Design engineers may work in a team along with other designers to create the drawings necessary for prototyping and production, or in the case of buildings, for construction. However, with the advent of CAD and solid modeling software, the design engineers may create the drawings themselves, or perhaps with the help of many corporate service providers.
Hello Friends
Design Engineering Report based on 'Government School' here and also included all 4 canvases here..
' Mind Mapping' on Government School also Here...
A design engineer is a person who may be involved in any of various engineering disciplines including civil, mechanical, electrical, chemical, textiles, aerospace, nuclear, manufacturing, systems, and structural /building/architectural. Design engineers tend to work on products and systems that involve adapting and using complex scientific and mathematical techniques. The emphasis tends to be on utilizing engineering physics and sciences to develop solutions for society.
this report file upon the effluent treatment by using the biodegradable material and particulate matter for particulate industry. for the next secsion.
Industrial Summer Training Report at Construction Site of CPWD Alok Mishra
Construction of Police Station Khajuri Khas, Near Sonia Vihar, Delhi (SH: C/o Police Station Building, Electric sub Station & External Development Work i.e. Internal Electrical Installations)
Hello Friends
Design Engineering Report based on 'Government School' here and also included all 4 canvases here..
' Mind Mapping' on Government School also Here...
A design engineer is a person who may be involved in any of various engineering disciplines including civil, mechanical, electrical, chemical, textiles, aerospace, nuclear, manufacturing, systems, and structural /building/architectural. Design engineers tend to work on products and systems that involve adapting and using complex scientific and mathematical techniques. The emphasis tends to be on utilizing engineering physics and sciences to develop solutions for society.
this report file upon the effluent treatment by using the biodegradable material and particulate matter for particulate industry. for the next secsion.
Industrial Summer Training Report at Construction Site of CPWD Alok Mishra
Construction of Police Station Khajuri Khas, Near Sonia Vihar, Delhi (SH: C/o Police Station Building, Electric sub Station & External Development Work i.e. Internal Electrical Installations)
THE PROJECT DESCRIBES THE DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING USING STAAD PRO(COLUMNS&BEAMS) & MANUAL(SLABS,FOOTINGS&STAIRCASE).THE PROJECT ALSO CONTAINS THE ESTIMATION & COSTING.THE AUTO CADD IS HELPFUL FOR DRAWINGS.
This document is prepared for our major project submission for B.tech degree. the project deals with improvement of compressive strength of pervious concrete with out affecting its permeability property much.
Planning analysis design the overhead circular water tank in seerapalayam pan...Subash thangaraj
To forecasting the population of the seerapalayam panchayat. To calculate the estimation of water quantity need in Domestic, and industrial purpose. After the calculation planning analysis and design the overhead circular water tank in economically.
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Absolutely good the reason behind this performance was I integrate with all workers within a short time and get involved in different site works to gain more knowledge about the working environment in the site and improve myself with more site works
and office work. Since the site work is very repetitive I have been working in different section to get involved and pass through different peace of works. Especially the work tasks I have been performing in the office work were very impressive because I didn‘t have any knowledge about the quantity works, cost and report writing etc. In general in the last four month I perform all my duties nicely and get knowledge of the practical world and relate it with the theory I have learnt in the class in the last three years. Also I transform myself to another level of skill, ethics, knowledge and leadership using this internship class and I perform it well.
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Super-Structural Construction Work of a Six Storied Residential BuildingShariful Haque Robin
The internship report in broad-spectrum contains ten chapters in which I try to explain my
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explained and it is constructed from the practical basis of the site work ended all months
CONSTRUCTION OF DISTRICT CONTROL BUILDING, CENTRAL STORE BUILDING & 33/11KV POWER SUBSTATION CONTROL ROOM AT CHAPRA,BIHAR
An Internship Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree
of
B.Tech (Civil Engineering)
by
VIJAY KUMAR SINGH
13BCL0001
VIT UNIVERSITY
VELLORE – 632 014, TAMILNADU
THE PROJECT DESCRIBES THE DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING USING STAAD PRO(COLUMNS&BEAMS) & MANUAL(SLABS,FOOTINGS&STAIRCASE).THE PROJECT ALSO CONTAINS THE ESTIMATION & COSTING.THE AUTO CADD IS HELPFUL FOR DRAWINGS.
This document is prepared for our major project submission for B.tech degree. the project deals with improvement of compressive strength of pervious concrete with out affecting its permeability property much.
Planning analysis design the overhead circular water tank in seerapalayam pan...Subash thangaraj
To forecasting the population of the seerapalayam panchayat. To calculate the estimation of water quantity need in Domestic, and industrial purpose. After the calculation planning analysis and design the overhead circular water tank in economically.
Internship Report Construction Site and Office WorkAkshathaBhandary
Absolutely good the reason behind this performance was I integrate with all workers within a short time and get involved in different site works to gain more knowledge about the working environment in the site and improve myself with more site works
and office work. Since the site work is very repetitive I have been working in different section to get involved and pass through different peace of works. Especially the work tasks I have been performing in the office work were very impressive because I didn‘t have any knowledge about the quantity works, cost and report writing etc. In general in the last four month I perform all my duties nicely and get knowledge of the practical world and relate it with the theory I have learnt in the class in the last three years. Also I transform myself to another level of skill, ethics, knowledge and leadership using this internship class and I perform it well.
CIVIL ENGINEERING INTERNSHIP REPORT, DETAILED INTERNSHIP REPORT ON A CIVIL ENGINEERING SITE , USEFUL REPORT FOR FRESHER CIVIL ENGINEERS WITH EXTRA ORDINARY DETAILS WITH IMAGES AND CHECK LIST, FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS FOR HOW TO MAKE INTERNSHIP REPORT
Super-Structural Construction Work of a Six Storied Residential BuildingShariful Haque Robin
The internship report in broad-spectrum contains ten chapters in which I try to explain my
three-month experience in my hosting company. The content of all chapters is broadly
explained and it is constructed from the practical basis of the site work ended all months
CONSTRUCTION OF DISTRICT CONTROL BUILDING, CENTRAL STORE BUILDING & 33/11KV POWER SUBSTATION CONTROL ROOM AT CHAPRA,BIHAR
An Internship Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree
of
B.Tech (Civil Engineering)
by
VIJAY KUMAR SINGH
13BCL0001
VIT UNIVERSITY
VELLORE – 632 014, TAMILNADU
Green Building Construction: Case study on Green BuildingKetulKhatri
To understand the concept of Green Building Construction.
To understand the difference between Normal Building and Green Building.
To evaluate the different Green Building Construction Techniques.
To study the property and use of various Green Building Construction materials.
To analyse Green Building Construction
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In the construction industry, construction defects and failures can occur during the design and construction phases of a project, or after a structure is substantially complete. However, while a design professional is responsible to produce complete, accurate and well-coordinated design and construction documents that are substantially free of defects; and a contractor is required to adhere to the design and construction documents, nothing built is ever perfect nor does the law require a perfect design. Furthermore, all buildings have an expected lifespan and even the structures of the ancient world will erode into a mound of sand given enough time. The eventual failure of a structure is an expected result rather than a manifestation of a construction defect. The question becomes what is a construction defect; how do defects arise; and how can defects be identified and managed?
A Case Study has been conducted to analyse Construction Defects on site, Remedial Measures & Preventable Practices at HDB Water Way Banks at Punggol East.
1.2. Objectives:
The objective of this case study aims to mitigate the defects to the future HDB projects. This project may help to HDB engineers for awareness regarding defects prevention practice. HDB has objectives, which expanding from time to time, Recently, HDB is not only functioning as a provider of basic shelter but also creates housing that can comply with the needs, necessities and aspirations for modern living days and futures. HDB objective is to provide affordable quality homes and develop vibrant living environment.
This case study has the following objectives of:
To investigate and identify the defects that appeared in the precast slab planks.
To identify the defects during construction progress, remedial measures & preventable practices propose better & quality living standards to the public.
This paper contains about the flyash based papercrete brick. the brick is a new material which can resist earthquake and have also light weight. and the brick is made from the waste product. The brick is suitable to use in construction work at the earthquake-prone areas.
In modern society construction has been an important element in the rapidly changing. Innovation in construction is linked with the development of advanced construction material.
In ancient cementitious materials lime alone or lime combination with natural pozzolan , gypsum ,while the modern ones are largly Portland cement.
There would be a demand of combination of Portland cement with large contents of mineral additives. Therefore, the search of alternative binder or cement replacement material has become a technological interest and there is an urgent need to develop newer concrete as reliable and durable construction material.
professional practice and valuation topic of ppt:-valuationtirath prajapati
Valuation is the technique of estimation or determining the fair price or value of property such as building, a factory, other engineering structures of various types, land etc.
ntake structures are used for collecting water from the surface sources such as river, lake, and reservoir and conveying it further to the water treatment plant. These structures are masonry or concrete structures and provides relatively clean water, free from pollution, sand and objectionable floating material.
Dimension less numbers in applied fluid mechanicstirath prajapati
In dimensional analysis, a dimensionless quantity is a quantity to which no physical dimension is assigned. It is also known as a bare number or pure number or a quantity of dimension one[1] and the corresponding unit of measurement in the SI is one (or 1) unit[2][3] and it is not explicitly shown. Dimensionless quantities are widely used in many fields, such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, engineering, and economics. Examples of quantities, to which dimensions are regularly assigned, are length, time, and speed, which are measured in dimensional units, such as meter , second and meter per second. This is considered to aid intuitive understanding. However, especially in mathematical physics, it is often more convenient to drop the assignment of explicit dimensions and express the quantities without dimensions, e.g., addressing the speed of light simply by the dimensionless number 1.
Shear strength is a term used in soil mechanics to describe the magnitude of the shear stress that a soil can sustain. The shear resistance of soil is a result of friction and interlocking of particles, and possibly cementation or bonding at particle contacts. Due to interlocking, particulate material may expand or contract in volume as it is subject to shear strains. If soil expands its volume, the density of particles will decrease and the strength will decrease; in this case, the peak strength would be followed by a reduction of shear stress. The stress-strain relationship levels off when the material stops expanding or contracting, and when interparticle bonds are broken. The theoretical state at which the shear stress and density remain constant while the shear strain increases may be called the critical state, steady state, or residual strength.
The clear distance ahead of vehicle which is visible to the driver is known as sight distance
The minimum distance within which a driver can safely stop his vehicle without any collision with some vehicle, animal or any other object is known as stopping sight distance.
in this presentation content different types of interpolation formulas which is used for many applications,and give accurate answer of big calculation in short time.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
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Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdf
design engineering 2B report
1. GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
SARDAR PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BAKROL
Affiliated with GTU
A Project Report On
“PERVIOUS CONCRETE”
DESIGN ENGINEERING -2B
B.E., SEMESTER -6
(Civil Branch)
Prepared by:
GROUP NO:-11
PROF. SHWETA CHAUHAN PROF. NIKUNJ PATEL
Guide Head of Department
Academic Year
2017-2018
Sr no. Name of student Enrollment number
1. PRAJAPATI JIGNESH M. 151240106061
2. PRAJAPATI MITESH P. 151240106064
3. PRAJAPATI NILESH D. 151240106065
4.
5.
PRAJAPATI TIRATH A.
BHUVA MAYUR A.
151240106066
161243106001
2. iv
TABLE OF CONTENT
Sr no. Description Page no.
CERTIFICATE I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT II
ABSTRACT III
RELEVANT LITRATURE IV
C:-1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 What is Design thinking? 1
1.2 Importance of Design thinking 1
1.3 Socio-economic relevance 2
1.1.1 Pervious concrete 2
1.1.2 Application of pervious concrete 4
1.1.4 Limitation of pervious concrete 7
1.1.5 Fresh properties of Pervious Concrete 8
C:-2 Observations With AEIOU Summary 9
2.1.1 Activities 9
2.1.2 Environment 10
2.1.3 Interactions 11
2.1.4 Object 12
2.1.5 user 13
2.1.6 Overview of methodology 14
C:-3 EMPATHY MAPPING CANVAS 15
3.1.1 Users 15
3.1.2 Stakeholders 15
3.1.3 activities 16
C:-4 MIND MAPPING 17
C:-5 IDEATION CANVAS 18
5.1.1 Peoples 18
5.1.2 Activities 18
5.1.3 Props / Tools/Object/Equipment 18
5.1.4 Context/Location/Situation 19
3. v
C:-6 PRODUCT DVELOPMENT CANVAS 20
6.1.1 Purpose 20
6.1.2 Product experience 20
6.1.3 Product function 21
6.1.4 Product features 21
6.1.5 component 21
6.1.6 Process of manufacture of pervious concrete 22
6.1.7 batching 22
6.1.8 Mixing 23
6.1.9 casting 23
6.2.0 Curing of concrete 24
6.2.1 Hardened properties of pervious concrete 24
C:-7 LEARNING NEED MATRIX 25
7.1.7 Purpose/Product Concept 25
7.1.2 Theories/Method/Application Process involved 26
7.1.3 Application standard & Design specification 26
7.1.4 Component materials & strength criteria 27
7.1.5 Software/tools/simulation/skill 27
C:-8 PROTOTYPE 28
8.1.1 Cement 28
8.1.2 aggregates 29
8.1.3 sand 30
8.1.4 Mix design as per NRMCA 32
8.1.5 Measuring instruments / techniques 33
8.1.6 Compressive strength 34
8.1.7 permeability 34
8.1.8 Result and discussion 36
8.1.9 COMPARISION OF EXISTING MATERIALS 37
C:-9 CONCLUSION/FUTURE SCOPE 38
reference 39
4. vi
LIST OF FIGURE
Fig. No. Figure description Page No.
1.1 Development benefits 4
1.2 Pervious concrete application 6
1.3 Fresh properties of pervious concrete 8
2.1 Activities 10
2.2 Interactions 11
2.3 Objects 12
2.4 Users 13
3.1 Users 15
3.2 stakeholders 16
4.1 Mind mapping canvas 17
5.1 Ideation canvas 19
6.1 Product development canvas 20
6.2 Aggregate samples 21
7.1 L.N Matrix 25
8.1 Standard concrete cube casting mold 30
8.2 curing of concrete block 31
8.3 pervious concrete cube casting mould 15*15*15 31
8.4 UNIVERSIAL TESTING MACHINE 33
8.5 Permeability test 35
8.6 pervious concrete cube permeability test 35
8.7 graphical representation of compressive test 36
5. i
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that work presented is the first phase of the entitled
“PERVIOUS CONCRETE” has been carried out by the
1. PRAJAPATI JIGNESH M.
2. PRAJAPATI MITESH P
3. PRAJAPATI NILESH D.
4. PRAJAPATI TIRATH A.
5. BHUVA MAYUR A.
under my guidance as a partial fulfillment of requirements to award BE in CIVIL
ENGINEERING work on for the term ending in December 2016.
Date:
Place: Bakrol
Prof. Sweta chauhan Prof. Nikunj Patel
Prof.
B.G.Shah
(Guide) (HOD) Principal
Civil Engineering Civil Engineering SPCE
Department Department
SPCE SPCE
6. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to express our sincere gratitude and regard to our project guide Prof. SWETA
CHAUHAN and all faculty members for helping us so much and showing his interest and
cooperation in completing this work.
We would also like thank our parents, friends and all members of our family for
encouraging us for this work. This work would not have culminated into the present form
without his invaluable suggestions and generous help.
We are thankful to the college personnel for providing their valuable suggestions and
allowing us to use and experience their facilities for the project.
We are thankful to all faculties and friends at SARDAR PATEL COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING who not only provided valuable suggestions and constant help during my
work but also made my stay at the college an enjoyable experience.
1. PRAJAPATI JIGNESH M. 151240106061
2. PRAJAPATI MITESH P. 151240106064
3. PRAJAPATI NILESH D. 151240106065
4. PRAJAPATI TIRATH A. 151240106066
5. BHUVA MAYUR A. 161243106001
7. iii
ABSTRACT
This work investigated using recycled concrete aggregate(RCA) in pervious concrete,
specifically the effects on the density, strength and permeability. Cylindrical specimens
of pervious concrete with different percentages of RCA and conventional aggregate
were cast. The coarse aggregate was substituted by 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100% RCA.
As percent RCA increased both compressive strength and permeability generally
decreased.
The strength and hydraulic characteristics of mixes examined in this study compared
generally well with other studies, on pervious concrete without RCA, found in the
literature. The results indicate that up to50% substitution of course aggregate can be
used in pervious concrete without compromising strength and hydraulic conductivity
significantly.
Further testing evaluating freeze-thaw durability is necessary if pervious concrete with
RCA is to be used in cold weather climates.At many projects water logging at parking
and walkways is the major issue especially during monsoon as pavements and floors
are normally impermeable.
This results in considerable amount of investment in repairs and providing storm water
drain systems, which may get clogged during peak over flow. Besides this there are
many other problems that arise due to the above. In such situations it is very important
to think about an economical solution which helps in getting rid of all above
problems.The best solution to above problem is “PERVIOUS CONCRETE”
8. iv
RELEVANT LITRATURE
The increasing interest in pervious concrete in INDIA is due to the recent Clean
Water Act and other Environmental Protection Agency regulations, which require
decreasing the amount of water runoff and initially treating the runoff. The advantages
of using pervious concrete also include improving skid resistance by removing water
during rainy days, reducing noise, minimizing the heat island effect in large cities,
preserving native ecosystems, and minimizing costs in some cases. However, the
engineering properties reported in the literature from INDIA indicate a high void ratio,
low strength, and limited freeze-thaw test results.
A typical cross-section of the pervious pavement used in parking lots consists
of a pervious concrete layer with a thickness of 4 to 6 inches, a permeable base with
a thickness up to 18 inches, and a permeable subgrade. If the subgrade permeability
is low, drainage pipes can be used to drain water, but drainage pipes increase the
cost of the system.
Typical pervious concrete mix designs used in INDIA consist of cement, single-
sized coarse aggregate (generally a size between one inch and the No. 4 sieve), and a
water to cement ratio ranging from 0.27 to 0.43. Reported properties of pervious
concrete in the United States indicate that the 28- day compressive strength of pervious
concrete ranges from 800 psi to 3,000 psi, with void ratios ranging from 14% to 31%,
and permeability ranging from 36 to 864 inches/hour.
Advantages of Pervious Concrete
Environmental Benefits:
Eliminates untreated storm water and creates zero runoff!
Directly recharges groundwater
Mitigates "first flush" pollution
Protects streams, watersheds, and ecosystems
Reduces surface temperatures and heat island effects
Eliminates need for expensive collection and detention systems
9. 1
Chapter – 1 – Introduction
We are CIVIL ENGINEERS
Our group is of four members.
PRAJAPATI JIGNESH Studying civil engineering at SPCE, VIDHYANAGAR.
Basically from ANAND, GUJARAT, INDIA.
PRAJAPATI MITESH Studying civil engineering at SPCE, VIDHYANAGAR.
Basically from ANAND, GUJARAT, INDIA.
PRAJAPATI NILESH Studying civil engineering at SPCE, VIDHYANAGAR.
Basically from ANAND, GUJARAT,INDIA.
PRAJAPATI TIRATH A.
BHUVA MAYUR A.
Studying civil engineering at SPCE, VIDHYANAGAR.
Basically from ANAND, GUJARAT, INDIA
Studying civil engineering at SPCE, VIDHYANAGAR.
Basically from ANAND, GUJARAT, INDIA
Guided by: Prof. Shweta Chauhan
Design engineering is a newly subject introduce to GTU. Due to D.E we are able to
elaborate our mind sets and thinking on particular topics which are allotted to us. This is
the great subject due to which we are able to being creative in our projects and works and
able to analysis deeply on a particular subject related to our environment of study.
Design Thinking (We) believes that rather waiting for Moses (Genius) to come and showed
us Innovation;
10. 2
With Design Thinking, we can build the bridges to cross over the other side to that new
land of promised future, so we can reliably manufactured our own Miracles.
Encourages creative consideration of a wide array of innovative solutions
Can be applied to any field, including higher education
Approaches challenges from the point of view (POV) of the end user
Calls for a deep understanding of that user’s emotional needs
“Design Thinking is a human-centered approach to innovation that draws from the
Designer’s toolkit to integrate the needs of people, the possibilities of technology And
the requirements for business success.”
A skill that allows a Designer to align what people want with what can be done,
And produce a viable business strategy that creates customer value and
Market opportunity.
1.1.1 Pervious concrete
Advancements in concrete technology have resulted in the development of a new type of
greener concrete, which is known as Pervious concrete. The research on pervious pavement
materials has begun in developed countries such as the US and Japan since 1980s.In recent
times, leader cities around the world have experienced numerous flooding due to the
combination of increased rainfall and reduced in permeable surface areas.
With the increasing amount of built infrastructures and decreasing permeable unpaved
open areas, the storm water runoff is rapidly increased. As a result, the drainage system
gets overloaded and flash flooding becomes inevitable, thus causing disruption to the road
transport and flooding of basement car parks and shopping centres. In order to manage the
11. 3
storm water runoff in urban areas, an engineered solution is needed to avoid flash flooding.
The natural process of rainfall infiltration has been diverted and decreased. Decreasing the
infiltration rate causes reduction in recharging groundwater which has led to a number of
environmental concerns, decreasing the base flow in streams and drying up of small
streams.
The use of pervious concrete for residential and commercial construction leads to
decreasing the risk of flash flooding and runoff of water. Pervious concrete can be used for
construction of light traffic roads, parking lots, driveways, walkways and sidewalks. By
capturing significant amount of storm water and allowing it to infiltrate in to ground and
recharging the ground water table.
Development Benefits
Storm water system: All storm water catch basins structures within the plat.
All storm water piping to detention vaults and ponds and their subsequent
maintenance and bonding
The need for detention vault/piping systems and their many problematic
issues
The need for interior plat curbing
The oily asphalt road surfaces while replacing them with a thick, rigid
concrete surface with a 30+ year life expectancy
12. 4
(Fig 1.1 Development Benefits)
A pervious infrastructure is much more profitable for the developer Eliminates
time consuming and costly storm water detention vaults and piping systems
Eliminates the cost of curb and gutter installations Reclaims lots otherwise
consumed by vaults and ponds
• 1.1.2 Application of Pervious Concrete
Although not a new technology (it was first used in 1852), pervious concrete is
receiving renewed interest, partly because of federal clean water legislation. The high
flow rate of water through a pervious concrete pavement allows rainfall to be captured
and to percolate into the ground, reducing storm water runoff, recharging groundwater,
supporting sustainable construction, providing a solution for construction that is
sensitive to environmental concerns, and helping owners comply with EPA storm water
regulations. This unique ability of pervious concrete offers advantages to the
environment, public agencies, and building owners by controlling rainwater on-site and
addressing storm water runoff issues. This can be of particular interest in urban areas,
or where land is very expensive. Depending on local regulations and environment, a
pervious concrete
pavement and its sub base may provide enough water storage capacity to eliminate the
need for retention ponds, swales, and other precipitation runoff containment strategies.
This provides for more efficient land use and is one factor that has led to a renewed
interest in pervious concrete. Other applications that take advantage of the high flow
rate through pervious concrete include drainage media for hydraulic structures, parking
13. 5
lots, tennis courts, greenhouses, and pervious base layers under heavy-duty pavements.
Its high porosity also gives it other useful characteristics: it is thermally insulating (for
example, in walls of buildings) and has good acoustical properties (for sound barrier
walls).
1.1.3 Pervious concrete application
Low-volume pavements Residential roads, alleys, and driveways
Concrete overlays for highway pavements
Foundations/floors for greenhouses, fish
hatcheries, aquatic centres, and zoos
Sidewalks and pathways Tennis courts
Low water crossings Parking lots
Sub-base for conventional concrete Slope stabilization
Artificial reefs Tree grates in sidewalks
Channel/Well linings Hydraulic structures
Patios Groins and seawalls
Pavement edge drains Walls (including load-bearing)
Noise barriers Curb and gutter
14. 6
Sidewalks and pathways parking areas
Slope stabilization tennis courts
Swimming pool decks pavement edge drains
15. 7
Garden walk ways floor fountain
(Fig 1.2 Pervious concrete application)
1.1.4 limitation of Pervious Concrete
• While this thirsty pavement is an excellent option for certain situations, it may not
always be a viable choice.
• Because pervious concrete has a rough-textured, honeycombed surface, moderate
amounts of surface ravelling are normal. This can be a problem on heavily travelled
roadways.
• "The main reason pervious concrete is not used for high-traffic pavements, such as
highways, is surface ravelling," says Youngs, who notes that tire sheer can loosen the
aggregate at the surface. One potential solution being looked at is to grind down the
pavement surface about half an inch.
• Special attention must also be given to the overall design of the pavement system in
order for pervious concrete to perform as intended. Proper engineering of the substrate
beneath the pavement is essential, since it must be able to temporarily store the water
while it percolates into the soil. An initial soils site survey and site-specific storm water
calculations should be performed by a storm water management engineer.
16. 8
1.1.5 Fresh properties of Pervious Concrete
The plastic pervious concrete mixture is stiff compared to traditional concrete. Slumps,
when measured, are generally less than ¾ inches (20 mm), although slumps as high as 2
inches (50 mm) have been used. When placed and compacted, the aggregates are tightly
adhered to one another and exhibit the characteristic open matrix.
(Fig 1.3Fresh properties of Pervious)
For quality control and quality assurance, unit weight or bulk density is the preferred
measurement because some fresh concrete properties, such as slump, are not meaningful
for pervious concrete. Conventional cast-cylinder strength tests are also of little value,
because the field consolidation of pervious concrete is difficult to reproduce in cylindrical
test specimens, and strengths are heavily dependent on the void content. Unit weights of
pervious concrete mixtures are approximately 70% of traditional concrete mixtures.
Concrete working time is typically reduced for pervious concrete mixtures. Usually, one
hour between mixing and placing is all that is recommended. However, this can be
controlled using retarders and hydration stabilizers that extend the working time by as
much as 1.5 hours, depending on the dosage.
17. 9
Chapter – 2 - AEIOU Summary
Evaluation of idea
AEIOU charts describe us overall idea about all details about pervious concrete.
2.1.1 ACTIVITIES:
These are goal-directed sets of actions—paths towards things people want to
accomplish.
What are the modes people work in, and the specific activities and processes they go
through
In Summary of ACTIVITIES
We describe general Impression, elements and summary of actives
In general impression we describe that what is going on the site.
Here people are engaged in some other activities some of us are mentioned below:
Selection of material - general materials & admixture
Selection of moulds - square , cylindrical , slump , shpes moulds
Lubing - lubing the mould before cast concrete
Mixing of material - admixture added for our requirement
Curing - make a poraus block and cure for 7 days
Curing concrete - make a concrete block and cure 7 days
Material testing - fresh material testing ex:-slump test
Hard material testing - compression test
Result - if pass all test we use in our daily life cycle
18. 10
FIGURE 2.1 (ACTIVITIES)
2.1.2 ENVIRONMENT:
It include the entire arena where activities take place
In Summary of ENVIRONMENT
We describe general impression, elements, and features
In general impression in general impression we describe atmosphere
Noise pollution
Cool atmosphere
Air pollution
Cloudy
Humidity
19. 11
2.1.3 INTERACTION:
These are between a person and someone or something else; they are the building
blocks of activities.
In Summary of INTERACTONS
We describe interactions that how people should interact with each other
Here we describe general impression and elements
In general impression we describe
Man to Man
Engineer to engineer
Watchman to labour
Engineer to owner
Contractor to labour
Figure 2.2(INTERACTION)
20. 12
2.1.4 OBJECT:
These are building blocks of the environment,
What are the objects and devices people have in their environments and how do they
relate to their activities?
In Summary of OBJECT
We describe object which include
mould
Cement (53 grade).
Sand.
Aggregate.
Concrete mixture
Vibrators
Water tank
Figure:-2.3 (OBJECTS)
21. 13
2.1.5 USERS:
Users are the people whose behaviours, preferences, and needs are being observed.
In Summary of USERS
We describe In general impression and elements
In general impression we describe this
People or buyer purchase their residential building for sleeping accommodation.
Buyer purchase their residential comforts for lodging purposes
In other hand people can also purchase as a penthouse purposes
In elements we describe
Owner
Architect
People
Builder
Engineer
Figure:-2.4(USERS)
22. 14
2.1.6 Overview of methodology
Evaluate the basic properties of materials
Prepare reference Mix
Evaluate the properties of PC
Evaluate the properties by varying size of C.A.
Evaluate the properties by replacement of Rounded aggregates.
Examine the effect of Mud & Debries on Permeability of PC.
Comparison of result
Conclusion
23. 15
CHAPTER :- 3 EMPATHY MAPPING
It creates hilarious nuisance due to lack of basic sense in the people. In spite of all hard
work by the cleaners there people were not following cleanliness.
The passengers were helped out from beginning till end of their process of travelling but
still people were not ready to wait for their turn and created haphazard situation there.
People who came to see off the passengers and drivers were allotted sufficient space to
park their vehicle and move inside still created traffic there due to some or the other
reason.
3.1.1 Users:
Labor
Contractor
Engineer
Owner
Fig 3.1 (USER)
24. 16
3.1.2 STAKEHOLDERS:
Labour
Engineer
Architecture
Contractor
Fig 3.2 (STAKEHOLDERS)
3.1.3 ACTIVITIES:
Selection of material - general materials & admixture
Selection of moulds - square , cylindrical , slump , shpes moulds
Lubing - lubing the mould before cast concrete
Mixing of material - admixture added for our requirement
Curing - make a poraus block and cure for 7 days
Curing concrete - make a concrete block and cure 7 days
Material testing - fresh material testing ex:-slump test
Hard material testing - compression test
Result - if pass all test we use in our daily life cycl
25. 17
CHAPTER :-4 MIND MAPPING
Mind mapping is canvas is the easy way to know about what is the project and
what is done after completion of the project.
Figure 4.1(MIND MAPPING)
26. 18
CHAPTER:- 5 IDEATION CANVAS
5.1.1 PEOPLES:
Parking area and garden walking path commonly used by people so people indirectly
attached to it
Some of the people are mentioned below which are effected indirectly.
Builder
Manager
Labor
Officer
Engineer
Securitis
5.1.2 ACTIVITIES:
Here people are engaged in some other activities some of us are mentioned below:
Selection of materials
Selection of moulds
Lubing
Material mixing
Curing
Material testing
Result
5.1.3 PROPS / TOOLS/OBJECT/EQUIPMENT:
Following are the props or objects:-
SAND
WATER
CONCRETE MIXTURE
AGGRIGATE
CEMENT
WATER CEMENT RATIO
27. 19
5.1.4 Context/Location/Situation:
Then thought for context/location/situation and finally for possible solutions. We conclude
that people’s emotions when using an interactive system do not only influence the current
interaction itself.
1. Buyer are consulting about their comforts with consultant.
2. All the facilities and amenities are providing to the costomer.
Figure 5.1 (IDEATION CANVAS)
28. 20
CHAPTER:-6 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS
Fig :- 6.1 (PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS)
6.1.1 Purpose:
The main purpose of the pervious concrete are cost effect construction, easily workable.
6.1.2 Product experience:
The facilities provided any many different ways after acquiring the product or to take at
their own hand.
29. 21
6.1.3 Product functions:
The main function of the pervious concrete is the heat absorb , water absorb ,efficient and
ground water recharge.
6.1.4 Product features:
1. eco friendly
2. less costly
3. permeable
6.1.5 Component:
The main components are
sand
oven
aggregate
mould
cement
Fig:- 6.2 aggregate samples
30. 22
6.1.6 Process of manufacture of pervious concrete
Production of quality pervious concrete requires greater care at every stage of
manufacture of concrete. If precise care is not taken, and good rules are not
observed, the resultant pervious concrete is going to be of bad quality. With the
same material if intense care is taken to exercise control at every stage, it will result
in good pervious concrete. The various stages of manufacture of pervious concrete
are:
(a) Batching
(b) Mixing
(c) Transporting
(d) Placing
(f) Curing
6.1.7 Batching:
The measurement of materials for making pervious concrete is known as batching.
There are two methods of batching,
(I) Volume batching
(ii) Weight batching
(i) Volume batching: Volume batching is not a good method for proportioning the
material. The Volume of moist material in a loose condition weights much less than
the same volume of dry compacted material therefore volume batching are not used
for general purpose.
(ii) Weight Batching: Batching by weight is more accurate and leads to more
uniform proportioning and quality of concrete. For important concrete structure
weight batching system should be adopted. Different types of weigh batchers are
available, the particular type to be used, depends upon the nature of the job
31. 23
6.1.8 Mixing:
The aim of mixing of concrete is to produce a homogenous and uniform pervious
concrete. This means that the different constituted material of concrete be
uniformly distributed throughout the concrete mass. There are two methods
adopted for mixing concrete:
(I) Hand mixing
(II)Machine mixing
Hand Mixing: Hand mixing is practiced for small scale unimportant concrete
works. As the mixing cannot be thorough and efficient, it is desirable to add 10
percent more cement to cater for the inferior concrete produced by this method.
Machine Mixing: Mixing of concrete is almost invariably carried out by machine,
for reinforced concrete work and for medium or large scale mass concrete work.
Machine mixing is not only efficient, but also economical, when the quantity of
concrete to be produced is large. Various type of concrete mixture available foe
mixing of concrete such as follow Batch mixers, continuous mixers etc.
6.1.9 Casting:
It is not enough that a pervious concrete mix correctly designed, batched, mixed
and transported; it also importance that the concrete must be placed in systematic
manner to yield optimum results. Concrete is poured in the moulds of size
150mm×150mm×150mm. No compaction is given by vibration or Tamping rod in
pervious concrete.
32. 24
6.2.0 Curing of concrete:
Concrete hardens due to chemical
reactions between Portland cement
and water. Concrete derives its
strength by the hydration of cement
particles. The hydration of cement
is not a momentary action but a
process continuing for long time.
The rate of hydration is fast to start
with, but continues over a very long time at a decreasing rate. The quantity of the
product of hydration and consequently the amount of gel formed depends upon the
extent of hydration. After 72 hours of casting the specimens is to be demoulded and
is transferred to the curing tank, wherein they will allow to cure for 28 days before
testing.
6.2.1 Hardened properties of pervious concrete :
Void content/ Porosity:-
Void content of the specimen was determined in accordance with ASTM C138-01,
standard test method for Density and air content of concrete.
A (%) = [
(𝑻−𝑫)
𝑻
]*100
Where,
A (%) = Air content (voids %) in the concrete,
T = Theoretical density of the concrete computed on an air free basis, Kg/M³,
D = Density (unit weight) of concrete, Kg/M³
33. 25
Chapter 7. Learning Need Matrix
Learning need matrix will help students to identify the learning requirements at an early stage along with
prioritization of specific learning along with defined time duration time allocation for each learning
priority.
Figure 7.1 LN MATRIX
7.1.1 Purpose/Product Concept:
The purpose and product concept is to give accommodation for the better life style
and amenities with lots of salient features.
Road improvement
Traffic control
Parking improvement
Accident safety
34. 26
7.1.2 Theories/Method/Application Process involved:
A supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something especially one
based on general principle independent of the thing to be explained.
Stage: 1
Observation
Stage: 2
Try experiments
Stage: 3
Final result
7.1.3 Application standard & Design specification:
Design specification is detailed document providing information about the
characteristics of a project to set criteria the developers will need to meet.
Stage: 1
Site survey, Analysis of standard
Stage: 2
Take result
Stage: 3
Apply on site
35. 27
7.1.4 Component materials & strength criteria:
A part or element of larger whole especially of part of machine. An assembly plant
for imported component.
Stage: 1
Road, setback, parking spaces
Stage: 2
Add some admixture to improve it’s quality
Stage: 3
take some test on material
7.1.5 Software/tools/simulation/skill:
Component software or simply software, is a part of computer system that consist of data
or computer instructions, in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is
built.
Stage: 1
3d modeling
Stage: 2
Using autocad & staad pro software to design
Stage: 3
Result
36. 28
Chapter 8. PROTOTYPE
Pervious concrete is a special type of concrete with a high porosity used for concrete
applications.
It allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through, thereby
reducing the runoff from a site and allowing ground water recharge.
It is also known as permeable concrete
link of prototype Video :- https://youtu.be/tWxuaWfWBaY
8.1.1 Cement
The OPC 53 Grade Binani cement was used for all concrete mixes. Cement is a fine,
greenish grey powder. Cement is mixed with water, sand, aggregate to make
Pervious concrete.
37. 29
8.1.2 Aggregates
Good aggregates should be selected to ensure proper compaction of the concrete mix
so as to prevent segregation during mixing. The compressive strength of pervious
concrete is highly dependent on the type and size of aggregate used. The best
workability can be achieved when partially rounded aggregates are used. However,
smaller aggregates provide more bonding area between mortar and aggregate
resulting in higher compressive strengths. Pervious concrete has specific aggregate
size, shape, surface texture, mineralogy, and cleanliness requirements. Higher
strengths can also sometimes be achieved through the use of crushed stone aggregate
rather than the rounded gravel aggregate but workability decrease.
Both the coarse and fine aggregate are from local sources in Timba, Vadodara &
Godhra Highway, Gujarat.
38. 30
8.1.3 Sand
Natural river sand well graded passing through 4.75mm sieve was used to find the
compressive strength of concrete cubes, cylinders.
Zone of sand: II
Fineness modulus of sand: 2.9
Specific gravity : 2
8.1 standard concrete cube mold
41. 33
8.1.5 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS/TECHNIQUES
An UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (UTM) is used to find the compressive
strength of the pervious concrete.
A universal testing machine (UTM), also known as a universal tester,[1]
materials
testing machine or materials test frame, is used to test the tensile strength and
compressive strength of materials. The "universal" part of the name reflects that it
can perform many standard tensile and compression tests on materials,
components, and structures
Fig8.4 UNIVERSIAL TESTING MACHINE
42. 34
8.1.6 Compressive strength:-
Compressive strength test was conducted in accordance with IS 516-1959.The
compressive strength test on hardened concrete was performed on a 3000 KN capacity
compression testing machine. Compressive strength of concrete is the most important
characteristic of concrete, which is measured by engineers in designing structures.
The compression test shows the best possible strength concrete can reach in perfect
conditions. The compression test measures concrete strength in the hardened state.
Compressive strength test was conducted on concrete cube of size 150mm x 150mm x
150mm
8.1.7 permeability :-
Permeability test is used for finding the water passing ability of PC panel which is casted and
placed in field. Permeability test has been carried out manually Standard Test Method for
Infiltration Rate of PC on 300mm x 300mm x 120mm panels of various aggregate sizes. In one
panel coarse aggregates are used while in other panel rounded aggregates are used. To evaluate
the effect of mud and debris on permeability of pervious concrete, three mudding operation cycles
were performed on pervious panels and at the end of each cycle the panel was cleaned by normal
washing procedure. After three cycles of mudding operation the panel was cleaned by pressure
washing technique.
P = KM/D^2*T
Where,
P=permeability
M=water mass
D=ring diameter
T=time
K=constant
44. 36
8.1.8 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This chapter describes various hydrological properties of pervious concrete such as permeability
as well as hardened properties such as compressive strength and split tensile strength of pervious
concrete.
(Table 3.5 : Compressive test results)
Strength ( after 28 days in N/mm2 )
Cube containing coarse aggregates 11.54
Cube containing rounded aggregates 9.25
Graphical representation of compressive strength
of Pervious concrete
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Cubes containing coarse
aggregates
Cubes containing rounded
aggregates
Compressivestrength(N/mm2)
Fig:- 8.7 graphical representation of compressive test
45. 37
8.1.9 COMPARISION OF EXISTING MATERIALS
Pervious concrete is a porous mix of carefully controlled amounts of water and
cementations materials that forms a paste and forms a thick coating around
aggregate particles. As a paving material, it captures storm water and runoff,
allowing it to seep into the ground.
With little or no sand in the mix, it creates substantial void content. Binding the
aggregate particles together with this paste effectively creates interconnected voids
that allow water to drain. In effect, pervious concrete pavement itself becomes a
water detention device.
Flow rates for pervious concrete are typically around 480 inches per hour.
15% – 25% of the hardened concrete is typically void
We all know that concrete is primarily portland cement, aggregate, and
water. And in general it's best to keep it simple, since more ingredients can
make it more difficult to control.
The single most important thing to start with is the water-cement ratio (w/c).
Nearly 100 years ago Duff Abrams discovered the direct relationship
between w/c and strength—the less water used the higher the strength of the
concrete since too much water leaves lots of pores in the paste portion of the
concrete. For most applications, w/c should be between 0.4 and 0.5—lower
for lower permeability and higher strength
46. 38
Chapter 9:- CONCLUSION/FUTURE SCOPE
Based on experimental investigation, following observations are made on the fresh
and hardened properties of Pervious concrete.
Pervious concrete have less compressive strength compared to conventional
concrete.
Permeability is high due to high void contents.
After performing the compressive strength test on cubes of course aggregate and
cubes of rounded aggregate, we gained the strength of cubes in which coarse
aggregates are used is less than the cubes in which rounded aggregates are used.
The use of pervious concrete should be limited to areas not subjected to high
volumes of traffic.
Even though the compressive strength of the pervious concrete is considerably less
than that of conventional concrete. All of the mixtures tested, however, did not attain
compressive strength strong enough to sustain such high vehicle loadings.
Recommendations are that pervious concrete be limited to areas that are subjected
to small vehicle loads with occasional use by larger vehicles.
Pervious concrete, although not as strong as conventional concrete, provides an
acceptable alternative when used in low volume and low impact areas. Strength is
sacrificed for permeability but not to any degree which would render the pervious concrete
non-functional.
47. 39
Reference
Google
https://www.google.co.in/
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
Book:- concrete technology
Published by :- Atul prakashan
Author :- Dr. R.P. Rethaliya
ISBN Code :- 978-93-81-518-16-8
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