This document is a seminar report on using plastics in road construction, known as plastic roads. It discusses how plastic waste, which makes up around 5% of municipal solid waste, can be used as an additive in bitumen to construct roads. Using plastics in road construction provides benefits like reducing costs, improving properties of the bitumen such as strength and resistance to water, and providing an environmentally-friendly way to dispose of plastic waste. Previous studies have found that roads constructed with plastic waste perform better than conventional roads and are more durable. The objectives of the report are to coat aggregates with plastic waste materials and compare the properties of bitumen mixes with and without the plastic-coated aggregates.

1. PLASTICROADS
ASeminarReportSubmitted
InPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirements
Forthedegreeof
BACHELOROFTECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVILENGINEERING
BY
MANOJKUMARNS
1CR15CV043
Underthesupervision
Of
MrNARENDRAKUMARFATEHPURIA
AssistantProfessor
TothefacultyofCivilEngineering
VISVESVARAYATECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY
BELGAUM
MARCH-2019

2. CERTIFICATE
ThisistoCertifythatMANOJKUMARNS(1CR15CV033)
hascarriedouttheworkpresentedinthisseminarentitled
“PLASTICROADS”undermysupervision.
Signature Signature
NARENDRAKUMARFATEHPURIA Dr.ASHAMNAIR
AssistantProfessor Headof
Department
DepartmentofCivilEngineering DepartmentofCivil
Engineering
Date: Date:
Signature Signature
Mr Narendra Kumar Fatehpuria Dr. Asha M Nair
Assistant professor. Professor and HOD
(Department of Civil Engineering) (Department of Civil Engineering)
Date : Date :

3. AKNOWLEDGEMENT
Itakegreatpleasuretoexpressmysincerethanksanddeep
senseofgratitudetoDr.AshaM Nair,Professor&Headof
Department,forgivingmethisopportunity.
Ialsotakethisopportunitytoexpressmyprofoundgratitudeanddeep
regards to ourguide Mr.Narendra KumarFatehpuria,Assistant
Professor,forhisexemplaryguidanceandmonitoring.
Iwouldalsoliketoexpressoursincerethankstoalltheteaching
andnon-teachingstaffoftheDepartmentofCivilEngineeringwho
havehelpedmedirectlyorindirectly.
MANOJKUMARNS
1CR15CV043

4. ABSTRACT
Plasticisatoxic&persistentmaterial.Itisgenerallyfoundtobenearly5%in
MunicipalSolid Wastes (MSW)which is a majorenvironmentalthreat.
Nowadays,plasticsareusedinourday-to-daylifeforenormouspurposesviz.
carrybagsinvariousshops,plasticsheetmaterialsformaking roofsof
temporarykutchahousesandhutments,packagingmaterialsinLDPE&HDPE
manufacturingindustries,indrinkingwatersupplyandsanitaryappurtenances,
inelectricalappliances,inmanufacturingofvariouselectronicappliancesetc.
TheoutcomeofLifeCycleAssessment(LCA)oftheseplasticmaterialsisnot
satisfactory.Generallypeopledisposeofftheseplasticmaterialsandplastic
productsaftertheirusageonopengroundassurfaceimpoundmentinlieuof
theirreuse,recycleandreductioninvolumewhichhasbecomeaprominent
ecological& environmentalproblem.Waste plasticbags& waste plastic
materialsinterruptstheinfiltrationandpercolationofrainwaterthroughsoil
poresandinturndiminishesthegroundwaterrechargeinaquifers.Nowadays
wehavetonesofplasticsolidwastesinoursurroundings.Therearesomany
instituteswhichafterconsistentresearcheshavecometoaconclusionthat
wasteplasticscanbeusedinmodifyingroads.Ifweuseplasticsinroad
construction,wecanreducethecostofroadconstructionandpollutionindex
ofenvironmenttoanappreciableextent.Wecanuseplasticsasbinderwith
bitumen.Itmaygivebetterfinish-ability,stability,bindingproperty,resistanceto
wateranddurability.

5. CONTENTS
1.INTRODUCTION
2.OBJECTIVES
3.LITERATUREREVIEW
4.MATERIALSANDMETHOD
5.CLASSIFICATIONOFPLASTIC
6.METHODOLOGYANDPROCEDURE
7.ADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGES
8.RESULTANDDISCUSSION
9.CONCLUSION
10. REFERENCES

6. INTRODUCTION
Amaterialthatcontainsoneormoreorganicpolymersoflargemolecularweight,
solidinitsfinishedstateandatsomestatewhilemanufacturingorprocessinginto
finishedarticles,canbeshapedbyitsflow,iscalledas‘Plastic’.Plasticsaredurable
anddegradeveryslowly;thechemicalbondsthatmakeplasticsodurablemakeit
equallyresistanttonaturalprocessesofdegradation.Plasticscanbedividedinto
twomajorcategories:thermosesandthermoplastics.A thermosetsolidifiesor
“sets”irreversiblywhenheated.Theyareusefulfortheirdurabilityandstrength,and
arethereforeusedprimarilyinautomobilesandconstructionapplications.These
plastics are polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, polyoxymethylene,
polytetrafluorethylene.Athermoplasticsoftenswhenexposedtoheatandreturns
tooriginalconditionatroomtemperature.Thermoplasticscaneasilybeshapedand
mouldedintoproductssuchasmilkjugs,floorcoverings,creditcards,andcarpet
fibres.Theseplastictypesareknownasphenolic,melamine,unsaturatedpolyester,
epoxyresin,silicone,andpolyurethane.Accordingtorecentstudies,plasticscan
stayunchangedforaslongas4500yearsonearthwithincreaseintheglobal
populationandtherisingdemandforfoodandotheressentials,therehasbeena
riseintheamountofwastebeinggenerateddailybyeachhousehold.Plasticin
differentformsisfoundtobealmost5%inmunicipalsolidwaste,whichistoxicin
nature.Itisacommonsightinbothurbanandruralareastofindemptyplasticbags
andothertypeofplasticpackingmateriallitteringtheroadsaswellasdrains.Due
to itsbiodegradabilityitcreatesstagnation ofwaterand associated hygiene
problems.Inordertocontainthisproblem experimentshavebeencarriedout
whetherthiswasteplasticcanbereusedproductively.Theexperimentationat
severalinstitutesindicatedthatthewasteplastic,whenaddedtohotaggregatewill
form afinecoatofplasticovertheaggregateandsuchaggregate,whenmixedwith
thebinderisfoundtogivehigherstrength,higherresistancetowaterandbetter
performanceoveraperiodoftime.Wasteplasticsuchascarrybags,disposable
cupsandlaminatedpoucheslikechips,panmasala,aluminum foilandpackaging
materialusedforbiscuits,chocolates,milkandgroceryitemscanbeusedfor
surfacingroads.Useofplasticalongwiththebitumeninconstructionofroadsnot
onlyincreasesitslifeandsmoothnessbutalsomakesiteconomicallysoundand
environmentfriendly.Plasticwasteisusedasmodifierofbitumentoimprovesome

7. ofbitumenpropertiesRoadsthatareconstructedusingplasticwasteareknownas
PlasticRoadsandarefoundtoperform bettercomparedtothoseconstructedwith
conventionalbitumen.Furtherithasbeenfoundthatsuchroadswerenotsubjected
tostrippingwhencomeincontactwithwater.Useofhigherpercentageofplastic
wastereducestheneedofbitumenby10%.Italsoincreasesthestrengthand
performanceoftheroad.Plasticincreasesthemeltingpointofbitumenandhence
missingcanbedoneinmorebetterandeasierway.AccordingtoDr.R.Vasudevan,
Dean ECA and Professor,DepartmentofChemistry,ThiagarajarCollege of
Engineering,Madurai,plasticwastereplaces10%to15%ofbitumen,andthereby
saves approximatelyRs.35000 to Rs.45000 perkilometerofa road stretch.
Inclusionofplasticwasteinroadconstructioneliminatestheplasticshrinkage
crackingofroadsurfaceandreducesthedryingshrinkagetosomeextent.

8. PROBLEMSTATEMENT
Thedebateontheuseandabuseofplasticsvis-à-visenvironmentalprotectioncan
goon,withoutyieldingresultsuntilpracticalstepsareinitiatedatthegrassroots
levelbyeveryonewhoisinapositiontodosomethingaboutit.Theplasticwastes
couldbeusedinroadconstructionandthefieldtestswithstoodthestressand
provedthatplasticwastesusedafterproperprocessingasanadditivewould
enhancethelifeoftheroadsandalsosolveenvironmentalproblems.Thepresent
write-uphighlightsthedevelopmentsinusingplasticswastetomakeplasticroads.
Therapidrateofurbanizationanddevelopmenthasledtoincreasingplasticwaste
generation.Asplasticisnon-biodegradableinnature,itremainsinenvironmentfor
severalyears and disposing plastic wastes atlandfillare unsafe since toxic
chemicalsleachoutintothesoil,andunder-groundwaterandpollutethewater
bodies. Due to littering habits,inadequate waste management system /
infrastructure,plasticwastedisposalcontinuetobeamajorproblem forthecivic
authorities,especiallyintheurbanareas.Asstatedabove,plasticdisposalisoneof
themajorproblemsfordevelopingcountrieslikeIndia,atasametimeIndianeedsa
largenetworkofroadsforitssmootheconomicandsocialdevelopment.Scarcityof
bitumenneedsadeepthinkingtoensurefastroadconstruction.
2.OBJECTIVES
Basicintentionistoefficientlyutilizethewasteplasticinconstructivewaysothatit
canbebeneficialtosocietyhowevermainobjectivesofcurrentprojectworkare:
 Tocoattheaggregateswiththewasteplasticmaterials.
 Tocheckthepropertiesofbituminousmixspecimen.
 Tocheckthepropertiesofbituminousmixspecimenduetocoatingofwaste
plasticmaterials.
 Tocomparethepropertiesofbituminousmixspecimenwiththepropertiesof
coatedaggregate.

9. LITERATUREREVIEW
 VermaS.S(2008).Concludedthatplasticswillincreasethemeltingpointof
thebitumen.Thistechnologynotonlystrengthenedtheroadconstructionbut
alsoincreasedtheroadlife.
 Dr.R.Vasudevan.Whenitusedforroadconstructionitcanwithstanditcan
withstandhighertemperatureandload.Thecoatingofplasticsreducesthe
porosity,absorptionofmoistureandimprovessoundness.Hencetheuseof
plasticwasteforflexiblepavementisoneofthebestmethodsforeasy
disposalofwaste plastics.The results indicated thatthere was an
improvementinstrengthpropertieswhencomparedtoaconventionalmix.
Therefore,thelifeofpavementsurfacingusingthewasteplasticisexpected
toincreasesubstantiallyincomparisontotheuseofconventionalbituminous
mix.Hencetheuseofwasteplasticsforflexiblepavementisoneofthebest
methodsforeasydisposalofwasteplastics.Thistechnologynotonly
strengthenedtheroadconstructionbutalsoincreasedtheroadlife.
 Zoorab& Suparmareportedtheuseofrecycledplasticscomposed
predominantlyofpolypropylene and low densitypolyethylene in plain
bituminousconcretemixtureswithincreaseddurabilityandimproved
fatiguelife.Densebituminousmacadam withrecycledplastics,mainlylow
densitypolyethylene(LDPE)replacing 30% of2.36-5mm aggregates,
reducedthemixdensityby16%andshoweda250%increaseinMarshall
Stability;the indirecttensile strength (ITS)was also improved in the
‘Plastiphalt’mixturesD.N.Littleworkedonthesamethemeandhefound
thatresistancetodeformationofasphalticconcretemodifiedwithlow
densitypolythenewasimprovedincomparisonwithunmodifiedmixes.Itis
foundthattherecycledpolyethylenebagsmaybeusefulinbituminous
pavementsresultinginreducedpermanentdeformationintheform of
rutting and reduced low temperature cracking ofpavementsurfacing
Binduetal.Investigatesthebenefitsofstabilizingthestonemasticasphalt

10. (SMA)mixtureinflexiblepavementwithshreddedwasteplastic.
MATERIALSUSED
Aggregates
Theaggregatesareboundtogethereitherbybituminousmaterialsorby
cement.Inafew cases,therockdustitselfwhenmixedwithwaterforms
slurrywhichactsasabindingmedium.Theaggregatesmaybeclassifiedinto
naturalandartificialaggregates.Thenaturalaggregatesagainareclassifiedas
coarseaggregatesconsistingofcrushedrockaggregatesorgravelsandfine
aggregatesorsand.Theblastfurnaceslagobtainedasby-productfrom blast
furnacesistheoneextensivelyused asroad construction material.Stone
aggregateusedforroadworkshouldbehard,tough,durableandhydrophobicfor
bituminoussurface.Gravelshouldbewellgraded(6.4mm to38mm)andshould
haveafinenessmodulusofnotlessthan5.75.Sandshouldbesharp,well
graded,cleanofallsilts,clayandorganicmatter.Thequantityofaggregates
usedinfirstcoatofsurfacedressingshouldbe0.15m3per10m2areaof12mm
nominalsize.Ontheotherhand,thequantityofaggregateusedinsecondcoatof
surfacedressingshouldbe0.15m3per10m2areasandof10mmnominalsize.
Bitumen
Bitumen isused asbindersin pavementsconstructions.Bitumen maybe
derivedfrom theresidueleftbytherefineryfrom naturallyoccurringasphalt.As
perdefinitiongivenbytheAmerican Society ofTesting Materials bitumen
hasbeen defined as“Mixturesofhydrocarbonsofnaturalorpyrogenous
origin,orcombination ofboth,frequentlyaccompaniedbytheirnon-metallic
derivatives,whichmaybegaseous,liquid,semi-solidorsolid,andwhichare
completelysolubleincarbondisulphide.”Bitumenfoundinnaturalstateknownas
asphaltcontainslargequantitiesofsolidmineralmatter.Whenpetroleumcrudeis
refinedinarefinery,theyareseparatedbyfractionaldistillationintheorderof

11. decreasingvolatility.Ondistillationoftheresidualbituminousresidue,straight-run
bitumenisobtained.Thisbitumenisknownaspenetrationgradebitumenorsteam
refined petroleum bitumen.The grades of bitumen used for pavement
constructionisknownaspavinggradesandthatusedforwaterproofingof
structuresisknownasindustrialgrades.Thegradeofstraightrunbitumenis
chosendependingupontheclimaticconditionsoftheregioninwhichsurface
dressingistobeconstructed.InmostpartsofIndia80/100and180/200
gradebitumenisused.Heaviergradecutbacks,rapidsettingemulsionsor
heaviergradetarsmayalsobeused.Thegradeofbasicbitumenisalteredeither
bycontrolledrefiningorbymixingwithdieseloilorotheroils.Forsingle
dressingsonWBM basecourse,quantityofbitumenneededrangesfrom 17to
195kgper10m2areasand10to12kgper10m2areaincaseofrenewalof
blacktopsurfacing.Forsecondcoatofsurfacedressing,thequantityofbitumen
neededrangesfrom10to12kgper10m2area.BulkbitumenLorrieswithtanksof
capacityrangingfrom 5000to15000litresareusedtotransportbulkbitumen.
AsperPMC,thebitumencontentinamixshouldbe4%ofweightbytotalmixfor
B.M.ThepavingbitumenavailableinIndiaisclassifiedintotwocategories:Paving
bitumenfromAssampetroleumdenotedasA-typeanddesignatedasgradesA35,
A90,etc.Pavingbitumenfrom othersourcesdenotedasS-typeanddesignatedas
gradesS35,S90,etc.
Importantpropertiesofbitumenare:
 Viscosityofbitumen should be adequate atthe time ofmixing and
compaction.Itisachievedbyheatingpriortomixingandbyuseof
cutbacksandemulsion.Inpresenceofwaterbitumenshouldnotstrip
offfrom aggregate.Bitumenshouldbedurableinallseasons.Itshould
notbecometoosoftduringsummersanddevelopcracksduringwinters.
 Bitumengrade:60/70,80/100gradebitumen.
Plasticmaterial
Plastics are usuallyclassified bytheirchemicalstructure ofthe polymer's
backboneandsidechains.Someimportantgroupsintheseclassificationsarethe

12. acrylics,polyesters,silicones,polyurethanes,and halogenated plastics.
Plasticscanalsobeclassifiedbythechemicalprocessusedintheirsynthesis,
suchascondensation,polyaddition,andcrosslinking.Therearetwotypesof
plastics:thermoplasticsand thermosetting polymers.Thermoplasticsare the
plasticsthatdonotundergochemicalchangeintheircompositionwhenheated
and can be moulded again and again. Examples include polyethylene,
polypropylene,polystyrene,polyvinylchloride,andpolytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)
Inthethermosettingprocess,achemicalreactionoccursthatisirreversible.
Thevulcanizationofrubberisathermosettingprocess.Beforeheatingwith
sulphur,thepolyisopreneisatacky,slightlyrunnymaterial,butaftervulcanization
theproductisrigidandnon-tacky.Thepropertiesofplasticsaredefinedchiefly
by the organic chemistry ofthe polymer.such as hardness,density,and
resistancetoheat,organicsolvents,oxidation,andionizingradiation.
Typesofplastic
1.polyethyleneterephthalate(PET)
2.High-densitypolyethylene(HDPE)
3.Polyvinylchloride(PVC)
4.Low-densitypolyethylene(LDPE)
5.Polypropylene(PP)
6.Polystyrene(PS)
Plasticsaredurableanddegradeveryslowly;thechemicalbondsthatmakeplastic
sodurablemakeitequallyresistanttonaturalprocessesofdegradation.Sincethe
1950s,onebilliontonsofplastichavebeendiscardedandmaypersistfor
hundredsoreventhousandsofyears.Perhapsthebiggestenvironmentalthreat
from plasticcomesfrom nurdles,whicharetheraw materialfrom whichall
plasticsaremade.Theyaretinypre-plasticpelletsthatkilllargenumbersoffish
andbirdsthatmistakethem forfood.PriortothebanontheuseofCFCsin

13. extrusionofpolystyrene(andgeneraluse,exceptinlife-criticalfiresuppression
systems;seeMontrealProtocol),theproductionofpolystyrenecontributedtothe
depletionoftheozonelayer;however,non-CFCsarecurrentlyusedintheextrusion
process.Thermoplasticscanberemeltedandreused,andthermosetplasticscan
begroundupandusedasfiller,althoughthepurityofthematerialtendsto
degradewitheachreusecycle.Therearemethodsbywhichplasticscanbe
brokenbackdowntoafeedstockstate.

14. Classificationofplasticwaste
a)Polyethylene
 LDPE(LowDensityPoly-Ethylene):
Low densitypoly-ethylenethisplasticwasteavailableintheform ofcarrybags
generallyinstorestheseplasticbagsareverythinandalsoeasilyavailable.
 HDPE(HighDensityPoly-Ethylene):
GenerallyHighdensitypoly-ethylenetypeofplasticwasteisavailableintheform
ofcarrybagsandeasilyavailableinthemarket.
b)Polypropylene
Thisplasticmaybeavailableintheform ofcarrybagsorsolidplasticit’sdepend
upontheuseandneedoftheindustries.Itisavailableintheform ofplasticbottles
andmatsheetsetc.
Preparationofplasticwastematerial
Plasticwastescenario
Theuseofplasticmaterialssuchascarrybags,cups,etc.isconstantly
increasing.Theconsumptionofplasticshasincreasedfrom4000tons/annumto
4milliontons/annum anditisexpectedtorise8milliontons/annum duringthe
year2010.Nearly50to60%ofthetotalplasticsareconsumedforpacking.
Basicprocesses
1.Segregation
2.Cleaningprocess
3.Shreddingprocess
4.Collectionprocess
SHREDDINGMACHINE

15. Plasticwasteblendingmaterials
a)Preparationofblend
Polyethylenecarrybagsarecutintopiecesusingashreddingmachine.Theyare
sievedandtheplasticpiecespassingthrough4.75mm sieveandretainingat
2.36mm sievegetscollected.Theseplasticpiecesareaddedslowlytothehot
bitumen oftemperature around 170-1800C.The mixture stirred wellusing
mechanicalstirrerforabout20-30minutes.Polymer-bitumenmixturesofdifferent
compositionscanbepreparedandusedforcarryingoutvarioustests.
b)Separationtest(IRC-SP:53-1999)
Samples ofdifferentcomposition can be subjected to the separation test.
Homogeneitycanbeobtainedapproximatelyupto1.5% blend.Beyondthis
composition,thevariationofsofteningpointismuchhigherforthetopand
bottom layerofthetestsamplesshowingthatthereisaseparationofpolymer
frombitumenonstanding.
c)Characterizationofplasticwaste-bitumenblendforflexiblepavement
Theutilityoftheplasticwasteblendedbitumen-aggregatemixforflexible
pavementconstructionischaracterizedbystudyingstrippingvalueandMarshall
Stabilityvalueofthemixfortheblendshavingamaximumof1.5%plasticwaste.
d)Preparationofplastic-wastecoatedaggregate
Theaggregateareheatedtoaround170ᵒC;theplasticwasteshreddedtothe
sizevaryingbetween2.36mm and4.75mm.Thisshreddedplasticwasteisadded
overhotaggregatewithconstantmixingtogiveauniformdistribution.Theplastic
getsoftenedandcoatedovertheaggregate.Thehotplasticwastecoated
aggregatesaremixedwithhotbitumen60/70or80/100grade.

16. Twoprocessesusedintheconstructionofplasticroads
1.Wetprocess
Inthisprocess,thewasteplasticisdirectlymixedwithhotBitumenat160ᵒCand
thismixtureisthenmixedusingamechanicalstirrer.Thismixturealso
containsadditionalstabilizersandrequirespropercooling.Itisnotpopular
becauseitrequireshugeinvestments,largerplantsandmoreequipmentthanthe
DryProcess.
2.Dryprocess
Firsttheplasticwasteiscollected,segregatedandstored.Thesegregationisdone
becausecertainkindsofplasticlikepolyvinylchloride(PVC)andfluxsheets
cannotbeusedduetosafetyconcerns.Thenextstepinvolvesthecleaningof
theplastic.Thisisnecessarybecausemostoftheplasticwastecollectedhas
beenusedforpackaging(55% inIndia)andhenceislikelytocontainresidual
substancessuchaslittlebitsoffoodwhichmustberemoved.Afterthisthe
plasticgoesthroughtheprocessofshreddingwhichreducesittothecorrect
thickness,2-4mm.Theaggregateisheatedtoaround160ᵒC-170ᵒCandthenthe
plasticisaddedandafter30-40sauniform coatingisobserved.Thiscoating
givesitanoilylook.TheBitumenisthenaddedandthemixtureisthoroughly
mixedbeforelaying.TheBitumenisaddedatatemperatureofaround155ᵒC-
163ᵒC.Thistemperatureiscarefullyregulatedtomakesurethatthebindingis
strong.Theprocessisdescribedbythediagrambelow.

17. Constructionofplasticcoatedbitumenroad
Plasticwastecollection Plasticwasteissegregated
Plasticwasteisshredded(2-4mm) Plasticwasteiscleanedanddried
Stoneaggregateisheated(160ᵒ-170ᵒC) Shreddedplasticisaddedto
heatedagg
Upto4layersofthemixtureis
The Bitumen (temp.155ᵒC-
163ᵒC)isthenaddedandmixed
withthecoatedaggregate

18. laidrolledandcleaned
ADVANTAGES
 This is a verysimple technologywhich does notinvolve anyspecial
machinesdeploymentorotheradvancedskilledprofessionals.
 Thereisspotuseofthewasteplastic.
 Thesewaterproofroadsprovideconsiderablyincreaseddurability.
 Nostrippingofroadshappensasthiskindofroadsresistthepermeationof
water.
 Moreemploymentcanbegeneratedaslabourswillberequiredincollection,
segregationandshreddingofwasteplastics.
 Multi‐layerfilmscanbeusedwhichprovidestrengthanddurability.
 Nomaintenancewillberequiredforyearsasthesurfaceremainswithoutany
crackingorpotholes.
DISADVANTAGES
 Mostchallenging task to be collected good quality ofplastic waste,
availabilityandsegregatingofuniqueobjects.
 Toxicspresentintheco-mingledplasticwastewouldstartleaching.
 Duringtheroadlayingprocess,Inthepresenceofchlorinewilldefinitely
releasenoxiousHCLgas.
 Aftertheroadlaying,Thecomponentsoftheroad,onceithasbeenlaid,are
notinert.
CONCLUSION
❖ The use ofthe innovative technologynotonlystrengthened the road
construction.
❖ Butalso increased the road life as wellas willhelp to improve the
environmentandalsocreatingasourceofincome.
❖Plasticswillincreasethemeltingpointofthebitumen.
❖ PlasticroadswouldbeaboonforIndia’shotandextremelyhumidclimate,
wheretemperaturesfrequentlycross50°Candtorrentialrainscreatehavoc,

19. leavingmostoftheroadswithbigpotholes.
❖ Itishopedthatinnearfuturewewillhavestrong,durableandeco-friendly
roadswhichwillrelievetheearthfromalltypeofplastic-waste.

20. REFFERENCE
❖R.Vasudevan.(2011)“Atechniquetodisposewasteplasticsinanecofriendlyway
Applicationinconstructionofflexiblepavements”ConstructionandBuilding
MaterialsVol.8DepartmentofChemistry,ThiagarajarCollegeofEngineering,
Madurai,TamilNadu,India,pp311–320.
❖ MissApurvaJChavan-UseofplasticwasteinflexiblePavements-ISSN2319–
4847,Volume2,Issue4,April2013
❖ S.S.Verma-Roadsfrom plasticwaste-TheIndianConcreteJournal-November
2008
❖ KshitijAditeyaSingh-UseofPlasticsinRoadConstructionImplementationof
TechnologyandRollout–CENTREFORINNOVATIONSIN PUBLICSYSTEMS
November2014
❖ IRC:SP:98-2013 GUIDLINES FOR THE USE OF WASTE PLASTIC IN HOT
BITUMINOUSMIXES(DRYPROCESS)INWEARINGCOURSES
 ZoorabS.EandSuparmaL.B“LaboratoryDesignandInvestigationofBituminous
Composite containing waste recycled plastics aggregate replacement,CIB
symposium onconstructionandenvironmenttheoryintopractice,SaoPaulo,
BrazilNov-2000
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