was intended specifically for mainstream consumer use—an updated version of Windows 2000 was also originally planned for the business market. However, in January 2000, both projects were shelved in favor of a single OS codenamed "Whistler", which would serve as a single OS platform for both consumer and business markets. Windows XP was a major advance from the MS-DOS based versions of Windows in security, stability and efficiency[6] due to its use of Windows NT underpinnings. It introduced a significantly redesigned graphical user interface and was the first version of Windows to use product activation in an effort to reduce software piracy.
Upon its release Windows XP received generally positive reviews, with critics noting increased performance (especially in comparison to Windows ME), a more intuitive user interface, improved hardware support, and its expanded multimedia capabilities.[7] Despite some initial concerns over the new licensing model and product activation system, Windows XP eventually proved to be popular and widely used. It is estimated that at least 400 million copies of Windows XP were sold globally within its first five years of availability,[8][9] and at least one billion copies were sold by April 2014.[10]
Windows XP remained popular even after the release of newer versions, particularly due to the poorly received release of its successor Windows Vista. Vista's 2009 successor, Windows 7, only overtook XP in total market share at the end of 2011.
Sales of Windows XP licenses to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) ceased on June 30, 2008, but continued for netbooks until October 2010. Extended support for Windows XP ended on April 8, 2014, after which the operating system ceased receiving further support or security updates to most users.
Features[edit]
New and changed[edit]
Main article: Features new to Windows 7
Windows 7 live thumbnails
Among Windows 7's new features are advances in touch and handwriting recognition,[40] support for virtual hard disks,[41]improved performance on multi-core processors,[42][43][44][45] improved boot performance, DirectAccess, and kernelimprovements. Windows 7 adds support for systems using multiple heterogeneous graphics cards from different vendors (Heterogeneous Multi-adapter),[46] a new version of Windows Media Center,[47] a Gadget for Windows Media Center, improved media features, XPS Essentials Pack[48] and Windows PowerShell[49] being included, and a redesigned Calculator with multiline capabilities including Programmer and Statistics modes along with unit conversion for length, weight, temperature, and several others.[50] Many new items have been added to the Control Panel, including ClearType Text Tuner[51] Display Color Calibration Wizard,[52] Gadgets, Recovery, Troubleshooting, Workspaces Center, Location and Other Sensors, Credential Manager, Biometric Devices, System Icons, and Display.[53] Windows Security Center has been renamed to Windows Action Center (Windows Health Center and Windows Solution Center in earlier builds), which encompasses both security and maintenance of the computer. ReadyBoost on 32-bit editions now supports up to 256 gigabytes of extra allocation. Windows 7 also supports images in RAW image format through the addition of Windows Imaging Component-enabled image decoders, which enables raw image thumbnails, previewing and metadata display in Windows Explorer, plus full-size viewing and slideshows in Windows Photo Viewer and Windows Media Center.[54]
The default taskbar of Windows 7.
The taskbar has seen the biggest visual changes, where the old Quick Launch toolbar has been replaced with the ability to pin applications to taskbar. Buttons for pinned applications are integrated with the task buttons. These buttons also enable Jump Lists to allow easy access to common tasks.[55] The revamped taskbar also allows the reordering of taskbar buttons. To the far right of the system clock is a small rectangular button that serves as the Show desktop icon. By default, hovering over this button makes all visible windows transparent for a quick look at the desktop.[citation needed] In touch-enabled displays such as touch screens, tablet PCs, etc., this button is slightly (8 pixels) wider in order to accommodate being pressed by a finger.[56] Clicking this button minimizes all windows, and clicking it a second time restores them.
Window management in Windows 7 has several new features: Snap maximizes a window when it is dragged to the top of the screen.[57] Dragging windows to the left or right edges of the screen allows users to snap software windows to either side of the screen, such that the windows vertically take up half the screen. When a user moves windows that were snapped or maximized using Snap, the system restores their previous state. Snap functions can also be triggered with keyboard shortcuts.Shake hides all inactive windows when the active window's title bar is dragged back and forth rapidly (metaphorically shaken).
Action Center, which replacesWindows Security Center in Windows XP and Vista
When the Action Center flag is clicked on, it lists all security and maintenance issues in a small popup window
Windows 7 includes 13 additional sound schemes, titled Afternoon, Calligraphy, Characters, Cityscape, Delta, Festival, Garden, Heritage, Landscape, Quirky, Raga, Savanna, and Sonata.[58] Internet Spades, Internet Backgammon and Internet Checkers, which were removed from Windows Vista, were restored in Windows 7. Users are able to disable or customize many more Windows components than was possible in Windows Vista. New additions to this list of components include Internet Explorer 8,Windows Media Player 12, Windows Media Center, Windows Search, and Windows Gadget Platform.[59] A new version ofMicrosoft Virtual PC, newly renamed as Windows Virtual PC was made available for Windows 7 Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate editions.[60] It allows multiple Windows environments, including Windows XP Mode, to run on the same machine. Windows XP Mode runs Windows XP in a virtual machine, and displays applications within separate windows on the Windows 7 desktop.[61] Furthermore, Windows 7 supports the mounting of a virtual hard disk (VHD) as a normal data storage, and the bootloader delivered with Windows 7 can boot the Windows system from a VHD; however, this ability is only available in the Enterprise and Ultimate editions.[62] The Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) of Windows 7 is also enhanced to support real-time multimedia application including video playback and 3D games, thus allowing use of DirectX 10 in remote desktop environments.[63] The three application limit, previously present in the Windows Vista and Windows XP Starter Editions, has been removed from Windows 7.[64] All editions include some new and improved features that originated with Vista, such asWindows Search, Security features, and some features new to Windows 7. Optional BitLocker Drive Encryption is included with Windows 7 Ultimate and Enterprise. Windows Defender is included; Microsoft Security Essentials antivirus software is a free download. All editions include Shadow Copy, which—every day or so—System Restore uses to take an automatic "previous version" snapshot of user files that have changed.[65] Backup and restore have also been improved,[66][67] and the Windows Recovery Environment—installed by default—replaces the optional Recovery Console of Windows XP.
A new system known as "Libraries" was added for file management; users can aggregate files from multiple folders into a "Library". By default, libraries for categories such as Documents, Pictures, Music, and Video are created by default, consisting of the user's personal folder and the Public folder for each. The system is also used as part of a new home networking system known as HomeGroup; devices are added to the network with a password, and files and folders can be shared with all other devices in the HomeGroup, or with specific users. The default libraries, along with printers, are shared by default, but the personal folder is set to read-only access by other users, and the Public folder can be accessed by anyone.[68][69]
Windows 7 includes improved globalization support through a new Extended Linguistic Services API[70] to provide multilingual support (particularly in Ultimate and Enterprise editions). Microsoft has also implemented better support for solid-state drives,[71] including the new TRIM command, and Windows 7 is able to identify a solid-state drive uniquely. Native support for USB 3.0 is not included due to delays in the finalization of the standard.[72] At WinHEC 2008 Microsoft announced that color depths of 30-bit and 48-bit would be supported in Windows 7 along with the wide color gamut scRGB (which for HDMI 1.3 can be converted and output as xvYCC). The video modes supported in Windows 7 are 16-bit sRGB, 24-bit sRGB, 30-bit sRGB, 30-bit with extended color gamut sRGB, and 48-bit scRGB.[73][74]
For developers, Windows 7 includes a new networking API with support for building SOAP-based web services in native code (as opposed to .NET-based WCF web services),[75] new features to simplify development of installation packages and shorten application install times.[76] Windows 7, by default, generates fewer User Account Control (UAC) prompts because it allows digitally signed Windows components to gain elevated privileges without a prompt. Additionally, users can now adjust the level at which UAC operates using a sliding scale.[77]
Features[edit]
New and changed[edit]
Main article: Features new to Windows 7
Windows 7 live thumbnails
Among Windows 7's new features are advances in touch and handwriting recognition,[40] support for virtual hard disks,[41]improved performance on multi-core processors,[42][43][44][45] improved boot performance, DirectAccess, and kernelimprovements. Windows 7 adds support for systems using multiple heterogeneous graphics cards from different vendors (Heterogeneous Multi-adapter),[46] a new version of Windows Media Center,[47] a Gadget for Windows Media Center, improved media features, XPS Essentials Pack[48] and Windows PowerShell[49] being included, and a redesigned Calculator with multiline capabilities including Programmer and Statistics modes along with unit conversion for length, weight, temperature, and several others.[50] Many new items have been added to the Control Panel, including ClearType Text Tuner[51] Display Color Calibration Wizard,[52] Gadgets, Recovery, Troubleshooting, Workspaces Center, Location and Other Sensors, Credential Manager, Biometric Devices, System Icons, and Display.[53] Windows Security Center has been renamed to Windows Action Center (Windows Health Center and Windows Solution Center in earlier builds), which encompasses both security and maintenance of the computer. ReadyBoost on 32-bit editions now supports up to 256 gigabytes of extra allocation. Windows 7 also supports images in RAW image format through the addition of Windows Imaging Component-enabled image decoders, which enables raw image thumbnails, previewing and metadata display in Windows Explorer, plus full-size viewing and slideshows in Windows Photo Viewer and Windows Media Center.[54]
The default taskbar of Windows 7.
The taskbar has seen the biggest visual changes, where the old Quick Launch toolbar has been replaced with the ability to pin applications to taskbar. Buttons for pinned applications are integrated with the task buttons. These buttons also enable Jump Lists to allow easy access to common tasks.[55] The revamped taskbar also allows the reordering of taskbar buttons. To the far right of the system clock is a small rectangular button that serves as the Show desktop icon. By default, hovering over this button makes all visible windows transparent for a quick look at the desktop.[citation needed] In touch-enabled displays such as touch screens, tablet PCs, etc., this button is slightly (8 pixels) wider in order to accommodate being pressed by a finger.[56] Clicking this button minimizes all windows, and clicking it a second time restores them.
Window management in Windows 7 has several new features: Snap maximizes a window when it is dragged to the top of the screen.[57] Dragging windows to the left or right edges of the screen allows users to snap software windows to either side of the screen, such that the windows vertically take up half the screen. When a user moves windows that were snapped or maximized using Snap, the system restores their previous state. Snap functions can also be triggered with keyboard shortcuts.Shake hides all inactive windows when the active window's title bar is dragged back and forth rapidly (metaphorically shaken).
Action Center, which replacesWindows Security Center in Windows XP and Vista
When the Action Center flag is clicked on, it lists all security and maintenance issues in a small popup window
Windows 7 includes 13 additional sound schemes, titled Afternoon, Calligraphy, Characters, Cityscape, Delta, Festival, Garden, Heritage, Landscape, Quirky, Raga, Savanna, and Sonata.[58] Internet Spades, Internet Backgammon and Internet Checkers, which were removed from Windows Vista, were restored in Windows 7. Users are able to disable or customize many more Windows components than was possible in Windows Vista. New additions to this list of components include Internet Explorer 8,Windows Media Player 12, Windows Media Center, Windows Search, and Windows Gadget Platform.[59] A new version ofMicrosoft Virtual PC, newly renamed as Windows Virtual PC was made available for Windows 7 Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate editions.[60] It allows multiple Windows environments, including Windows XP Mode, to run on the same machine. Windows XP Mode runs Windows XP in a virtual machine, and displays applications within separate windows on the Windows 7 desktop.[61] Furthermore, Windows 7 supports the mounting of a virtual hard disk (VHD) as a normal data storage, and the bootloader delivered with Windows 7 can boot the Windows system from a VHD; however, this ability is only available in the Enterprise and Ultimate editions.[62] The Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) of Windows 7 is also enhanced to support real-time multimedia application including video playback and 3D games, thus allowing use of DirectX 10 in remote desktop environments.[63] The three application limit, previously present in the Windows Vista and Windows XP Starter Editions, has been removed from Windows 7.[64] All editions include some new and improved features that originated with Vista, such asWindows Search, Security features, and some features new to Windows 7. Optional BitLocker Drive Encryption is included with Windows 7 Ultimate and Enterprise. Windows Defender is included; Microsoft Security Essentials antivirus software is a free download. All editions include Shadow Copy, which—every day or so—System Restore uses to take an automatic "previous version" snapshot of user files that have changed.[65] Backup and restore have also been improved,[66][67] and the Windows Recovery Environment—installed by default—replaces the optional Recovery Console of Windows XP.
A new system known as "Libraries" was added for file management; users can aggregate files from multiple folders into a "Library". By default, libraries for categories such as Documents, Pictures, Music, and Video are created by default, consisting of the user's personal folder and the Public folder for each. The system is also used as part of a new home networking system known as HomeGroup; devices are added to the network with a password, and files and folders can be shared with all other devices in the HomeGroup, or with specific users. The default libraries, along with printers, are shared by default, but the personal folder is set to read-only access by other users, and the Public folder can be accessed by anyone.[68][69]
Windows 7 includes improved globalization support through a new Extended Linguistic Services API[70] to provide multilingual support (particularly in Ultimate and Enterprise editions). Microsoft has also implemented better support for solid-state drives,[71] including the new TRIM command, and Windows 7 is able to identify a solid-state drive uniquely. Native support for USB 3.0 is not included due to delays in the finalization of the standard.[72] At WinHEC 2008 Microsoft announced that color depths of 30-bit and 48-bit would be supported in Windows 7 along with the wide color gamut scRGB (which for HDMI 1.3 can be converted and output as xvYCC). The video modes supported in Windows 7 are 16-bit sRGB, 24-bit sRGB, 30-bit sRGB, 30-bit with extended color gamut sRGB, and 48-bit scRGB.[73][74]
For developers, Windows 7 includes a new networking API with support for building SOAP-based web services in native code (as opposed to .NET-based WCF web services),[75] new features to simplify development of installation packages and shorten application install times.[76] Windows 7, by default, generates fewer User Account Control (UAC) prompts because it allows digitally signed Windows components to gain elevated privileges without a prompt. Additionally, users can now adjust the level at which UAC operates using a sliding scale.[77]
Design concept[edit]
Apple's original concept for the Macintosh deliberately sought to minimize the user's conceptual awareness of the operating system. Tasks which required more operating system knowledge on other systems would be accomplished by mouse gestures and graphic controls on a Macintosh. This would differentiate it from then current systems, such as MS-DOS, which used a command line interface consisting of tersely-abbreviated textual commands.
The core of the system software was held in ROM, with updates originally provided on floppy disk, freely copyable at Apple dealers. The user's involvement in an upgrade of the operating system was also minimized to running an installer, or replacing system files using the file manager. This simplicity meant that the early releases lacked any access controls, in effect giving its single user root privileges at all times.