The probe sensor is of two parallel plates type which is used to determine the moisture content of the soil. The probe sensor is connected to a resistance to time period converter circuit of the TDR soil moisture sensor system whose output time period depends upon the resistance of the soil which in turn depends upon the moisture content of the soil acting as medium between the plates of the probe sensor. The TDR probe sensor is designed and simulated using the Integrated Electro software in order to determine the effects of the parameters like length, thickness and gap between the plates on electric field and energy density. The simulation results are used to predict and determine the geometry of the probe sensor, the materials that should be used in making the plates of the probe sensor and coating the plates of the probe sensor for reducing the effects of the fringing field and noise in the environment.
3D resistivity imaging uses multi-electrode systems to allow three-dimensional reconstruction of subsurface structures. It has advantages over 2D resistivity imaging in detecting complex underground features. The document discusses 3D resistivity imaging techniques, including:
- Inversion of large data sets using faster computers to model subsurface resistivity in small blocks
- Common electrode arrays like pole-pole, pole-dipole, and dipole-dipole
- Sensitivity patterns that make some arrays better for detecting off-axis underground objects
- Procedures for field measurement and combining multiple 2D data sets for 3D inversion modeling
To perform geological exploration by the geophysical method of electrical resistivity.
The objective of this research is to evaluate the water potential of the study area by investigating the shallow subsurface aquifer material properties and moisture distribution using 2D ERT techniques. During the shallow tube well design and development in the study area, some patches of land does have good potential and some does not, which motivated to understand the aquifer properties, aquifer material, and response. Hence the 2D ERT was carried out, oriented around the pond in the center and five ERT profiles.
2 d electrical resistivity tomography (ert) survey using the multi electrode ...Alexander Decker
1) 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys were conducted along six radial profiles at the Bosumtwi impact crater in Ghana using a modified multi-electrode gradient array.
2) The cable take-outs of the resistivity imaging system were modified from 2m to 5m spacing, allowing investigation of the subsurface to depths of around 75m.
3) The ERT models identified three subsurface formations - low resistivity lake sediments, moderately resistive impact breccias, and highly resistive basement metamorphic rocks.
(1) The document discusses frequency selective surfaces (FSS), which are periodic structures that perform filtering at microwave frequencies. FSS performance depends on factors like element geometry, conductivity, substrate properties, and array period/number.
(2) CST Microwave Studio is used to model and analyze FSS. An annular ring FSS design is proposed for dual-band operation in C-band and X-band. Simulation results show the resonant frequencies can be shifted by varying the ring spacing.
(3) Testing different substrate materials, a linear relationship is observed between the shift in bands, demonstrating the design's ability to achieve dual-band response through proper element and substrate selection.
Numerical Investigation of Multilayer Fractal FSSIJMER
Numerical investigations are presented for a multilayer frequency selective surface with Koch
fractal (levels 1 and 2) conducting patch elements. The structure investigated is obtained using two FSS
screens separated by an air gap layer. For the proposed investigation were used three different values an
air gap height. The results obtained using the numerical method were compared with other technique and
using the commercial software Ansoft DesignerTM. A good agreement was observed in terms of the
bandwidth.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
This document summarizes research on designing annular ring frequency selective surfaces (FSS) using different dielectric substrate materials. The research aims to achieve dual-band frequency response with controllable shift in resonance frequencies. FSS designs with annular ring elements are simulated using substrates like Teflon, Mica and FR4. Simulation results show dual transmission bands in C-band and X-band, with the frequencies shifting based on the dielectric constant of the material. Teflon provides the highest resonance frequencies while Mica and FR4 shift the frequencies down as their dielectric constants increase. The study demonstrates annular ring FSS can produce dual-band response with substrate material choice enabling predictable frequency shifts.
This document compares two different electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures, mushroom type and cross hair type, for reducing specific absorption rate (SAR) when placed with a coplanar waveguide fed double T-shaped antenna. Simulations using a cuboid head model were performed in Ansoft HFSS. The cross hair type EBG structure resulted in significantly lower peak SAR values of 0.050550 W/kg compared to 0.93898 W/kg for the mushroom type EBG structure. Therefore, the cross hair type EBG structure is more effective at reducing SAR without compromising transmitted power for mobile devices.
3D resistivity imaging uses multi-electrode systems to allow three-dimensional reconstruction of subsurface structures. It has advantages over 2D resistivity imaging in detecting complex underground features. The document discusses 3D resistivity imaging techniques, including:
- Inversion of large data sets using faster computers to model subsurface resistivity in small blocks
- Common electrode arrays like pole-pole, pole-dipole, and dipole-dipole
- Sensitivity patterns that make some arrays better for detecting off-axis underground objects
- Procedures for field measurement and combining multiple 2D data sets for 3D inversion modeling
To perform geological exploration by the geophysical method of electrical resistivity.
The objective of this research is to evaluate the water potential of the study area by investigating the shallow subsurface aquifer material properties and moisture distribution using 2D ERT techniques. During the shallow tube well design and development in the study area, some patches of land does have good potential and some does not, which motivated to understand the aquifer properties, aquifer material, and response. Hence the 2D ERT was carried out, oriented around the pond in the center and five ERT profiles.
2 d electrical resistivity tomography (ert) survey using the multi electrode ...Alexander Decker
1) 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys were conducted along six radial profiles at the Bosumtwi impact crater in Ghana using a modified multi-electrode gradient array.
2) The cable take-outs of the resistivity imaging system were modified from 2m to 5m spacing, allowing investigation of the subsurface to depths of around 75m.
3) The ERT models identified three subsurface formations - low resistivity lake sediments, moderately resistive impact breccias, and highly resistive basement metamorphic rocks.
(1) The document discusses frequency selective surfaces (FSS), which are periodic structures that perform filtering at microwave frequencies. FSS performance depends on factors like element geometry, conductivity, substrate properties, and array period/number.
(2) CST Microwave Studio is used to model and analyze FSS. An annular ring FSS design is proposed for dual-band operation in C-band and X-band. Simulation results show the resonant frequencies can be shifted by varying the ring spacing.
(3) Testing different substrate materials, a linear relationship is observed between the shift in bands, demonstrating the design's ability to achieve dual-band response through proper element and substrate selection.
Numerical Investigation of Multilayer Fractal FSSIJMER
Numerical investigations are presented for a multilayer frequency selective surface with Koch
fractal (levels 1 and 2) conducting patch elements. The structure investigated is obtained using two FSS
screens separated by an air gap layer. For the proposed investigation were used three different values an
air gap height. The results obtained using the numerical method were compared with other technique and
using the commercial software Ansoft DesignerTM. A good agreement was observed in terms of the
bandwidth.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
This document summarizes research on designing annular ring frequency selective surfaces (FSS) using different dielectric substrate materials. The research aims to achieve dual-band frequency response with controllable shift in resonance frequencies. FSS designs with annular ring elements are simulated using substrates like Teflon, Mica and FR4. Simulation results show dual transmission bands in C-band and X-band, with the frequencies shifting based on the dielectric constant of the material. Teflon provides the highest resonance frequencies while Mica and FR4 shift the frequencies down as their dielectric constants increase. The study demonstrates annular ring FSS can produce dual-band response with substrate material choice enabling predictable frequency shifts.
This document compares two different electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures, mushroom type and cross hair type, for reducing specific absorption rate (SAR) when placed with a coplanar waveguide fed double T-shaped antenna. Simulations using a cuboid head model were performed in Ansoft HFSS. The cross hair type EBG structure resulted in significantly lower peak SAR values of 0.050550 W/kg compared to 0.93898 W/kg for the mushroom type EBG structure. Therefore, the cross hair type EBG structure is more effective at reducing SAR without compromising transmitted power for mobile devices.
Experimental Study of an Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge an...IJERA Editor
A homogeneous dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in argon was produced by applying high voltage A.C. source of potential difference (0-20) kV operating at a frequency of 10-30 kHz across two parallel plate electrodes with glass as dielectric barrier. The discharge was characterized by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and electrical measurement. Four argon emission lines from the discharge were analyzed and the electron temperature was estimated by line intensity ratio method. The electron density in the discharge was estimated by power balance method. An investigation of the effect of inter-electrode distance on the electron density was made. The results showed that the electron temperature is less than 1 eV and the electron density is of the order of 1011cm-3 which varied with the inter electrode distance. Discharge was applied for surface modification of polyethylene terepthalate (PET). Modified surfaces were studied by contact angle measurement and FTIR spectroscopy.
Electrical resistivity and electromagnetic method for detection of water bear...shubham shukla
1) The document discusses electrical resistivity and electromagnetic methods for detecting groundwater zones. It describes how each method works, including the instruments used, field techniques, and types of surveys conducted.
2) Results of surveys done in India show that both methods can identify potential aquifers at depths of 10-100 meters, though electrical resistivity has limitations like equivalence and anisotropy effects. Electromagnetic has issues with noise sensitivity.
3) Both methods have advantages and limitations depending on the geological conditions and budget. The comparative study provides guidance on which method to use in different situations for groundwater exploration.
This document provides information about an online presentation on the electrical resistivity method in applied geophysics and engineering geology. It includes details about the date, time, presenter, and link to join the Zoom meeting. The bulk of the document then discusses the background and principles of the electrical resistivity method, including different electrode configurations, modes of deployment like vertical electrical sounding and constant separation traversing, and factors that influence electrode selection. Tables provide data on resistivities of common rocks and minerals and geometric factors for different electrode arrays.
Compensation of dielectric cover effects on cp hexagonal microstrip antennaIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research article that examines the effects of a dielectric cover layer on the performance of a circularly polarized hexagonal microstrip antenna. It first describes how circular polarization is achieved in patch antennas and discusses previous work on perturbations used to generate circular polarization. It then explains how additional dielectric layers can negatively impact antenna characteristics like resonant frequency and efficiency. The document proposes using an air gap between the dielectric layer and ground plane to compensate for these effects. It provides design specifications for the hexagonal antenna and shows simulated and fabricated antenna models. The research aims to maintain antenna performance while adding a protective dielectric cover layer.
This document presents the design of a dual-band electrically small microstrip antenna with folded dipole slots for C and X band applications. A rectangular probe-fed microstrip patch antenna is designed using Rogers RT/duroid 5880 as the substrate. Slots are placed in the patch to form a folded dipole structure, which increases the bandwidth. Parameters like return loss, gain, radiation patterns, surface currents and E/H fields are simulated using HFSS. The antenna achieves return losses of -17.13dB and -18.81dB at 6.31GHz and 11.08GHz respectively, with a maximum gain of 8.1dB. The proposed antenna design can be used for applications requiring operation in C
Electrical Resistivity Survey Forground Water At Eye Zheba Village, Off Bida ...iosrjce
The paper titled “Electrical Resistivity survey for ground water” at EL-HALAL Farms, covered an
area of about 10km2
, located at Eye Zheba village along Minna-Bida Road, located on latitude 60
.001
and 6
0
7
1
West and longitude 90
3
1
and 9.101 North. As a result of water problem in Bida and its environs, the people living
in this environment suffered a lot due to lack of portable drinking water and water for domestic use. A
Geophysical survey carried out, employed the schlumberger Array method in which current were sent beneath
the earth surfaces, this was done at various points and the data collected. The area revealed three lithological
formations in some places while in some place five. With the lowest resistivty found to be 6.85 Ωm and the
highest resistivity was 12,774.46 Ωm. The lithotogical formation includes the sandstones, clayey sandstones,
sandy clay and ferruginised sandstone. Since this is a sedimentary area drilling is expected to be deep down to a
depth of about 70-75m
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental in Structural Dynamics Base Isolation System Modellingijtsrd
This project is to understand and have the ability to perform dynamic test. Furthermore in this project, the author can investigate how the dynamics of a multistory building is modified by base isolation. The dynamic properties are also very important for the dynamics analysis of the structure. The main task in this project is to determine the dynamic behavior of a 5 storey steel structure model with base isolation system and without base isolation system by experimentally and numerically. In this section the author examine the vibration properties, natural modes and the earthquake response of two systems 1 Five storey building on a fixed base, 2 Same five storey building supported on the isolation system. In this whole project, the following tasks have to do. First the five storey structure has to model in SAP2000 numerically. After that by the definition of reference sensor positions, sensor setups and excitation locations, the first experimental modal test has planned to do. Then the data assessments have to do like model identification, comparison of test results with the numerical model and also simulate the tests numerically. Again it needs to modify the structure in the numerical model and analyzed it again. In the second test, the system has to prepare with base isolation system. There also have to do second data assessments like model identification, comparison of test results with the numerical model with respect to base isolation system and braced system. Since the dynamic behavior of a linearly behaving structure can be described by its modal parameters natural frequencies, mode shapes, modal damping it is important to carry out tests to identify these parameters. From a numerical analysis study, how response of the building with proposed isolation system under multi direction excitation is then presented followed by the conclusion. Khin Thanda Htun | Kyaw Kaung Cho ""Experimental in Structural Dynamics (Base Isolation System: Modelling)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21704.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/21704/experimental-in-structural-dynamics--base-isolation-system-modelling/khin-thanda-htun
The document discusses techniques for measuring resistivity and mapping resistivity variations across semiconductor wafers. It begins by defining resistivity and listing typical resistivity values for different materials. It then describes two common measurement techniques: two-point probe and four-point probe. Four-point probe is more accurate as it eliminates lead and contact resistance. Factors that affect measurement accuracy like sample size, carrier injection, and probe spacing are also covered. The document concludes by explaining techniques for wafer mapping like double implant, modulated photoreflectance, and optical densitometry.
An Analysis of Dual Band bandpass Filters using with Arbitrary Band Ratiosijtsrd
This paper proposes the variable reflection angle of meta surface composed of the double layered FSS (Frequency SelectiveSurface) and the ground. The meta-surface can steer the reflection direction of the incident wave by shifting the lower FSS. It is clarified that the gradient of the reflection phase in the reflection direction steering plane (x-z plane) are changed by the shift amount of lower FSS. A miniaturized dual-band frequency selective surfaces with second-order band-pass response at each operation band is presented. The design is implemented by cascading a two-dimensional periodic array of double square loops and an array of wire grids. The proposed structure composed of three metal and two dielectric layers acts as a spatial dual band microwave filter with large band separation. The predicted FSS has the merits of broadband response, excellent stability for different incident angles, and sharp roll-off at X- and Ka-band, respectively.Key-words:- Dual Band, FSS, steering etc. Payal Jindal | Dr. Sudheer Kumar Sharma | Dr. Rashid Hussain"An Analysis of Dual Band bandpass Filters using with Arbitrary Band Ratios" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7102.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/7102/an-analysis-of-dual-band-bandpass-filters-using-with-arbitrary-band-ratios/payal-jindal
Now-a-days, the usage for the high speed printed circuit boards are increased. Inorder to satisfy the high
demand of low cost and size reduction, chips must be integrated in a same package in which the signal
integrity issues may occur. One of the major issues is radiated emission. The common mode and
differential mode radiation occur when the differential signal crosses the splitted reference plane. In this
paper, to reduce the common mode radiation, asymmetric resonators with the interdigital capacitors on the
splitted ground plane with shorting vias is implemented. The physical dimensions for the stub and the
interdigital capacitors are determined by using the design theory of transmission line model. The insertion
loss, return loss and the field pattern are determined using the Ansoft HFSS Tool.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna
resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna
resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a modified patch antenna design for dual-band operation at 3 GHz and 5 GHz. The antenna design incorporates defected ground structures and slots cut into the patch and ground planes. Simulation results show return losses of -12.17 dB at 3 GHz and -10.04 dB at 5 GHz, meeting the design goals. The antenna was fabricated and measured results matched well with simulations, validating the proposed antenna design for body-centric wireless applications.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
Comparative Analysis for Different Stack Shaped Microstrip Patch Antennaijsrd.com
A compact stack antenna consisting of square patch, loop couplers and inset feed line is reviewed in this work. This proposed design represents a stacked patch antenna having an arrangement of two substrates separated by an air gape and a coupling is provided using square loop structure. The structure is reviewed in two different directions firstly the feed arrangement is varied and secondly a variation in coupler structure is done to make the antenna work at multiple frequencies in UWB range. The simulation results of this work with different resonator structure and feed structures are presented and comparative analysis of these different arrangements is presented in this paper. Simulation results obtained from the proposed antenna for return loss, polar radiation and pattern voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) shows its suitability for ultra wide band application.
Design and development of triple band ominidirectional slotted rectangular mi...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes the design and development of a triple band slotted rectangular microstrip antenna (TSRMA). Key points:
- TSRMA is designed to operate over three frequency bands from 4.75-16 GHz using rectangular slots on the patch and a ground plane.
- Both simulated and experimental results show TSRMA achieves bandwidths of 260 MHz, 3.113 GHz, and 5.27 GHz across the three bands.
- Radiation patterns measured at the second and third bands were omnidirectional, as desired for applications in microwave systems.
- The simple, low-cost antenna design makes it suitable for systems operating over the 4.75-16 GHz range.
Experimental Study of an Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge an...IJERA Editor
A homogeneous dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in argon was produced by applying high voltage A.C. source of potential difference (0-20) kV operating at a frequency of 10-30 kHz across two parallel plate electrodes with glass as dielectric barrier. The discharge was characterized by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and electrical measurement. Four argon emission lines from the discharge were analyzed and the electron temperature was estimated by line intensity ratio method. The electron density in the discharge was estimated by power balance method. An investigation of the effect of inter-electrode distance on the electron density was made. The results showed that the electron temperature is less than 1 eV and the electron density is of the order of 1011cm-3 which varied with the inter electrode distance. Discharge was applied for surface modification of polyethylene terepthalate (PET). Modified surfaces were studied by contact angle measurement and FTIR spectroscopy.
Electrical resistivity and electromagnetic method for detection of water bear...shubham shukla
1) The document discusses electrical resistivity and electromagnetic methods for detecting groundwater zones. It describes how each method works, including the instruments used, field techniques, and types of surveys conducted.
2) Results of surveys done in India show that both methods can identify potential aquifers at depths of 10-100 meters, though electrical resistivity has limitations like equivalence and anisotropy effects. Electromagnetic has issues with noise sensitivity.
3) Both methods have advantages and limitations depending on the geological conditions and budget. The comparative study provides guidance on which method to use in different situations for groundwater exploration.
This document provides information about an online presentation on the electrical resistivity method in applied geophysics and engineering geology. It includes details about the date, time, presenter, and link to join the Zoom meeting. The bulk of the document then discusses the background and principles of the electrical resistivity method, including different electrode configurations, modes of deployment like vertical electrical sounding and constant separation traversing, and factors that influence electrode selection. Tables provide data on resistivities of common rocks and minerals and geometric factors for different electrode arrays.
Compensation of dielectric cover effects on cp hexagonal microstrip antennaIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research article that examines the effects of a dielectric cover layer on the performance of a circularly polarized hexagonal microstrip antenna. It first describes how circular polarization is achieved in patch antennas and discusses previous work on perturbations used to generate circular polarization. It then explains how additional dielectric layers can negatively impact antenna characteristics like resonant frequency and efficiency. The document proposes using an air gap between the dielectric layer and ground plane to compensate for these effects. It provides design specifications for the hexagonal antenna and shows simulated and fabricated antenna models. The research aims to maintain antenna performance while adding a protective dielectric cover layer.
This document presents the design of a dual-band electrically small microstrip antenna with folded dipole slots for C and X band applications. A rectangular probe-fed microstrip patch antenna is designed using Rogers RT/duroid 5880 as the substrate. Slots are placed in the patch to form a folded dipole structure, which increases the bandwidth. Parameters like return loss, gain, radiation patterns, surface currents and E/H fields are simulated using HFSS. The antenna achieves return losses of -17.13dB and -18.81dB at 6.31GHz and 11.08GHz respectively, with a maximum gain of 8.1dB. The proposed antenna design can be used for applications requiring operation in C
Electrical Resistivity Survey Forground Water At Eye Zheba Village, Off Bida ...iosrjce
The paper titled “Electrical Resistivity survey for ground water” at EL-HALAL Farms, covered an
area of about 10km2
, located at Eye Zheba village along Minna-Bida Road, located on latitude 60
.001
and 6
0
7
1
West and longitude 90
3
1
and 9.101 North. As a result of water problem in Bida and its environs, the people living
in this environment suffered a lot due to lack of portable drinking water and water for domestic use. A
Geophysical survey carried out, employed the schlumberger Array method in which current were sent beneath
the earth surfaces, this was done at various points and the data collected. The area revealed three lithological
formations in some places while in some place five. With the lowest resistivty found to be 6.85 Ωm and the
highest resistivity was 12,774.46 Ωm. The lithotogical formation includes the sandstones, clayey sandstones,
sandy clay and ferruginised sandstone. Since this is a sedimentary area drilling is expected to be deep down to a
depth of about 70-75m
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental in Structural Dynamics Base Isolation System Modellingijtsrd
This project is to understand and have the ability to perform dynamic test. Furthermore in this project, the author can investigate how the dynamics of a multistory building is modified by base isolation. The dynamic properties are also very important for the dynamics analysis of the structure. The main task in this project is to determine the dynamic behavior of a 5 storey steel structure model with base isolation system and without base isolation system by experimentally and numerically. In this section the author examine the vibration properties, natural modes and the earthquake response of two systems 1 Five storey building on a fixed base, 2 Same five storey building supported on the isolation system. In this whole project, the following tasks have to do. First the five storey structure has to model in SAP2000 numerically. After that by the definition of reference sensor positions, sensor setups and excitation locations, the first experimental modal test has planned to do. Then the data assessments have to do like model identification, comparison of test results with the numerical model and also simulate the tests numerically. Again it needs to modify the structure in the numerical model and analyzed it again. In the second test, the system has to prepare with base isolation system. There also have to do second data assessments like model identification, comparison of test results with the numerical model with respect to base isolation system and braced system. Since the dynamic behavior of a linearly behaving structure can be described by its modal parameters natural frequencies, mode shapes, modal damping it is important to carry out tests to identify these parameters. From a numerical analysis study, how response of the building with proposed isolation system under multi direction excitation is then presented followed by the conclusion. Khin Thanda Htun | Kyaw Kaung Cho ""Experimental in Structural Dynamics (Base Isolation System: Modelling)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21704.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/21704/experimental-in-structural-dynamics--base-isolation-system-modelling/khin-thanda-htun
The document discusses techniques for measuring resistivity and mapping resistivity variations across semiconductor wafers. It begins by defining resistivity and listing typical resistivity values for different materials. It then describes two common measurement techniques: two-point probe and four-point probe. Four-point probe is more accurate as it eliminates lead and contact resistance. Factors that affect measurement accuracy like sample size, carrier injection, and probe spacing are also covered. The document concludes by explaining techniques for wafer mapping like double implant, modulated photoreflectance, and optical densitometry.
An Analysis of Dual Band bandpass Filters using with Arbitrary Band Ratiosijtsrd
This paper proposes the variable reflection angle of meta surface composed of the double layered FSS (Frequency SelectiveSurface) and the ground. The meta-surface can steer the reflection direction of the incident wave by shifting the lower FSS. It is clarified that the gradient of the reflection phase in the reflection direction steering plane (x-z plane) are changed by the shift amount of lower FSS. A miniaturized dual-band frequency selective surfaces with second-order band-pass response at each operation band is presented. The design is implemented by cascading a two-dimensional periodic array of double square loops and an array of wire grids. The proposed structure composed of three metal and two dielectric layers acts as a spatial dual band microwave filter with large band separation. The predicted FSS has the merits of broadband response, excellent stability for different incident angles, and sharp roll-off at X- and Ka-band, respectively.Key-words:- Dual Band, FSS, steering etc. Payal Jindal | Dr. Sudheer Kumar Sharma | Dr. Rashid Hussain"An Analysis of Dual Band bandpass Filters using with Arbitrary Band Ratios" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7102.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/7102/an-analysis-of-dual-band-bandpass-filters-using-with-arbitrary-band-ratios/payal-jindal
Now-a-days, the usage for the high speed printed circuit boards are increased. Inorder to satisfy the high
demand of low cost and size reduction, chips must be integrated in a same package in which the signal
integrity issues may occur. One of the major issues is radiated emission. The common mode and
differential mode radiation occur when the differential signal crosses the splitted reference plane. In this
paper, to reduce the common mode radiation, asymmetric resonators with the interdigital capacitors on the
splitted ground plane with shorting vias is implemented. The physical dimensions for the stub and the
interdigital capacitors are determined by using the design theory of transmission line model. The insertion
loss, return loss and the field pattern are determined using the Ansoft HFSS Tool.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna
resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna
resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a modified patch antenna design for dual-band operation at 3 GHz and 5 GHz. The antenna design incorporates defected ground structures and slots cut into the patch and ground planes. Simulation results show return losses of -12.17 dB at 3 GHz and -10.04 dB at 5 GHz, meeting the design goals. The antenna was fabricated and measured results matched well with simulations, validating the proposed antenna design for body-centric wireless applications.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
Comparative Analysis for Different Stack Shaped Microstrip Patch Antennaijsrd.com
A compact stack antenna consisting of square patch, loop couplers and inset feed line is reviewed in this work. This proposed design represents a stacked patch antenna having an arrangement of two substrates separated by an air gape and a coupling is provided using square loop structure. The structure is reviewed in two different directions firstly the feed arrangement is varied and secondly a variation in coupler structure is done to make the antenna work at multiple frequencies in UWB range. The simulation results of this work with different resonator structure and feed structures are presented and comparative analysis of these different arrangements is presented in this paper. Simulation results obtained from the proposed antenna for return loss, polar radiation and pattern voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) shows its suitability for ultra wide band application.
Design and development of triple band ominidirectional slotted rectangular mi...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes the design and development of a triple band slotted rectangular microstrip antenna (TSRMA). Key points:
- TSRMA is designed to operate over three frequency bands from 4.75-16 GHz using rectangular slots on the patch and a ground plane.
- Both simulated and experimental results show TSRMA achieves bandwidths of 260 MHz, 3.113 GHz, and 5.27 GHz across the three bands.
- Radiation patterns measured at the second and third bands were omnidirectional, as desired for applications in microwave systems.
- The simple, low-cost antenna design makes it suitable for systems operating over the 4.75-16 GHz range.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a modified patch antenna design for dual-band operation at 3 GHz and 5 GHz. The antenna design incorporates slots of different sizes and a defected ground structure to achieve the dual-band functionality. Simulation results using IE3D software show return losses of -12.17 dB at 3 GHz and -10.04 dB at 5 GHz. The fabricated antenna prototype shows good agreement with the simulated results, with a measured return loss of -12.71 dB. The proposed antenna design achieves the goal of operating at two frequency bands for applications requiring body-centric wireless communication.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
This paper presents a new structure to implement compact narrowband high-rejection microstrip band-stop filter (BSF). This structure is the combination of two traditional BSFs: Spurline filter and BSF using defected ground structure (DGS). Due to inherently compact characteristics of both Spurline and interdigital capacitance (used as DGS), the proposed filter shows a better rejection performance than Spurline filter and open stub conventional BSF without increasing the circuit size. From, the proposed BSF has a rejection of better than 20dB and the maximum rejection level of 41dB.
ECT SystemElectrical Capacitive tomography is used to find the p.docxjack60216
ECT System
Electrical Capacitive tomography is used to find the permittivity distribution of the material within an area; it is successfully employed to image the flow in pipes. An ECT sensor consists of pair of Electrodes surrounding the region where permittivity distribution needs to be found. A Schematic diagram of the capacitances measurement system is given below:
Figure 1 Complete ECT System [3]
The ECT system consists of system of measurement Electrodes that are known as sensors, these electrodes are excited by applying a potential on one electrode, whereas the rest of the electrode are grounded. The measurement system finds the capacitance between each excited electrode and the remaining electrode. It has already been outlined that there are N (N-1)/2, independent measurements possible with N electrodes [1]. Permittivity distribution is estimated from the measurements of the capacitance between the electrodes. It is therefore necessary to accurately model the influence of the permittivity distribution inside the ECT sensor on the measured capacitances to reach reliable estimations. The sensitivity matrix links the signal variation on one electrode to the permittivity variation in a given volume element inside the ECT sensing domain.
Figure 2 ECT Sensor with 04 Electrodes showing inter-electrode Capacitance
The Concept of sensitivity matrix and the approaches used to estimate it are of importance in finding the permittivity map or image of the sensing domain. The approached used to compute the sensitivity map would be discussed briefly in this report; however the major aim of this report is to discuss the design of the ECT sensor. The architecture of the ECT sensor is discussed along with the major components and purpose of the each of the each of the sensor. This report the simulation results to find the potential distribution within the sensing domain would be discussed along with the experimental results that are provided in the references and various approaches which are used to optimize different parameters are discussed.
ECT Sensor Architecture
Capacitance between the two electrodes depends on the effective area of the electrode and the permittivity of the medium in the sensing domain. In order to have larger capacitance it is desired that the area of the electrode be large, whereas if the area of electrode increases the spatial resolution decreases [2]. On the other hand area of the electrode cannot be decreased beyond a certain limit sine capacitance measured within the sensing domain has a variation of about 0.01pF and it poses some limitation on the measurement system since reducing the area of electrode decreases the signal hence it becomes difficult to measure the small capacitances. The figure below show the major components of the ECT Sensor
Figure 3 ECT Sensor System [2]
The ECT sensor has three different types of electrodes; main electrodes are used for capacitance measurement, axial electrodes and radial electro ...
Determination of solid material permittivity using T-ring resonator for food ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present a simple design of a T-ring resonator sensor for characterizing solid detection. The sensor is based on a planar microwave ring resonator and operating at 4.2 GHz frequency with a high-quality factor and sensitivity. An optimization of the T-ring geometry and materials were made to achieve high sensitivity for microwave material characterizations. This technique can determine the properties of solid materials from range of 2 GHz to 12 GHz frequencies. Techniques of current microwave resonator are usually measuring the properties of material at frequencies with a wide range; however, their accuracy is limited. Contrary to techniques that have a narrowband which is normally measuring the properties of materials to a high-accuracy with limitation to only a single frequency. This sensor has a capability of measuring the properties of materials at frequencies of wide range to a high-accuracy. A good agreement is achieved between the simulated results of the tested materials and the values of the manufacturer’s Data sheets. An empirical equation has been developed accordingly for the simulated results of the tested materials. Various standard materials have been tested for validation and verification of the sensor sensitivity. The proposed concept enables the detection and characterization of materials and it has miniaturized the size with low cost, reusable, reliable, and ease of design fabrication with using a small size of tested sample. It is inspiring a broader of interest in developing microwave planar sensors and improving their applications in food industry, quality control and biomedical materials.
This document describes a novel fractal reconfigurable multiband antenna designed for cognitive radio applications. The antenna consists of a triangular patch with triangular slots and switches integrated along the slots. By turning the switches on and off, the electrical lengths and current paths are varied, changing the antenna's resonant frequencies. Simulation results show the antenna can achieve frequencies from 1.6-12 GHz across 8 switching states. Measured return loss results validated the reconfigurable multiband performance, making the antenna suitable for cognitive radio frequency switching capabilities. The antenna is compact, low cost, and provides multiband operation with frequency agility using a simple switching technique.
Fractal Reconfigurable Multiband Communicating Antenna for Cognitive RadioIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel fractal reconfigurable multiband antenna design for cognitive radio applications. The antenna structure combines a triangular fractal patch with parasitic elements and PIN diode switches. The switches can be activated or deactivated to change the electrical lengths and alter the current flow, dynamically changing the antenna's resonance frequencies. Simulation results show the antenna achieves frequency reconfigurability, operating at different resonant frequencies depending on the states of the switches. The proposed antenna design provides a compact, multiband solution that is well-suited for cognitive radio applications.
Antipodal linearly tapered slot antenna system using substrate parallel plate...fanfan he
This document describes an antipodal linearly tapered slot antenna (LTSA) fed by a substrate parallel plate waveguide. It analyzes the propagation characteristics of the parallel plate waveguide, showing it supports a TEM mode. An LTSA element is designed using this feeding structure, fabricated and tested. Both simulated and measured results show the LTSA has very wide bandwidth, from 12 GHz to over 50 GHz. Radiation patterns are also measured at two frequencies, showing narrow beamwidths and gains of 8-9.5 dBi. The substrate parallel plate waveguide is proposed as a good feeding structure for wideband LTSA designs.
Similar to Design of the Probe Sensor for the TDR Soil Moisture Sensor System (20)
Lithological Investigation at Tombia and Opolo Using Vertical Electrical Soun...IJLT EMAS
Vertical electrical soundings (VES) was carried out in Opolo and Tombia all in Yenagoa local government area, Bayelsa state, Nigeria to understand the resistivity distribution of its subsurface which serves as a tool in investigating subsurface lithology. All VES sounding were stacked together to generate 1D pseudo tomogram and was subsequently interpreted. The interpreted VES curve results shows that Opolo consists of three layers within the depth of investigation. Sandy clay with mixture of silt make up the first layer (Top layer) with resistance value ranging from 24-63Ωm. The second layer is made up of thick clay with very low resistivity values ranging from 3-19Ωm. The third layer is sandyclay with its resistance value ranging from 26-727Ωm.Tombia also reveals that the area is in three layers within the depth of investigation. Sandy clay with a mixture of fine sand made up the first layer (Top soil) with its resistance values ranging from 40-1194Ωm. The second layer is made up of fine sand with resistivity value ranging from 475-5285Ωm. The third layer is made up of sandy clay/sand with its resistance value ranging from 24-28943Ωm.The results of the 1D pseudo tomogram also reveals that Tombia and Opolo consists of three layers within the depth of investigation and pseudo tomograms serves as a basis tool for interpreting lithology and identifying lithological boundaries for the subsurface
Public Health Implications of Locally Femented Milk (Nono) and Antibiotic Sus...IJLT EMAS
The study is to determine the PH and moisture content
of Nono sold in Port Harcourt , the prevalence of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa in Fura da nono and finally the antibiotic resistance
pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the fermented
products. nono samples were purchased from Borikiri in
portharcourt township. A total of 20 samples were assessed to
determine their microbiological quality and to conduct antibiotic
susceptibility test. Moisture content and pH of the samples were
also assessed. Enumeration of the total viable bacterial count
(TVBC), Total coliform count (TCC) and Total Pseudomonal
count (TPC) were also assessed to determine the sanitary quality
of the product. The PH ranges between 2.99 to 3.89 while the
moisture content ranges between 80% to 88%. The result
obtained from the microbial culture indicated that a wide array
of microorganism were present in Fura da nono including species
of Bacilu, klebsiella, Pseudomonas Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus, Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli.. The highest
TVBC, TCC and TPC were 9.8x103
cfu/ml, 10x103
cfu/ml and
9.7x103
cfu/ml respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility was
conducted using 12 broad spectrum antibiotics and compared
against a standard provided by the Clinical laboratory standard
institute (CLSI). Gentamycin, Ofloxacin and Levofloxacin
recorded 100% resistance , while Cotrimoxazole, Ciprofloxacin,
Vancomycin, Nitrofurantoin, Norfloxacin and Azithromycin
recorded 100% susceptibility as indicated by the complete clear
zone of inhibition.It was discovered that the absence of
regulatory agencies like National Agency for Food Drug
Administration and Control (NAFDAC) in the regulation of the
quality of the product was the cause of the high contamination,
since there were no quality control measures in its production
line .It was recommended that NAFDAC should provide a
standard operating procedure for local food producers and
should include them in their scope for regulation.
Bioremediation Potentials of Hydrocarbonoclastic Bacteria Indigenous in the O...IJLT EMAS
Hydrocarbon pollution Remediation by Enhanced
Natural Attenuation method was adopted to remediate the
hydrocarbon impacted site in Ogoniland Rivers State, Nigeria .
The research lasted for 6 months. Samples were collected at
monthly intervals . samples were collected intermittently
between Feb 2019 to July 2019 . Mineral salt medium containing
crude oil was used as a sole source of carbon and energy for the
isolation of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria. Samples were
collected from the four (4) local government that made up
Ogoniland and they includes Khana(k), Gokana (G),Tai (T),
Eleme (E) and transported immediately to the laboratory for
analysis. The microbial and physicochemical properties of the
soil samples varied with the different local government areas.
Seven bacteria genera were isolated from the samples from the
four locations, viz, Pseudomonas, Lactobacter, Micrococcus,
Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Brevibacterium and Mycobacterium
were isolated and identified. the seven isolate were indigenous in
the study area. Nutrient were added to identified plots of
hydrocarbon pollution polluted site within the four local
government and they were able degrade hydrocarbon within a
short of period of time. Reassessment of physicochemical
parameter impacted site was used to judge the bioremediation
potentials of microorganism
Comparison of Concurrent Mobile OS CharacteristicsIJLT EMAS
It is challenging for the mobile industry to supply the best features of the devices with its increasing customer requirements. Among the progress of technologies, the mobile industry is the fastest growing; as it keeps pace with rapidly changing market demands. This paper compares between the currently available mobile devices based on its user interface, security, memory utilization, processor, and device architecture. The mobile products launched from 2015-19 are used for comparison. Current results after comparison with earlier study found that many mobile devices and features became obsolete in a short time span supporting the aggressive growth of mobile industry.
Design of Complex Adders and Parity Generators Using Reversible GatesIJLT EMAS
This paper shows efficient design of an odd and even parity generator, a 4-bit ripple carry adder, and a 2-bit carry look ahead adder using reversible gates. Number of reversible gates used, garbage output, and percentage usage of outputs in implementing each combinational circuit is derived. The CLA used 10 reversible gates with 14 garbage outputs, with 50% percentage performance usage.
Design of Multiplexers, Decoder and a Full Subtractor using Reversible GatesIJLT EMAS
This paper shows an effective design of combinational circuits such as 2:1, 4:1 multiplexers, 2:4 decoder and a full subtractor using reversible gates. This paper also evaluates number of reversible gates used and garbage outputs in implementing each combinational circuit.
Multistage Classification of Alzheimer’s DiseaseIJLT EMAS
Alzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia that destroys
memory and other mental functions. During the progression of
the disease certain proteins called plaques and tangles get
deposited in hippocampus which is located in the temporal lobe
of brain. The disease is not a normal part of aging and gets
worsen over time. Medical imaging techniques like Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT) and
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) play significant role in the
disease diagnosis. In this paper, we propose a method for
classifying MRI into Normal Control (NC), Mild Cognitive
Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s Disease(AD). An overall
outline of the methodology includes textural feature extraction,
feature reduction process and classification of the images into
various stages. Classification has been performed with three
classifiers namely Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial
Neural Network (ANN) and k-Nearest Neighbours (k-NN)
Design and Analysis of Disc Brake for Low Brake SquealIJLT EMAS
Vibration induced due to friction in disc brake is a
theme of major interest and related to the automotive industry.
Squeal noise generated during braking action is an indication of
a complicated dynamic problem which automobile industries
have faced for decades. For the current study, disc brake of 150
cc is considered. Vibration and sound level for different speed
are measured. Finite element and experimentation for modal
analysis of different element of disc brake and assembly are
carried out. In order to check that precision of the finite element
with those of experimentation, two stages are used both
component level and assembly level. Mesh sensitivity of the disc
brake component is considered. FE updating is utilized to reduce
the relative errors between the two measurements by tuning the
material. Different viscoelastic materials are selected and
constrained layer damping is designed. Constrained layer
damping applied on the back side of friction pads and compared
vibration and sound level of disc brake assembly without
constrained layer damping with disc brake assembly having
constrained layer. It was observed that there were reduction in
vibration and sound level. Nitrile rubber is most effective
material for constrained layer damping.
The aim of this article is to device strategies for
establishing and managing tomato processing industry, which
aims to enhance the taste experiences on different tomato
products for the people. Management needed for a successful
business is analyzed in each and every aspect. The five important
steps in management- planning, organizing, staffing, leading and
controlling are applied in management of the industry. Planning-
In the planning process, activities required to achieve desired
goals are thought about. This process involves the creation and
maintenance of a plan, those include psychological aspects that
require conceptual skills. Organizing- Organizing is a systematic
processing in order to attain objectives of structuring,
integrating, co-ordinating task, and activities. Staffing- Staffing is
the process of acquiring, deploying, and retaining a workforce of
sufficient quantity and quality to create positive impacts on the
organization’s effectiveness. Leading- Communicating,
motivating, inspiring and encouraging employees are key aspects
of process of leading, task of which is towards a higher level of
productivity of organization. Controlling- Controlling measures
the deviation of actual performance from the standard
performance, discovers the causes of such deviations and helps in
taking corrective actions.
This paper deals with the functioning of a Propylene
Recovery Unit (PRU) in a chemical industry and the various
Managerial and Human Resource considerations that need to be
accounted for, in this process. This report discusses various
aspects that are to be considered, before initializing the setup of
PRU, ranging from a Management perspective. Mission and
objective was decided and subsequently the managerial model
was developed. Propylene is an indispensible raw material that
has a variety of end use. A detailed analysis pertaining to
propylene demand in the market along with major sources has
been incorporated in this paper. Emphasis has been placed on
the type of departmentation required. Managerial aspects of
various functions ranging from warehousing to quality control
have also been taken into consideration. Delegations of functional
departments have been defined to prevent redundancy of duties
and major managerial functions of Planning, Organizing,
Staffing, Leading and Controlling has also been discussed.
Internal and External factors that affect the company have been
analyzed through SWOT Analysis and MBO strategies are also
broadly classified. Finally, Total Quality Management and
strategies for adoption of Lean Manufacturing as also touched
upon briefly.
This business model is intended to provide an online
platform connecting the general public customers with the
producers of groceries and food products such as fruits,
vegetables, meat and dairy products. The producers are selected
based on their production methods and their quality. The model
obtains the demand from the customers and the supply is found
from the producers. The prices of the products are fixed
according to the supply and demand. The customers' orders can
be classified into two different categories: 1. Bulk orders and 2.
Recipe based. The orders are obtained in a bulk quantity or for a
certain period of time and the products are delivered
periodically as per the customer's need. This model eliminates
the requirements of conventional storage units and also controls
the quality of the products using scientific devices. This model
reduces the wastage of resources as it enables the customer to
estimate their requirements using the help of recipe based
ordering system and also keeps the price constant for the bulk
orders.
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Almost 80% of the population are coffee lovers.
Kaffinite sunshine café is guaranteed to become the daily
necessity for all the coffee addicts. A place with good ambience
where people can escape from their daily stress and cherish with
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Tamil Nadu. We have a romantic ambience which attracts youth.
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analysis of our café to know our strengths and weaknesses. We
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Management of a Paper Manufacturing IndustryIJLT EMAS
This project focuses on how a paper manufacturing industry looks like and how it operates. For better understanding purpose, we have taken a hypothetical situation here. We have discussed on various factors that are to be considered before constructing a plant. For example, what kind of proprietorship is suitable for this case? We have developed a SWOT Analysis for the plant, thinking about the pros and cons. This project can be a guide for a person who is willing to start up a new manufacturing plant. This report can be used to streamline your approach to planning by outlining the responsibilities of plant managers and external factors, as well as identifying appropriate resources to assist you with the construction of plant.
Application of Big Data Systems to Airline ManagementIJLT EMAS
The business world is in the midst of the next
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Impact of Organisational behaviour and HR Practices on Employee Retention in ...IJLT EMAS
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Roads are constituted as the most significant component of
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professionals. Poor working conditions, Low pay scales
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that help the Organizations to achieve their goals and
objectives.
Sustainable Methods used to reduce the Energy Consumption by Various Faciliti...IJLT EMAS
The purpose of this article is to identify the energy
challenges faced by airports especially with regards to the energy
consumed by the terminal building and suggest suitable energy
conservation techniques based on what has already been
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Cake Walk is India's largest confectionery manufacturer known for innovative candy products. It aims to expand globally while contributing positively through social initiatives. The document discusses Cake Walk's vision, products, marketing environment analysis including PESTEL, SWOT and competitive strategies. Market research methods like blind testing and surveys are used to develop new products and improve existing ones. Cake Walk targets a wide customer segment with its diverse product range and strong brand image.
This document discusses the planning and organization of a tours and travel company called MACH Tours and Travels. It begins by outlining their mission and vision, which is to provide enjoyable and memorable experiences for customers by focusing on ease, luxury, quality time, and value. It then provides details on their planning process, including developing customized packages to meet different customer needs. It also discusses their application of Henri Fayol's management principles and considers decision making, risk management, organizational structure, and the business environment factors affecting the tourism industry.
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intersection of the sets Meteorology and Aerospace Engineering.
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ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
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(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
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Design of the Probe Sensor for the TDR Soil Moisture Sensor System
1. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)
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Special Issue on Engineering and Technology | Volume VI, Issue VIS, June 2017 | ISSN 2278-2540
www.ijltemas.in Page 41
Design of the Probe Sensor for the TDR Soil
Moisture Sensor System
Prashant Thapliyal1
, Gambheer Singh Kathait2
, Vishal Rohilla3
1 ,2 ,3
Assistant Professor, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
Abstract: The probe sensor is of two parallel plates type which is
used to determine the moisture content of the soil. The probe
sensor is connected to a resistance to time period converter
circuit of the TDR soil moisture sensor system whose output time
period depends upon the resistance of the soil which in turn
depends upon the moisture content of the soil acting as medium
between the plates of the probe sensor. The TDR probe sensor is
designed and simulated using the Integrated Electro software in
order to determine the effects of the parameters like length,
thickness and gap between the plates on electric field and energy
density. The simulation results are used to predict and determine
the geometry of the probe sensor, the materials that should be
used in making the plates of the probe sensor and coating the
plates of the probe sensor for reducing the effects of the fringing
field and noise in the environment.
Keywords— TDR probe sensor, Simulation, Parameters effects
I. INTRODUCTION
he sensing probe is an important part of the TDR soil
moisture sensor system. The parameter used for the
measurement of the soil moisture is the resistance of the soil.
The time period of the reflected signal from the soil depends
upon the resistance of the soil in between the parallel plates
probe sensor. Thus the soil moisture content can be measured
by measuring the time period of the reflected signal from the
soil. The parallel plates probe act as a waveguide for the
signal transmission and reflection. Thus the various possible
geometries of the probe sensor are simulated in the Integrated
Electro software and the effects of the changes in the
geometries in the parameters like electric field are studied.
The Integrated Electro software is a powerful simulation tool
in which the different 3-D geometries of the probe sensor can
be designed in equivalent 2-D geometries and the parameters
like the length and thickness can be varied to study the
changes in the electric field and energy density between the
parallel plates of the probe sensor.
II. BASIC THEORY OF PROBE SENSOR
The sensing probe is the primary sensing element,
which senses the dielectric properties of the soil sample. The
aims of optimal probe design are to obtain a representative
sampling volume with a robust, practical design while
minimizing the effects of Electrical conductivity across the
probe. These factors are not complementary, and some
compromises must be made in design. For instance, spacing
plates further apart increases the ease with which they can be
inserted into the soil and increases the magnitude of the
resistance measured across the plates. However, it leads to
more energy storage closer to the surface of the plates, where,
due to compaction effects, the soil might be less representative
than undisturbed soil[1]
.
A. Two-Rod vs. Three-Rod Probes
Two-rod and three-rod probes are most commonly
used for routine field work. As a result, many studies have
examined the attributes of these probes[2][6]
conducted a
theoretical study comparing the sampling volume of balanced
two and three rod probes in some detail. It is found that given
an increase in rod diameter for the same centre spacing a
marginal improvement in the uniformity of the distribution of
the sensitivity within the sample area was achieved. In
comparison, the three rod probe had a reduced sample area
and more energy around the central rod. Therefore it would
suggest that the two-rod probes are perhaps preferable for
fieldwork.
B. Comparison between Probes Using Plates or Rods
One of the main aims of TDR probe design is to try
to obtain a relatively uniform energy distribution in the
sampling volume. Achieving this aim reduces the bias of the
measurement for areas close to the surface of the rods where
disturbance of the porous medium will be maximal.
Fig. 1. The relative energy storage distribution cross sections comparison
between (a) parallel plates and (b) twin rods. The graphs indicate that there is
T
2. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)
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Special Issue on Engineering and Technology | Volume VI, Issue VIS, June 2017 | ISSN 2278-2540
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a more even distribution of energy in the sample between plates than between
rods.
Fig.1 compares the relative energy storage density
between two balanced parallel rods and two balanced parallel
plates. The diagrams illustrate that more of the energy is
closer to the conductor using rods than using plates. First
suggested the use of TDR probes with plate geometry[7]
. More
recently plates acting as blades have been proposed for both
static[8]
and mobile[9]
TDR measurements. It is conducted a
comparison of four different probe geometries, comparing
plates vs. rods with two and three conductor geometries.
These included two parallel rods, three parallel rods, two
parallel plates and three parallel plates. The three rods were
constructed from 4-mm-diameter stainless steel, 0.15 m long,
with a centre spacing of 24 mm between outer and inner
conductors. The plates were made from 2-mm-thick stainless
steel, 20 mm high and 0.15 m long, with centres spaced 22
mm apart[10][12]
.
On the basis of previous study and discussion about
the probe sensor, it is decided that two parallel plates
configuration is better than two rods configuration. It can be
simulated in the Integrated ELECTRO software and also
clear from the fig.1. The relative energy distribution is
uniform and even for two plate configuration than the two rod
configuration.
III. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF THE PARALLEL
PLATES PROBE SENSOR
The proposed dimensions of the parallel plate
electrodes according to previous discussion may be:
1. Length of the electrodes = 120mm. to 180mm.
2. Width of the electrodes = 20mm.
3. Thickness of the electrodes = 1mm. to 2mm.
4. Gap between the electrodes = 25mm. to 40mm.
5. Thickness at the tip = 0.5mm.
6. Plates are tapered for the length = 10mm.
In the above dimensions the length and thickness can be
simulated with the Integrated ELECTRO software.
A. EFFECT OF LENGTH VARIATIONS ON ELECTRIC
FIELD
The electric field in two regions has been taken into
consideration.
For Length=120mm
Electric Field in the Region between Electrodes
The electric field per unit length of the electrode in
the region between the electrodes is stable, constant and high
1.5 kV/m up to 80mm.of entire length (fig.2).
Electric Field in the Region Outside and Near to the
Edge of the Electrodes
The electric field outside and near to edge of the
electrodes is the fringing electric field. This fringing electric
field acts as environmental noise interfering with the
connection cables and wires and other components of the
sensor and producing a distortion in the output signal and thus
producing error in the readings. The fringing field varies in
the range of 1.5 kV/m to 0.0486 kV/m when the distance is
varied in x-axis between 160 mm. to 0 mm. So the rate of
change of fringing field is 9.07125V/m-mm. Thus the fringing
electric field decreases to zero at less distance and the other
components are less interfered (fig.2).
Fig. 2. Electric Field vs Length for L=120mm
Fig. 3. Simulation Contour of Electric Field for L=120mm
For Length=140mm
Electric Field in the Region between Electrodes
The electric field per unit length of the electrode in
the region between the electrodes is stable, constant and high
1.5 kV/m up to 95mm. of entire length (fig.4).
Electric Field in the Region Outside and Near to the
Edge of the Electrodes
3. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)
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Fig. 4. Electric Field vs Length for L=140mm
The fringing field varies in the range of 1.5 kV/m to
0.0569 kV/m when the distance is varied in x-axis between
155 mm. to 0 mm. So the rate of change of fringing field is
9.31V/m-mm (fig.4).
Fig. 5. Simulation Contour of Electric Field for L=140mm
For Length=160mm
Electric Field in the Region between Electrodes
The electric field per unit length of the electrode in
the region between the electrodes is stable, constant and high
1.5 kV/m up to 105mm. of entire length (fig.6).
Fig. 6. Electric Field vs Length for L=160mm
Fig. 7. Simulation Contour of Electric Field for L=160mm
Electric Field in the Region Outside and Near to the
Edge of the Electrodes
The fringing field varies in the range of 1.5 kV/m to
0.0663 kV/m when the distance is varied in x-axis between
150 mm. to 0 mm. So the rate of change of fringing field is
9.558V/m-mm (fig.6).
B. EFFECT OF LENGTH VARIATIONS ON ENERGY
DENSITY
For Length=120mm
Fig. 8. Energy Density vs Length for L=120mm
The energy density in the region between the
electrodes is stable, constant and high 9.96µJm-3
up to
40mm.of entire length (fig.8).
The graph plotted below (fig.9) shows the energy
density variations when the spacing between the two
electrodes is varied.
4. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)
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Fig. 9. Energy Density vs Spacing between Electrodes for L=120mm
Fig. 10. Simulation Contour of Energy Density for L=120mm
For Length=140mm
Fig. 11. Energy Density vs Length for L=140mm
The energy density in the region between the
electrodes is stable, constant and high 9.96µJm-3
up to
80mm.of entire length (fig.11). The graph plotted below
shows the energy density variations when the spacing between
the two electrodes is varied (fig.12).
Fig. 12. Energy Density vs Spacing between Electrodes for L=140mm
In fig.12 as the spacing decreases between two
electrodes the energy density is uniform for the less length of
the electrodes.
Fig. 13. Simulation Contour of Energy Density for L=140mm
For Length=160mm
Fig. 14. Energy Density vs Length for L=160mm
The energy density in the region between the
electrodes is stable, constant and high 9.96µJm-3
up to
5. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)
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95mm.of entire length (fig.14). The graph plotted below
shows the energy density variations when the spacing between
the two electrodes is varied (fig.15).
Fig. 15. Energy Density vs Spacing between Electrodes for
L=160mm
Fig. 16. Simulation Contour of Energy Density for L=160mm
C. EFFECT OF THICKNESS VARIATIONS ON
FRINGING ELECTRIC FIELD
For Length=120mm and thickness t=2mm
Fig. 17. Electric Field vs Length for t=2mm
For Length=120mm and thickness t=1.5mm
Fig. 18. Electric Field vs Length for t=1.5mm
As it is shown in fig.17 and fig.18 that fringing field
is decreasing more rapidly when the thickness is reduced. In
fig.17 the fringing field varies in the range of 1.5 kV/m to
0.0486 kV/m when the distance is varied in x-axis between
160 mm. to 0 mm. So the rate of change of fringing field is
9.07125V/m-mm. In fig.18 the fringing field varies in the
range of 1.5 kV/m to 0.0481 kV/m when the distance is varied
in x-axis between 160 mm. to 0 mm. So the rate of change of
fringing field is 9.0743V/m-mm.
D. EFFECT OF THICKNESS VARIATIONS ON
ENERGY DENSITY
For Length=160mm and thickness t=2mm
Fig. 19. Energy Density vs Length for t=2mm
For Length=160mm and thickness t=1.5mm
6. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)
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Fig. 20. Energy Density vs Length for t=1.5mm
Again it is observed from the graphs (fig.19 and
fig.20) that reducing the thickness of the plates for same
length the effect are only on the fringing field, while the
energy density is nearly constant between the electrodes
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A plastic housing is used to hold the electrodes. The
electrodes are attached to it. The connection cables from the
electrodes are connected to the data logging system for further
processing of the data. The outer surface and the edges of the
plates are coated with an insulating material with low
dielectric constant in order to reduce the effects of the fringing
electric field due to the edges of the plates, electric field due
to the charge accumulated on the outer surface of the plates,
the electric field in the environment. This fringing electric
field is reduced by the Teflon or Epoxy coating due to its low
dielectric constant. The electric field due to the charge present
on the outer surface of the plates causes interference in other
nearby components of the sensor. This electric field is reduced
by the Teflon coating due to its low dielectric constant.
A. PROPERTIES OF THE TEFLON
The following properties of Teflon make it to be used
for coating the outer surface of the plates of the parallel plate
TDR sensor.
1. RESISITANT TO MANY MATERIALS
This includes ozone, chlorine, acetic acid, ammonia,
sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid. The only chemicals
known to affect these coatings are molten alkali metals and
highly reactive fluorinating agents. Thus Teflon will be
affected less by the chemicals and ionic solutions present in
the soil.
2. WEATHER AND UV RESISTANCE
The Teflon coated plates will more resistant to
weather. Thus the Teflon coated plates have long endurance
and durability.
3. NON STICK
Very few solid substances will permanently adhere to
a Teflon coating. While tacky materials may show some
adhesion, almost all substances release easily. Thus the soil
and other chemicals will not be able to adhere to Teflon
coated plates.
4. OUTSTANDING PERFORMANCE AT THE
HIGHER TEMPERATURES
It can temporarily withstand temperatures of 260C
and cryogenic temperatures of -240C and still have the same
chemical properties. It has an initial melting point of 342C (+-
10C) and a secondary melting point of 327C (+- 10C). Thus
Teflon coated plates will be able to operate at higher
temperatures.
5. LOW COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
It is the ratio of the force required to make two
surfaces slide over each other. A low number equals low
resistance and smooth operation. This indicates the difficulty
in sliding one surface against another. The coefficient of
friction is generally in the range of 0.05 to 0.20, depending on
the load, sliding speed, and type of Teflon coating used. Thus
the Teflon coated plates can be penetrated easily into the soil.
6. NON WETTING
Teflon finishes are both hydrophobic and oleophobic,
cleanup is easier and more thorough. Thus the error in the
capacitance due to moisture will be less.
IV. RESULTS
From the above discussion it can be concluded that
the length of the electrodes should not be very less, but at the
same time it should not be very long. Because as we increases
the length of the electrodes, the fringing field also increases,
but for a suitable length the electric field and energy density is
uniform and high for maximum length of the electrodes. The
thickness of the plates should be less, because for less
thickness the fringing field decreases rapidly to zero. The last
important thing is that spacing between electrodes should not
be very less. It should be vary between 25mm. to 40mm.
Because reducing the spacing very much the energy density is
reduced. The material for the parallel plates probe sensor is
chosen Stainless steel-316, due to its good conducting
property and its ruggedness.
So from above conclusion we have chosen following
dimensions of the electrodes shown in fig..21.
7. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS)
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1. Length of the electrodes (L) = 160mm.
2. Width of the electrodes (W) = 20mm.
3. Thickness of the electrodes (t) = 1.5mm.
4. Gap between the electrodes (S) = 40mm.
5. Thickness at the tip (t‟) = 0.5mm.
6. Plate is tapper for the length (P) = 10mm.
Fig. 21. Proposed Rectangular Parallel Plate Probe Sensor
V. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
The parallel plate probe sensor forms an important
part of the TDR soil moisture sensor system and thus
parameters of the TDR probe sensors are also important. The
practical results are improved with improved parameters of
the TDR probe sensor. The parameters of the developed TDR
probe sensor are improved through simulation in the
Integrated Electro software. The design of the TDR probe can
be further improved through simulation in more powerful
software tools and other parametric variations of frequency
selectivity, extracting moisture selective electrical variations,
effect of ionic conductivity existing in the soil moisture and
the input electrical stimulus tunning can be further
investigated to develop precise soil moisture predictive
models. Thus, a pre-processing such as software simulations
to extract selective parameter of interest out of a whole
spectrum of electrical variations in the signal because of real
world complex parametric events such as investigation of
exact volume of water content in a piece of soil under
measurement, becomes an easy and preferable solution. The
overall exercise and specific parametric analysis resulted in to
producing, an improved practical results of the developed
TDR probe sensor.
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