Flexible pavements work by distributing wheel loads across layers to reduce stress. The document discusses flexible pavement design according to Indian Road Congress guidelines for design traffic up to 150 million standard axles. It describes evaluating subgrade strength, calculating design traffic loads, and using CBR and thickness design charts to determine the appropriate flexible pavement layers and thicknesses based on subgrade strength and traffic volume.
Permanent Way of Railway & Components ?(part -1,2,3,4,5)RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
Permanent Way Components: , Selection of Alignment, Ideal Permanent Ways and Cross-sections in different conditions, Salient Features and types of Components viz.
Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, Rail Fastenings.
Types and Selection of Gauges
Types of Pavements, Layers present in the pavements, Stresses on the rigid pavements, wheel load, repetitions etc.. and Indian Standard Method of design of Rigid Pavements.
Permanent Way of Railway & Components ?(part -1,2,3,4,5)RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
Permanent Way Components: , Selection of Alignment, Ideal Permanent Ways and Cross-sections in different conditions, Salient Features and types of Components viz.
Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, Rail Fastenings.
Types and Selection of Gauges
Types of Pavements, Layers present in the pavements, Stresses on the rigid pavements, wheel load, repetitions etc.. and Indian Standard Method of design of Rigid Pavements.
A critical review of commonly used bituminous paving mixes has attempted based on
Mix selection based on function and location within flexible pavement.
Capabilities of present day hot mix asphalt plants
The presentation illustrates a technique for ground improvement, Grouting. In India, grouting is still not being used very much. In this presentation, I have demonstrated the basic types of grouting, goals of ground improvement and two case studies of grouting.
Introduction of Pavement Design
Functions of the Pavement
Requirement of Pavement
Types of Pavement
Component of Flexible Pavement
Load Distribution
types of failure
A critical review of commonly used bituminous paving mixes has attempted based on
Mix selection based on function and location within flexible pavement.
Capabilities of present day hot mix asphalt plants
The presentation illustrates a technique for ground improvement, Grouting. In India, grouting is still not being used very much. In this presentation, I have demonstrated the basic types of grouting, goals of ground improvement and two case studies of grouting.
Introduction of Pavement Design
Functions of the Pavement
Requirement of Pavement
Types of Pavement
Component of Flexible Pavement
Load Distribution
types of failure
Presentation delivered by Brandon Milar at the California Asphalt Pavement Association (CalAPA) Spring Asphalt Pavement Conference April 25-26, 2018 in Ontario, CA.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
EVALUATION AND STRENGTHENING OF RECONSTRUCTED ROADS EXCAVATED FOR UTILITIES U...IAEME Publication
The study highlights the need of pavement evaluation and pavement evaluation measures for the road pavements of urban areas in Kashmir which are often being cut and refilled after laying of utilities like optical fiber cables,municipal water supply pipes, construction of severs etc. This paper includes the collection of required field data like soil sub grade data, existing pavement structure, traffic data, pavement surface condition and rebound deflection by using BBD technique,
laboratory investigations and finally the design of the overall thickness of the road pavement and overlay whatsoever required to strengthen the road stretches.
Module 5: Pavement Design
(8 Lectures)
Basic Principles, Methods for Different Types of Pavements, Design of flexible pavement using IRC: 37- 2012, Design of rigid pavement using IRC: 58-2011
Other modes of Transport
Introduction to Railways, Airways, Waterways, Pipeline Transportation, Classification, Requirements, Comparative Studies.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
3. Load is transferred to the lower layers by grain to grain distribution
The wheel load acting on the pavement will be distributed to a wider area,
and the stress decreases with the depth.
Load transfer Mechanism for Flexible Pavement
6. Flexible Pavement Design
As per IRC (37-2001)
1.Overview
Indian Road Congress(IRC) has specified the
design procedures for flexible pavements
based on California bearing ratio (CBR)
values. Following this guidelines applicable to
design traffic up to 150 msa.
7. 2.Scope
These guidelines will apply to design of
flexible pavements for
Expressway(EH),National Highways(NH),
State Highways(SH), Major District
roads(MDR) and other categories of roads.
3.Design procedure
The pavement designs are given for subgrade
CBR value ranging from 2% to 10% and
design traffic ranging from 1 (million standard
axle) msa to 150 msa for an average
pavement temperature of 35 C.
8. • Design wheel load (from traffic volume
study)
• Subgrade soil strength, Field soil dry density
& Moisture Content
Using the following simple input
parameters, appropriate designs could be
chosen for the given traffic and soil
strength:
Design parameters
9. 4.Design Traffic
The method considers traffic in terms of the
cumulative number of Equivalent Standard Axle
Load(ESAL)(8160kg) to be carried by the
pavement during the design life. These requires
the following informations:
A. Initial traffic in terms of Cumulative Vehicle per
Day (CVPD)
B. Traffic growth rate during the design life
C. Design life in number of years
D. Vehicle damage factor(VDF)
E. Distribution of commercial traffic over the
carriage way.
10. Traffic – In Terms Of ESAL (8160 Kg)
During Design Life
A. Initial Traffic
In terms of Cumulative Vehicles/day
Based on 7 days 24 hours Classified Traffic
B.Traffic Growth Rate
Establishing Models Based on Anticipated Future
Development or based on past trends
Growth Rate of LCVs, Bus, 2 Axle, 3 Axle, Multi
axle, HCVs are different
7.5 % may be assumed- (As per Guidelines
for the design of flexible pavements - IRC
37:2001)
11. C. Design life in number of years
It is recommended that pavements for roads
like NH,SH should be designed for a life of 15
years,EH and urban roads for 20 years and
other categories of roads for 10 to 15 years.
D. Vehicle Damage Factor (VDF)
Multiplier to Convert Number of Commercial Vehicles
of Different Axle Loads and Axle Configurations to the
Number of Standard Axle Load (ESAL) Repetitions
indicate VDF Values.
12. Single Lane Roads
Total No. of Commercial Vehicles in both Directions
Two-lane Single Carriageway Roads
75% of total No. of Commercial Vehicles in both
Directions
Four-lane Single Carriageway Roads
40% of the total No. of Commercial Vehicles in both
Directions
Dual Carriageway Roads
75% of the No. of Commercial Vehicles in each
Direction
E. Design Distribution Of Traffic
13. Evaluation Of Pavement Component Layers
Subgrade
Road foundation- compacted/ borrowed
earth
• Top Layers of Pavement are
constructed over it
• Evaluation Of subgrade strength by CBR
Test
• Te
14. Subbase and Base
Material – Natural Sand, Moorum, Gravel, Kankar, Brick Metal,
Crushed Stone, Crushed Concrete etc
- Stress Transmitting Medium
- To distribute Wheel Loads
- To prevent Shear and Consolidation
Deformation
15. Surface Course
• Sufficient Surface Texture – Good Skid
Resistance in Wet Weather
• Sufficient Stiffness to Reduce Stresses in the
Underlying Layers
• High Resistance to Environmental Degradation;
durable
• Low Permeability - Water Tight Layer against
Ingress of Surface Water
• Good Workability – Allow Adequate Compaction
16. Required Traffic Volume Data
Initial value of commercial vehicles per day
(CVPD).
Traffic growth rate during design life in %
Design life in number of years.
Distribution of commercial vehicles over the
carriage way
17. Computation of Traffic for Use of Pavement
Thickness Design Chart
365 x [(1+r)n – 1]
N = --------------------------- x A x D x F
r
N = Cumulative No. of standard axles to be catered for the design in
terms of msa
D = Lane distribution factor
A = Initial traffic, in the year of completion of construction, in terms of
number of commercial vehicles per day
F = Vehicle Damage Factor
n = Design life in years
r = Annual growth rate of commercial vehicles
18. CBR Testing
California bearing ratio = (PT/PS)x100
Where
PT = test load corresponding to the chosen
penetration curve, and
PS = standard load for the same depth of
penetration as for PS taken from standard
code.
.