design engineering 2B report

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
SARDAR PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BAKROL
Affiliated with GTU
A Project Report On
“PERVIOUS CONCRETE”
DESIGN ENGINEERING -2B
B.E., SEMESTER -6
(Civil Branch)
Prepared by:
GROUP NO:-11
PROF. SHWETA CHAUHAN PROF. NIKUNJ PATEL
Guide Head of Department
Academic Year
2017-2018
Sr no. Name of student Enrollment number
1. PRAJAPATI JIGNESH M. 151240106061
2. PRAJAPATI MITESH P. 151240106064
3. PRAJAPATI NILESH D. 151240106065
4.
5.
PRAJAPATI TIRATH A.
BHUVA MAYUR A.
151240106066
161243106001

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TABLE OF CONTENT
Sr no. Description Page no.
CERTIFICATE I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT II
ABSTRACT III
RELEVANT LITRATURE IV
C:-1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 What is Design thinking? 1
1.2 Importance of Design thinking 1
1.3 Socio-economic relevance 2
1.1.1 Pervious concrete 2
1.1.2 Application of pervious concrete 4
1.1.4 Limitation of pervious concrete 7
1.1.5 Fresh properties of Pervious Concrete 8
C:-2 Observations With AEIOU Summary 9
2.1.1 Activities 9
2.1.2 Environment 10
2.1.3 Interactions 11
2.1.4 Object 12
2.1.5 user 13
2.1.6 Overview of methodology 14
C:-3 EMPATHY MAPPING CANVAS 15
3.1.1 Users 15
3.1.2 Stakeholders 15
3.1.3 activities 16
C:-4 MIND MAPPING 17
C:-5 IDEATION CANVAS 18
5.1.1 Peoples 18
5.1.2 Activities 18
5.1.3 Props / Tools/Object/Equipment 18
5.1.4 Context/Location/Situation 19

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C:-6 PRODUCT DVELOPMENT CANVAS 20
6.1.1 Purpose 20
6.1.2 Product experience 20
6.1.3 Product function 21
6.1.4 Product features 21
6.1.5 component 21
6.1.6 Process of manufacture of pervious concrete 22
6.1.7 batching 22
6.1.8 Mixing 23
6.1.9 casting 23
6.2.0 Curing of concrete 24
6.2.1 Hardened properties of pervious concrete 24
C:-7 LEARNING NEED MATRIX 25
7.1.7 Purpose/Product Concept 25
7.1.2 Theories/Method/Application Process involved 26
7.1.3 Application standard & Design specification 26
7.1.4 Component materials & strength criteria 27
7.1.5 Software/tools/simulation/skill 27
C:-8 PROTOTYPE 28
8.1.1 Cement 28
8.1.2 aggregates 29
8.1.3 sand 30
8.1.4 Mix design as per NRMCA 32
8.1.5 Measuring instruments / techniques 33
8.1.6 Compressive strength 34
8.1.7 permeability 34
8.1.8 Result and discussion 36
8.1.9 COMPARISION OF EXISTING MATERIALS 37
C:-9 CONCLUSION/FUTURE SCOPE 38
reference 39

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LIST OF FIGURE
Fig. No. Figure description Page No.
1.1 Development benefits 4
1.2 Pervious concrete application 6
1.3 Fresh properties of pervious concrete 8
2.1 Activities 10
2.2 Interactions 11
2.3 Objects 12
2.4 Users 13
3.1 Users 15
3.2 stakeholders 16
4.1 Mind mapping canvas 17
5.1 Ideation canvas 19
6.1 Product development canvas 20
6.2 Aggregate samples 21
7.1 L.N Matrix 25
8.1 Standard concrete cube casting mold 30
8.2 curing of concrete block 31
8.3 pervious concrete cube casting mould 15*15*15 31
8.4 UNIVERSIAL TESTING MACHINE 33
8.5 Permeability test 35
8.6 pervious concrete cube permeability test 35
8.7 graphical representation of compressive test 36

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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that work presented is the first phase of the entitled
“PERVIOUS CONCRETE” has been carried out by the
1. PRAJAPATI JIGNESH M.
2. PRAJAPATI MITESH P
3. PRAJAPATI NILESH D.
4. PRAJAPATI TIRATH A.
5. BHUVA MAYUR A.
under my guidance as a partial fulfillment of requirements to award BE in CIVIL
ENGINEERING work on for the term ending in December 2016.
Date:
Place: Bakrol
Prof. Sweta chauhan Prof. Nikunj Patel
Prof.
B.G.Shah
(Guide) (HOD) Principal
Civil Engineering Civil Engineering SPCE
Department Department
SPCE SPCE

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to express our sincere gratitude and regard to our project guide Prof. SWETA
CHAUHAN and all faculty members for helping us so much and showing his interest and
cooperation in completing this work.
We would also like thank our parents, friends and all members of our family for
encouraging us for this work. This work would not have culminated into the present form
without his invaluable suggestions and generous help.
We are thankful to the college personnel for providing their valuable suggestions and
allowing us to use and experience their facilities for the project.
We are thankful to all faculties and friends at SARDAR PATEL COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING who not only provided valuable suggestions and constant help during my
work but also made my stay at the college an enjoyable experience.
1. PRAJAPATI JIGNESH M. 151240106061
2. PRAJAPATI MITESH P. 151240106064
3. PRAJAPATI NILESH D. 151240106065
4. PRAJAPATI TIRATH A. 151240106066
5. BHUVA MAYUR A. 161243106001

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ABSTRACT
This work investigated using recycled concrete aggregate(RCA) in pervious concrete,
specifically the effects on the density, strength and permeability. Cylindrical specimens
of pervious concrete with different percentages of RCA and conventional aggregate
were cast. The coarse aggregate was substituted by 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100% RCA.
As percent RCA increased both compressive strength and permeability generally
decreased.
The strength and hydraulic characteristics of mixes examined in this study compared
generally well with other studies, on pervious concrete without RCA, found in the
literature. The results indicate that up to50% substitution of course aggregate can be
used in pervious concrete without compromising strength and hydraulic conductivity
significantly.
Further testing evaluating freeze-thaw durability is necessary if pervious concrete with
RCA is to be used in cold weather climates.At many projects water logging at parking
and walkways is the major issue especially during monsoon as pavements and floors
are normally impermeable.
This results in considerable amount of investment in repairs and providing storm water
drain systems, which may get clogged during peak over flow. Besides this there are
many other problems that arise due to the above. In such situations it is very important
to think about an economical solution which helps in getting rid of all above
problems.The best solution to above problem is “PERVIOUS CONCRETE”

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RELEVANT LITRATURE
The increasing interest in pervious concrete in INDIA is due to the recent Clean
Water Act and other Environmental Protection Agency regulations, which require
decreasing the amount of water runoff and initially treating the runoff. The advantages
of using pervious concrete also include improving skid resistance by removing water
during rainy days, reducing noise, minimizing the heat island effect in large cities,
preserving native ecosystems, and minimizing costs in some cases. However, the
engineering properties reported in the literature from INDIA indicate a high void ratio,
low strength, and limited freeze-thaw test results.
A typical cross-section of the pervious pavement used in parking lots consists
of a pervious concrete layer with a thickness of 4 to 6 inches, a permeable base with
a thickness up to 18 inches, and a permeable subgrade. If the subgrade permeability
is low, drainage pipes can be used to drain water, but drainage pipes increase the
cost of the system.
Typical pervious concrete mix designs used in INDIA consist of cement, single-
sized coarse aggregate (generally a size between one inch and the No. 4 sieve), and a
water to cement ratio ranging from 0.27 to 0.43. Reported properties of pervious
concrete in the United States indicate that the 28- day compressive strength of pervious
concrete ranges from 800 psi to 3,000 psi, with void ratios ranging from 14% to 31%,
and permeability ranging from 36 to 864 inches/hour.
Advantages of Pervious Concrete
 Environmental Benefits:
 Eliminates untreated storm water and creates zero runoff!
 Directly recharges groundwater
 Mitigates "first flush" pollution
 Protects streams, watersheds, and ecosystems
 Reduces surface temperatures and heat island effects
 Eliminates need for expensive collection and detention systems

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Chapter – 1 – Introduction
We are CIVIL ENGINEERS
Our group is of four members.
PRAJAPATI JIGNESH Studying civil engineering at SPCE, VIDHYANAGAR.
Basically from ANAND, GUJARAT, INDIA.
PRAJAPATI MITESH Studying civil engineering at SPCE, VIDHYANAGAR.
Basically from ANAND, GUJARAT, INDIA.
PRAJAPATI NILESH Studying civil engineering at SPCE, VIDHYANAGAR.
Basically from ANAND, GUJARAT,INDIA.
PRAJAPATI TIRATH A.
BHUVA MAYUR A.
Studying civil engineering at SPCE, VIDHYANAGAR.
Basically from ANAND, GUJARAT, INDIA
Studying civil engineering at SPCE, VIDHYANAGAR.
Basically from ANAND, GUJARAT, INDIA
Guided by: Prof. Shweta Chauhan
Design engineering is a newly subject introduce to GTU. Due to D.E we are able to
elaborate our mind sets and thinking on particular topics which are allotted to us. This is
the great subject due to which we are able to being creative in our projects and works and
able to analysis deeply on a particular subject related to our environment of study.
Design Thinking (We) believes that rather waiting for Moses (Genius) to come and showed
us Innovation;

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With Design Thinking, we can build the bridges to cross over the other side to that new
land of promised future, so we can reliably manufactured our own Miracles.
 Encourages creative consideration of a wide array of innovative solutions
 Can be applied to any field, including higher education
 Approaches challenges from the point of view (POV) of the end user
 Calls for a deep understanding of that user’s emotional needs
“Design Thinking is a human-centered approach to innovation that draws from the
Designer’s toolkit to integrate the needs of people, the possibilities of technology And
the requirements for business success.”
A skill that allows a Designer to align what people want with what can be done,
And produce a viable business strategy that creates customer value and
Market opportunity.
1.1.1 Pervious concrete
Advancements in concrete technology have resulted in the development of a new type of
greener concrete, which is known as Pervious concrete. The research on pervious pavement
materials has begun in developed countries such as the US and Japan since 1980s.In recent
times, leader cities around the world have experienced numerous flooding due to the
combination of increased rainfall and reduced in permeable surface areas.
With the increasing amount of built infrastructures and decreasing permeable unpaved
open areas, the storm water runoff is rapidly increased. As a result, the drainage system
gets overloaded and flash flooding becomes inevitable, thus causing disruption to the road
transport and flooding of basement car parks and shopping centres. In order to manage the

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storm water runoff in urban areas, an engineered solution is needed to avoid ﬂash ﬂooding.
The natural process of rainfall infiltration has been diverted and decreased. Decreasing the
infiltration rate causes reduction in recharging groundwater which has led to a number of
environmental concerns, decreasing the base flow in streams and drying up of small
streams.
The use of pervious concrete for residential and commercial construction leads to
decreasing the risk of flash flooding and runoff of water. Pervious concrete can be used for
construction of light traffic roads, parking lots, driveways, walkways and sidewalks. By
capturing significant amount of storm water and allowing it to infiltrate in to ground and
recharging the ground water table.
Development Benefits
 Storm water system: All storm water catch basins structures within the plat.
All storm water piping to detention vaults and ponds and their subsequent
maintenance and bonding
 The need for detention vault/piping systems and their many problematic
issues
 The need for interior plat curbing
 The oily asphalt road surfaces while replacing them with a thick, rigid
concrete surface with a 30+ year life expectancy

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(Fig 1.1 Development Benefits)
 A pervious infrastructure is much more profitable for the developer Eliminates
time consuming and costly storm water detention vaults and piping systems
Eliminates the cost of curb and gutter installations Reclaims lots otherwise
consumed by vaults and ponds
• 1.1.2 Application of Pervious Concrete
Although not a new technology (it was first used in 1852), pervious concrete is
receiving renewed interest, partly because of federal clean water legislation. The high
flow rate of water through a pervious concrete pavement allows rainfall to be captured
and to percolate into the ground, reducing storm water runoff, recharging groundwater,
supporting sustainable construction, providing a solution for construction that is
sensitive to environmental concerns, and helping owners comply with EPA storm water
regulations. This unique ability of pervious concrete offers advantages to the
environment, public agencies, and building owners by controlling rainwater on-site and
addressing storm water runoff issues. This can be of particular interest in urban areas,
or where land is very expensive. Depending on local regulations and environment, a
pervious concrete
pavement and its sub base may provide enough water storage capacity to eliminate the
need for retention ponds, swales, and other precipitation runoff containment strategies.
This provides for more efficient land use and is one factor that has led to a renewed
interest in pervious concrete. Other applications that take advantage of the high flow
rate through pervious concrete include drainage media for hydraulic structures, parking

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lots, tennis courts, greenhouses, and pervious base layers under heavy-duty pavements.
Its high porosity also gives it other useful characteristics: it is thermally insulating (for
example, in walls of buildings) and has good acoustical properties (for sound barrier
walls).
1.1.3 Pervious concrete application
Low-volume pavements Residential roads, alleys, and driveways
Concrete overlays for highway pavements
Foundations/floors for greenhouses, fish
hatcheries, aquatic centres, and zoos
Sidewalks and pathways Tennis courts
Low water crossings Parking lots
Sub-base for conventional concrete Slope stabilization
Artificial reefs Tree grates in sidewalks
Channel/Well linings Hydraulic structures
Patios Groins and seawalls
Pavement edge drains Walls (including load-bearing)
Noise barriers Curb and gutter

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Sidewalks and pathways parking areas
Slope stabilization tennis courts
Swimming pool decks pavement edge drains

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Garden walk ways floor fountain
(Fig 1.2 Pervious concrete application)
1.1.4 limitation of Pervious Concrete
• While this thirsty pavement is an excellent option for certain situations, it may not
always be a viable choice.
• Because pervious concrete has a rough-textured, honeycombed surface, moderate
amounts of surface ravelling are normal. This can be a problem on heavily travelled
roadways.
• "The main reason pervious concrete is not used for high-traffic pavements, such as
highways, is surface ravelling," says Youngs, who notes that tire sheer can loosen the
aggregate at the surface. One potential solution being looked at is to grind down the
pavement surface about half an inch.
• Special attention must also be given to the overall design of the pavement system in
order for pervious concrete to perform as intended. Proper engineering of the substrate
beneath the pavement is essential, since it must be able to temporarily store the water
while it percolates into the soil. An initial soils site survey and site-specific storm water
calculations should be performed by a storm water management engineer.

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1.1.5 Fresh properties of Pervious Concrete
The plastic pervious concrete mixture is stiff compared to traditional concrete. Slumps,
when measured, are generally less than ¾ inches (20 mm), although slumps as high as 2
inches (50 mm) have been used. When placed and compacted, the aggregates are tightly
adhered to one another and exhibit the characteristic open matrix.
(Fig 1.3Fresh properties of Pervious)
For quality control and quality assurance, unit weight or bulk density is the preferred
measurement because some fresh concrete properties, such as slump, are not meaningful
for pervious concrete. Conventional cast-cylinder strength tests are also of little value,
because the field consolidation of pervious concrete is difficult to reproduce in cylindrical
test specimens, and strengths are heavily dependent on the void content. Unit weights of
pervious concrete mixtures are approximately 70% of traditional concrete mixtures.
Concrete working time is typically reduced for pervious concrete mixtures. Usually, one
hour between mixing and placing is all that is recommended. However, this can be
controlled using retarders and hydration stabilizers that extend the working time by as
much as 1.5 hours, depending on the dosage.

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Chapter – 2 - AEIOU Summary
Evaluation of idea
AEIOU charts describe us overall idea about all details about pervious concrete.
2.1.1 ACTIVITIES:
These are goal-directed sets of actions—paths towards things people want to
accomplish.
What are the modes people work in, and the specific activities and processes they go
through
In Summary of ACTIVITIES
We describe general Impression, elements and summary of actives
In general impression we describe that what is going on the site.
Here people are engaged in some other activities some of us are mentioned below:
Selection of material - general materials & admixture
Selection of moulds - square , cylindrical , slump , shpes moulds
Lubing - lubing the mould before cast concrete
Mixing of material - admixture added for our requirement
Curing - make a poraus block and cure for 7 days
Curing concrete - make a concrete block and cure 7 days
Material testing - fresh material testing ex:-slump test
Hard material testing - compression test
Result - if pass all test we use in our daily life cycle

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FIGURE 2.1 (ACTIVITIES)
2.1.2 ENVIRONMENT:
It include the entire arena where activities take place
In Summary of ENVIRONMENT
We describe general impression, elements, and features
In general impression in general impression we describe atmosphere
 Noise pollution
 Cool atmosphere
 Air pollution
 Cloudy
 Humidity

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2.1.3 INTERACTION:
These are between a person and someone or something else; they are the building
blocks of activities.
In Summary of INTERACTONS
We describe interactions that how people should interact with each other
Here we describe general impression and elements
In general impression we describe
 Man to Man
 Engineer to engineer
 Watchman to labour
 Engineer to owner
 Contractor to labour
Figure 2.2(INTERACTION)

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2.1.4 OBJECT:
These are building blocks of the environment,
What are the objects and devices people have in their environments and how do they
relate to their activities?
In Summary of OBJECT
We describe object which include
 mould
 Cement (53 grade).
 Sand.
 Aggregate.
 Concrete mixture
 Vibrators
 Water tank
Figure:-2.3 (OBJECTS)

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2.1.5 USERS:
Users are the people whose behaviours, preferences, and needs are being observed.
In Summary of USERS
We describe In general impression and elements
In general impression we describe this
People or buyer purchase their residential building for sleeping accommodation.
Buyer purchase their residential comforts for lodging purposes
In other hand people can also purchase as a penthouse purposes
In elements we describe
 Owner
 Architect
 People
 Builder
 Engineer
Figure:-2.4(USERS)

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2.1.6 Overview of methodology
Evaluate the basic properties of materials
Prepare reference Mix
Evaluate the properties of PC
Evaluate the properties by varying size of C.A.
Evaluate the properties by replacement of Rounded aggregates.
Examine the effect of Mud & Debries on Permeability of PC.
Comparison of result
Conclusion

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CHAPTER :- 3 EMPATHY MAPPING
It creates hilarious nuisance due to lack of basic sense in the people. In spite of all hard
work by the cleaners there people were not following cleanliness.
The passengers were helped out from beginning till end of their process of travelling but
still people were not ready to wait for their turn and created haphazard situation there.
People who came to see off the passengers and drivers were allotted sufficient space to
park their vehicle and move inside still created traffic there due to some or the other
reason.
3.1.1 Users:
 Labor
 Contractor
 Engineer
 Owner
Fig 3.1 (USER)

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3.1.2 STAKEHOLDERS:
 Labour
 Engineer
 Architecture
 Contractor
Fig 3.2 (STAKEHOLDERS)
3.1.3 ACTIVITIES:
Selection of material - general materials & admixture
Selection of moulds - square , cylindrical , slump , shpes moulds
Lubing - lubing the mould before cast concrete
Mixing of material - admixture added for our requirement
Curing - make a poraus block and cure for 7 days
Curing concrete - make a concrete block and cure 7 days
Material testing - fresh material testing ex:-slump test
Hard material testing - compression test
Result - if pass all test we use in our daily life cycl

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CHAPTER :-4 MIND MAPPING
Mind mapping is canvas is the easy way to know about what is the project and
what is done after completion of the project.
Figure 4.1(MIND MAPPING)

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CHAPTER:- 5 IDEATION CANVAS
5.1.1 PEOPLES:
Parking area and garden walking path commonly used by people so people indirectly
attached to it
Some of the people are mentioned below which are effected indirectly.
 Builder
 Manager
 Labor
 Officer
 Engineer
 Securitis
5.1.2 ACTIVITIES:
Here people are engaged in some other activities some of us are mentioned below:
 Selection of materials
 Selection of moulds
 Lubing
 Material mixing
 Curing
 Material testing
 Result
5.1.3 PROPS / TOOLS/OBJECT/EQUIPMENT:
Following are the props or objects:-
 SAND
 WATER
 CONCRETE MIXTURE
 AGGRIGATE
 CEMENT
 WATER CEMENT RATIO

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5.1.4 Context/Location/Situation:
Then thought for context/location/situation and finally for possible solutions. We conclude
that people’s emotions when using an interactive system do not only influence the current
interaction itself.
1. Buyer are consulting about their comforts with consultant.
2. All the facilities and amenities are providing to the costomer.
Figure 5.1 (IDEATION CANVAS)

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CHAPTER:-6 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS
Fig :- 6.1 (PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS)
6.1.1 Purpose:
The main purpose of the pervious concrete are cost effect construction, easily workable.
6.1.2 Product experience:
The facilities provided any many different ways after acquiring the product or to take at
their own hand.

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6.1.3 Product functions:
The main function of the pervious concrete is the heat absorb , water absorb ,efficient and
ground water recharge.
6.1.4 Product features:
1. eco friendly
2. less costly
3. permeable
6.1.5 Component:
The main components are
 sand
 oven
 aggregate
 mould
 cement
Fig:- 6.2 aggregate samples

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6.1.6 Process of manufacture of pervious concrete
 Production of quality pervious concrete requires greater care at every stage of
manufacture of concrete. If precise care is not taken, and good rules are not
observed, the resultant pervious concrete is going to be of bad quality. With the
same material if intense care is taken to exercise control at every stage, it will result
in good pervious concrete. The various stages of manufacture of pervious concrete
are:
 (a) Batching
 (b) Mixing
 (c) Transporting
 (d) Placing
 (f) Curing
6.1.7 Batching:
 The measurement of materials for making pervious concrete is known as batching.
There are two methods of batching,
 (I) Volume batching
 (ii) Weight batching
 (i) Volume batching: Volume batching is not a good method for proportioning the
material. The Volume of moist material in a loose condition weights much less than
the same volume of dry compacted material therefore volume batching are not used
for general purpose.
 (ii) Weight Batching: Batching by weight is more accurate and leads to more
uniform proportioning and quality of concrete. For important concrete structure
weight batching system should be adopted. Different types of weigh batchers are
available, the particular type to be used, depends upon the nature of the job

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 6.1.8 Mixing:
 The aim of mixing of concrete is to produce a homogenous and uniform pervious
concrete. This means that the different constituted material of concrete be
uniformly distributed throughout the concrete mass. There are two methods
adopted for mixing concrete:
 (I) Hand mixing
 (II)Machine mixing
 Hand Mixing: Hand mixing is practiced for small scale unimportant concrete
works. As the mixing cannot be thorough and efficient, it is desirable to add 10
percent more cement to cater for the inferior concrete produced by this method.
 Machine Mixing: Mixing of concrete is almost invariably carried out by machine,
for reinforced concrete work and for medium or large scale mass concrete work.
Machine mixing is not only efficient, but also economical, when the quantity of
concrete to be produced is large. Various type of concrete mixture available foe
mixing of concrete such as follow Batch mixers, continuous mixers etc.
6.1.9 Casting:
 It is not enough that a pervious concrete mix correctly designed, batched, mixed
and transported; it also importance that the concrete must be placed in systematic
manner to yield optimum results. Concrete is poured in the moulds of size
150mm×150mm×150mm. No compaction is given by vibration or Tamping rod in
pervious concrete.

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 6.2.0 Curing of concrete:
Concrete hardens due to chemical
reactions between Portland cement
and water. Concrete derives its
strength by the hydration of cement
particles. The hydration of cement
is not a momentary action but a
process continuing for long time.
The rate of hydration is fast to start
with, but continues over a very long time at a decreasing rate. The quantity of the
product of hydration and consequently the amount of gel formed depends upon the
extent of hydration. After 72 hours of casting the specimens is to be demoulded and
is transferred to the curing tank, wherein they will allow to cure for 28 days before
testing.
6.2.1 Hardened properties of pervious concrete :
 Void content/ Porosity:-
 Void content of the specimen was determined in accordance with ASTM C138-01,
standard test method for Density and air content of concrete.
 A (%) = [
(𝑻−𝑫)
𝑻
]*100
 Where,
 A (%) = Air content (voids %) in the concrete,
 T = Theoretical density of the concrete computed on an air free basis, Kg/M³,
 D = Density (unit weight) of concrete, Kg/M³

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Chapter 7. Learning Need Matrix
Learning need matrix will help students to identify the learning requirements at an early stage along with
prioritization of specific learning along with defined time duration time allocation for each learning
priority.
Figure 7.1 LN MATRIX
7.1.1 Purpose/Product Concept:
The purpose and product concept is to give accommodation for the better life style
and amenities with lots of salient features.
 Road improvement
 Traffic control
 Parking improvement
 Accident safety

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7.1.2 Theories/Method/Application Process involved:
A supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something especially one
based on general principle independent of the thing to be explained.
Stage: 1
Observation
Stage: 2
Try experiments
Stage: 3
Final result
7.1.3 Application standard & Design specification:
Design specification is detailed document providing information about the
characteristics of a project to set criteria the developers will need to meet.
Stage: 1
Site survey, Analysis of standard
Stage: 2
Take result
Stage: 3
Apply on site

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7.1.4 Component materials & strength criteria:
A part or element of larger whole especially of part of machine. An assembly plant
for imported component.
Stage: 1
Road, setback, parking spaces
Stage: 2
Add some admixture to improve it’s quality
Stage: 3
take some test on material
7.1.5 Software/tools/simulation/skill:
Component software or simply software, is a part of computer system that consist of data
or computer instructions, in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is
built.
Stage: 1
3d modeling
Stage: 2
Using autocad & staad pro software to design
Stage: 3
Result

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Chapter 8. PROTOTYPE
Pervious concrete is a special type of concrete with a high porosity used for concrete
applications.
 It allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through, thereby
reducing the runoff from a site and allowing ground water recharge.
It is also known as permeable concrete
link of prototype Video :- https://youtu.be/tWxuaWfWBaY
8.1.1 Cement
The OPC 53 Grade Binani cement was used for all concrete mixes. Cement is a fine,
greenish grey powder. Cement is mixed with water, sand, aggregate to make
Pervious concrete.

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8.1.2 Aggregates
Good aggregates should be selected to ensure proper compaction of the concrete mix
so as to prevent segregation during mixing. The compressive strength of pervious
concrete is highly dependent on the type and size of aggregate used. The best
workability can be achieved when partially rounded aggregates are used. However,
smaller aggregates provide more bonding area between mortar and aggregate
resulting in higher compressive strengths. Pervious concrete has specific aggregate
size, shape, surface texture, mineralogy, and cleanliness requirements. Higher
strengths can also sometimes be achieved through the use of crushed stone aggregate
rather than the rounded gravel aggregate but workability decrease.
Both the coarse and fine aggregate are from local sources in Timba, Vadodara &
Godhra Highway, Gujarat.

30
8.1.3 Sand
Natural river sand well graded passing through 4.75mm sieve was used to find the
compressive strength of concrete cubes, cylinders.
Zone of sand: II
Fineness modulus of sand: 2.9
Specific gravity : 2
8.1 standard concrete cube mold

31
Fig 8.2 curing of concrete block
Fig 8.3 pervious concrete cube casting mould 15*15*15

32
8.1.4 Mix design as per NRMCA
Input data
Design void content = 20%
Aggregate relative density = 2.70
Bulk density, 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡³⁄ = 101.5 lb ft³⁄ (1627Kg M³⁄ )
Absorption = 1%
𝑤 𝑐⁄ = 0.33
Step 1
SSD RDca = (2.7* 1.010) = 2.72
No sand, so y =0 and RDagg=RDca
Aggregate voids content = 1-[
101.5
2.70∗62.3
] = 39.6%
Step 2
Required PV (%) = Aggregate Void content (%) + CI (%) – Design Void content (%)
= 39.6 +5 – 20 = 24.65%
Paste volume PV, ft³ = 0.246 * 27 = 6.65 ft³
Step 3
(𝑤 𝑐⁄ ) 𝑤 = 0.33 (given)
No SCM, so x = 0 And RDcm = RDc
Step 4
Ingredient weights
(𝑤 𝑐⁄ ) 𝑣 = 0.33 * 3.15 = 1.03 (RD of cement = 3.15)
Volume of cement 𝑉𝑐 𝑚 , ft³ = [
𝑃𝑉
(1+(𝑤 𝑐⁄ ) 𝑣)
] = [
6.65
(1+1.03)
] = 3.27 ft³
Volume of water𝑉𝑤, ft³= PV- 𝑉𝑐 𝑚 = ( 6.65 – 3.27) = 3.37 ft³
Volume of voids 𝑉𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑 , ft³ = 0.20 * 27 = 5.40 ft³
Absolute volume of aggregate = 27- (PV + 𝑉𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑 )
= 27 – (6.65 + 5.40) = 14.95 ft³
Weight of cement, 𝑙𝑏 𝑦𝑑³⁄ = 3.27 * 3.15 * 62.4 = 642.75 (373.17Kg M³⁄ )
Weight of water, 𝑙𝑏 𝑦𝑑³⁄ = 3.37 * 1* 62.4 = 210.28 (124.75Kg M³⁄ )
Weight of aggregate, 𝑙𝑏 𝑦𝑑³⁄ = 14.95*2.72*62.4 = 2537.43 (1505.39Kg M³⁄ )

33
8.1.5 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS/TECHNIQUES
An UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (UTM) is used to find the compressive
strength of the pervious concrete.
A universal testing machine (UTM), also known as a universal tester,[1]
materials
testing machine or materials test frame, is used to test the tensile strength and
compressive strength of materials. The "universal" part of the name reflects that it
can perform many standard tensile and compression tests on materials,
components, and structures
Fig8.4 UNIVERSIAL TESTING MACHINE

34
8.1.6 Compressive strength:-
Compressive strength test was conducted in accordance with IS 516-1959.The
compressive strength test on hardened concrete was performed on a 3000 KN capacity
compression testing machine. Compressive strength of concrete is the most important
characteristic of concrete, which is measured by engineers in designing structures.
The compression test shows the best possible strength concrete can reach in perfect
conditions. The compression test measures concrete strength in the hardened state.
Compressive strength test was conducted on concrete cube of size 150mm x 150mm x
150mm
8.1.7 permeability :-
Permeability test is used for finding the water passing ability of PC panel which is casted and
placed in field. Permeability test has been carried out manually Standard Test Method for
Infiltration Rate of PC on 300mm x 300mm x 120mm panels of various aggregate sizes. In one
panel coarse aggregates are used while in other panel rounded aggregates are used. To evaluate
the effect of mud and debris on permeability of pervious concrete, three mudding operation cycles
were performed on pervious panels and at the end of each cycle the panel was cleaned by normal
washing procedure. After three cycles of mudding operation the panel was cleaned by pressure
washing technique.
P = KM/D^2*T
Where,
P=permeability
M=water mass
D=ring diameter
T=time
K=constant

35
Fig 8.5 Permeability test
Fig 8.6 pervious concrete cube permeability test

36
8.1.8 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This chapter describes various hydrological properties of pervious concrete such as permeability
as well as hardened properties such as compressive strength and split tensile strength of pervious
concrete.
(Table 3.5 : Compressive test results)
Strength ( after 28 days in N/mm2 )
Cube containing coarse aggregates 11.54
Cube containing rounded aggregates 9.25
Graphical representation of compressive strength
of Pervious concrete
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Cubes containing coarse
aggregates
Cubes containing rounded
aggregates
Compressivestrength(N/mm2)
Fig:- 8.7 graphical representation of compressive test

37
8.1.9 COMPARISION OF EXISTING MATERIALS
Pervious concrete is a porous mix of carefully controlled amounts of water and
cementations materials that forms a paste and forms a thick coating around
aggregate particles. As a paving material, it captures storm water and runoff,
allowing it to seep into the ground.
With little or no sand in the mix, it creates substantial void content. Binding the
aggregate particles together with this paste effectively creates interconnected voids
that allow water to drain. In effect, pervious concrete pavement itself becomes a
water detention device.
 Flow rates for pervious concrete are typically around 480 inches per hour.
 15% – 25% of the hardened concrete is typically void
 We all know that concrete is primarily portland cement, aggregate, and
water. And in general it's best to keep it simple, since more ingredients can
make it more difficult to control.
 The single most important thing to start with is the water-cement ratio (w/c).
Nearly 100 years ago Duff Abrams discovered the direct relationship
between w/c and strength—the less water used the higher the strength of the
concrete since too much water leaves lots of pores in the paste portion of the
concrete. For most applications, w/c should be between 0.4 and 0.5—lower
for lower permeability and higher strength

38
Chapter 9:- CONCLUSION/FUTURE SCOPE
Based on experimental investigation, following observations are made on the fresh
and hardened properties of Pervious concrete.
 Pervious concrete have less compressive strength compared to conventional
concrete.
 Permeability is high due to high void contents.
 After performing the compressive strength test on cubes of course aggregate and
cubes of rounded aggregate, we gained the strength of cubes in which coarse
aggregates are used is less than the cubes in which rounded aggregates are used.
 The use of pervious concrete should be limited to areas not subjected to high
volumes of traffic.
 Even though the compressive strength of the pervious concrete is considerably less
than that of conventional concrete. All of the mixtures tested, however, did not attain
compressive strength strong enough to sustain such high vehicle loadings.
Recommendations are that pervious concrete be limited to areas that are subjected
to small vehicle loads with occasional use by larger vehicles.
Pervious concrete, although not as strong as conventional concrete, provides an
acceptable alternative when used in low volume and low impact areas. Strength is
sacrificed for permeability but not to any degree which would render the pervious concrete
non-functional.

39
Reference
Google
https://www.google.co.in/
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
Book:- concrete technology
Published by :- Atul prakashan
Author :- Dr. R.P. Rethaliya
ISBN Code :- 978-93-81-518-16-8
[1] M. Uma meguesvari and V.L. Narasimha, "Studies on characterization of pervious
concrete for pavement application " procedia -social and behavioral sciences,2013pp.
198-207.
[2] Obla. K.,"Pervious concrete an overview" India concrete journal,August,2013.pp 9-18.
[3] M.Aamer Rafique Bhurta, K, Tsuruta &J.Mirza,"Evaluation of high-performance porous
concrete properties". Construction and Building Materials, Vol.31,2012,pp.67-73.
[4] An Cheng, Hui-Mi Hsu, Sao-Jeng Chao & Kae-Long Lin."Experimental Study on
pervious concrete Made with Recycled Aggregate", Internal Journal of Pavement
Research and Technology, Vol.4,2011,NO.2, pp.l04-110.
[5] Narayanan Neithalath, Milani S. Sumanasooriya & Omkar Deo, "Characterizing pore
volume, sizes, and connectivity in pervious concretes for permeability prediction".
Materials Characterization,Vol.61, 2010,pp. 802-813.
[6] Hnzaree.C, Ceylan.H "Hig volume Fly ash concrete for pavement applications with gap

40
graded aggregates: Marginal and fine sands", Airfield and Highway Pavements,2006,
pp.528-542.
[7] Neithalath. N., J. Weiss, and 1. Olek, "Characterizing enhanced porosity concrete using
electrical impedance (0 predict acoustic and hydraulic performance", Cement and
Concrete Research, Vo1.36, 2006,No. II, pp. 2074-2085.
[8] Tennis.p, Leming.M.L, and Akers 0.1., "Pervious concrete pavements", Portland cement
association (PCA). Skokie. Illinois, 2004. pp.25.
[9] Yang, J. and O. Jiang, "Experimental study 011 properties of pervtous concrete
pavement materials", Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.3,2002, pp. 381- 386.
[10] Ohafoori. N. and S. Dutta, "Building and nonpavement appltcations of no-
fines Concrete ", Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, November(1995),
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[11] Zouaghi. A. and M. Kumagai, "Adaptability of porous concrete to the environment", A
monthly report of the Civil Engineering Research Institute For Cold Region, 2000,
No.566: pp. 11-24.
[12] zbuge,Y., "A review of permeable concrete and its application to pavements"
Mechanics and Structures and Materials, 2006, pp. 601-607.
[13] Ohafoori, N. and S. Dutta, "Laboratory investigation of compacted no-fines concrete for
paving materials", Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 1995, Vol. 7, No. 3,
pp. 183-191

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