A new window function is presented which like the well known Hamming window offers a preferred property for use in signal spectrum analysis: the sum of window coefficients with its shifted version by half of the order is constant for the overlapped region in the time domain. In high orders, the new window has main-lobe width equal to Hamming window. For low orders, the window parameters are modified to have smaller main-lobe width compared to Hamming window, while maintaining smaller maximum side-lobe peak. The results indicate performance improvement of the proposed window compared to Kaiser and Gaussian windows. The FIR filters designed by windowing method show the efficiency of the new window.
Design And Performance of Finite impulse Response Filter Using Hyperbolic Cos...IDES Editor
In this paper a proposed of design and analysis of
Finite impulse response filter using Hyperbolic Cosine
window (Cosh window for short). This window is very useful
for some applications such as beam forming, filter design,
and speech processing. Digital FIR filter designed by Kaiser
window has a better far-end stop-band attenuation than filter
designed by the other previously well known adjustable
windows such as Dolph-Chebyshev and Saramaki, which are
special cases of Ultraspherical windows, but obtaining a digital
filter which performs higher far-end stop band attenuation
than Kaiser window will be useful. In this paper, the design of
nonrecursive digital FIR filter has been proposed by using
Cosh window. It provides better side lobe roll-off ratio & farend
stop band attenuation than filter designed by well known
Kaiser window, which is the advantage of filter designed by
Cosh window over filter designed by Kaiser window. An
expression for the side lobe & far field level has been developed.
Simulation & experimental results showing a good agreement
with theory has been provided
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Fir filter design (windowing technique)Bin Biny Bino
The window design technique for FIR filters involves choosing an ideal frequency-selective filter with the desired passband and stopband characteristics, and then multiplying or "windowing" its infinite impulse response with an appropriate window function to make it causal and finite. This windowing in the time domain corresponds to convolution in the frequency domain. Common window functions are used to truncate the ideal filter response while maintaining desirable filtering properties. MATLAB code can be used to implement windowed FIR filters.
The document discusses digital filter design. It begins by defining digital filters and their purposes, which include signal separation and distortion removal. It then covers the main types of digital filters - finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. FIR filters are implemented non-recursively without feedback, while IIR filters use recursion and feedback. The document outlines FIR filter design methods like windowing and discusses applications of digital filters such as noise suppression, frequency enhancement, and interference removal. In conclusion, digital filters can have linear phase response and are not affected by environmental factors like heat.
Design and determination of optimum coefficients of iir digital highpass filt...Subhadeep Chakraborty
This document describes a technique for designing an Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) digital highpass filter. The technique involves first designing an analog highpass filter using passive components like resistors and capacitors. Then, an analog-to-digital mapping technique is applied to convert the analog filter design into an equivalent digital filter transfer function in the z-domain. This provides the numerator and denominator coefficients needed for the digital IIR filter. The document presents the process and equations for realizing the IIR digital filter and determining its transfer function from which the filter coefficients can be obtained. A flowchart outlines the overall steps of the proposed algorithm.
It is sometimes desirable to have circuits capable of selectively filtering one frequency or range of frequencies out of a mix of different frequencies in a circuit. A circuit designed to perform this frequency selection is called a filter circuit, or simply a filter. A common need for filter circuits is in high-performance stereo systems, where certain ranges of audio frequencies need to be amplified or suppressed for best sound quality and power efficiency. You may be familiar with equalizers, which allow the amplitudes of several frequency ranges to be adjusted to suit the listener's taste and acoustic properties of the listening area. You may also be familiar with crossover networks, which block certain ranges of frequencies from reaching speakers. A tweeter (high-frequency speaker) is inefficient at reproducing low-frequency signals such as drum beats, so a crossover circuit is connected between the tweeter and the stereo's output terminals to block low-frequency signals, only passing high-frequency signals to the speaker's connection terminals. This gives better audio system efficiency and thus better performance. Both equalizers and crossover networks are examples of filters, designed to accomplish filtering of certain frequencies.
The document discusses various image compression techniques including:
1) Variable length coding such as Huffman coding which reduces redundancy but is not optimal for the sample image due to inter-pixel redundancy.
2) Predictive coding which encodes pixel differences to remove redundancy, achieving higher compression ratios.
3) Lossy techniques like JPEG use quantization and discrete cosine transform to compress images further, introducing some distortion.
This document discusses digital and analog filters. It provides details on FIR filters, including their characteristics such as being always stable and having an exactly linear phase response. It also discusses the computational complexity of FIR filters compared to IIR filters. Kaiser windows are mentioned as a way to design FIR filters. Ideal filters are described as being used to remove disturbances from signals and noise. Finally, the basics of a digital signal processing system are outlined.
Design And Performance of Finite impulse Response Filter Using Hyperbolic Cos...IDES Editor
In this paper a proposed of design and analysis of
Finite impulse response filter using Hyperbolic Cosine
window (Cosh window for short). This window is very useful
for some applications such as beam forming, filter design,
and speech processing. Digital FIR filter designed by Kaiser
window has a better far-end stop-band attenuation than filter
designed by the other previously well known adjustable
windows such as Dolph-Chebyshev and Saramaki, which are
special cases of Ultraspherical windows, but obtaining a digital
filter which performs higher far-end stop band attenuation
than Kaiser window will be useful. In this paper, the design of
nonrecursive digital FIR filter has been proposed by using
Cosh window. It provides better side lobe roll-off ratio & farend
stop band attenuation than filter designed by well known
Kaiser window, which is the advantage of filter designed by
Cosh window over filter designed by Kaiser window. An
expression for the side lobe & far field level has been developed.
Simulation & experimental results showing a good agreement
with theory has been provided
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Fir filter design (windowing technique)Bin Biny Bino
The window design technique for FIR filters involves choosing an ideal frequency-selective filter with the desired passband and stopband characteristics, and then multiplying or "windowing" its infinite impulse response with an appropriate window function to make it causal and finite. This windowing in the time domain corresponds to convolution in the frequency domain. Common window functions are used to truncate the ideal filter response while maintaining desirable filtering properties. MATLAB code can be used to implement windowed FIR filters.
The document discusses digital filter design. It begins by defining digital filters and their purposes, which include signal separation and distortion removal. It then covers the main types of digital filters - finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. FIR filters are implemented non-recursively without feedback, while IIR filters use recursion and feedback. The document outlines FIR filter design methods like windowing and discusses applications of digital filters such as noise suppression, frequency enhancement, and interference removal. In conclusion, digital filters can have linear phase response and are not affected by environmental factors like heat.
Design and determination of optimum coefficients of iir digital highpass filt...Subhadeep Chakraborty
This document describes a technique for designing an Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) digital highpass filter. The technique involves first designing an analog highpass filter using passive components like resistors and capacitors. Then, an analog-to-digital mapping technique is applied to convert the analog filter design into an equivalent digital filter transfer function in the z-domain. This provides the numerator and denominator coefficients needed for the digital IIR filter. The document presents the process and equations for realizing the IIR digital filter and determining its transfer function from which the filter coefficients can be obtained. A flowchart outlines the overall steps of the proposed algorithm.
It is sometimes desirable to have circuits capable of selectively filtering one frequency or range of frequencies out of a mix of different frequencies in a circuit. A circuit designed to perform this frequency selection is called a filter circuit, or simply a filter. A common need for filter circuits is in high-performance stereo systems, where certain ranges of audio frequencies need to be amplified or suppressed for best sound quality and power efficiency. You may be familiar with equalizers, which allow the amplitudes of several frequency ranges to be adjusted to suit the listener's taste and acoustic properties of the listening area. You may also be familiar with crossover networks, which block certain ranges of frequencies from reaching speakers. A tweeter (high-frequency speaker) is inefficient at reproducing low-frequency signals such as drum beats, so a crossover circuit is connected between the tweeter and the stereo's output terminals to block low-frequency signals, only passing high-frequency signals to the speaker's connection terminals. This gives better audio system efficiency and thus better performance. Both equalizers and crossover networks are examples of filters, designed to accomplish filtering of certain frequencies.
The document discusses various image compression techniques including:
1) Variable length coding such as Huffman coding which reduces redundancy but is not optimal for the sample image due to inter-pixel redundancy.
2) Predictive coding which encodes pixel differences to remove redundancy, achieving higher compression ratios.
3) Lossy techniques like JPEG use quantization and discrete cosine transform to compress images further, introducing some distortion.
This document discusses digital and analog filters. It provides details on FIR filters, including their characteristics such as being always stable and having an exactly linear phase response. It also discusses the computational complexity of FIR filters compared to IIR filters. Kaiser windows are mentioned as a way to design FIR filters. Ideal filters are described as being used to remove disturbances from signals and noise. Finally, the basics of a digital signal processing system are outlined.
Design and performance analysis of low pass fir filter using hamming and kais...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses the design and performance analysis of a low pass FIR filter using Hamming and Kaiser windows. It describes how low pass filters were designed using rectangular, Hamming and Kaiser windows with different beta values. The Kaiser window with beta values of 1, 5, and 7 were analyzed. Simulation results showed that the Kaiser window had lower leakage factor and higher sidelobe attenuation compared to the Hamming window. Increasing the beta value for the Kaiser window widened the mainlobe and decreased sidelobe amplitude, providing better attenuation. The Kaiser window with beta of 7 achieved the highest sidelobe attenuation of -50.9 dB and widest mainlobe width.
This document discusses predictive coding, which achieves data compression by predicting pixel values and encoding only prediction errors. It describes lossless predictive coding, which exactly reconstructs data, and lossy predictive coding, which introduces errors. Lossy predictive coding inserts quantization after prediction error calculation, mapping errors to a limited range to control compression and distortion. Common predictive coding techniques include linear prediction of pixels from neighboring values and delta modulation.
Design of infinite impulse response digital filters 2HIMANSHU DIWAKAR
This document discusses the design of infinite impulse response (IIR) digital filters. It begins by defining IIR filters and noting their advantages of high selectivity with few parameters, but also potential disadvantages of nonlinear phase and instability. It then covers two major techniques for designing IIR filters: the bilinear transformation and Euler approximation. The bilinear transformation maps the analog s-plane to the digital z-plane in a way that preserves stability. Examples are provided to illustrate the design process of mapping analog low-pass filters to digital filters using the bilinear transformation. The document also discusses analog filter design techniques, including Butterworth and Chebyshev filters characterized by their transfer functions.
This document discusses data compression techniques for digital images. It explains that compression reduces the amount of data needed to represent an image by removing redundant information. The compression process involves an encoder that transforms the input image, and a decoder that reconstructs the output image. The encoder uses three main stages: a mapper to reduce interpixel redundancy, a quantizer to reduce accuracy and psychovisual redundancy, and a symbol encoder to assign variable-length codes to the quantized values. The decoder performs the inverse operations of the encoder and mapper to reconstruct the original image, but does not perform the inverse of quantization which is a lossy process.
This document discusses fidelity criteria in image compression. It defines fidelity as the degree of exactness of reproduction and identifies two types of fidelity criteria: objective and subjective. Objective criteria measure information loss mathematically between original and compressed images, using metrics like root mean square error and peak signal-to-noise ratio. Subjective criteria involve human evaluations of compressed image quality based on rating scales. The document also describes the basic components of image compression systems, including encoders, decoders, mappers, quantizers and symbol coders.
Realization of high order iir digital bandstop filter using domain transfer a...Subhadeep Chakraborty
B(z)
A(z)
- This document describes the design and realization of a high order IIR digital bandstop filter using the Domain Transfer Algorithm (DTA).
- The DTA efficiently maps the transfer function from the analog domain (s-plane) to the digital domain (z-plane), allowing for the design of the digital filter. This is done with less computational time and error compared to other analog to digital mapping techniques.
- An analog bandstop filter is first designed using either passive components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors, or active components like op-amps. The transfer function is then obtained in the s-domain.
- DTA applies
D ESIGN A ND I MPLEMENTATION OF D IGITAL F ILTER B ANK T O R EDUCE N O...sipij
The main theme of this paper is to reduce noise fro
m the noisy composite signal and reconstruct the in
put
signals from the composite signal by designing FIR
digital filter bank. In this work, three sinusoidal
signals
of different frequencies and amplitudes are combine
d to get composite signal and a low frequency noise
signal is added with the composite signal to get no
isy composite signal. Finally noisy composite signa
l is
filtered by using FIR digital filter bank to reduce
noise and reconstruct the input signals
Design and realization of iir digital band stop filter using modified analog ...Subhadeep Chakraborty
This document describes the design and realization of an IIR digital band stop filter using a modified analog to digital mapping technique. It begins with introducing band stop filters and their importance in digital signal processing applications. It then discusses the design of analog band stop filters using passive components like resistors and capacitors. A new algorithm for analog to digital mapping is presented which transforms the transfer function from the s-domain to the z-domain, allowing the analog filter to be realized digitally. The direct form I structure is used to realize the IIR digital band stop filter. Simulation results demonstrating the magnitude response, phase response, impulse response and pole-zero plot are shown for Butterworth band stop filters of orders 6, 8 and 10.
This document discusses digital image compression. It notes that compression is needed due to the huge amounts of digital data. The goals of compression are to reduce data size by removing redundant data and transforming the data prior to storage and transmission. Compression can be lossy or lossless. There are three main types of redundancy in digital images - coding, interpixel, and psychovisual - that compression aims to reduce. Channel encoding can also be used to add controlled redundancy to protect the source encoded data when transmitted over noisy channels. Common compression methods exploit these different types of redundancies.
This document provides an overview of digital filter design. It introduces finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. FIR filters are designed using window techniques like rectangular, Hamming, and Kaiser windows. IIR filters are designed using approximation methods like Butterworth, Chebyshev I, and Chebyshev II. MATLAB code is provided to design low pass, high pass, and other filters using different window and approximation techniques. Pros and cons of FIR and IIR filters are discussed along with references.
This document discusses different types of error free compression techniques including variable-length coding, Huffman coding, and arithmetic coding. It then describes lossy compression techniques such as lossy predictive coding, delta modulation, and transform coding. Lossy compression allows for increased compression by compromising accuracy through the use of quantization. Transform coding performs four steps: decomposition, transformation, quantization, and coding to compress image data.
Fault Tolerant Parallel Filters Based On Bch CodesIJERA Editor
Digital filters are used in signal processing and communication systems. In some cases, the reliability of those
systems is critical, and fault tolerant filter implementations are needed. Over the years, many techniques that
exploit the filters’ structure and properties to achieve fault tolerance have been proposed. As technology scales,
it enables more complex systems that incorporate many filters. In those complex systems, it is common that
some of the filters operate in parallel, for example, by applying the same filter to different input signals.
Recently, a simple technique that exploits the presence of parallel filters to achieve multiple fault tolerance has
been presented. In this brief, that idea is generalized to show that parallel filters can be protected using Bose–
Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem codes (BCH) in which each filter is the equivalent of a bit in a traditional ECC. This
new scheme allows more efficient protection when the number of parallel filters is large.
This document discusses different realization topologies for discrete-time systems, including direct form I and II, cascaded, and parallel realizations. Direct form II represents systems using two transfer functions - one for the input-output relationship and one for the output of the first function to the overall output. It can reduce the number of multiplications compared to direct form I. Cascaded and parallel realizations decompose the transfer function into smaller factors or terms that are each realized as small direct form II subsystems, which are then cascaded or paralleled. Using second-order subsystems rather than first-order can avoid complex coefficients and reduce operations compared to cascading first-order subsystems. FIR filters with linear phase can be
The document discusses digital filters and their design process. It explains that the design process involves four main steps: approximation, realization, studying arithmetic errors, and implementation.
For approximation, direct and indirect methods are used to generate a transfer function that satisfies the filter specifications. Realization generates a filter network from the transfer function. Studying arithmetic errors examines how quantization affects filter performance. Implementation realizes the filter in either software or hardware.
The document also outlines the basic building blocks of digital filters, including adders, multipliers, and delay elements. It introduces linear time-invariant digital filters and explains their input-output relationship using difference equations and the z-transform.
Image Compression using WDR & ASWDR Techniques with different Wavelet CodecsIDES Editor
In this paper, two different Wavelet based Image
Compression techniques are compared. The techniques
involved in the comparison process are WDR and ASWDR.
The above two techniques are implemented with different
types of wavelet codecs. Wavelet difference reduction (WDR)
has recently been proposed as a method for efficient embedded
image coding. This method retains all of the important features
like low complexity, region of interest, embeddedness, and
progressive SNR. ASWDR adapts the scanning procedure used
by WDR in order to predict locations of significant transform
values at half thresholds. Here, there are two types of Wavelet
transforms are applied on the images before compression.
They are DD 2+2,2 Integer Wavelet transform and Daub 9/7
Wavelet transform. The quality of the reconstructed images
is calculated by using three performance parameters PSNR,
MSE and SNE values. The images yield high PSNR values
and low MSE values.
The document provides information on various techniques for image compression, including lossless and lossy compression methods. For lossless compression, it describes run-length encoding, entropy coding, and area coding. For lossy compression it discusses reducing the color space, chroma subsampling, and transform coding using DCT and wavelets. It also covers segmentation/approximation methods, spline interpolation, fractal coding, and bit allocation techniques for optimal compression.
Transform coding is a lossy compression technique that converts data like images and videos into an alternate form that is more convenient for compression purposes. It does this through a transformation process followed by coding. The transformation removes redundancy from the data by converting pixels into coefficients, lowering the number of bits needed to store them. For example, an array of 4 pixels requiring 32 bits to store originally might only need 20 bits after transformation. Transform coding is generally used for natural data like audio and images, removes redundancy, lowers bandwidth, and can form images with fewer colors. JPEG is an example of transform coding.
Simulation Study of FIR Filter based on MATLABijsrd.com
First, the rapid design of FIR digital filter was completed by using the Signal Processing Toolbox FDA Tool, the case filter design of a composite signal by filtering, to prove that the content filter designed for filtering. MATLAB and Simulink programs of the filter were used to verify the performance of the filter in MATLAB. Experimental results show that the low-pass filter filters the high frequency component of input signals mixed. Comparison of two types of simulation, the latter method was more convenient quickly, and reduces the workload.
Asymmetric recursive Gaussian filtering for space-variant artificial bokehTuan Q. Pham
This document describes an asymmetric recursive Gaussian filter for space-variant artificial bokeh. The filter approximates two-dimensional space-variant blur using separable one-dimensional Gaussian filtering along the x- and y- dimensions. Within each dimension, the Gaussian filter is approximated by parallel forward and backward infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. The filter reduces intensity leakage at blur discontinuities by modifying the blur sigma of the IIR filters differently for the forward and backward passes as they approach discontinuities, resulting in an asymmetric space-variant filter. This asymmetric recursive filter is able to produce visually pleasing background blur for scenes with contents at different depths without smearing artifacts.
A NOVEL WINDOW FUNCTION YIELDING SUPPRESSED MAINLOBE WIDTH AND MINIMUM SIDELO...IJCSEIT Journal
In many applications like FIR filters, FFT, signal processing and measurements, we are required (~45 dB)
or less side lobes amplitudes. However, the problem is usual window based FIR filter design lies in its side
lobes amplitudes that are higher than the requirement of application. We propose a window function,
which has better performance like narrower main lobe width, minimum side lobe peak compared to the
several commonly used windows. The proposed window has slightly larger main lobe width of the
commonly used Hamming window, while featuring 6.2~22.62 dB smaller side lobe peak. The proposed
window maintains its maximum side lobe peak about -58.4~-52.6 dB compared to -35.8~-38.8 dB of
Hamming window for M=10~14, while offering roughly equal main lobe width. Our simulated results also
show significant performance upgrading of the proposed window compared to the Kaiser, Gaussian, and
Lanczos windows. The proposed window also shows better performance than Dolph-Chebyshev window.
Finally, the example of designed low pass FIR filter confirms the efficiency of the proposed window.
This document summarizes research on analyzing the performance of digital filters designed using different window techniques. It discusses common window functions used in finite impulse response (FIR) digital filter design like rectangular, triangular, Hanning, Hamming, Blackman, and Kaiser windows. The document reviews several other studies that have compared the performance of filters designed with different windows. It is concluded that the Kaiser window generally provides better performance than other windows in terms of noise reduction, but other windows may perform better depending on the specific application requirements and parameters being evaluated.
Design and performance analysis of low pass fir filter using hamming and kais...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses the design and performance analysis of a low pass FIR filter using Hamming and Kaiser windows. It describes how low pass filters were designed using rectangular, Hamming and Kaiser windows with different beta values. The Kaiser window with beta values of 1, 5, and 7 were analyzed. Simulation results showed that the Kaiser window had lower leakage factor and higher sidelobe attenuation compared to the Hamming window. Increasing the beta value for the Kaiser window widened the mainlobe and decreased sidelobe amplitude, providing better attenuation. The Kaiser window with beta of 7 achieved the highest sidelobe attenuation of -50.9 dB and widest mainlobe width.
This document discusses predictive coding, which achieves data compression by predicting pixel values and encoding only prediction errors. It describes lossless predictive coding, which exactly reconstructs data, and lossy predictive coding, which introduces errors. Lossy predictive coding inserts quantization after prediction error calculation, mapping errors to a limited range to control compression and distortion. Common predictive coding techniques include linear prediction of pixels from neighboring values and delta modulation.
Design of infinite impulse response digital filters 2HIMANSHU DIWAKAR
This document discusses the design of infinite impulse response (IIR) digital filters. It begins by defining IIR filters and noting their advantages of high selectivity with few parameters, but also potential disadvantages of nonlinear phase and instability. It then covers two major techniques for designing IIR filters: the bilinear transformation and Euler approximation. The bilinear transformation maps the analog s-plane to the digital z-plane in a way that preserves stability. Examples are provided to illustrate the design process of mapping analog low-pass filters to digital filters using the bilinear transformation. The document also discusses analog filter design techniques, including Butterworth and Chebyshev filters characterized by their transfer functions.
This document discusses data compression techniques for digital images. It explains that compression reduces the amount of data needed to represent an image by removing redundant information. The compression process involves an encoder that transforms the input image, and a decoder that reconstructs the output image. The encoder uses three main stages: a mapper to reduce interpixel redundancy, a quantizer to reduce accuracy and psychovisual redundancy, and a symbol encoder to assign variable-length codes to the quantized values. The decoder performs the inverse operations of the encoder and mapper to reconstruct the original image, but does not perform the inverse of quantization which is a lossy process.
This document discusses fidelity criteria in image compression. It defines fidelity as the degree of exactness of reproduction and identifies two types of fidelity criteria: objective and subjective. Objective criteria measure information loss mathematically between original and compressed images, using metrics like root mean square error and peak signal-to-noise ratio. Subjective criteria involve human evaluations of compressed image quality based on rating scales. The document also describes the basic components of image compression systems, including encoders, decoders, mappers, quantizers and symbol coders.
Realization of high order iir digital bandstop filter using domain transfer a...Subhadeep Chakraborty
B(z)
A(z)
- This document describes the design and realization of a high order IIR digital bandstop filter using the Domain Transfer Algorithm (DTA).
- The DTA efficiently maps the transfer function from the analog domain (s-plane) to the digital domain (z-plane), allowing for the design of the digital filter. This is done with less computational time and error compared to other analog to digital mapping techniques.
- An analog bandstop filter is first designed using either passive components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors, or active components like op-amps. The transfer function is then obtained in the s-domain.
- DTA applies
D ESIGN A ND I MPLEMENTATION OF D IGITAL F ILTER B ANK T O R EDUCE N O...sipij
The main theme of this paper is to reduce noise fro
m the noisy composite signal and reconstruct the in
put
signals from the composite signal by designing FIR
digital filter bank. In this work, three sinusoidal
signals
of different frequencies and amplitudes are combine
d to get composite signal and a low frequency noise
signal is added with the composite signal to get no
isy composite signal. Finally noisy composite signa
l is
filtered by using FIR digital filter bank to reduce
noise and reconstruct the input signals
Design and realization of iir digital band stop filter using modified analog ...Subhadeep Chakraborty
This document describes the design and realization of an IIR digital band stop filter using a modified analog to digital mapping technique. It begins with introducing band stop filters and their importance in digital signal processing applications. It then discusses the design of analog band stop filters using passive components like resistors and capacitors. A new algorithm for analog to digital mapping is presented which transforms the transfer function from the s-domain to the z-domain, allowing the analog filter to be realized digitally. The direct form I structure is used to realize the IIR digital band stop filter. Simulation results demonstrating the magnitude response, phase response, impulse response and pole-zero plot are shown for Butterworth band stop filters of orders 6, 8 and 10.
This document discusses digital image compression. It notes that compression is needed due to the huge amounts of digital data. The goals of compression are to reduce data size by removing redundant data and transforming the data prior to storage and transmission. Compression can be lossy or lossless. There are three main types of redundancy in digital images - coding, interpixel, and psychovisual - that compression aims to reduce. Channel encoding can also be used to add controlled redundancy to protect the source encoded data when transmitted over noisy channels. Common compression methods exploit these different types of redundancies.
This document provides an overview of digital filter design. It introduces finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. FIR filters are designed using window techniques like rectangular, Hamming, and Kaiser windows. IIR filters are designed using approximation methods like Butterworth, Chebyshev I, and Chebyshev II. MATLAB code is provided to design low pass, high pass, and other filters using different window and approximation techniques. Pros and cons of FIR and IIR filters are discussed along with references.
This document discusses different types of error free compression techniques including variable-length coding, Huffman coding, and arithmetic coding. It then describes lossy compression techniques such as lossy predictive coding, delta modulation, and transform coding. Lossy compression allows for increased compression by compromising accuracy through the use of quantization. Transform coding performs four steps: decomposition, transformation, quantization, and coding to compress image data.
Fault Tolerant Parallel Filters Based On Bch CodesIJERA Editor
Digital filters are used in signal processing and communication systems. In some cases, the reliability of those
systems is critical, and fault tolerant filter implementations are needed. Over the years, many techniques that
exploit the filters’ structure and properties to achieve fault tolerance have been proposed. As technology scales,
it enables more complex systems that incorporate many filters. In those complex systems, it is common that
some of the filters operate in parallel, for example, by applying the same filter to different input signals.
Recently, a simple technique that exploits the presence of parallel filters to achieve multiple fault tolerance has
been presented. In this brief, that idea is generalized to show that parallel filters can be protected using Bose–
Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem codes (BCH) in which each filter is the equivalent of a bit in a traditional ECC. This
new scheme allows more efficient protection when the number of parallel filters is large.
This document discusses different realization topologies for discrete-time systems, including direct form I and II, cascaded, and parallel realizations. Direct form II represents systems using two transfer functions - one for the input-output relationship and one for the output of the first function to the overall output. It can reduce the number of multiplications compared to direct form I. Cascaded and parallel realizations decompose the transfer function into smaller factors or terms that are each realized as small direct form II subsystems, which are then cascaded or paralleled. Using second-order subsystems rather than first-order can avoid complex coefficients and reduce operations compared to cascading first-order subsystems. FIR filters with linear phase can be
The document discusses digital filters and their design process. It explains that the design process involves four main steps: approximation, realization, studying arithmetic errors, and implementation.
For approximation, direct and indirect methods are used to generate a transfer function that satisfies the filter specifications. Realization generates a filter network from the transfer function. Studying arithmetic errors examines how quantization affects filter performance. Implementation realizes the filter in either software or hardware.
The document also outlines the basic building blocks of digital filters, including adders, multipliers, and delay elements. It introduces linear time-invariant digital filters and explains their input-output relationship using difference equations and the z-transform.
Image Compression using WDR & ASWDR Techniques with different Wavelet CodecsIDES Editor
In this paper, two different Wavelet based Image
Compression techniques are compared. The techniques
involved in the comparison process are WDR and ASWDR.
The above two techniques are implemented with different
types of wavelet codecs. Wavelet difference reduction (WDR)
has recently been proposed as a method for efficient embedded
image coding. This method retains all of the important features
like low complexity, region of interest, embeddedness, and
progressive SNR. ASWDR adapts the scanning procedure used
by WDR in order to predict locations of significant transform
values at half thresholds. Here, there are two types of Wavelet
transforms are applied on the images before compression.
They are DD 2+2,2 Integer Wavelet transform and Daub 9/7
Wavelet transform. The quality of the reconstructed images
is calculated by using three performance parameters PSNR,
MSE and SNE values. The images yield high PSNR values
and low MSE values.
The document provides information on various techniques for image compression, including lossless and lossy compression methods. For lossless compression, it describes run-length encoding, entropy coding, and area coding. For lossy compression it discusses reducing the color space, chroma subsampling, and transform coding using DCT and wavelets. It also covers segmentation/approximation methods, spline interpolation, fractal coding, and bit allocation techniques for optimal compression.
Transform coding is a lossy compression technique that converts data like images and videos into an alternate form that is more convenient for compression purposes. It does this through a transformation process followed by coding. The transformation removes redundancy from the data by converting pixels into coefficients, lowering the number of bits needed to store them. For example, an array of 4 pixels requiring 32 bits to store originally might only need 20 bits after transformation. Transform coding is generally used for natural data like audio and images, removes redundancy, lowers bandwidth, and can form images with fewer colors. JPEG is an example of transform coding.
Simulation Study of FIR Filter based on MATLABijsrd.com
First, the rapid design of FIR digital filter was completed by using the Signal Processing Toolbox FDA Tool, the case filter design of a composite signal by filtering, to prove that the content filter designed for filtering. MATLAB and Simulink programs of the filter were used to verify the performance of the filter in MATLAB. Experimental results show that the low-pass filter filters the high frequency component of input signals mixed. Comparison of two types of simulation, the latter method was more convenient quickly, and reduces the workload.
Asymmetric recursive Gaussian filtering for space-variant artificial bokehTuan Q. Pham
This document describes an asymmetric recursive Gaussian filter for space-variant artificial bokeh. The filter approximates two-dimensional space-variant blur using separable one-dimensional Gaussian filtering along the x- and y- dimensions. Within each dimension, the Gaussian filter is approximated by parallel forward and backward infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. The filter reduces intensity leakage at blur discontinuities by modifying the blur sigma of the IIR filters differently for the forward and backward passes as they approach discontinuities, resulting in an asymmetric space-variant filter. This asymmetric recursive filter is able to produce visually pleasing background blur for scenes with contents at different depths without smearing artifacts.
A NOVEL WINDOW FUNCTION YIELDING SUPPRESSED MAINLOBE WIDTH AND MINIMUM SIDELO...IJCSEIT Journal
In many applications like FIR filters, FFT, signal processing and measurements, we are required (~45 dB)
or less side lobes amplitudes. However, the problem is usual window based FIR filter design lies in its side
lobes amplitudes that are higher than the requirement of application. We propose a window function,
which has better performance like narrower main lobe width, minimum side lobe peak compared to the
several commonly used windows. The proposed window has slightly larger main lobe width of the
commonly used Hamming window, while featuring 6.2~22.62 dB smaller side lobe peak. The proposed
window maintains its maximum side lobe peak about -58.4~-52.6 dB compared to -35.8~-38.8 dB of
Hamming window for M=10~14, while offering roughly equal main lobe width. Our simulated results also
show significant performance upgrading of the proposed window compared to the Kaiser, Gaussian, and
Lanczos windows. The proposed window also shows better performance than Dolph-Chebyshev window.
Finally, the example of designed low pass FIR filter confirms the efficiency of the proposed window.
This document summarizes research on analyzing the performance of digital filters designed using different window techniques. It discusses common window functions used in finite impulse response (FIR) digital filter design like rectangular, triangular, Hanning, Hamming, Blackman, and Kaiser windows. The document reviews several other studies that have compared the performance of filters designed with different windows. It is concluded that the Kaiser window generally provides better performance than other windows in terms of noise reduction, but other windows may perform better depending on the specific application requirements and parameters being evaluated.
A survey report for performance analysis of finite impulse response digital f...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In the field of signal processing and communication, digital filter plays pivotal role. Digital FIR filter designed by different window
techniques perform better for reducing noise from signal. In this paper, we take an overview of various window methods such as
Rectangular, Triangular, Hanning, Hamming, Blackman, Kaiser and some modified windows. The magnitude responses are
demonstrated for different design methods at particular cut off frequency and different filter order. All these technique have their
merits and demerits. In this paper, we studied various techniques proposed earlier in literature for noise reduction from signal. This
paper also provides comparative study of various filters using different window. It has been seen that Kaiser window is better for
noise free signal.
Keywords: FIR filter, Rectangular window, Bartlett window, Hanning window, Hamming window, Blackman window
and Kaiser window etc.
This document compares different window functions used for finite impulse response (FIR) filter design, including Hann, Hamming, Blackman, and Bartlett windows. It analyzes the performance of lowpass, highpass, bandpass, and bandstop filters designed with each window function. Hann window provides the narrowest main lobe width but Hamming window results in more side lobes. Blackman window achieves the highest side lobe attenuation of -70dB but with a wider main lobe. Bartlett window has the widest main lobe and highest side lobes. In conclusion, the appropriate window function depends on the specific filter design goals and tradeoffs between main lobe width and side lobe suppression.
Advantages of blackman window over hamming window method for designing fir fi...Subhadeep Chakraborty
This document discusses advantages of using the Blackman window over the Hamming window for designing finite impulse response (FIR) filters. It provides background on FIR filters and describes techniques for designing FIR filters, focusing on the Fourier series method and window technique. The document derives equations for the Hamming and Blackman windows and compares their frequency responses. It demonstrates how to realize an FIR filter by designing it using the Blackman and Hamming windows and comparing the output magnitude responses.
Design Technique of Bandpass FIR filter using Various Window FunctionIOSR Journals
Abstract: Filter is one of the most important part of communication system. Without digital filter we cannot think about proper communication because noise occurs in channel. For removing noise or cancellation of noise we use various type of digital filter. In this paper we propose design technique of bandpass FIR filter using various type of window function. Kaiser window is the best window function in FIR filter design. Using this window we can realize that FIR filter is simple and fast. Keywords: FIR filter, LTI, bandpass filter, MATLAB
Design Technique of Bandpass FIR filter using Various Window FunctionIOSR Journals
Abstract: Filter is one of the most important part of communication system. Without digital filter we cannot
think about proper communication because noise occurs in channel. For removing noise or cancellation of
noise we use various type of digital filter. In this paper we propose design technique of bandpass FIR filter
using various type of window function. Kaiser window is the best window function in FIR filter design. Using
this window we can realize that FIR filter is simple and fast.
Keywords: FIR filter, LTI, bandpass filter, MATLAB
Windows used in FIR Filters optimized for Far-side Stop band Attenuation (FSA...IJERA Editor
It has been proposed that the Exponential window provides better side-lobe roll-off ratio than Kaiser window
which is very useful for some applications such as beam forming, filter design, and speech processing. In this
paper the second application i.e. design of digital nonrecursive Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter by using
Exponential window is proposed. The far-end stopband attenuation is most significant parameter when the
signal to be filtered has great concentration of spectral energy. The filter should be designed in such a way so
that it can provide better far-end stopband attenuation (amplitude of last ripple in stopband). Digital FIR filter
designed by Kaiser window has a better far-end stopband attenuation than filter designed by the other previously
well known adjustable windows such as Dolph-Chebyshev and aramaki, which are special cases of
Ultraspherical windows, but obtaining a digital filter which performs higher far-end stopband attenuation than
Kaiser window will be useful. In this paper, the design of nonrecursive digital FIR filter has been proposed by
using Exponential window. It provides better far-end stopband attenuation than filter designed by well known
Kaiser window, which is the advantage of filter designed by Exponential window. The proposed schemes were
simulated on commercially available software and the results show the close agreement with proposed theory.
This document summarizes a research paper that compares different digital filtering techniques for removing noise from electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. It describes how finite impulse response (FIR) filters were designed using various windowing techniques, including rectangular, Hamming, Hanning, and Blackman windows. Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters and wavelet transforms were also evaluated for denoising ECG signals. The performance of the different filtering approaches were compared based on the power spectral density and average power of the signals before and after filtering. The paper found that an FIR filter designed with the Kaiser window showed the best results for noise removal from ECG signals.
This document analyzes noise estimation and power spectrum analysis using different window techniques. It summarizes the results of applying rectangular, triangular, Hanning, Hamming, Kaiser, Blackman, and Chebyshev windows to a 500 sample length signal with a sampling frequency of 500 Hz. For each window, it provides the sample where the signal peaks, the peak magnitude, the peak noise value, and the frequency where peak noise occurs based on the windowed signal's power spectrum. The document concludes that different window functions produce different levels of noise reduction when estimating the power spectrum density of a random signal.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Simulink based design simulations of band pass fir filtereSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, window function method is used to design digital filters. The Band Pass filter has been design with help of Simulink in MATLAB, which have better characteristics of devising filter in fast and effective way. The band pass filter has been design and simulated using Kaiser window technique. This model is established by using Simulink in MATLAB and the filtered waveforms are observed by spectrum scope to analyze the performance of the filter. Keywords: FIR, window function method, Kaiser, Simulink, MATLAB.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Sidelobe Roll-Off Ratio for Various Window Functi...IRJET Journal
This document compares the sidelobe roll-off ratio of the Kaiser, Cosh, and Exponential window functions. It shows through simulation results that the Exponential window provides the highest sidelobe roll-off ratio compared to the other windows. A low pass FIR filter is designed using each window function, and the filter designed with the Exponential window achieves the maximum far-end stopband attenuation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Spectral Analysis of Shadow Window-FIR Filtersidescitation
The spectral analysis of signals are very essential when
they are interpretation, In this aspect Window technique is the one
of the best tool to analyze the signals. Here we proposed a new
window, to it introduced a shadow window concept i.e. feed back
to get to achieve better spectral Parameter values than proposed
window. And comparison is made with respect to the side lobe
attenuation and main lobe width(band width).Low pass filter
responses also introduced with the proposed window with a cut
off frequency of
Eliminating Gibbs phenomenon, which occurs during design of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) digital filter and which is undesirable, is very important in order to provide expected performance from digital filter. Window functions have been developed to eliminate these oscillations and to improve the performance of the filter in this regard. In this work, an application was developed for designing window function using LABVIEW which is a graphical programming environment produced by National Instruments. LABVIEW offers a powerful programming environment away from complexity. In this work, the performances of cosh and exponential window functions, which are designed by using the possibilities of LABVIEW in programming, are examined and the situations that will occur under various conditions are compared.
FPGA Implementation of FIR Filter using Various Algorithms: A RetrospectiveIJORCS
This Paper is a review study of FPGA implementation of Finite Impulse response (FIR) with low cost and high performance. The key observation of this paper is an elaborate analysis about hardware implementations of FIR filters using different algorithm i.e., Distributed Arithmetic (DA), DA-Offset Binary Coding (DA-OBC), Common Sub-expression Elimination (CSE) and sum-of-power-of-two (SOPOT) with less resources and without affecting the performance of the original FIR Filter.
Design of fir filter using rife vincent window using ffd algorithmSubhadeep Chakraborty
In Digital Signal Processing, The window techniques are used to design the FIR filter. Actually the window techniques can be applied on the IIR filter response to make it finite and so the FIR filter can be designed. Rife-Vincent window technique is one of the useful one to realize the FIR filter. The algorithm and the design method of Rife-Vincent window are shown in this paper with the realization and the simulation results where the advantage of the window is shown which is actually the minimization of the sidelobes. The simulation is done in Matlab 7 and it can be observed that the minimization of the sidelobes increase the efficiency of the filtering process as well as decreasing the power consumption. The other well known window functions such as the Blackman window, kaiser window, Hamming window, Hanning window etc. generates the sidelobes that are of higher Decibels compared to the Rife-Vincent window.
Design of fir filter using rife vincent window using ffd algorithmSubhadeep Chakraborty
Abstract: In Digital Signal Processing, The window techniques are used to design the FIR filter. Actually the window techniques can be applied on the IIR filter response to make it finite and so the FIR filter can be designed. Rife-Vincent window technique is one of the useful one to realize the FIR filter. The algorithm and the design method of Rife-Vincent window are shown in this paper with the realization and the simulation results where the advantage of the window is shown which is actually the minimization of the sidelobes. The simulation is done in Matlab 7 and it can be observed that the minimization of the sidelobes increase the efficiency of the filtering process as well as decreasing the power consumption. The other well known window functions such as the Blackman window, kaiser window, Hamming window, Hanning window etc. generates the sidelobes that are of higher Decibels compared to the Rife-Vincent window.
Similar to Design and Performance Analysis of Filters Using a Proposed Window Function (20)
Teacher’s Accomplishment Level of The Components of an E-Learning Module: A B...RSIS International
This study determined the extent to which teachers in a private institution in La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines have accomplished the essential components of an E-learning module, and identified the factors that influenced their level of accomplishment of these components. This study used mixed method explanatory sequential design. Total enumeration was used to determine the population of respondents who were full-time tertiary teachers. Out of the thirty-six full-time teachers, twenty-eight teachers responded and answered the self-assessment survey questionnaire for the quantitative phase, while seven of them who were selected using purposive sampling were interviewed for the qualitative part. Descriptive statistics using weighted mean was used to analyze quantitative data while descriptive approach using thematic analysis for the qualitative data. Quantitative descriptive analysis revealed that the teachers’ overall accomplishment level of the criteria for a quality E-learning module is partial/moderate (2.68 overall weighted mean/WM). Specifically, the teachers partially accomplished the following components of the E-learning module: instructional design (2.84 WM); communication, interaction, and collaboration (2.85 WM); student evaluation and assessment (2.89 WM); instructional materials and technologies (2.75 WM); and accessibility (2.66 WM) while slightly accomplished the components: learner support and resources (2.21 WM), and course evaluation (2.24 WM). For the qualitative descriptive inquiry, absence of capacity-building training in making E-learning module; lack of awareness of the school services, learner support, and resources sites; lack of time; lack of systemic approach to developing an online module; non-consistency of instructions; and amotivation and lack of enthusiasm emerged as factors that influence the teachers’ level of accomplishment of the parts of an E-learning module. The results show that the E-learning modules have fallen short of strict quality standards attributable to certain dire circumstances. This study thus recommends that the institution may adopt or develop its online module criteria to guide the teachers as well as the institution in writing or designing their online modules, and may conduct training in E-module design for teachers.
Development Administration and the Challenges of Neo-liberal Reforms in the E...RSIS International
The quest of every nation state is to attract, sustain and fast-track growth and development in all ramifications. The Nigerian state between 1960 and 2020 has experienced an unabated expansion of universities. Ironically, the war against illiteracy is yet to be won, despite the experimentation of different western developmental ideologies in the Nigerian educational system. The study examined the contributions of development administration in the Nigerian educational sector as well as ascertained if the current neo-liberal reform has aided the expansion or retrogression of the educational sector most especially, the university sub-sector in Nigeria. The theoretical framework of the study was anchored on the post-colonial Nigerian state theory. Methodologically, the study strictly utilized the documentary method and data were sourced through the secondary sources and analyzed in content. The study found that the experimentation of western development ideologies in Nigeria actually aided the expansion of the universities but undermined the realization of free, quality and accessible university education for all and sundry. The study recommended among others: the applications of the action plan of Professor Okonjo as regards creating a universal tertiary education for all Nigerians and sustainably financing it.
The Nexus of Street Trading and Juvenile Delinquency: A Study of Chanchaga Lo...RSIS International
I. INTRODUCTION
Globally, the number of working children has been decreasing around the world in recent years, but child labour has continued to be a widespread problem today, especially in developing countries (Paola, Viviana, Flavia & Furio2007). International Programme on Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC 2016) reported that between 2012 to 2016, about 182 million children in the developing world aged 5-14 years were engaged in work. Against this background, governments, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have focused their efforts on tackling in particular the worst forms of child labour such as forced and bonded labour, which put children in physically and mentally harmful working conditions (Bunnak 2007).
Determination of Bacteriological and Physiochemical Properties of Som-Breiro ...RSIS International
The study seeks to examine the Bacteriological and
physiochemical properties of Sambrero River in Ahoada East
Local Government Area of Rivers State. Three (3) points were
sampled from different locations designated as location (L1)
location (L2) and location (L3) respectively, samples were
collected in 0.1m of Sterile containers and were transported to
the laboratory for immediate analysis. Ten (10) physiochemical,
three (3) heavy metal sand three microbiological parameters
were observed. Data was analyzed using standard methods
(ALPHA, 1998) 20th edition and Ms-Excel version 2013 software.
The result showed little variation in physiochemical parameters
which are in line with World Health Organization (WHO)
standard of potable water but shows much variation in
microbiological parameters which are not in line with WHO
standard, thereby making the water not wholesome and not
potable for consumption except after proper treatment of the
water. The work therefore recommends that members of Ekpena
Community should ensure basic water treatment such as boiling
and chlorination before consumption.
Power and Delay Analysis of Logic Circuits Using Reversible GatesRSIS International
This paper determines the propagation delay and on
chip power consumed by each basic and universal gates and
basic arithmetic functions designed using existing reversible
gates through VHDL. Hence a designer can choose the best
reversible gates to use for any logic circuit design. The paper
does a look up table analysis of truth tables of the reversible
gates to find the occurrence of the AND OR, NAND, NOR and
basic arithmetic functions, useful to build complex combinational
digital logic circuits.
Innovative ICT Solutions and Entrepreneurship Development in Rural Area Such ...RSIS International
The use of internet and information communication
technology (ICT) infrastructures is an essential aspect of
learning, this is why a lot of information on entrepreneurship
career choices are available online. However, the emerging
growth in the use of information and communication
technologies and services towards entrepreneurship development
is a challenge for efficient information dissemination and
learning especially in rural areas. This paper pointed out an area
in which MCIU can use Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) resources/infrastructure it possess for
entrepreneurship development and poverty alleviation in its
community. Thereby, encouraging social and economic growth,
and overcome the gap between urban and rural areas
entrepreneurship development. An online learning platform,
using video may contribute greatly in rural entrepreneurship
development such as MCIU community. Some examples of some
programmes like learning make over, headgear tying, bead
making, cake designing, etc online for a period of 4 to 6weeks
Indigenous Agricultural Knowledge and the Sustenance of Local Livelihood Stra...RSIS International
Natural disasters in most parts of the world have
resorted to many fatalities, forced migration and involuntary
resettlement of the affected population. Lake Nyos Gas Disaster
of 1986 which killed about 1,746 people and led to forced
migration of over 15,000 affected people and the subsequent
resettlement of survivors in resettlement camps in near by
administrative sub-divisions in the North West Region of
Cameroon is one of such natural catastrophies. The paper
evaluates the use of Indigenous Agricultural Knowledge (IAK) in
agriculture and how it has helped to sustain the livelihood of this
environmentally traumatized resettled population. The study
sampled two of these resettlement villages (Buabua and Kimbi)
to access Indigenous Agricultural Knowledge (IAK) and the
sustenance of local livelihood strategies. Field campaigns
including the administration of semi-structured questionnaires
and focus group discussions (FGDs) facilitated the collection of
data on IAK practices and how this knowledge helps in
sustaining local livelihoods. A total of 24 Indigenous Agricultural
Knowledge (IAK) were identified, with 54.16% of them used in
crop cultivation, and 45.83% in livestock farming including the
raising of small ruminants, poultry and piggery production. IAK
shows successful results after being applied as there is increased
crop and livestock yields. The use of IAK in agriculture has led
to sustainable and efficient land use within the study area.
Despite the rising use of IAK and potential benefits in
agriculture and the sustenance of local livelihoods in Buabua and
Kimbi, survivors still express a strong desire to return to the
former disaster zone. The underlying reasons behind this phobia
is mainly small land sizes ranging from 30-50 square metres that
were allocated to households for both crop cultivation and
grazing, and the fact that the limits between grazing and crop
land are not clearly demarcated. Prospects for agricultural
expansion within the area are therefore slim and need to be
addressed
Wireless radio signal drop due to foliage in illuba bore zone ethiopiaRSIS International
The exponential growth in energy utilization &
consumption in cellular network by the user devices and by
telecom equipment has imposed critical problemsbecause of
adaptation of high range frequency in available spectrum (Ultra
High Frequency-UHF) by government and technology.The other
reason for more power consumption is extensive applications of
mobile data services to video streaming, surveillance, internet
surfing and healthcare monitoring.Other important causes of
energy consumption which has been recognized are powerhungry
processors, poor design of power amplifiers etc. Presence
of different species of foliage in hilly area increases signal
attenuation, consequently in order to maintain the threshold
value of signal, the power is increased. The recent researches
predict that the data traffic is being increased by several-fold
every year. Under such predictions, energy expenditure at its
control is a major challenging task for telecom companies and
for research communities. This paper studies the actual signal
intensity drop because of irregular nature of terrestrial pattern
and foliage in Illuba Bore zone, from theoretical perspective as
well as practical point of view.
The Bridging Process: Filipino Teachers’ View on Mother TongueRSIS International
This document summarizes a study on Filipino teachers' views of using mother tongue as the medium of instruction. The study surveyed 35 elementary teachers at a school in the Philippines. It found that the teachers moderately perceived the mother tongue-based approach as effective and efficient in achieving learning goals. Specifically, teachers agreed that using the mother tongue-based approach, objectives are clear and easy to facilitate. They also agreed that learning tasks can be easily covered within allotted time. The study provides insight into teachers' perspectives on implementing the Philippines' language education policy of using mother tongue in early grades.
Optimization of tungsten inert gas welding on 6063 aluminum alloy on taguchi ...RSIS International
In this paper, the Taguchi method is used for the
Optimization of Tungsten Inert Gas Welding on 6063
Aluminum Alloy. The Taguchi method L27 is used to
optimize the pulsed TIG welding process parameters of 6063
aluminum alloy weldments for maximizing the mechanical
properties. Analysis of Variance is used to find the impact of
individual factors. Then the optimal parameters of the TIG
welding process is determined and the experimental results
illustrate the proposed approach.
Investigation of mechanical properties of carbidic ductile cast ironRSIS International
The objective of the present work is to increase the wear resistance for long life of applications. It is found that increase in the carbides in an alloy which resulted in to enhancement in hardness and wear resistance. The wear resistance was evaluated by testing in accordance with ASTE International Committee G-99 Standard. An improved performance of wear resistanceis obtained by increasing the content of chromium in the carbidic ductile cast iron. The results are discussed based on the influence of chromium content on the casting.
Six Sigma Methods and Formulas for Successful Quality ManagementRSIS International
This paper is about the five phases of Six Sigma which are Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve& Control. The methods used in each phase are discussed in detail and the various tests used in Analyze Phase of Six Sigma are given; Six Sigma can be implemented in an organization by using the methods and formulas used in each phase combined with the help of Statistical Software Minitab 18.
Task Performance Analysis in Virtual Cloud EnvironmentRSIS International
Cloud computing based applications are beneficial for
businesses of all sizes and industries as they don’t have to invest
a huge amount on initial setup. This way, businesses can opt for
Cloud services and can implement innovative ideas. But
evaluating the performance of provisioning (e.g. CPU scheduling
and resource allocation) policies in a real Cloud computing
environment for different application techniques is challenging
because clouds show dynamic demands, workloads, supply
patterns, VM sizes, and resources (hardware, software, and
network). User’s requests and services requirements are
heterogeneous and dynamic. Applications models have
unpredictable performance, workloads, and dynamic scaling
requirements. So a demand for a Simulation toolkit for Cloud is
there. Cloudsim is self-contained simulation framework that
provides simulation and modeling of Cloud-based application in
lesser time with lesser efforts. In this paper we tried to simulate
the task performance of a cloudlet using one data center, one
VM. We also developed a Graphical User Interface to
dynamically change the simulation parameters and show
simulation results.
Design and Fabrication of Manually Operated Wood Sawing Machine: Save Electri...RSIS International
In India power cut is big problem also having many
remote places where electricity not reached and that will affect
many small scale business and ongoing work, like Carpentry,
ongoing work got stop because of power cut. To overcome this
problem manually operated economical; conceptual model of a
machine which would be capable of performing different
operation like sawing/cutting and grinding without use of power
i.e. wood working machine is introduced.
In this paper, design concept and fabrication of manually
operated wood sawing/cutting machine is explained. It is
designed and fabricated so portable that it can be move and used
at various places. It is used for sawing/cutting of wood, plywood,
thin metals (<=2mm), and pvc pipes. The material can be cut
without any external energy like fuel or current. As machine uses
no electric power and fuel, this will help to maintain green
environment. The observations show that power required for
pedaling is well below the capacity of an average healthy human
being.
Effect of Surface Treatment on Settlement of Coir Mat Reinforced SandRSIS International
1) The document discusses a study on the effect of surface treatment on the settlement of sand reinforced with coir mats. Coir mats were treated with sodium hydroxide and epoxy resin to make their surface hydrophobic and increase frictional interaction with soil.
2) Model footing tests were conducted by placing treated and untreated coir mats at different depths in sand beds. Settlement reduction factor was calculated to evaluate the performance of mat reinforcement.
3) The results showed that surface treatment of coir mats significantly increased the settlement reduction factor compared to untreated mats. Surface treatment improved the interaction between the reinforcement and soil, leading to reduced settlement under load.
Augmentation of Customer’s Profile Dataset Using Genetic AlgorithmRSIS International
Data is the lifeblood of all type of business. Clean,
accurate and complete data is the prerequisite for the decisionmaking
in business process. Data is one of the most valuable
assets for any organization. It is immensely important that the
business focus on the quality of their data as it can help in
increasing the business performance by improving efficiencies,
streamlining operations and consolidating data sources. Good
quality data helps to improve and simplify processes, eliminate
time-consuming rework and externally to enhance a user’s
experience, further translating it to significant financial and
operational benefits [1] [2]. All organizations/ businesses strive to
retain their existing customers and gain new ones. Accurate data
enables the business to improve the customer experience. Data
augmentation adds value to base data by enhancing information
derived from the existing source. Data augmentation can help
reduce the manual intervention required to develop meaningful
information and insight of business data, as well as significantly
enhance data quality. Hence the business can provide unique
customer experience and deliver above and beyond their
expectations. The Data Augmentation is immensely important as
it helps in improving the overall productivity of the business. It
is also important in making the most accurate and relevant
information available quickly for decision making.
This work focuses on augmentation of the customer
dataset using Genetic Algorithm(GA). These augmented data are
used for the purpose of customer behavioral analysis. The data
set consists of the different factors inherent in each situation of
the customer to understand the market strategy. This behavioral
data is used in the earlier work of analyzing the data [13]. It is
found that collecting a very large amount of such data manually
is a very cumbersome process. It is inferred from the earlier
work [13] that the more number of data may give accurate
result. Hence it is decided to enrich the dataset by using Genetic
Algorithm.
System Development for Verification of General Purpose Input OutputRSIS International
In SoC no. of IP block inside it depends upon specific
application, increase in the Ip block increases no. of digital
control lines causes increase in the size of the chip. GPIO helps
internal IP blocks to share digital control lines using MUX and
avoids additional circuitry. Since design productivity cannot
follow the pace of nanoelectronics technology innovation, it has
been required to develop various design methodologies to
overcome this gap. In system level design, various design
methodologies such as IP reuse, automation of platform
integration and verification process have been proposed. GPIO
configuration register decides in which mode system has to work
GPIO has four modes i.e input, output, functional, interrupt. As
per operation particular mode is selected and the operation get
performed. Devices with pin scarcity like integrated circuits such
as system-on-a-chip, embedded and custom hardware, and
programmable logic devices cannot compromise with size can
perform well without additional digital control line circuitry.
De-noising of Fetal ECG for Fetal Heart Rate Calculation and Variability Anal...RSIS International
Fetal monitoring is the way of checking the condition
of unborn baby during labor and delivery by continuously
monitoring his or her heart rate. A normal fetal heart rate (FHR)
can reassure safe birth of the baby. Fetal monitoring techniques
are broadly classified into invasive and non-invasive techniques.
Non-invasive techniques are involves monitoring the fetus
through mother’s abdominal region. This can be done in all
gestation weeks and during the delivery also. Abdominal ECG
(AECG) is a composite ECG signal containing both mother’s as
well as fetal ECG. This paper presents an efficient technique to
extract FECG from abdominal ECG. A modified Pan Tompkin’s
method is employed for the QRS detection. It involves series of
filters and methods like band pass filter, derivative filter,
squaring, integration and adaptive thresholding. Further heart
rate of fetus and mother is calculated and heart rate variability
analysis is done using detected R-peaks. The algorithm is tested
on 5 different non-invasively recorded abdominal and direct
FECG signals taken from MIT PhysioNet database and the
results are obtained using MATLAB software. The performance
of the QRS detector is evaluated using parameters like
Sensitivity and Positive Prediction.
This document summarizes a study on active vibration control of composite plates using piezoelectric materials. Finite element models of composite beams with integrated piezoelectric layers were developed in ANSYS to simulate displacement feedback and direct velocity feedback control loops. The models were validated by comparing natural frequencies to experimental results. Vibration suppression was then analyzed for different composite layups under free and forced vibration conditions. The results showed that both feedback control methods successfully reduced vibration levels, with direct velocity feedback achieving steady state more quickly. Higher control gains led to greater vibration attenuation in both free and forced vibration cases.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
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Design and Performance Analysis of Filters Using a Proposed Window Function
1. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume IV, Issue VII, July 2017 | ISSN 2321–2705
www.rsisinternational.org Page 66
Design and Performance Analysis of Filters Using a
Proposed Window Function
Amit Kumar Patil
H.O.D., EC Department, TSEC Burhanpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract: A new window function is presented which like the well
known Hamming window offers a preferred property for use in
signal spectrum analysis: the sum of window coefficients with its
shifted version by half of the order is constant for the overlapped
region in the time domain. In high orders, the new window has
main-lobe width equal to Hamming window. For low orders, the
window parameters are modified to have smaller main-lobe
width compared to Hamming window, while maintaining smaller
maximum side-lobe peak. The results indicate performance
improvement of the proposed window compared to Kaiser and
Gaussian windows. The FIR filters designed by windowing
method show the efficiency of the new window.
Keywords: FIR, Gaussian, Kaiser, Proposed, Window.
I. INTRODUCTION
indow functions are widely used in digital signal
processing for the applications in signal analysis and
estimation, digital filter design and signal processing. FFT
windows reduce the effects of leakage but can not only
eliminate leakage entirely. In effect, they only change the
shape of the leakage. In addition each type of window affects
the spectrum in a slightly different way. Many different
windows have been proposed over time each with its own
advantage and disadvantage relative to the others. Some are
effective for specific types of signal types such as random or
sinusoidal. Some improve the frequency resolution, that is,
they make it easier to detect the exact frequency of a peak in
the spectrum. Some improve the amplitude accuracy that is
they most accurately indicate the level of the peak. The best
type of window should be chosen for each specific
application.
Two main applications of the windows in digital signal
processing are: data analysis based on Fast Fourier Transform
(FFT) and design of Finite Impulse Response filters from
Infinite Impulse Response filters. For FFT analysis, windows
are employed to suppress the so called “leakage effect”, and
for FIR filter design according to the “windowing method”,
Gibbs oscillations are attenuated. Desirable characteristics for
a window in the frequency domain are small main-lobe width
and side-lobe peak (high attenuation). However, these two
requirements are contradictory, since for a given length, a
window with a narrow main-lobe has a poor attenuation and
vice versa. Also a third preferred property of window when
applied in data spectrum analysis is that, in the time domain,
the sum of window function (w[n]) with its shifted version by
M/2 samples (M is the window order) would be constant:
w [n] + w [n- M/2] = constant, M/2 ≤ n ≤ M (1)
In this paper, a new window function is presented which can
be considered as a special case of the important class of
windows, named raised cosine windows. The proposed
window has 2~4 dB more side-lobe attenuation than that of
Hamming window, while offering approximately the same
main-lobe width and still satisfying the property in equation
(1). The window parameters are modified to avoid the
performance degradation for lower window lengths, which
happens for Hamming window.
II. ANALYSIS OF WINDOWING TECHNIQUE
2.1 TYPES OF WINDOWS
There are different types of windows starting from simple
type (rectangular window) to more complex type (Kaiser
window). The main goal of these windows is to truncate the
impulse response of the filter in order to generate fixed length
filter.
2.1.1 Kaiser window
Syntax: w = kaiser(L,beta)
Description: It returns an L-point Kaiser window in the
column vector w. Beta is the Kaiser window β parameter that
affects the sidelobe attenuation of the Fourier transform of the
window. The default value for beta is 0.5. Kaiser window is
defined by:
(2)
2.1.2 Hamming window
Syntax: w = hamming(L)
Description: It returns an L-point symmetric Hamming
window in the column vector w. L should be a positive
integer. The coefficients of a Hamming window are computed
W
2. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume IV, Issue VII, July 2017 | ISSN 2321–2705
www.rsisinternational.org Page 67
from the following equation. Hamming window is optimized
to minimize the maximum side lobe. It is defined by:
(3)
2.1.3 Gaussian window
Syntax: w = gausswin(N), w = gausswin(N,Alpha)
Description: It returns an N-point Gaussian window in the
column vector w. L is a positive integer. The shape of this
window is similar in the frequency domain because the
Fourier transform of a Gaussian is also a Gaussian.
2.1.4 Taylor window
Syntax: w = taylorwin(n)
Description: A Taylor window allows to make tradeoffs
between the mainlobe width and sidelobe level. The Taylor
distribution avoids edge discontinuities.Taylor windows are
typically used in radar applications, such as weighting
synthetic aperature radar images and antenna design. It returns
an n-point Taylor window in a column vector w. The values in
this vector are the window weights or coefficients. n must be a
positive integer.
2.1.5 Blackman window
Syntax: w = blackman(L)
Description: It returns the L-point symmetric Blackman
window in the column vector w, where L is a positive integer.
Blackman windows have slightly wider central lobes and less
sideband leakage than equivalent length Hamming and Hann
windows. Blackman window is defined by:
(4)
2.1.6 Rectangular window
Syntax: w = rectwin(L)
Description: It returns a rectangular window of length L in the
column vector w. This function is provided for completeness;
a rectangular window is equivalent to no window at all. It is
defined by:
(5)
2.1.7 Hanning window
Syntax: w = hann(L)
Description: It returns an L-point symmetric Hann window in
the column vector w. L must be a positive integer. The
coefficients of a Hann window are computed from the
following equation.
(6)
2.2 WINDOWING TECHNIQUE
The windowing method involves multiplying the ideal
impulse response with a window function to generate a
corresponding filter, which tapers the ideal impulse response.
Like the frequency sampling method, the windowing method
produces a filter whose frequency response approximates a
desired frequency response. The windowing method,
however, tends to produce better results than the frequency
sampling method.
The impulse response of ideal filters is of infinite duration. It
is not possible to evaluate the corresponding frequency
response and implement the filter by hardware or software.
Thus the impulse response must be truncated at both ends
with respect to the central. Even the impulse response can be
truncated when it is small enough but such a sudden cut off
will cause some undesired effects. The window method will
reduce them.
In the time domain windowing means to multiply the infinite
impulse response hD(n) by a finite duration window function
w(n) to get a truncation. The resulted impulse response h(n) is
their product and is given as follows:
H(n) = hD(n)*w(n) , 0 ≤ n ≤ M (7)
In the window design method we first evaluate the desired
filter response hD(n) from the given desired frequency
response HD( ) and then apply an appropriate window. Thus
the method should be called Fourier window method. In this
method, use is the made of the fact that the frequency
response of the filter, HD( ) and the corresponding impulse
response, hd(n) are related by inverse Fourier transform. The
subscript D is used to distinguish between ideal and practical
impulse response.
HD(n) = )(
DH
(8)
The basic idea behind the Window method of filter design is
that the ideal frequency response of the desired filter is equal
to 1 for all the pass band frequencies, and equal to 0 for all the
stop band frequencies and then the filter impulse response is
3. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume IV, Issue VII, July 2017 | ISSN 2321–2705
www.rsisinternational.org Page 68
obtained by taking the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of
the ideal frequency response. Unfortunately, the filter
response would be infinitely long since it has to reproduce the
infinitely steep discontinuities in the ideal frequency response
at the band edges. To create a Finite Impulse Response (FIR)
filter, the time domain filter coefficients must be restricted in
number by multiplying by a window function of a finite
width. Many windows are used for truncating the signal and
the simplest window function is the rectangular window
which corresponds to truncating the sequence after a certain
number of terms.
Fig.1 Windowing Technique
Fig. 2 Spectral Response
4. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume IV, Issue VII, July 2017 | ISSN 2321–2705
www.rsisinternational.org Page 69
III. PROPOSED WINDOW
The goal is to modify Hamming window to lower its
maximum side-lobe peak, while holding the main-lobe width
unchanged, and still satisfying property of equation (4.3). In
the following, the derivation of the new window is explained.
All windows described later, have zero valued coefficients
outside the interval 0 ≤ n ≤ m Hamming window has the
shape of
WH[n]= 0.54-0.46 cos(2πn/M), 0 ≤ n ≤ M (9)
This window satisfies the property mentioned in eq. (3), i.e.
WH[ n]+ WH[ n- M/2]= 0.54+0.54, M/2≤n ≤M (10)
On the other hand, Blackman window is composed of three
terms as:
WH[n]=0.42-0.5*cos(2πn/M)+0.08*cos(4πn/M), 0 ≤n≤M (11)
that is, it has a DC term, a cosine function with frequency
2/M, and its second harmonic. For this window, due to the
second harmonic, the property in eq.(3) is not satisfied
wH[ n] +wH[ n-M/2]=0.84+0.16*cos(4πn/M ), M/2≤n≤M (12)
However, it can be found that if the third harmonic is added to
the Hamming window function, then the property of eq. (3)
will be satisfied. Therefore, the main idea in obtaining the
new window is to insert a third harmonic of cosine function
into eq. (1). Thus, an extra degree of freedom is obtained in
tuning the window coefficients. In this way, the proposed
window will be as
W[ n]= a0-a1*cos(4πn/M)-a3cos(6πn/M), 0≤n ≤M (13)
Where for normalization, i.e. W[M/2]=1, one have:
a0+a1+a3 = 1 (14)
The new window is also symmetric about point M/2; thus it
has a generalized linear phase, like the other common
windows. Checking for the property in eq. (3), one find that
W[n]+W[n-M/2]= 2a0 (15)
Another point of view states that eq. (5) is a four-term raised
cosine window, with restriction that the third term is zero:
W[n]= ∑ ai cos(2iπn/M) 0 ≤ n ≤ M, k = 3, a2 = 0 (16)
The new window can be analyzed in the frequency domain. Its
Fourier transform is:
W(ὣ)={a0 D(ω) + a1/2[D(ω - 2π/M) + D(ω + 2π/M)] +
a3/2[D(ω -6π/M)+D(ω +6π/M)]}* exp(-jMω/2) (17)
where D(ω) is Dirichlet kernel.
D(ω) = sin((M+1) ω/2)/sin(ω/2) (18)
Noting the above condition and the normalizing condition in
eq. (8), one can apply a simple optimization algorithm to find
the optimal values of the window parameters. For sufficiently
large orders, the derived window is of the form
W[n] = 0.536-0.46cos*(2πn/M)-0.003*cos(6πn/M), 0≤n≤M
(19)
Just like Hamming window, the frequency response of the
new window is degraded for low orders; therefore depending
on the window order, the above parameters are modified to
maintain the efficiency. It shows the dependence of a0 and a1
on M. It can be easily verified that the coefficients are
composed of a monotonic function and a DC term. Some
simple formulas are tried to present the dependence of these
parameters on M, the following formulas approximately fit the
data obtained from the optimization:
a0= 0.537 - 0.3/(M+15); a1 = 0.46 + 0.25/(M+15); a3 = 1 - a0 -
a1 (20)
IV. RESULTS
The various methodologies are adopted in developing the
programs for proposed window, its comparison with other
windows, performance evaluation, filter designing and
plotting their magnitude response, phase response, pole-zero
plot, impulse response, step response, phase delay, group
delay and filter information. It discusses the simulation results
for window based FIR filters design.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
time
amplitude
comparision of different windows
hamm
hann
black
kaiser
gauss
taylor
bart
Fig. 3 Time-Magnitude response of different window
0 50 100
0
0.5
1
hamm
0 50 100
0
0.5
1
hann
0 50 100
0
0.5
1
black
0 50 100
0.9
0.95
1
kaiser
0 50 100
0
0.5
1
gauss
0 50 100
0
1
2
taylor
0 50 100
0
0.5
1
bart
0 50 100
0
1
2
rect
0 50 100
0
0.5
1
cheby
Fig. 4 Plot of different windows in matrix form
5. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume IV, Issue VII, July 2017 | ISSN 2321–2705
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2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
samples
amplitude
proposed
kaiser
Fig. 5 Time-Magnitude response of Kaiser window & Proposed window
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
-150
-100
-50
0
50
magnitude
proposed
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
-100
-50
0
50
ksiser
magnitude
frequency
Fig. 6 Frequency-Magnitude response of Kaiser window & Proposed window
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
-4
-2
0
2
4
phase
proposed
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
-4
-2
0
2
kaiser
frequency
phase
Fig. 7 Frequency-Phase response of Kaiser window & Proposed window
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Samples
Amplitude
Proposed
Blackman
Fig. 8 Time-Magnitude response of Blackman window & Proposed window
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Samples
Amplitude
Proposed
Gaussian
Fig. 9 Time-Magnitude response of Gaussian window & Proposed window
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Samples
Amplitude
Proposed
Taylor
Fig. 10 Time-Magnitude response of Taylor window & Proposed window
V. CONCLUSION
A proposed window is derived for FIR filter designing and
spectral analysis which gives better response in comparison
with other windows. Performance evaluation is done in
comparison with Hamming, Kaiser and Gaussian window.
Window based FIR filter is designed. Windowing gives good
results for proposed window and it is more convenient. It
designs a FIR filter with finite impulse response. It reduces
the ripples in the pass-band and the stop-band due to
Gibbs’phenomenon. By choosing the window carefully,
various trade-offs can be managed so as to maximize
the filter-design quality in a given application. The window
method for digital filter design is fast, convenient, and robust.
A novel efficient window function has been designed which
minimizes the sidelobes. The new window has the main lobe
width less than or equal to that of the Hamming window,
while offering less maximum side-lobe peak. The
performance comparison of the proposed window with the
other windows showed the better performance of the proposed
window. The average reduction in the side lobe peak of the
new window compared to that of the Hamming, Kaiser, and
Gaussian windows is 3 dB, 3.3 dB and 8 dB respectively. The
FIR filter designed with the proposed window achieves less
ripple ratio, than those obtained using the windows like
Kaiser, Hamming, Blackman, Gaussian, Hanning, Taylor etc.
for all window lengths. The obtained results indicate that the
6. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume IV, Issue VII, July 2017 | ISSN 2321–2705
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implemented filter has good performance and stability, and
during the implementation of various cases, it is possible to
reach an optimal design used for final design.
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