Internship Report Construction Site and Office Work

INTERNSHIP REPORT AKSHATHA B A
Dept. of Civil Engineering, KVGCE, Sullia (2016-17) Page 1
Chapter 1
ABOUT THE COMPANY
1.1 COMPANY PROFILE
Sai Radha Developers is a partnership firm based in udupi which was formed in 1996
with Mr Manohar Shetty and his elder brother Mr Ravi Shetty as the partners. Mr
Manohar Shetty is currently the managing director of the firm. The firm has
developed real estate projects mainly in udupi and has also taken up a few real estate
projects in Manipal and Mangalore.
Sai Radha Developers is one of the leading property development companies in the
real estate industry. It was started with a passion to build highest standards of quality
properties that brings the feel of comfort and unique living experience. Their primary
motto is “creating international quality living spaces” par with excellence. They have
been committed to quality, innovation, design, professionalism, honesty, transparent
and fair business dealings. They have completed several prestigious residential
projects in and around the city of udupi.
1.2 WORK STRATERGY
At Sai Radha developers, understanding the yearning for sylvan spaces, they have
carefully nurtured projects which offer residents the best of amenities, the ease of
access and security at affordable prices. Clients are guaranteed complete transparency
in procurement of legal documentation. They undertake responsibility for the future
maintenance and upkeep of their projects, with their very own in-house maintenance
department diligently working to provide 24X7 technical supports.
1.3 BUSINESS POLICY
Guaranteed quality, timely delivery thoughtfully designed spaces and a professional
approach. These are the hallmarks of Sai Radha Developers. An organization that has
quietly transforming the landscape of udupi under the visionary guidance of its
founder and managing director, Mr. Manohar Shetty.

INTERNSHIP REPORT
Dept. of Civil Engineering, KVGCE, Sullia (2016
Sai Radha Developers is proud of housing professionals from some of the most
prestigious and reputed organizations. A track record that
1.4 QUALITY ASSURANCE
1.4.1 Quality Policy
Sai Radha developers have gained an enviable track record by
projects and value added services to the customers. It was started with a passion to
build highest standards of quality properties that brings the feel of comfort and unique
living experience. They have committed to quality, innovation,
professionalism, honesty, transparent and fair business dealings.
1.4.2 Quality Objectives
 To create living spaces that people would be proud to own.
 To provide a rich experience in the demanding and highly quality conscious
market.
 To create international quality living spaces, built an enviable track record.
Figure
1.5 VISION AND MISSION OF THE COMPANY
1.5.1 Vision of the Company
A passion to create living spaces that people would be proud to own and a rich
experience in the demanding and highly quality conscious market.
1.5.2 Mission of the Company
“Creating international quality living spaces
INTERNSHIP REPORT
Dept. of Civil Engineering, KVGCE, Sullia (2016-17)
ha Developers is proud of housing professionals from some of the most
prestigious and reputed organizations. A track record that is speaks
QUALITY ASSURANCE
Quality Policy
Sai Radha developers have gained an enviable track record by
living experience. They have committed to quality, innovation,
professionalism, honesty, transparent and fair business dealings.
Quality Objectives
To create living spaces that people would be proud to own.
To provide a rich experience in the demanding and highly quality conscious
international quality living spaces, built an enviable track record.
Figure 1.1: Logo of Sai Radha Developers.
VISION AND MISSION OF THE COMPANY
Vision of the Company
experience in the demanding and highly quality conscious market.
he Company
Creating international quality living spaces”, built an enviable track record.
AKSHATHA B A
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ha Developers is proud of housing professionals from some of the most
louder than words.
Sai Radha developers have gained an enviable track record by delivering quality
living experience. They have committed to quality, innovation, design,
To provide a rich experience in the demanding and highly quality conscious
international quality living spaces, built an enviable track record.
VISION AND MISSION OF THE COMPANY
, built an enviable track record.

1.6 COMPLETED PROJECT
Sai Radha Developers aim to fulfil the dreams of middle class families of having
affordable housing with all modern amenities. They believe in innovation and they
have made it a point to rediscover them constantly. Over the years they have
established a transparent and participative relationship with the customer. Delivering
without compromising on their work ethic has been the key to their success. Sai
Radha Palace, Sai Radha Paradise, Sai Radha Star, Sai Radha Jagannath, Sai Radha
Gokuldham, Sai Radha Pride, Sai Radha Samadhan, Sai Radha Yashodham, Sai
Radha green valley, Sai Radha heritage, Sai Radha Empire are the prestigious
projects which have been completed by the developers so far. Figure 1.2(a) to 1.6(b)
shows completed projects of Sai Radha Developers.
Figure 1.2(a): Sai Radha pride Figure 1.2(b): Sai Radha Gokuldham
Figure 1.3(a): Sai Radha Yashodham
block 1 & 2
Figure 1.3(b): Sai Radha Green
Valley

Figure 1.4(a): Sai Radha Heritage Figure 1.4(b): Sai Radha Samadhan
Figure 1.5(a): Sai Radha Paradise Figure 1.5(b): Sai Radha Star
Figure 1.6(a): Sai Radha Empire Figure 1.6(b): Sai Radha Jagannath

1.7 ON GOING PROJECTS
1.7.1 Sai Radha Pride J Wing
Sai Radha Pride J Wing having 5972 Sqft built-up areas comprises 14 flats of 2BHK,
42 flats of 3BHK spanning 1365-1890 Sqft over G+14 floors. It consist of a play area
with garden, Swimming pool, Hi-tech gymnasium, facilities for outdoor and indoor
games such as badminton court, chess, carom, snooker table and table tennis, an
elaborate fire fighting system with national building code norms, Ample parking
space, High security boundary wall, Provision for fixing aqua guard, Interlocked
pavement in ground floor and through drive area, L. P. G reticulated gas system to all
apartments, Sewage treatment plant and rain harvesting. Amenities of the project are
as follows.
Flooring : Vitrified flooring in entire apartment.
Doors : Decorative wooden main door. Flush doors for all internal
doors.
Windows : Power coated aluminium windows with M S grills.
Kitchen : Granite platform with stainless steel sink with 5ft coloured
tiles all around the wall.
Electrification : Concealed copper wiring with standard switches.
Elevators : One high speed passenger and one freight automatic elevator.
Bathroom : Full height coloured glazed tiles and anti skid flooring.
Generator : 24 hours sound proof generator back-up for all the
apartments.
Painting : Putty finish enamel paint for all the internal walls.
Water : Round the clock water supply through municipal sources,
well and bore well.
Telephone : Phone points for all apartments/ security and society office
with intercom facility.
Security : Day and night security with CCTV camera all around the
building.
Plumbing : Good quality CP fittings for toilet and kitchen.

Details of project Pride J Wing are shown in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1: Details of Project Sai Radha Pride J Wing.
Project name SAI RADHA PRIDE J-WING
Total built-up area 5972 Sqft
Client Sai Radha Developers
Contractor Sai Radha Developers
Architect Anil Thakur
Structural consultants Shah Associates
Electrical consultants Shridhar Rao
Project start date 2011
Expected Project completion date 2016
Total cost Rs. 17,44,00,000
No. of towers 1[J]
Total no. of flats 56
2BHK 14
3BHK 42
Floors: Basement +G+14
Figure 1.7: Future view of the project Sai Radha Pride J-Wing.

INTERNSHIP REPORT
Figure1.7 to 1.9 shows
and plan of 2BHK and
Figure
Figure 1.9: Plan of
INTERNSHIP REPORT
shows Future view of the project Sai Radha Pride J
2BHK and plan of 3 BHK respectively.
Figure 1.8: Site Plan of the project Sai Radha Pride J
: Plan of 2BHK and 3BHK of the project Sai Radha Pride J
AKSHATHA B A
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Future view of the project Sai Radha Pride J-Wing, site plan,
of the project Sai Radha Pride J-Wing.
of the project Sai Radha Pride J-Wing.

1.7.2 Sai Radha Nest
Sai Radha nest, a project by Sai Radha Developers. Located in the Udupi Manipal
road, it has perfect blend of space and comfort. Nest is an addition to the list of
ambitious projects undertaken by them. Keeping the quintessential consumer in mind
they have put in their best efforts to deliver something that is high in value. With a
strong market presence and a myriad of happy customers, they are gaining a strong
foothold in the real estate sector. Sai Radha nest divided into two parts i.e. nest 1 and
nest 2. Amenities of the projects are as follows.
Doors : Main door and bedroom doors- engineered wooden door frame/
shutter with good quality hinges, lock, and handle and security
eye (for main door only).
Kitchen : Granite platform with stainless steel sink and up to 2ft.
Coloured tiles above the platform.
Elevators : Elevator for each wing.
Bathroom : 7 feet height coloured glazed tiles.
Generator : 24 hours sound proof generator back-up for all the apartments.
Painting : Putty finish with distemper paint.
Water : Round the clock water supply through municipal sources, well
and bore well.
Telephone : Phone points for all apartments.
Security : Day and night security with CCTV camera (all around the
building).
Special features : Provision for fixing aqua guard.
Interlock pavement.
Reticulated gas systems for all the apartments.
Children play area and gym.
Security and security office with intercom facility.

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1.7.3 Sai Radha Nest 1
Sai Radha Nest 1 having
flats of 2BHK spanning
garden, gymnasium, Security and security office with intercom facility
fixing aqua guard, Interlocked pavement
Figure1.10 and 1.11 shows
site plan respectively.
Figure 1.1
Figure
INTERNSHIP REPORT
Sai Radha Nest 1
aving 16000 Sq ft built-up areas comprises 80
spanning 640-1105 Sqft over G+4 floors. It consist of a
Security and security office with intercom facility
fixing aqua guard, Interlocked pavement, reticulated gas system to all apartments
1.10: Future view of the project Sai Radha Nest 1
Figure 1.11: Site Plan of the project Sai Radha
AKSHATHA B A
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80 flats of 1BHK, 35
. It consist of a play area with
Security and security office with intercom facility, Provision for
ed gas system to all apartments.
project Sai Radha Pride J-Wing and
Nest 1.
of the project Sai Radha Nest 1.

INTERNSHIP REPORT
Figure 1.12 shows plan
shown in Table 1.2.
Figure 1.12: Plan of
Table
Project name
Total area
Total built
Client
Contractor
Architect
Structural consultants
Electrical consultants
Project start date
Expected Project completion date
Total cost
No. of towers
Total no. of flats
1BHK
2BHK
Floors:
INTERNSHIP REPORT
plan of 1BHK and 2 BHK. Details of project Sai Radha
: Plan of 1BHK and 2BHK of the project Sai Radha
able 1.2: Details of Project Sai Radha Nest 1
Project name SAI RADHA NEST 1
Total area 1.02 acres
Total built-up area 16000 Sq ft
Sai Radha Developers
Anil Thakur
Project start date June 2015
Expected Project completion date Dec 2016
Total cost
No. of towers 6 [A, B, C, D, E & F]
80
35
G+4
AKSHATHA B A
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Details of project Sai Radha Nest 1 are
of the project Sai Radha Nest 1
Nest 1
NEST 1
Shah Associates
6 [A, B, C, D, E & F]

1.7.4 Sai Radha Nest 2
Sai Radha Nest 2 having 13500 Sq ft built-up areas comprises 9 flats of 1BHK, 51
flats of 2BHK, 8 flats of 3BHK spanning 875-1513 Sqft over G+4 floors. It consist of a
play area with garden, gymnasium, Security and security office with intercom facility,
Provision for fixing aqua guard, Interlocked pavement, reticulated gas system to all
apartments. Figure1.13and 1.14 shows Future view and site plan of the project Sai
Radha Pride J-Wing respectively.
Figure 1.13: Future view of the project Sai Radha Nest 2.
Figure 1.14: Site Plan of the project Sai Radha Nest 2.

INTERNSHIP REPORT
Details of project Sai Radha Nest
1BHK, 2 BHK and 3 BHK
Table
Project name
Total built
Client
Contractor
Architect
Structural consultants
Electrical consultants
Project start date
Expected Project completion date
Total cost
No. of towers
Total no. of flats
1BHK
2BHK
3BHK
Floors:
Figure 1.15: Plan of
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Details of project Sai Radha Nest 2 are shown in Table 1.3. Figure 1.15 shows
3 BHK of the project Sai Radha Nest 2.
Table 1.3: Details of Project Sai Radha Nest 2
Project name SAI RADHA NEST 2
Total built-up area 13500 Sq ft
Anil Thakur
Project start date Jan- 2016
Expected Project completion date Dec 2016
Total cost 11,74,32,000
No. of towers 2 [G & H]
9
51
8
G+4
: Plan of 1BHK, 2BHK & 3BHK of the project Sai Radha
AKSHATHA B A
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Figure 1.15 shows plan of
2
NEST 2
Shah Associates
of the project Sai Radha Nest 2

1.7.5 Sai Radha Heights
Sai Radha Heights having 62000 sq.ft built-up areas comprises 37 flats of 2BHK, 85
flats of 3BHK, 4 flats of 4BHK spanning 988-1355 sq.ft over G+33 floors. It consist of a
play area with garden, Swimming pool, Hi-tech gymnasium, facilities for outdoor and
indoor games such as badminton court, chess, carom, snooker table and table tennis,
an elaborate fire fighting system with national building code norms, Ample parking
space, High security boundary wall, Provision for fixing aqua guard, Interlocked
pavement in ground floor and through drive area, L. P. G reticulated gas system to all
apartments, Sewage treatment plant and rain harvesting. Amenities of the project are
as follows
Doors : Main door and bedroom doors- engineered wooden door
frame/ shutter with good quality hinges, lock, and handle
and security eye (for main door only).
Kitchen : Granite platform with stainless steel sink and up to 2ft.
Coloured tiles above the platform.
Elevators : Elevator for each wing.
Bathroom : 7 feet height coloured glazed tiles.
Generator : 24 hours sound proof generator back-up for all the
apartments.
Painting : Putty finish with distemper paint.
Water : Round the clock water supply through municipal sources,
well and bore well.
Telephone : Phone points for all apartments.
Security : Day and night security with CCTV camera (all around the
building).

INTERNSHIP REPORT
Figure 1.16 and 1.17 shows
plan, and plan of 4BHK
Figure 1.16
Figure 1.17: Site Plan
Special features
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4BHK respectively.
16: Future view of the project Sai Radha Heights
Site Plan and Plan of 4BHK of the project Sai Radha
: Provision for fixing aqua guard, Interlock pavement
Reticulated gas systems for all the apartments
plays area and gym, Security and security office with
intercom facility.
AKSHATHA B A
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Future view of the project Sai Radha Pride J-Wing, site
Heights.
of the project Sai Radha Heights.
Interlock pavement,
Reticulated gas systems for all the apartments, Children
ecurity and security office with

Details of project Sai Radha Heights are shown in Table 1.4.
Table 1.4: Details of Project Sai Radha Heights
Project name HEIGHTS
Total built-up area 62000 sq.ft
Client Sai Radha Developers
Architect Anil Thakur
Project start date 2016
Expected Project completion date 2018
Total cost Rs. 60 Cr
No. of towers 1
2BHK 37
3BHK 85
4BHK 4
Floors: G+ Podium level +33

Chapter 2
ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT
2.1 SAFETY DEPARTMENT
Safety is very important in construction industry. Human life is irreplaceable, which is
susceptible of minor infections. Now a day it has become common to hear accident on
the construction industry. More accidents are becoming redundant the responsibility
of the contractors and the attention to give to safety of the workers is progressing to
be paramount. Therefore, it cannot be denied to work on increasing the safety
condition of the site. The most effective way of avoiding risks is the preventive
strategy. As the health professionals use to say “prevention is better than cure”, it is
more than reasonable to be abide by such motto. Less concerned safety rule,
regulation and training are among the problem in the site.
Safety of all working staffs and visitors should be observed to a highest care.
Infliction of injury shall be minimized. For this prior readiness is very important. The
safety management is carried out with a special superintendent to be assigned on site.
The superintendent will be assisted with a dresser to be employed for the site. Safety
of the workers and visitors will be managed in the following strategies.
2.1.1 General Rules
 The work should start daily at 8:30 hours.
 Labour entry should be made at main gate by (subcontractor) authorized
representative.
 Workers bellow 18 years and above 60 years should not be allowed for
work.
 Physically handicapped persons are strictly restricted for the work.
 Liquor / Alcoholic substances consumption is strictly prohibited.
 Worker should not drink contaminated water. They should drink only
municipality water available at site.
 The building should be free from all debris at all times. After the day’s
work all the debris should be collected and stored in the bags. Defaulters
will be penalized.

2.1.2 General Safety Rules
 While at site, everybody should wear safety helmets and safety shoes ,while
working at height ,safety belts must be used and it should be hooked at a
permanent structure at higher level .( minimum 1 meter).
 Masons and their helpers must use hand gloves to protect their hands.
 Carpenters /bar benders must use safety goggles while nailing /cutting rods.
 Every subcontractor must have first aid box with cotton, iodine (tincture)
and bandage cloth.
 All Electrical bulbs, lights should be switched off after their day’s works.
2.1.3 Form Work /Concreting
 All site Mix Concrete to be done after sand sieving.
 All Binding Wire Nails loose materials, chipping and saw dust shall be
removed from the interior of the forms before the concrete is placed.
 The form work in contact with the concrete shall be cleaned and thoroughly
wetted and treated with none staining oil or any other approved materials.
 All joints in shuttering shall be leak proof.
 All form work shall be removed without shock or vibration and shall be
eased off carefully in order to allow the structure to take up its load
gradually.
 While deshuttering, any honey comb observed to be rectified immediately
without any cost.
 Providing adequate number of props at suitable spacing so as to support the
weight of wet concrete, work men pouring, vibrator due to equipments till
form work is removed.
 Any leftover concrete should used and no wastage is to be allowed.
 Shear keys are to be provided at the beginning of every concreting.
 Cost of rectification work for bulging of concrete surface, slurry leakages
etc because of bad workmanship improper support by the contractor shall
be debited to their account as per actuals
2.1.4 Reinforcement Steel
 Straightening, cutting, bending, conveying, hoisting and laying in position.

 Providing 18G back annealed binding wires in two folds at every
intersection of two rods.
 Providing PVC cover blocks as specified.
 Works at all heights and situation.
 Binding wire to be consumed at 2KG/MT.
2.2 QUALITY DEPARTMENT
Quality of the products in construction site is very important. The company quality
assurance manager is the representative of the project and had the responsibility for
the implementation and maintenance of the quality management system. The quality
control manager has the responsibility of the coordination and inspection of all
procured items for site. Quality assurance manager ensures the quality of the site
installations is consistent with the company’s policy requirements together with
national and international standards and the customer specification. Manager ensures
the verification of documentation and certificates for materials purchased by vendors
and also reviewing of site purchase orders to ensure that the applicable requirements
are met.
Good quality material is implemented on site is very necessary. The maintenance of
the quality of the work is the main objective of the company. The company quality
management system performs various activities to maintain the quality of the work
and materials. The quality manager ensures the quality of the site works and
respective materials that are procured at the site.
2.2.1 Tests Conducted on Site
The quality management team ensures the verification of various materials purchased
from vendors by conducting respective tests according to the standard specification.
The various tests conducted in the site are as follows
2.2.2 Sieve Analysis
Sieve analysis is one of the main tests conducted to determine the size range of the
particles.

 It is one of the mechanical analyses for the determination of size range of
particles present in aggregates.
 It is for particle size larger than 0.075mm in diameter.
 Sieve analysis consists of shaking the sample through a set of sieves thet have
progressively smaller openings.
Procedure
 We have to take some amount of sample and determine the weight of that
sample.
 Now we have to adjust the sieve sizes in increasing order from the bottom.
 Determine the weight of the sample retained on each sieve and in the pan.
 Determine the cumulative mass of soil retained above each sieve.
2.2.3 Slump Test
Slump test is conducted in the RMC plant itself. In rear cases if needed then only in
site also test will be conducted. In the time of concreting slump value of concrete at
RMC plant is maintained about 120+/- 5 and there may be slight variation may occur
but i was not considered as a major problem. In case of major variation due to
atmospheric condition or may be traffic condition there may be delay in the supply of
concrete to the site, in this case RMC plant experts will suggest site engineers to put
some water and then to use.
Slump test is the most widely used test in the field and laboratory which is used to
check the consistency of concrete used at a construction site. It provides useful
information on the uniformity in the day to day or even hour to hour production of
concrete. The main apparatus used for this test was 30cm height, 20 cm bottom width
and 10cm top width cylindrical cone, 60cm tamping rod and iron plate. The
workability depends on the reversed gap between the cone and the fresh concrete after
tamping and removing the cone.
The workability is classified as:
Very low when height is 0-25mm
Low when the height is 25-50mm
Medium when the height is 50-100mm

Procedure
 The cone is filled with concrete by four layers. For each layer you have to give
25 strokes by using tamping rod.
 The cone is lifted slowly.
 The unsupported concrete cone slumps down by its own weight.
 The decrease in the height of the slumped cone is called slump of concrete.
Based on the above procedure conduct a test at the site and the result was medium.
After getting testing result work was proceed.
2.2.4 Compressive Strength of Concrete
The purpose of the test is to determine the compressive strength of the concrete. This
test is very important to know the strength of the cement or concrete. This test is
conducted in the laboratory. Depending upon the test results it can be decided if
concrete is suitable to use or not. RMC plant will provide all the test reports along
with the concrete. But in rear cases it is very important to test the concrete after
concrete mixer truck reaches the site or may be before commencing the concreting
work. In some cases site mixed concrete are also used at site. Then it is very important
to test the compressive strength of the concrete. Here in the site for column concreting
site mixed concrete are used. Figure 2.1 shows test report of M25 concrete used for
column.
Figure 2.1: Compressive Strength Report of M15 concrete.

Procedure
Place the specimen in the machine and slowly bring the blocks to bear on the
specimen without shock until failure occurs.
Operate the machine at a constant rate within the range of 0.140 to 0.350 Mpa per
second.
2.3 MATERIALS
In construction site different types of materials are used and it is the main constituents
of the construction. The material will be supplied from same company or from
contractor side as per work order and total budget project. The materials supplied to
the site will be tested in site itself before handover. The quality control department
will take responsible for all the materials quality. The total project quality depends
upon the quality control department.
Figure 2.2: Materials of Steel formwork, wooden formwork and steel
reinforcement at site
To find the materials quality status the tested material values will be recorded daily if
it is daily loaded for example concrete blocks. Different materials will be supplied in
bulk process. Ex cement, steel, sand, aggregates, etc., if the materials are not supplied
correctly to the site and this is not good for both company and the contractor.

Different materials present in the site Sai Radha Nest are shown in the Figure 2.2 to
2.5.
Figure 2.3 (a) : Cement blocks Figure 2.3 (b) : Fine aggregates present
in site
Figure 2.4 (a) : Materials present in the
site store
Figure 2.4 (b) : Pipes present in
site
2.4 LEVELS IN THE COMPANY
The working flow of the contractor has many advantages in order to work every task
closely and to solve problems that arise during construction process. In every work
there is a work flow whatever the small is the section. Every work is based on the
Figure 2.6 shown below.

a) Design and Supervision Team: The team includes structural engineer,
architectural engineer, sanitary engineers, electrical engineers and other
experienced engineers in other professions. The design and supervision team
is a team which guide every work executed in the site and gives supervision
for the contractor based on the drawings and specifications. This team mostly
comes to the site when there is a misunderstanding in drawings, working
techniques, drawing detailing error. The team provides continuous service to
the project from start to finish, establishing and maintaining the quality and
integrity of each design.
b) Project Engineer: This include reviewing design, supervising construction
process and scheduling, start up process systems / equipments or facilities for
turning over to the owner’s personnel. Supervise field staff and contractor on
the site with responsibility for quality construction in accordance with plan
and specifications. Engineers are also responsible for approval of change
orders, invoice and payment applications which may include final payment.
So, the resident engineer mostly control every work as much as possible in
terms of their quality, cost and time. Testing of materials delivered at site and
safety of workers starting from managers to daily workers is also the duty of
the resident engineer.
c) Project Coordinator: The project coordinator has so many responsibilities at
the site and is appointed by the owner of the construction company. The main
duty of the coordinator is to manage the whole site work execution. Project
coordinator makes payment to the subcontractors, approves material request,
analysis the work process, executes sub contracting agreements, reviews and
checks the reports made by the office engineer.
d) Site Engineer: Site engineer shall be accountable for the following tasks and
responsibilities.
 Studying the work plan submitted by the contractor and suggests any
modifications.
 To watch and inspect the construction work and assure that it is done
in full accordance with drawings, technical specifications and bill of
quantities.

 Supervising the works on site in accordance with contract documents
and using the template and procedure established by the consultant.
 Inspecting and testing materials prior to their use at site as per sample
approved by the consultant and ensuring removal of rejected material
out from the site.
 Ensuring the correct implementation of the work according to technical
specifications, drawings and quantity of materials.
 Checking of layout and setting out of buildings with respect to existing
structures and site levels.
 Checking and testing of completed works before they are covered by
the contractor, taking photos on the regular basis and also on account
of defective work.
 Ensuring that health and safety measures are adopted and followed to
the full extent.
 Prepare weekly report, suggest and instruct additional safety measures
if needed.
 Maintaining a filing system for all site memos and instructions,
measured quantities of work and material on site, reports and other
documents and correspondence pertaining to the construction
activities.
 Maintain a site order book to be made available for the senior officers
to write comments or defects in construction noticed during site visits
and carrying out compliance at site.
e) Fore Man: A foreman is a worker who is incharge of a construction crew and
is a skilled supervisor who is responsible to work side by side with the project
coordinator and other construction design engineers in order to complete the
project in the given time limit. His job is to employ the suitable workers on the
various tasks to complete the job and supervise all phases of the construction
project from start to end or supervise only a portion of the building process.
Normally a foreman is a construction worker with many years of experience in
a particular trade who is charged with organising the overall construction of a
particular project. Typically a foreman is a person with specialist knowledge
of a given trade who has moved into the position and is now focussed on an

INTERNSHIP REPORT
overall management of all trades. T
workers and choosing good workers for every aspect of work.
f) Skilled And Unskilled Persons
benders and the daily labourers. They work everything as they are ordered by
their foreman or the site engineer.
2.5 MARKETING DEPARTMENT
The marketing department perform advertising, marketing, promotions, public
relations and sales manager coordinate their companies market research, marketing
strategy, sales, advertising, promotion, pri
relations activities. The cost of the flats in Sai Radha Pride for 2BHK and 3BHK
luxury apartments with world class amenities is Rs. 51 lakhs and 71 lakhs onwards
respectively. The site is located at Brahmagiri, udupi. The cost of the flats at Sai
Radha Nest 1 & 2 for 1BHK, 2B
amenities is 19 lakhs, 28 lakhs and 45 lakhs onwards respectively. The site is located
behind MGM ground, udupi. These great looking homes are situated close to schools,
colleges, hospitals and super markets.
to show an affirmative growth line. To sale the flats present in apartments promotions
should be done by advertisements, hoardings in roads, newspapers, online
advertisements etc.
Project
Coordinator Engineer
INTERNSHIP REPORT
overall management of all trades. The foreman also has a duty of motivati
And Unskilled Persons: This group includes masons, carpenters, bar
their foreman or the site engineer.
Figure 2.5: Organization Chart
MARKETING DEPARTMENT
strategy, sales, advertising, promotion, pricing, product development and public
The cost of the flats in Sai Radha Pride for 2BHK and 3BHK
Radha Nest 1 & 2 for 1BHK, 2BHK and 3BHK luxury apartments with world class
colleges, hospitals and super markets. Since udupi is close to Manipal, it is estimated
Design and
Supervision
Team
Project
Engineer
Office
Engineer
Site
Engineer
Foreman
AKSHATHA B A
Page 25
he foreman also has a duty of motivating
his group includes masons, carpenters, bar
cing, product development and public
The cost of the flats in Sai Radha Pride for 2BHK and 3BHK
luxury apartments with world class
Since udupi is close to Manipal, it is estimated
Skilled and
Unskilled
Worker

Chapter 3
TASK PERFORMED
3.1 OVERALL WORK EXPERIENCE
Since I finish 2nd
semester class and I got the letter for internship from the department
HOD. So, I have been searching a hosting company but I don‘t get any company that
satisfy my own interest because they don‘t have the ability and the capacity to teach
intern student and also some company reject student because student from other
universities apply first. Due to those reason and other disabilities I did not find any
company.
After searching for two weeks I got entry into a company called Sai Radha
Developers, Udupi. Then I met with the HR manager of that company and I discussed
about my internship program. He given me an orientation about the overall work that
I should perform throughout the whole internship months and told me that I can begin
my work from next day. As he told I joined the company and begin to work.
My hosting company has many projects in Udupi, Manipal and Mangalore as I
mentioned in the company profile. Thus from those listed I have been working in the
Sai Radha PRIDE - J WING project, Brahmagiri, Udupi. The project consists of 5972
sqft built-up areas comprises 14 flats of 2BHK, 42 flats of 3BHK spanning 1365-1890
Sqft over G+14 floors. But when I was arrived at the site, drive way slab, step column
and tile work is the only ongoing works.
In addition to these there are two more building projects which are under construction
they are Sai Radha Nest 1 and 2, behind MGM ground, udupi. Sai Radha Nest 1
having 16000 Sq ft built-up areas comprises 80 flats of 1BHK, 35 flats of 2BHK
spanning 640-1105 Sqft over G+4 floors. Sai Radha Nest 2 having 13500 Sq ft built-
up areas comprises 9 flats of 1BHK, 51 flats of 2BHK, 8 flats of 3BHK spanning
875-1513 Sqft over G+4 floors. But when I was arrived at the site, window chajja, 1st
floor slab, column, beam, and arch for entrance opening formwork and concreting
work are the ongoing works.
Generally I have been working in the two sections. I classify the work into office
work and site works, mostly the work I have been executing on the site is supervising.
In my four month internship period I experience Office works that includes Reading,

INTERNSHIP REPORT
understanding and adding extra needs for plan if required using CAD drawings,
Estimation, Quantity measurements and billing etc.,
3.2 OFFICE WORK
3.2.1 Reading, Understanding
for Plan if Required Using
Ready plan and design are
Thakur from Mumbai.
drawing and make some changes if any needed and care should be taken that those
changes will not affect the exterior of the plan.
using plan and rate should
Radha Nest is shown in Figure 3.1.
INTERNSHIP REPORT
Estimation, Quantity measurements and billing etc.,
OFFICE WORK
, Understanding Drawings and Adding Extra Needs
f Required Using Auto CAD Software.
and design are available according to our needs from an architect
Mumbai. In office my work is to read and understand that available
changes will not affect the exterior of the plan. Calculating the floor area of each flat
should be provided accordingly. An example of ready plan
is shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1: Plan of Sai Radha Nest
AKSHATHA B A
Page 27
nd Adding Extra Needs
available according to our needs from an architect Anil
In office my work is to read and understand that available
floor area of each flat
An example of ready plan of Sai

3.2.2 Estimation
Estimation is the probable cost of the job as computed from plans and specifications. I
estimated probable cost of the project Sai Radha Heights which is one of the
upcoming projects using crossing method. But for my knowledge i also did estimation
of one of the 1BHK flat which is shown in Table 3.1. I also came to know how
estimation is done and what may be the problems we may face during estimating any
building or an apartment and i thoroughly become expert in estimation any of the
building further. An estimation of 1BHK flat is shown in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1: Estimation of 1BHK Flat.
ESTIMATE FOR 1 BHK FLAT
Sl.
N
o
DESCRIPTION Unit Quantity
Unit
Rate
Total
Amount
1 Excavation Cum 119.9 388.00 46506.84
2 Backfilling Cum 59.93 212.00 12705.16
3 Rubble Soling Cft 206.13 30.00 6184.02
4 PCC M15 Cum 5.81 4700.00 27307.00
5 Slab & beam concrete
M35 Cum 16.62 12000.00 199499.02
6 Column concrete M35 Cum 2.91 12000.00 34957.11
7 Steel for column & slab kgs 2479.32 49.00 121486.68
8 Masonry wall 150mm
laying Sft 513.87 58.00 29804.46
9 Plastering wall laying Sft 822.19 27.00 22199.13
10 Plastering ceiling laying Sft 441.32 27.00 11915.64
11 External Plastering Sft 785.06 39.00 30617.34
12 Water proofing works Sft 111.41 60.00 6684.60
Sft 111.41 75.00 8355.75

13 C.P & Sanitary fittings
WALL MOUNTED WITH
SEAT COVER No's 2.00 7400.00 14800.00
COMMOD No's 2.00 5800.00 11600.00
METROPOLE FLUSH
VALVE No's 2.00 3500.00 7000.00
HEALTH FAUCET WITH
FLEXIBLE TUBE No's 2.00 1400.00 2800.00
ANGLE STOP COCK No's 2.00 950.00 1900.00
WASHBASIN WITH
HALF PEDESTAL - 24'' No's 2.00 4200.00 8400.00
CONCEALED
STOPCOCK-3/4 '' No's 2.00 1300.00 2600.00
PILLAR COCK No's 2.00 825.00 1650.00
SHOWER WITH ARM No's 2.00 1800.00 3600.00
WASTE PIPE No's 2.00 140.00 280.00
WASHBASIN WITH
FULL PEDESTRAL No's 2.00 4400.00 8800.00
KITCHEN SINK No's 1.00 8000.00 8000.00
SINK COCK No's 2.00 1300.00 2600.00
TOWEL ROD No's 2.00 850.00 1700.00
SOAP DISK No's 2.00 650.00 1300.00
TOWEL RING No's 2.00 1100.00 2200.00
SINK WASTE PIPE No's 2.00 140.00 280.00
MIRROR No's 2.00 600.00 1200.00
CONNECTION PILE-W B No's 2.00 150.00 300.00
14 External Plumbing works 18000.00
15 Granite & Kadapa works 14084.21
16 Tiles work
Labour Charges only for
Flooring using Vitrified
Tiles of Size
800mmX800mm
Sft 528.88 132.00 69811.50

Flooring of toilets using
Ceramic Tiles of Size
300mmX300mm
Sft 77.61 60.00 4656.75
Wall Daddoing using
Ceramic Tiles of Size
450mmX300mm,
Sft 333.63 86.00 28691.75
17 Painting works
Ceiling paint Sft 441.32 4.00 1765.28
All kind of Internal
painting works
Sft
822.19
17.00 13977.23
All kind of External
painting works
Sft 785.06 14.00 10990.84
18 Door Fitting works
Main door frame &
Shutters
No's
1.00
45000.00 45000.00
Main door frame fixing No's 1.00 700.00 700.00
Main door shutter fixing No's 1.00 500.00 500.00
Fibre door shutters Sft 44.00 450.00 19800.00
Main Door fittings
LOCK-GODREJ No's 1.00 4000.00 4000.00
Outside Handle - Brass No's 1.00 800.00 800.00
Inside Handle - Brass No's 1.00 350.00 350.00
Tower Bolt - Brass No's 1.00 280.00 280.00
Latch - Brass No's 1.00 380.00 380.00
Door Chain No's 1.00 260.00 260.00
Door Viewer - Brass No's 1.00 80.00 80.00
Hinges - Brass No's 1.00 280.00 280.00
Knob Flower - Brass No's 1.00 140.00 140.00
19 Aluminium Window
3- track French window
Hall Sft 42.63 300.00 12787.51

INTERNSHIP REPORT
2-track window
Br's,Stair,Kitchen
Duct window
20 Grill work
21 Gas line meter work
for kitchen
22 Fire system work
23 Passenger Lift work
24 Electrical works
25 Roof Truss works
26 Sewage Treatment Plant
work
TOTAL AMOUNT FOR THE ABOVE WORKS
This includes all the works such as block work, excavation, footing, plastering,
painting, flooring etc.
book government of Karnataka. This estimation will not include engineer’s charge
and site charge. Figure 3.2 shows the plan of 1BHK flat for which Table 3.
Figure 3.2: 1BHK flat for which estimation is done.
INTERNSHIP REPORT
track window
Br's,Stair,Kitchen Sft 50.63 245.00
Sft 22.60 210.00
Sft 93.25 105.00
Gas line meter work
Fire system work
Passenger Lift work
Electrical works
Roof Truss works
Sewage Treatment Plant
Unit rates for each of the quantity of work are
and site charge. Figure 3.2 shows the plan of 1BHK flat for which Table 3.
AKSHATHA B A
Page 31
245.00 12403.13
210.00 4746.88
105.00 9791.25
15000.00
5000.00
65000.00
142000.00
28260.00
16000.00
1184769.1
0
work are referred from SR
and site charge. Figure 3.2 shows the plan of 1BHK flat for which Table 3.2 refers.

3.2.3 Quantity Measurements and Billing
Measuring quantity of particular work in the project by using plan and billing of that
particular work is done. I used to calculate the quantity of block work, plastering, tile
work, etc. and rate for those works are provided so that the contractor payment is
done accordingly. The bill of quantity is shown in Figure 3.2.
Table 3.2: Bill of Quantity.
Contractor : Sukumardas Date: 12/09/2016
Sl No Description Qty
Rate
(Rupee) Unit
Amount
(Rs-Ps)
1
Labour charges for pouring
concreteM20/M25 grade concrete using
RMC pump for all concrete works.
Note : lifting of concrete by pump
1.1
Stilt Floor and below, stair case and
slab (stilt Floor to Fourth Floor) 22767.03 7.00 Cft 159369.21
1.2
Stilt Floor and below, Column, Lift(stilt
Floor to Fourth Floor) 5314.42 13.50 Cft 71744.67
2
Bar bending of various dia bars
including straightening of bars cutting
to the required length, bending as per
bar bending schedule, placing in
position, tieing with binding wire as per
design drawing and as directed by the
engineer in charge.
2.1
Stilt Floor and below, stilt Floor to
Fourth Floor 37885.22 7.50 kg 284139.15
3
Labour charges for centering/
shuttering/ form work, scaffolding etc
for Raft, raft beam, pedestal, isolated
footing, kitchen flat form etc as per
drawing to the required line level and
removal of centring material and
stacking property
3.1
Stilt Floor and below, stilt Floor to
Fourth Floor 72283.57 13.50 Sft 975828.20
4
Labour charges for making- shuttering
work
4.1 Ground Floor and 1st floor 11905.13 5.00 Sft 59525.65
TOTAL 1550607

3.3 SITE WORK
The site work was the very important task for me because the internship main
objective lies over there and I have gain more knowledge from the site. For girls
company will not allow to visit site daily because of security reason. So I used to visit
the site once in a week and I watch all those works which are ongoing there. Within a
short time I get involved in different site works to gain more knowledge about the
working environment in the site and improve myself with more site works and office
work.
The site work that I have been trough in the four month internship period was in the
super structure work exclusively. A normal building consists of two parts in general
this are the super structure and the sub structure. Any structure below the ground floor
slab level including the basement, retaining walls, ground slab, grade beam, and
foundation is called a substructure. Super structure is the part of a building which
extend above the grade beam or everything above the sub structure includes slab,
column, walls, roof etc. the purpose of the super structure is to enclose and divide
space as well as spread load safely in to the sub structure. I have seen that how slab,
column, and beam reinforcement work, concreting work, form work, curing, and
block work and tiles work was done.
3.4 CONCRETE FORM WORK
As fresh concrete is in plastic state when it is placed for construction purpose so, it
becomes necessary to provide some temporary structure to confine and support the
concrete till it gains sufficient strength for self-supporting. This temporary structure is
called form work. Concrete formwork serves as a mould to produce concrete elements
having a desired size and configuration. It is usually erected for this purpose and then
removed after the concrete has cured to a satisfactory strength. In some cases,
concrete forms may be left in place to become part of the permanent structure. For
satisfactory performance, formwork must be adequately strong and stiff to carry the
loads produced by the concrete, the workers placing and finishing the concrete, and
any equipment or materials supported by the forms. In both Sai Radha Pride J Wing
and Nest sites the form work materials used were the GI material which can be
reusable and in some cases wood materials.

 GI forms are stronger, durable and have longer life and reuses are more in
number.
 It can be installed and dismantled with greater ease and speed.
 The quantity of exposed concrete surface by using steel forms is good and
such surfaces need no further treatment.
 It does not absorb moisture from concrete.
 Steel formwork does not shrink or warp.
The general step used to construct a formwork in the site is:
 Prepare the false works in the desired position and level.
 Preparing the form work in a desired shape based on the drawing or the size of
the structure that is going to be cast.
 Bolting it with appropriate bracing element and false work.
Dismantling of the formwork commenced after the allowable dates have elapsed since
the day of the concrete casting. Accordingly column and side formworks will be
dismantled after 16 hours elapsed from the concrete casting and other soffit
formworks should stay in position until the concrete gets cured. The dates of
dismantling for the soffit formworks were shortened by the use of fast curing concrete
admixtures. The use of these admixtures will allow them to move fast forward with
the construction and immediate utilization of the formwork on other successive
structures. Figure 3.3 shows form work for slab at Sai Radha Nest Project site.
Figure 3.3 Form Work at Sai Radha Nest Project site.

The formworks of any type and of any place will be required:
 To be rigid enough to confine plastic concrete at the lines grades and
dimensions indicated on the form plans without bulging or sagging under the
load,
 To be constructed as mortar tight as possible to prevent the loss of concrete
ingredients throughout the joints between the sections, and
 To be easy to remove with minimal damage to the concrete surface.
In case of failure to attain the required strength the conventional date of dismantling
the formwork will be respected.
3.5 BLOCK WORK
Construction of solid blocks bonded together with mortar is termed as block masonry.
The strength of the block work primarily depends upon quality and strength of the
blocks, types of mortar and the method of bonding adopted in construction. Mortar
not only acts as a cementing material but also imparts strength to the work by holding
the individual blocks together to act as a homogeneous mass. Mortar usually a
mixture of cement and sand or lime and sand or the mixture of three. The strength of
the masonry also depends on the nature of workmanship and supervision. Figure 3.4
shows block work at site.
The general principle which would be observed for a sound block masonry
construction is given below.
 The blocks used in a good work should be sound, hard and well burnt with
uniform size, shape and colour. They should have no cracks or flaws and a
fractured surface should be free from holes, grit or lumps of lime etc.,
 The floor shall be cleaned for any dirt or unwanted materials.
 The marking of the block wall shall be made with the proper supervision of
the engineer using the respective drawings and specifications.
 Concrete bed layer shall be laid and above which the first layer of the block
will be placed with proper spacing of mortar. The blocks should be slightly
pressed into the bed mortar while laying so as to ensure proper adhesion.
 All the courses should be laid truly horizontal and all the vertical joints should
be truly vertical.

 All the joints should be properly flushed and filled with mortar so that no
cavity is left in between.
 Half block partition walls should be reinforced with suitable reinforcement
placed at every third or fourth course of the block work. The reinforcement
may be in form of mild steel bars, flat bars, expanded mesh etc.,
Figure 3.4: Block work at Sai Radha Nest Project.
 All the finished masonry work should be kept wet for at least 7 days.
 Plastering should be done after about 28 days of completion of block masonry.
This permits adequate time for the shrinkage in masonry and concrete to take
place before plastering operation is carried out.
Table 3.3: Different block sizes are used in site.
Sl No Block Sizes Rate in Rupees
1 16”X8”X8” 27
2 16”X8”X6” 25
3 16”X8”X4” 19
Table 3.4: Details of blocks required for block work of about 1m3
areas.
Block Work Per 1m3
Size Total No's of Blocks
After deducting 10% for
Mortar
Rate
(Rs)
16"X8"X8" 60 No's 54No's 1350
16"X8"X6" 80 No's 72 No's 1800
16"X8"X4" 120No's 108No's 2052

Different block sizes used in site and details of blocks required for block works of
about 1m3
areas are shown in the table 3.3 and 3.4 respectively.
3.6 PLASTERING
This is a process of covering rough surfaces with a plastic material to obtain an even,
smooth, regular, clean and durable surface. Plastering conceals defective
workmanship and covers up unsound and cheap quality material. Plastering is
required to provide a satisfactory base for decorating the surface by white washing,
colour washing, painting. The plaster is made by working together a mixture of
building materials which may be cement, lime or clay, fine aggregate and water. Fine
sand is often recommended for plastering and it should be so graded that it does not
pass by more than 5% through a sieve. Sand used should be clean, sharp and free from
deleterious matter.
Figure 3.5: Ceiling and wall plastering at Sai Radha Nest Project site.
Plastering was done in two coats for external wall and single coat for internal wall.
External wall 2 coats because one coat is with only mortar and the other outer coat is
of mortar with weather proof course. 100 to 150 sqft/day work is completed by the
workers. Figure 3.5 shows Ceiling and wall plastering at Sai Radha Nest project site.
Table 3.5 and 3.6 Shows details of plastering and details of materials required for
plastering of about 1m2
areas respectively.

Preparation of the surface for plastering
 The durability of the plaster depends to a great extent upon its adhesion with
the block masonry. The preparation of surface for plastering is therefore of
prime importance.
 All the projections which extend by more than 30mm from the general surface
of the masonry wall face are knocked off to obtain surface and this also helps
to reduce consumption of plaster.
 In order to obtain a good key for the plaster with the wall surface, all the joints
in the masonry are raked out for depth of at least 13mm.
 Dust or loose mortar is brushed out of the raked joints. The surface is rendered
free from oily/greasy spots.
 The surface is thoroughly washed with water and kept wet before paltering is
commenced.
Table 3.5: Details of plastering.
Plastering Ratio Thickness
Ceiling Plastering 1:3 20mm
Internal Plastering 1:4 20mm
External Plastering
1st
Coat 1:5 12mm
2nd
Coat 8mm
 To ensure required thickness and a true surface, bull mark of plaster are first
of all applied horizontally and vertically at about 1.8m apart over the entire
surface. This surface patches of plaster serves as gauges for maintain even
thickness of the plaster being applied.
 Mortar is then applied on the wall between the screed and trowel.
Table 3.6: Details of materials required for plastering of about 1m2
areas.
Plastering Per 1m2
Ratio Thickness
Volume of
Mortar
Cement
(Bags)
Rate
(Rs)
Sand
(cft)
Rate
(Rs)
1:3 20mm 0.02 0.22 88 0.02 0.5
1:4 20mm 0.02 0.18 72 0.02 0.5
1:5 20mm 0.02 0.15 60 0.03 0.75

3.7 REINFORCEMENT WORK
Concrete is much weaker in tension than in compression. Its tensile strength is
approximately 10% of its compressive strength. Therefore, concrete is generally used
in conjunction with steel reinforcement, which provides the tensile strength in a
concrete member. The use of plain concrete without steel reinforcement is limited to
pavements and some slabs-on-ground. Steel is the ideal material to complement
concrete because the thermal expansion of both materials is the same. In other words,
when heated or cooled, both steel and concrete expand or contract equally.
Consequently, no stress is caused by differential expansion or contraction. Composite
materials that expand differentially are subjected to such stresses. Figure 3.6 shows
reinforcement works at Sai Radha Pride J Wing Project site..
Figure 3.6: Reinforcement Work at Sai Radha Nest Project site
Steel also bonds well with concrete. In a composite material, the bond between two
materials is necessary for it to function as a single material. The bond between steel
and concrete is due to the chemistry of the two materials, which produces a chemical
bond between them. Additionally, as water from concrete evaporates, it shrinks and
grips the steel bars, making a mechanical bond.
The mechanical bond is enhanced by using reinforcing bars, or rebar, that have
surface deformations. Because a mechanical bond is a function of the area of contact
between the two materials, surface deformations increase that area, thereby increasing
the bond. For the same reason, rebar that have a light, firm layer of rust bonds better
with concrete. Rust that is produced by leaving rebar outdoors on a construction site
for a few days or weeks is not objectionable as long as the rust is not loose or flaky.

Loose and flaky crust should be scraped using burlap or a piece of cloth. Excessively
rusted rebar should not be used. Reinforcement grade of Fe 500 is extensively used in
both the projects Sai Radha Pride J Wing and Nest. Bars in the range of 8mm to
25mm were used in the projects. Figure 3.7 shows bar bending workshop at Sai Radha
Nest Project site.
Before bulk purchase and transporting to the site they were conduct tensile strength
test from the store, by taking sample from a place where they are intending to supply
the material. Such sampling will involve the Consulting Office and the result will be
communicated. When they receive approval, as it fulfils the expected minimum
tensile strength, they proceed to the purchase of the same. Place of deposit was made
ready before its arrival on site where it should be damped.
Figure 3.7: Bar bending Workshop at Sai Radha Nest Project site
A platform elevated from the top surface of the soil, that would ensure the avoidance
of minimum contact were prepared. Then placed there, and was protected from any
detrimental moisture, grease or oil or other substances that may affect its quality.
Shop drawing or bar schedule was produced by the Office Engineer, in accordance to
the structural design. This shop drawing or bar schedule was submitted to the
Resident Engineer and upon his approval mass production will be induced. Figure 3.8
shows reinforcement storage yard at Sai Radha Nest Project site.
Bar bending workshop were situated in a place where it could be close to the site
where the bar is going to be placed in position. The bending of all types of
reinforcement bars was take place within the workshop. Except the column
reinforcement bars all was tied and placed in position exactly in a position where they

are intended to be situated. On the sub-structure work hauling was performed by
labour. But on the super structure it is through the help of the mobile crane, that the
required amount and type of reinforcement bar will be conveyed. After placing in
position of the reinforcement bar and before the concrete pouring any dust particle
was removed or cleaned. On horizontal structures like the reinforced concrete in order
to maintain the allowable concrete cover depth or thickness concrete spacers was
produced and cured and placed in position.
Figure 3.8: Storage of Bars at Sai Radha Nest Project site
3.7.1 Splicing of Bar
Reinforced concrete can function as a structural material only if there is a perfect
bond (adhesion) between the concrete and the reinforcing bars. This bond allows two
lengths of reinforcing bars to function as one continuous bar through lap splices.
Sometimes it becomes impossible to get required length of bar or it is required to
make use surplus small length of bar and may be the drawing recommend to splice
bar at that position. Then it is necessary to give a suitable lap of bar as shown in the
figure 3.9 over each other to develop full strength.
Figure 3.9: Bar Over Lapping (Splicing).
Splicing length=4×Ø
Where Ø is the diameter of the larger bar.

INTERNSHIP REPORT
When splicing or overlapping was provided in reinforcing steel they must be away
from the section which have maximum stress. I.e. bar was spliced in the site for
bottom reinforcement at the support and for top reinforcement at the center in a l
of four times the larger diameter of bar for every structure.
3.7.2 Column Reinforcement
In construction, a compression member is one, which is having an effective length
greater than three times the least lateral dimensions. A column is an effective length is
less than three times the least lateral
required both longitudinal and transverse reinforcement.
reinforcement resists all the loads which
collapse, reduce the creep and shrinkage. The transverse reinforcement used to
prevent buckling of individual ba
concrete. Figure 3.10 and Table 3.7 shows
 Longitudinal Reinforcement
 Minimum area of cross section of longitudinal bars must be at
gross sectional area of the column.
 Maximum area of cross section of longitudinal bars must not exceed 6% of the
gross cross sectional area of the column.
 Minimum number of longitudinal bars must be four in rectangular column and
six in circular column.
INTERNSHIP REPORT
bottom reinforcement at the support and for top reinforcement at the center in a l
of four times the larger diameter of bar for every structure.
Column Reinforcement
, a compression member is one, which is having an effective length
less than three times the least lateral dimensions considered as a pedestal.
ongitudinal and transverse reinforcement.
reinforcement resists all the loads which are from structures, to prevent the sudden
prevent buckling of individual bars to prevent ductility and longitudinal splitting of
and Table 3.7 shows column reinforcement in detail
Figure 3.10: column Reinforcement
Longitudinal Reinforcement
Minimum area of cross section of longitudinal bars must be at
gross sectional area of the column.
Maximum area of cross section of longitudinal bars must not exceed 6% of the
gross cross sectional area of the column.
Minimum number of longitudinal bars must be four in rectangular column and
lar column.
AKSHATHA B A
Page 42
bottom reinforcement at the support and for top reinforcement at the center in a length
, a compression member is one, which is having an effective length
considered as a pedestal. Column
ongitudinal and transverse reinforcement. The longitudinal
from structures, to prevent the sudden
rs to prevent ductility and longitudinal splitting of
in detail.
Minimum area of cross section of longitudinal bars must be at least 0.8% of
Maximum area of cross section of longitudinal bars must not exceed 6% of the
Minimum number of longitudinal bars must be four in rectangular column and

 Spacing of longitudinal bars measures along the periphery of a column should
not exceed 300mm.
Table 3.7: Column Reinforcement Details.
Column
Sizes Rebars
300x1800
300x500
300x700
450x450
450x230
8,
10,
12,
16,
20,
25
 Transverse Reinforcement
 It may be the form of lateral ties or spirals.
 The diameter of the lateral ties should not be less than 1/4th
of the diameter of
the largest longitudinal bar.
 The Pitch (C/C) of Lateral Ties
 Least lateral dimension of the compression members.
 Sixteen times the smallest diameter of longitudinal bars.
3.7.3 Beam Reinforcement
Beams are meant for supporting slabs and walls. Rectangular beams are known as B.
C.C structures. The loads on beams comprise of loads from slabs, walls, any
concentrated load from the secondary beams and self weight of the beam. The loads
are directly taken from the loads on frames. Cover of beam is 1”. Figure 3.11 shows
beam reinforcement at Sai Radha Pride J Wing Project site and Table 3.8 shows Beam
reinforcement details.
 Tension Reinforcement
The minimum area of tension reinforcement shall be not less than As = 0.85bd/fy
Where, As = minimum area of tension reinforcement.
b = breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of T-beam
d= effective depth.
fy= characteristic strength of reinforcement in N/mmm2

INTERNSHIP REPORT
 Compression Reinforcement
The maximum area of compression reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04bD.
3.7.4 Slab Reinforcement
Slabs are of two types
of longer length to its shorter length (Ly/Lx) greater than 2 is called one way slab
otherwise as two way slab. In one way slab main reinforcement is parallel to shorter
direction and the reinforcement parallel to longer direction is called distribution steel.
In two-way slab main reinforcement is provided along both
is 0.75”. Figure 3.12
Table 3.9 shows slab reinforcement details
 Thickness of slab is decided based on span to depth
2000. Min reinforcement is 0.12% (for HYSD
bars) gross cross sectional area.
INTERNSHIP REPORT
Compression Reinforcement
Figure 3.11: Beam reinforcement
Table 3.8 Beam Reinforcement Details.
Beam
Sizes Rebars
230X700
300X600
230X450
150X700
8,
25,
16,
20,
25
Slab Reinforcement
Slabs are of two types namely one way slab and two way slab. The slabs having ratio
reinforcement parallel to longer direction is called distribution steel.
way slab main reinforcement is provided along both directions
shows slab reinforcement at Sai Radha Nest Project site
Table 3.9 shows slab reinforcement details.
Thickness of slab is decided based on span to depth ratio specified in IS 456
2000. Min reinforcement is 0.12% (for HYSD bars) and 0.15% (for mild steel
cross sectional area.
AKSHATHA B A
Page 44
namely one way slab and two way slab. The slabs having ratio
reinforcement parallel to longer direction is called distribution steel.
directions. Cover of slab
shows slab reinforcement at Sai Radha Nest Project site and
ratio specified in IS 456-
and 0.15% (for mild steel

 The diameter of bar generally used in slabs are 6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm and
16mm.
 The maximum diameter of bar used in slab should not exceed 1/8 of the total
thickness of the slab.
 Maximum spacing of main bar is restricted to 3 times effective depth or
300mm whichever is less.
 For distribution bars the maximum spacing is specified as 5 times the effective
depth or 450mm whichever is less.
Figure 3.12: Slab reinforcement.
Table 3.9: Slab Reinforcement Details
Slab
Thickness Rebars
125 mm
150 mm
175 mm
8
12
3.7.5 Cover
Cover is minimum spacing that should be maintained between each length of bar as
well as the spacing between the bar and shuttering. Providing cover ensures flow of
concrete through all portions and spaces between the rebar mesh and cage. If the
correct cover has been provided the rebar will be evenly distributed throughout the
RCC structure after concrete has been placed. Figure 3.13 shows Cover blocks for
reinforcement used in site Sai Radha Pride J-Wing.

It protects the steel reinforcement from getting corroded and helps in fire fighting
being a bad conductor of heat. Cover for the structural members are as shown in table
3.10 and shows Cover blocks for reinforcement used in site Sai Radha Pride J-Wing.
Table 3.10: Cover for the structural members
Sl No Structural Members Reinforcement cover
1 Footings 1.6”
2 Columns 1.5”
3 Slabs 0.75”
4 Beams 1”
Figure 3.13: Cover blocks for reinforcement used in site.
3.8 CONCRETING
Concrete is a composite consisting of the dispersed phase of aggregates (ranging from
its maximum size coarse aggregates down to the fine sand particles) embedded in the
matrix of cement paste. This is a Portland cement concrete with the four constituents
of Portland cement, water, stone and sand. Concrete used in site are both site mix and
RMC. Figure 3.14 shows slab concreting work at Sai Radha Nest Project site.
These basic components remain in current concrete but other constituents are now
often added to modify its fresh and hardened properties. This has broadened the scope
in the design and construction of concrete structures. It has also introduced factors
that designers should recognize in order to realize the desired performance in terms of

structural adequacy, constructability, and required service life. These are translated
into strength, workability and durability in relation to properties of concrete.
In addition, there is the need to satisfy these provisions at the most cost effective price
in practice. Since our building is a reinforced concrete structure the concrete work
was commenced every day for constructing/development of every part of the building.
Figure 3.15 shows concreting work at Sai Radha Nest Project site. The constituents of
modern concrete have increased from the basic four (cement, water, stone, and sand)
to include both chemical and mineral admixtures. These admixtures have been in use
for decades, first in special circumstances, but have now been incorporated in more
and more general applications for their technical and at times economic benefits in
either or both fresh and hardened properties of concrete. Table 3.11 shows mix design
details.
Figure 3.14: Concreting work at Sai Radha Nest Project site
Different concrete mixes are used in different works. Details are given below
 M15 is used for PCC.
 M25 is used for footings, slabs, beams and columns.
 M30 and M40 are used for slab.
 The cement used is Ultratech 53 grade, OPC.
 Admixture used is HWRA.

Table 3.12 shows Details of Quantity of Materials Required For 1m2
Area of Slab
Concreting. Table 3.12 (a) shows Details of Quantity of Reinforcement Required For
1m2
Area of Slab Concreting.
Table 3.11: Mix Design Details
MIX
DESIGN
AGG.
MAX
SIZE
(mm)
CEMENT
CONTENT
(kg/cum)
W/C
RATIO
SUGGESTE
D MIX
PROPORTI
ON
DOSAGE
OF
ADMIXT
URE (ml)
M15 20 270 0.52 1 : 2.65 : 5.40 -
M20 20 340 0.49 1 : 2.40 : 3.39 -
M25 20 360 0.45 1 : 2.25 : 2.75 230
M30 20 380 0.41 1 : 2.10 : 2.40 230
M40 20 400 0.40 1: 1.70: 3.01 240
Table 3.12: Details of Quantity of Materials Required For 1m2
Areas of Slab
Concreting.
Slab (M25)
Thickne
ss
Volume
of
Concrete
(cum) Cement
Rate
(Rs) CA
Rate
(Rs) FA
Rate
(Rs)
150 mm 0.150 0.725 289.86 57.579 1784.94 70.374 1759.35
125 mm 0.125 0.604 241.55 47.982 1487.45 58.645 1466.13
175 mm 0.175 0.845 338.16 67.175 2082.43 82.103 2052.58
Table 3.12 (a): Details of Quantity of Steel Required For 1m2
Area of Slab
Concreting
Reinforcement
Thick
ness
Volume
of
Concrete
(cum)
Quantity
of
Steel
(kg)
Rate
(Rs)
Thick
ness
Volume
of
Concrete
(cum)
Quantit
y of
Steel
(kg)
Rate
(Rs)
150
mm 0.150 11.78 482.78
150
mm 0.150 11.78 482.78
125
mm 0.125 9.81 402.31
125
mm 0.125 9.81 402.31
175
mm 0.175 13.74 563.24
175
mm 0.175 13.74 563.24

3.8.1 Cement
Cement may be described as a material with adhesive and cohesive properties that
make it capable of bonding mineral fragments (aggregates) into a compact whole. In
this process, it imparts strength and durability to the hardened mass called concrete.
The cements used in the making of concrete are called hydraulic cements so named,
because they have the property of reacting chemically with water in an exothermic
(heat generating) process called hydration that results in water resistant products. The
products of hydration form a viscous cement paste, which coats the aggregate surfaces
and fills some of the void spaces between the aggregate pieces. The cement paste
loses consistency (stiffens) on account of gradual loss of free water, adsorption and
evaporation and subsequently sets, transforming the mixture into a solid mass. If the
consistency of the cement paste is either excessively harsh or excessively wet, there is
a danger of segregation, i.e., the aggregate tends to separate out of the mix; this will
adversely affect the quality of the hardened concrete and result in a honeycomb
appearance. The freshly set cement paste gains strength with time (hardens), on
account of progressive filling of the void spaces in the paste with the reaction
products, also resulting in a decrease in porosity and permeability.
3.8.2 Aggregate
Since aggregate occupies about three-quarters of the volume of concrete, it
contributes significantly to the structural performance of concrete, especially strength,
durability and volume stability. In general, aggregates in concrete have been grouped
according to their sizes into fine and coarse aggregates. The separation is based on
materials passing or retained on the nominally 5 mm (ASTMNo. 4) sieve. It is
common to refer to fine aggregate as sand and coarse aggregate as stone.
Traditionally, aggregates are derived from natural sources in the form of river gravel
or crushed rocks and river sand. Fine aggregate produced by crushing rocks to sand
sizes is referred as manufactured sand.
 Aggregate property and tests
A number of tests have been described to assess the quality of the aggregate, in terms
of the following physical and mechanical properties:

 Particle size, shape and surface texture: ‘size’ and ‘shape’ influence
strength; ‘shape’ and ‘texture’ influence bond (between the aggregate and the
cement paste)
 Specific gravity and bulk density: of aggregate particle and aggregate whole
respectively;
 Moisture content, water absorption and bulking of sand: the moisture
present in aggregate or the moisture that may be absorbed by the aggregate, as
the case may be, must be accounted for in the water content of the concrete
mix; moreover, the presence of water films in between sand particles results in
an increase in volume (bulking of sand) that must be accounted for in case
volume batching is employed in mix preparation;
 Strength: resistance to compression, measured in terms of the aggregate
crushing value;
 Toughness: resistance to impact, measured in terms of the aggregate impact
value;
 Hardness: resistance to wear measured in terms of the aggregate abrasion
value;
 Soundness: which indicates whether or not the aggregate undergoes
appreciable volume changes due to alternate thermal changes, wetting and
drying, freezing and thawing; and
 Deleterious constituents: such as iron pyrites, coal, mica, clay, silt, salt and
organic impurities, which can adversely affect the hydration of cement, the
bond with cement paste, the strength and the durability of hardened concrete.
3.8.3 Admixtures
Admixtures are additives that are introduced in a concrete mix to modify the
properties of concrete in its fresh and hardened states. Fast curing admixtures allow
curing the concrete within 3 to 5 days after the date of pouring the concrete. Such
application will only be made after the conduct of the test and the satisfaction of the
Resident Engineer. The amount of the admixture to be added varies in accordance to

the manufacturer‘s specification. All relevant documents and specifications will be
available before conducting the mix design and test for approval. After the
satisfaction of the Supervisor the Contractor will execute the successive duties. If the
use of admixtures ensures the early curing of the concrete structure, the date of
removal of the formwork will be dictated accordingly. In our site type of admixture
has been used is HWRA.
3.8.4 Water
Water has a significant role to play in the making of concrete in mixing of fresh
concrete and in curing of hardened concrete. Table 3.13 shows material rates.
Table 3.13: Material Rates.
Steel Rate Rs 41/kg
Cement Rs 400/Bag
CA Rs 31/cft
FA Rs 25/cft
In order to ensure proper strength development and durability of concrete, it is
necessary that the water used for mixing and curing is free from impurities such as
oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar and organic materials. Water that is fit for human
consumption (i.e., potable water) is generally considered to be suitable for concreting.
However, when the portability of the water is suspect, it is advisable to perform a
chemical analysis of the water.
3.8.5 RMC Placement Method
Concrete that has been used in the site is Ready Mix Concrete from RMC Ready Mix
India, Manipal. The road distance between RMC plant to the site is about 6 km’s and
the duration is about 15 mins. Truck used to transfer concrete from plant to the site is
of 7m3
capacity. Table 3.14 shows RMC Details. Figure 3.15 shows transit truck at
Sai Radha Pride Project site. Table 3.15 shows RMC rates.
Table 3.14: RMC details
Cement OPC (43 & 53 Grade)
Aggregate 20mm
Admixture HWRA
Slump 120 +/- 25mm

Ready Mix Concrete placement method is as follows.
 When transit truck arrived to the site, the concrete transport certificate was
checked for desired properties of concrete and time duration of transport.
Figure 3.15: Transit Truck
 Concrete was delivered to the site and discharged from the truck completely in
the form ready for vibration within 1-1/2 hours after batching.
 Concrete was placed in maximum 15 minutes after its arrival to the site, and
the finishing of placement would takes place before the cement starts setting.
 Concrete was stored/ deposited as near as possible to its final position using
crane hoisted buckets, concrete pumps, chutes etc.,
 If the concrete, due to transport, was segregated. It would be mixed again and
clean platforms, without adding water; if not the batch would be refused.
 Concrete shall be placed to prevent segregation. The free fall of concrete
should in no case exceed 1.5m.
Table 3.15: RMC Rates
RMC Rate
M10 Rs 3000/cum
M15 Rs 3700/cum
M20 Rs 4200/cum
M25 Rs 4200/cum
M30 Rs 4600/cum
M40 Rs 5000/cum
 The concrete should be spread and deposited in horizontal uniform thick
layers.
 Concrete was then compacted using needle vibrators.
 Concreting was continuously done to avoid planes of weakness.

3.9 DESHUTTERING
It is a process of removal of shuttering after concrete achieves required strength.
The sequence of orders and method of removal of form work are as follows
 Shuttering forming the vertical faces of walls beams and column sides should
be removed first as they bear no load but only retain the concrete.
 Shuttering forming soffit of slabs should be removed next
 Shuttering forming soffit of beams, girders or other heavily loaded shuttering
should be removed in the end
Table 3.16 shows the period of removal of form work followed at site both Sai Radha
Pride and Nest.
Table 3.16: Period of Removal of Formwork at Site.
Sl No Structural Member Deshuttering Time
1 Walls, columns and vertical sides of beams 1 to 2 days
2 Slabs 12 days
3 Beam Soffit 7 days
4 Removal of props to slabs
 For slabs spanning upto 4.5m
 For slabs spanning over 4.5m
7days
14days
5 Removal of props to beams and arches
 Spanning upto 6m
 Spanning over 6m
14days
21days
3.10 CURING
The hydration reaction begins as soon as water and cement come into contact, but the
rate at which this reaction proceeds is extremely slow. It takes up to 6 months or
longer for concrete to gain its full strength. However, approximately 80% of concrete
strength develops in 28 days. Approximately two thirds of the 28-day strength is
obtained in the first 7 days and approximately half in the first 3 days. This is true only
if sufficient water and favourable temperature are available for the hydration reaction

to continue. Providing moisture to concrete continuously for hydration is called curing
of concrete.
Figure 3.16: Curing.
A well-cured concrete is denser and, hence, stronger and more durable. On
construction sites, curing is begun as soon as the concrete has fully set (solidified),
which is generally 12 to 24 h after placing the concrete. Curing in the initial stages of
hardening is extremely important and should continue as long as possible, not less
than 7 days. It is the process of preventing the loss of moisture from the concrete
while maintaining a satisfactory temperature regime. Curing is essential for producing
‘good’ concrete that has the desired strength, impermeability and durability, and is of
particular importance in situations where the water-cement ratio is low, or the cement
has a high rate of strength development. So, curing must be conducted using potable
water and covering of the structural element using covering material for at least 7
successive days to retain the moisture lost. In our site curing of concrete starts from
the finishing of the pouring and ends in a 7 days. Mostly they cure at morning and
night time. Curing for wall, slab and column are shown in Figure 3.16.
3.11 TILE WORK
Tiles come in variety of sizes, styles and colors. Keeping these points in mind the
company decides their tiles used for Project Sai Radha J Wing site. Details of floor
and wall tiles used in this project are shown in Table 3.17 and figure 3.17 and 3.18
shows skirting and Bath room tile fixing.

 Procedure for laying of tiles is as follows
Clean the surface of the floor or wall thoroughly
 Mix a thin set mortar in a bucket
 Make up only as much mortar mix as can be worked in 15-20 minutes.
Keep a bucket of clean water and a sponge handy to wipe off any excess
before it sets and to clean tools.
Figure 3.17: Skirting Work at Sai Radha Pride J Wing Project Site
Figure 3.18: Bathroom Tile Fixing at Sai Radha Pride J Wing Project Site
 Use a notched trowel to spread the mortar evenly on a small area where
laying of the tiles start.
 Position the tile in the mortar along the guidelines and press into place.

 Check the alignment of the tiles as go along to be sure they are both level
and straight.
Table 3.17: Details of tiles used for wall and flooring work.
SL. NO TYPE SIZE Unit Rate
1 Vitrified flooring & skirting 1200x800 mm Sft Rs. 140
800x800 mm Sft Rs. 87
600x600 mm Sft Rs. 67
2 Ceramic flooring & skirting 600x600 mm Sft Rs. 50
3 Ceramic Wall tile 600x300 mm Sft Rs. 59
3.12 LABOUR DETAILS
Depending up on the quantity of work done and the availability of labour for different
works number of labours required will be different and labour payment is also done as
per the quantity and quality of particular work. Labour payment rate changes yearly
and Table 3.18 shows the labour rates for the year 2016 at Sai Radha Developers.
Table 3.18: Labour Rates for the year 2016 at Sai Radha Developers
Labour Unit Rate
General supervisor 1No Rs. 500
General mason 1No Rs. 550
General male helper 1No Rs. 400
General female helper 1No Rs. 350
Carpenter 1No Rs. 450
Carpentry male helper 1No Rs. 350
Barbender 1No Rs. 450
Barbender helper 1No Rs. 350

Chapter 4
SPECIFIC OUTCOMES FROM INTERNSHIP
4.1 PERFORMANCE DURING ACCOMPLISHING
WORK TASKS
Absolutely good the reason behind this performance was I integrate with all workers
within a short time and get involved in different site works to gain more knowledge
about the working environment in the site and improve myself with more site works
and office work. Since the site work is very repetitive I have been working in different
section to get involved and pass through different peace of works. Especially the work
tasks I have been performing in the office work were very impressive because I didn‘t
have any knowledge about the quantity works, cost and report writing etc. In general
in the last four month I perform all my duties nicely and get knowledge of the
practical world and relate it with the theory I have learnt in the class in the last three
years. Also I transform myself to another level of skill, ethics, knowledge and
leadership using this internship class and I perform it well.
4.2 CHALLENGES FACED
Construction projects are complex and time-consuming undertakings that require the
interaction and cooperation of many different persons to accomplish. The construction
industry is typically divided into specialty areas, with each area requiring different
skills, resources, and knowledge to participate effectively in it. In order to integrate
and work closely in each section it is a challenging task to one person especially when
he/she is fresh or beginner. In fact some challenges may be solved by me but some are
above my limit and even the workers at the site also. In general I have faced the
following challenges in the internship period.
 Weather condition of the site.
 Shortage of knowledge in some portion of the work at the site.
 Underestimation by workers such as engineers, Forman.
 Unsatisfactory answers for questions from engineers.
 Safety facility

4.3 OVERALL BENEFITS OF THE INTERNSHIP
Internship is a class held at site to provide an enhanced understanding of the outside
working environment. The main aim of this internship is that to teach students
communication with different workers or employees, to improve practical skill what
they learned at class, up grading the theoretical knowledge in addition to the class,
improve their leadership skill, team playing skill and etc.
In my four month staying at the Sai Radha Developers Udupi I have acquire much
knowledge in different tasks as explained below in different section. Those different
knowledge gets me a good performance in the internship period and I gain an
experience that helps me in the future.
4.3.1 Improving Practical Skill
The aim of the internship is to address more practical knowledge for student. So, I
found a practical knowledge at the site as much possible within the four month. The
knowledge we have learn in the class is helpful to get those practical or real work in
the site and totally different from the actual knowledge gained from the class. Thus I
found some knowledge in the site which helps me to work with the site environment
or site peoples.
Some of the practical knowledge I gain from the internship class was:
 Construction of formwork and false work for some reinforced concrete
structure.
In any construction work the first stage before casting of concrete is designing and
constructing of form work. As I explained in the work procedure the formwork and
false work must be stiff and must resist the fresh concrete till the concrete gain its
strength. Thus the construction stage of form work was new to me since I‘m new for
the practical world now I gain practical knowledge about how it is worked and
erected.
 Bar bending, positioning, splicing and tying, according the specified
drawing.
After the formwork and false work is ready the bar bending, positioning and tying
work goes next. This work is done based on the working drawing provided in the

working drawings (structural drawing) by the design team of that specified structure.
In most case it was new for me to see such work since it is a practical work only
performed at the site.
 Casting and pouring of reinforced concrete structure and equipment used
for casting.
Concrete is a vital material in any construction of reinforced concrete and is the main
constituent or ingredient of any reinforced concrete structure. Thus it is mandatory to
know this material in practice including how it is treated, placed (poured), mixed and
the equipment used for those work. I got the practical knowledge in terms of those
listed aspects of concrete.
 Different construction equipment (machines) and their use in construction
site.
Many of great structures before are a product of numerous human power and
countless days inspired by great powers. Machines are capable of handling tough
work which may be beyond the scope of human labour to be performed. They can be
expected to work with fair degree of effectiveness even under adverse weather,
climate or topographical conditions. I generally know how equipment‘s are used in
the site including their specific purpose.
4.4 UPGRADING THE THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
The internship class is not only depending on the practical aspect but it also help
students to upgrade or increase knowledge on already that they have. I try to integrate
the practical knowledge with that of the theory learned in the class in different place
in order to get more knowledge than the theory we learned on the class. I got the
internship class very interesting in terms of upgrading a theoretical knowledge and I
learned from the site some theories that we haven‘t learn in the class room by
searching different related literature. Some of this is:
 Labour billing
 Quantity measurement, etc.,
Learned those things in exclusive cause it is hard to read and understand everything
from books and asking some peoples at site to those things ashamed me. Generally I

change myself a little bit after the internship period in my knowledge than before I
took it.
4.5 UPGRADING INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION SKILL
Communication is sharing or exchanging information or ideas with others in order to
get some messages and knowledge. The communications systems within the building
design and construction enterprise has taken on a large role in the achievement of
profitability and efficiency. A basic understanding of communication systems is
beneficial to all building professionals and trades, as they all play a part in the success
of the construction. Construction is one of the places that ask a good communication
skill either managing every trade of work or asking what is gowning on over there.
So, communication is an important way of learning, which can be defined formally as
the act, process, or experience of gaining knowledge or skills and sharing what we
know. Cool communication is important in the real constructions world and it can
appear in different forms as speaking, writing, and listening. In the site the most
things I gain is due to communication with other workers like engineers, skilled and
non-skilled workers, Forman etc. in some place/case it is very difficult to talk workers
and ask them what we want because of that they underestimate us and sometimes they
are not eager to tell. But I improve and know how to communicate with different
classes of workers in the site.
4.6 IMPROVING TEAM PLAYING SKILL
Team playing skill for construction work Team works, especially for engineers,
involve in every piece of task and achieving good team playing skill is essential for
Effective completion of tasks and Increasing productivity. This skill already exists in
my personality in the campus due to different assignment and project works that I
work together with student. But this skill is more than this in the construction site. In
the construction site the work is already a team work and it needs more closeness of
workers to solve problems arise in different aspects, misunderstanding in the drawing
or working methodology and consult every work. We the student at the site also
works together as a team to get more understanding and share ideas. More or less I

improve my team work status by working together with different professionals,
student and workers as a whole in the civil engineering works and consulting.
4.7 IMPROVING LEADERSHIP SKILL
Leadership is the process of influencing individuals or groups to accomplish an
organizational goal or mission. I have seen how each worker is controlled and
organized to perform its day to day activities. Among all other managements i have
seen that human resource management is the most important one. I have actually
observed the method of controlling the working time and amount of work done by
each worker so that the work proceeds according to the work plan or schedule.
Leadership is a skill to guide, control and monitor peoples. For effective leadership i
understood that personal values like confidence, effective communication and
devotion are very important.
In order to be good Leadership the following criteria should be fulfilled.
 Be technically proficient (skilled with different knowledge‘s).
 Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions.
 Make sound and timely decisions.
 Know your people and look out for their well-being.
 Keep your workers informed.
 Develop a sense of responsibility in your workers.
 Ensure that tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished.
 Use the full capabilities of your organization.
 Listening to others.
 Being organized.
 Able to communicate clearly and efficiently.
In the site it was impossible to us to lead anything because we go to the site to learn
about the site work and we don‘t have enough ability to handle such works in such
short time but we have learned how to become a good leader and the main signal of a
good leader.
Finally what I take hold of is Becoming a leader isn‘t easy because it takes a
conscious commitment and consistent effort to develop one‘s leadership skills. But on
the positive side, anyone who is willing to make the effort can become a good leader.

REFERENCES
1. M S Shetty, 2012, “Construction Technology Theory and Practice”, 6th
edition,
published by S Chand and Company Ltd.
2. IS: 456, Plain and reinforced concrete-code of practice, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, 2000.
3. IS: 383, Indian standards specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural
sources for concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1970.
4. IS: 10262, recommended guidelines for concrete mix design, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, 1999.
5. www.sairadhadevelopers.in.

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