This document describes the design and implementation of a fuzzy-based tsunami warning system. It begins with an introduction to tsunamis and their causes. A fuzzy logic system is then developed using Mamdani's fuzzy inference method in MATLAB. Four parameters are used as inputs - earthquake magnitude, volcanic eruption index, landslide, and deep ocean wave height. Membership functions are defined for the inputs and single output, "alert type." Fuzzy rules are generated based on historical tsunami data. The system outputs one of three linguistic alert levels: rare tsunami, advisory tsunami, or warning. The fuzzy logic approach allows the system to model the vagueness of tsunami prediction based on multiple contributing factors.
This document summarizes a research paper that explores vulnerability assessment and transportation modeling after cyclones in Kendrapada, India. It begins with an abstract that discusses examining coping strategies of coastal villagers after a cyclone using household surveys. It then discusses developing a systematic approach for risk modeling and disaster management of transportation systems in the context of cyclones. The paper aims to account for changes in post-cyclone travel demand and assess reliability of reaching transportation systems. It studies 262 villages within 10km of the coast in Kendrapada, a highly cyclone prone area of India. The paper presents a methodology with 3 stages: 1) determining vulnerability indices as probabilities of non-zero casualties based on factors like hazards, exposure, and adaptive capacity
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Sdci scalable distributed cache indexing for cache consistency for mobile env...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Solar system as a radio telescope by the formation of virtual lenses above an...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using fuzzy logic for short-term load forecasting. It describes taking time, temperature, and similar previous day load as inputs to develop fuzzy rules. A MATLAB simulation is created using these inputs and fuzzy logic rules to forecast load. The results show the forecasted load has less than 3% error compared to actual load. Load curves are presented showing the forecasted load closely matches the actual load.
Automated system to detect rf leakage from microwave oven using raspberry pieSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Galerkin’s indirect variational method in elastic stability analysis of all e...eSAT Publishing House
1. The document describes using Galerkin's indirect variational method (Galerkin's method) to analyze the buckling of thin rectangular plates with all edges clamped.
2. Galerkin's method involves approximating the solution to differential equations using a polynomial involving characteristic orthogonal polynomials.
3. The authors formulated shape functions using characteristic orthogonal polynomials and applied them in Galerkin's method to analyze buckling loads. Their results were close to those of previous research using different methods.
This document summarizes a research paper that explores vulnerability assessment and transportation modeling after cyclones in Kendrapada, India. It begins with an abstract that discusses examining coping strategies of coastal villagers after a cyclone using household surveys. It then discusses developing a systematic approach for risk modeling and disaster management of transportation systems in the context of cyclones. The paper aims to account for changes in post-cyclone travel demand and assess reliability of reaching transportation systems. It studies 262 villages within 10km of the coast in Kendrapada, a highly cyclone prone area of India. The paper presents a methodology with 3 stages: 1) determining vulnerability indices as probabilities of non-zero casualties based on factors like hazards, exposure, and adaptive capacity
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Sdci scalable distributed cache indexing for cache consistency for mobile env...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Solar system as a radio telescope by the formation of virtual lenses above an...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using fuzzy logic for short-term load forecasting. It describes taking time, temperature, and similar previous day load as inputs to develop fuzzy rules. A MATLAB simulation is created using these inputs and fuzzy logic rules to forecast load. The results show the forecasted load has less than 3% error compared to actual load. Load curves are presented showing the forecasted load closely matches the actual load.
Automated system to detect rf leakage from microwave oven using raspberry pieSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Galerkin’s indirect variational method in elastic stability analysis of all e...eSAT Publishing House
1. The document describes using Galerkin's indirect variational method (Galerkin's method) to analyze the buckling of thin rectangular plates with all edges clamped.
2. Galerkin's method involves approximating the solution to differential equations using a polynomial involving characteristic orthogonal polynomials.
3. The authors formulated shape functions using characteristic orthogonal polynomials and applied them in Galerkin's method to analyze buckling loads. Their results were close to those of previous research using different methods.
An innovative way for computerized smith chart generation and transmission li...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a computer program that was developed to generate and interact with the Smith chart, a graphical tool used to solve transmission line problems. The program allows users to input transmission line parameters and see how they are represented on the Smith chart. It then demonstrates how to use the program to solve common transmission line problems by calculating reflection coefficients, impedances, admittances, and stub locations. The program is intended to help explain concepts of the Smith chart to students in an interactive way using a computer.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A geophysical insight of earthquake occurred on 21 st may 2014 off paradip, b...eSAT Publishing House
1) A 6.0 magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Paradip, Odisha in the Bay of Bengal on May 21, 2014 at a depth of around 40 km.
2) Analysis of magnetic and bathymetric data from the area revealed the presence of major lineaments in NW-SE and NE-SW directions that may be responsible for seismic activity through stress release.
3) Movements along growth faults at the margins of large Bengal channels, due to large sediment loads, could also contribute to seismic events by triggering movements along the faults.
Natural disasters vulnerability assessment of gondia district, maharashtra, i...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that assessed natural disaster vulnerability in Gondia District, Maharashtra, India using digital terrain modeling (DTM) and GIS techniques. The study focused on the Ghat-Tembhani-Chipia area, which experiences annual flooding. DTM and contour maps were generated from elevation data to analyze the topography. The maps identified areas vulnerable to flooding due to natural obstructions in rivers, inward depressions in land, and high water flow at river confluences. Addressing these issues could help minimize flooding impacts on lives and property in the region.
Optimization of cutting strategies for forging die manufacturing on cnc milli...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
New study on friction in a mom total hip prosthesis with balls in self direct...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and development of non server peer 2 peer secure communication using j...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Taguchi optimization for efficient extraction of a natural dye from bougainvi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document proposes a method to secure data from theft in cloud computing using fog computing. It involves combining user behavior profiling to detect abnormal access and deploying decoy documents. Decoy documents that look like real data are used to confuse attackers if abnormal access is detected. By making it hard to distinguish real data from fakes, this integrated approach aims to increase security of personal and business data stored in the cloud.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Low cost wireless sensor networks and smartphone applications for disaster ma...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a low-cost wireless sensor network and smartphone application system for disaster management. The system uses an Arduino-based wireless sensor network comprising nodes with various sensors to monitor the environment. The sensor data is transmitted to a central gateway and then to the cloud for analysis. A smartphone app connected to the cloud can detect disasters from the sensor data and send real-time alerts to users to help with early evacuation. The system aims to provide low-cost localized disaster detection and warnings to improve safety.
This document discusses guidelines for designing usable user interfaces. It begins by defining usability and its importance in human-computer interaction. It then discusses several key usability guidelines for interface design, including Shneiderman's eight golden rules, Nielsen's ten usability heuristics, and Gestalt principles of visual perception. The document emphasizes that following design rules and principles can help designers create interfaces that improve usability, user satisfaction and performance.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of high pressure coolant on tool wear during turning operations of EN8 steel. The study found that using a high pressure coolant of 70 bar resulted in less tool wear compared to a low pressure coolant of 10 bar. Specifically, with the high pressure coolant, the tool was able to machine 520 components with a surface roughness value of 1.521 μm, whereas with the low pressure coolant the tool could only machine 160 components with a roughness of 2.923 μm. Scanning electron microscope images also showed less wear on the tool tip when using the high pressure coolant. Therefore, the study demonstrated that high pressure coolant can significantly reduce tool wear during turning hard metals
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes the performance analysis of VRLA batteries under continuous operation. It discusses testing various capacity VRLA battery banks to analyze electrical and thermal characteristics. The batteries were tested with 80% depth of discharge over 32-43 hours. A battery regenerator was used to reduce sulfation and a battery measurement system monitored individual cell voltages. Testing showed battery capacity and lifespan increased after regeneration, with backups extending 1-2 hours. Larger 550Ah-682Ah batteries showed greater improvements than the 300Ah batteries tested. Regenerating existing batteries can save significant power compared to replacing them.
- The document describes an intelligent fuzzy-based tsunami warning system that uses fuzzy logic to predict tsunamis based on various parameters.
- The system takes 5 inputs - earthquake magnitude, focal depth, volcanic eruption index, landslide, and deep ocean wave height. It uses these to output a tsunami alert level of rare, advisory, or warning.
- Membership functions and fuzzy rules are defined for the inputs and output. Simulations show the system can correctly predict the alert level based on given input parameter values, in line with historical data analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An innovative way for computerized smith chart generation and transmission li...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a computer program that was developed to generate and interact with the Smith chart, a graphical tool used to solve transmission line problems. The program allows users to input transmission line parameters and see how they are represented on the Smith chart. It then demonstrates how to use the program to solve common transmission line problems by calculating reflection coefficients, impedances, admittances, and stub locations. The program is intended to help explain concepts of the Smith chart to students in an interactive way using a computer.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A geophysical insight of earthquake occurred on 21 st may 2014 off paradip, b...eSAT Publishing House
1) A 6.0 magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Paradip, Odisha in the Bay of Bengal on May 21, 2014 at a depth of around 40 km.
2) Analysis of magnetic and bathymetric data from the area revealed the presence of major lineaments in NW-SE and NE-SW directions that may be responsible for seismic activity through stress release.
3) Movements along growth faults at the margins of large Bengal channels, due to large sediment loads, could also contribute to seismic events by triggering movements along the faults.
Natural disasters vulnerability assessment of gondia district, maharashtra, i...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that assessed natural disaster vulnerability in Gondia District, Maharashtra, India using digital terrain modeling (DTM) and GIS techniques. The study focused on the Ghat-Tembhani-Chipia area, which experiences annual flooding. DTM and contour maps were generated from elevation data to analyze the topography. The maps identified areas vulnerable to flooding due to natural obstructions in rivers, inward depressions in land, and high water flow at river confluences. Addressing these issues could help minimize flooding impacts on lives and property in the region.
Optimization of cutting strategies for forging die manufacturing on cnc milli...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
New study on friction in a mom total hip prosthesis with balls in self direct...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and development of non server peer 2 peer secure communication using j...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Taguchi optimization for efficient extraction of a natural dye from bougainvi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document proposes a method to secure data from theft in cloud computing using fog computing. It involves combining user behavior profiling to detect abnormal access and deploying decoy documents. Decoy documents that look like real data are used to confuse attackers if abnormal access is detected. By making it hard to distinguish real data from fakes, this integrated approach aims to increase security of personal and business data stored in the cloud.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Low cost wireless sensor networks and smartphone applications for disaster ma...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a low-cost wireless sensor network and smartphone application system for disaster management. The system uses an Arduino-based wireless sensor network comprising nodes with various sensors to monitor the environment. The sensor data is transmitted to a central gateway and then to the cloud for analysis. A smartphone app connected to the cloud can detect disasters from the sensor data and send real-time alerts to users to help with early evacuation. The system aims to provide low-cost localized disaster detection and warnings to improve safety.
This document discusses guidelines for designing usable user interfaces. It begins by defining usability and its importance in human-computer interaction. It then discusses several key usability guidelines for interface design, including Shneiderman's eight golden rules, Nielsen's ten usability heuristics, and Gestalt principles of visual perception. The document emphasizes that following design rules and principles can help designers create interfaces that improve usability, user satisfaction and performance.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of high pressure coolant on tool wear during turning operations of EN8 steel. The study found that using a high pressure coolant of 70 bar resulted in less tool wear compared to a low pressure coolant of 10 bar. Specifically, with the high pressure coolant, the tool was able to machine 520 components with a surface roughness value of 1.521 μm, whereas with the low pressure coolant the tool could only machine 160 components with a roughness of 2.923 μm. Scanning electron microscope images also showed less wear on the tool tip when using the high pressure coolant. Therefore, the study demonstrated that high pressure coolant can significantly reduce tool wear during turning hard metals
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes the performance analysis of VRLA batteries under continuous operation. It discusses testing various capacity VRLA battery banks to analyze electrical and thermal characteristics. The batteries were tested with 80% depth of discharge over 32-43 hours. A battery regenerator was used to reduce sulfation and a battery measurement system monitored individual cell voltages. Testing showed battery capacity and lifespan increased after regeneration, with backups extending 1-2 hours. Larger 550Ah-682Ah batteries showed greater improvements than the 300Ah batteries tested. Regenerating existing batteries can save significant power compared to replacing them.
- The document describes an intelligent fuzzy-based tsunami warning system that uses fuzzy logic to predict tsunamis based on various parameters.
- The system takes 5 inputs - earthquake magnitude, focal depth, volcanic eruption index, landslide, and deep ocean wave height. It uses these to output a tsunami alert level of rare, advisory, or warning.
- Membership functions and fuzzy rules are defined for the inputs and output. Simulations show the system can correctly predict the alert level based on given input parameter values, in line with historical data analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a system to detect uncontrolled crowd motion behavior using computer vision techniques. The system analyzes surveillance videos from mass gatherings using a holistic approach, where the crowd is treated as a single entity rather than tracking individuals. Optical flow is computed using the Lucas-Kanade method to estimate velocities across subsections of video frames. Congested areas where crowd movement is slow or stopped can be identified based on low optical flow magnitudes. The system was developed using MATLAB and could help security personnel monitor crowds and prevent disasters by detecting dangerous crowd conditions. Future work may include using multiple camera views and improved tracking techniques.
IRJET- Predicting the Rainfall of Ghana using the Grey Prediction Model G...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that uses the Grey Prediction Model GM(1,1) and the Grey Verhulst Model (GVM) to predict rainfall patterns in Ghana from 2017 to 2024. The study analyzes rainfall variability data from 2009 to 2016 to establish forecasting models. The models will help support decision-making and planning in agriculture and hydrology by identifying future rainfall variability and improving understanding of its impact. The document provides background on Ghana's agricultural sector and dependence on rainfall, and the significance of accurately predicting rainfall patterns. It also reviews literature on grey system theory, uncertain systems, and the applications and methods of the GM(1,1) and Grey Verhulst models.
IRJET- A Study on Flood Control System Introducing Storage TankIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on introducing underground storage tanks to control floods. The study aims to reduce the detrimental effects of floods by storing flood water in tanks. These tanks would be constructed using proper design procedures. During times of drought, the stored water could be used for purposes like agriculture, vegetation growth, fish production, hydropower generation, and more. The flood control method aims to minimize flood impacts by promoting coordinated management of water and related resources. Underground tanks located in flood-prone areas could help maintain environmental balance by reusing stored water after floods recede.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The definition and extraction of actionable anomalous discords, i.e. pattern outliers, is a challenging
problem in data analysis. It raises the crucial issue of identifying criteria that would render a discord
more insightful than another one. In this paper, we propose an approach to address this by
introducing the concept of prominent discord. The core idea behind this new concept is to identify
dependencies among discords of varying lengths. How can we identify a discord that would be
prominent? We propose an ordering relation, that ranks discords, and we seek a set of prominent
discords with respect to this ordering. Our contributions are threefold 1) a formal definition,
ordering relation and methods to derive prominent discords based on Matrix Profile techniques,2)
their evaluation over large contextual climate data, covering 110 years of monthly data, and 3) a
comparison of an exact method based on STOMP and an approximate approach that is based on
SCRIMP++ to compute the prominent discords and study the tradeoff optimality/CPU. The
approach is generic and its pertinence shown over historical climate data.
APPLICATION OF MATRIX PROFILE TECHNIQUES TO DETECT INSIGHTFUL DISCORDS IN CLI...ijscai
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new approach to detect prominent discords, or anomalous patterns, in large climate data time series. The approach introduces the concept of a prominent discord, which is the most significant discord found across different window sizes that all start at the same position. It presents methods to compute prominent discords exactly using STOMP or approximately using SCRIMP++. The approach is applied to over 100 years of monthly climate impact runoff data to detect insightful discords. It compares the exact and approximate methods and explores the tradeoff between accuracy and computational efficiency.
Accident Analysis Models And Methods Guidance For Safety ProfessionalsLeslie Schulte
This document provides an overview of accident analysis models and methods. It discusses three categories of analysis techniques: sequential, epidemiological, and systemic. Sequential techniques view accidents as resulting from time-ordered causal events, but cannot adequately account for organizational and human factors. Epidemiological techniques were developed to consider organizational influences, and view accidents as stemming from latent failures within a system. More recently, systemic techniques have emerged that treat socio-technical systems holistically and focus on the interactions between system components. The document aims to inform readers on different analysis approaches and factors that influence model selection.
This document discusses human supervisory control in advanced manufacturing systems (AMS). It defines supervisory control as human operators programming and receiving information from a computer connected to controlled processes. The key functions of supervisory control are identified as plan, teach, monitor, intervene, and learn. Determinants of multitasking performance in AMS are discussed, including scheduling, switching, confusion, cooperation and limited processing resources. The multiple resources theory, which proposes three dimensions (stages, input modality, processing codes) along which resources can be allocated, is presented as explaining multitasking performance better than the single resource theory.
COMPARISON OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS AND FUZZY LOGIC APPROACHES FOR CRACK...ijaia
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During the World War I ,II over fifty countries in the world today have been inherited a legacy of antipersonnel
landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) which represents a major threat to lives, and
hinders reconstruction and development efforts. Landmines have specific properties that make it harder to
detect .Therefore; these properties lead landmine detectors to become more complex. Many examples can
be found to address the increasing complexity of Landmines detection; unfortunately, these new techniques
are high of cost and need experts to deal with it. Many developing countries face financial difficulties to get
advanced technologies for detection landmines such as Robotic systems, this due to their high cost, use and
maintenance difficulties which makes them unaffordable to these countries. The safety of operators,
transportability, ease of maintenance and operation are the most factors that must take into consideration
to improve the applicability and effectiveness of landmines tracking systems.The aim of the study is to
proposed architecture of Intelligent Wireless Landmines Tracking System (IWLTS) with new decision
model based on fuzzy logic.To find an affordable, light and easy to use alternative which meet users’ needs
to protect and warn them from the risk of landmines during practice their lives, we suggested the design
and development of Fuzzy Inference Model for IWLTS using Smart Phone.Fuzzy model require three step
which are definitions of Linguistic Variable and fuzzy sets, determine fuzzy rules and the process of Fuzzy
Inference.Designed Fuzzy Inference Model gives both: Landmine risk value in percentage and alert to
avoid that risk.
Analysis of Fall Detection Systems: A Reviewijtsrd
Since falls are a major public health problem among older people, the number of systems aimed at detecting them has increased dramatically over recent years. This work presents an extensive literature review of fall detection systems, including comparisons among various kinds of studies. It aims to serve as a reference for both clinicians and biomedical engineers planning or conducting field investigations. Challenges, issues and trends in fall detection have been identified after the reviewing work. The number of studies using context aware techniques is still increasing but there is a new trend towards the integration of fall detection into smart phones as well as the use of machine learning methods in the detection algorithm. We have also identified challenges regarding performance under real life conditions, usability, and user acceptance as well as issues related to power consumption, real time operations, sensing limitations, privacy and record of real life falls. Nikita Vidua | Prof. Avinash Sharma "Analysis of Fall Detection Systems: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29467.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/29467/analysis-of-fall-detection-systems-a-review/nikita-vidua
This document describes a proposed automated flood control system using wireless sensor networks. The system would use sensors to monitor water levels at various points, and a controller to automatically operate pumps and water channels based on the sensor readings and pre-programmed parameters. This closed-loop system would allow for real-time response to changing water levels to help prevent and reduce flooding in an area. The proposed system could help address the increasing problem of flooding in Nigeria and provide benefits over traditional open-loop control systems.
A DEVICE FOR AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF ELDERLY FALLSIRJET Journal
The document presents a device for automatically detecting falls in elderly individuals. It uses an accelerometer to measure changes in acceleration along three axes and determine body position. When a fall is detected based on acceleration thresholds, the GPS receiver pinpoints the location and a GSM modem sends a text message notification. The system aims to promptly detect falls to reduce injuries and allow for timely medical assistance. It discusses related work on fall detection techniques using sensors like accelerometers and pose estimation. The proposed system design uses an ESP WiFi controller, GPS and GSM modules, accelerometer, and other components to detect falls, track location, and alert caregivers via SMS. It aims to help elderly individuals live independently safely.
IRJET- Elderly Care-Taking and Fall Detection SystemIRJET Journal
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This document summarizes a research paper on a fall detection system using a tri-axial accelerometer for wireless body area networks. The system is designed to monitor elderly individuals and detect if they have fallen. If a fall is detected, it will automatically send an SMS message with the person's location via GPS to emergency contacts and services. The proposed system uses a tri-axial accelerometer and microcontroller to classify a person's posture and detect if they have fallen based on changes in angle and acceleration. It aims to address limitations of existing fall detection methods by utilizing widely available mobile phones and providing a small, comfortable device. If a fall is detected and emergency services are quickly contacted, it could help save lives by facilitating rapid medical response.
TOWARD ORGANIC COMPUTING APPROACH FOR CYBERNETIC RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTijasa
The developpment of the Internet of Things (IoT) concept revives Responsive Environments (RE) technologies. Nowadays, the idea of a permanent connection between physical and digital world is technologically possible. The capillar Internet relates to the Internet extension into daily appliances such as they become actors of Internet like any hu-man. The parallel development of Machine-to-Machine
communications and Arti cial Intelligence (AI) technics start a new area of cybernetic. This paper presents an approach for Cybernetic Organism (Cyborg) for RE based on Organic Computing (OC). In such approach, each appli-ance is a part of an autonomic system in order to control a physical environment.The underlying idea is that such systems must have self-x properties in order to adapt their behavior to
external disturbances with a high-degree of autonomy.
Emergent global patterns_of_ecosystem_structure_and_function_form_a_mechanist...Dr Lendy Spires
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RAINFALL PREDICTION USING DATA MINING TECHNIQUES - A SURVEYcscpconf
The document discusses techniques for rainfall prediction using data mining. It provides an overview of various data mining techniques that have been used for rainfall forecasting, including neural networks and SARIMA (Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) time series models. The document then describes applying both a multilayer perceptron neural network and SARIMA models to monthly rainfall data from regions in India to perform forecasting, and comparing the results of the two techniques.
Similar to Design and implementation of a fuzzy based tsunami warning system (20)
Hudhud cyclone caused extensive damage in Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014, especially to tree cover. This will likely impact the local environment in several ways: increased air pollution as trees absorb less; higher temperatures without tree canopy; increased erosion and landslides. It also created large amounts of waste from destroyed trees. Proper management of solid waste is needed to prevent disease spread. Suggested measures include restoring damaged plants, building fountains to reduce heat, mandating light-colored buildings, improving waste management, and educating public on health risks. Overall, changes are needed to water, land, and waste practices to rebuild the environment after the cyclone removed green cover.
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Wind damage to trees in the gitam university campus at visakhapatnam by cyclo...eSAT Publishing House
1) A cyclone with wind speeds of 175-200 kph caused massive damage to the green cover of Gitam University campus in Visakhapatnam, India. Thousands of trees were uprooted or damaged.
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Wind damage to buildings, infrastrucuture and landscape elements along the be...eSAT Publishing House
1) A visual study was conducted to assess wind damage from Cyclone Hudhud along the 27km Visakha-Bheemli Beach road in Visakhapatnam, India.
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This document discusses risk analysis and environmental hazard management. It begins by defining risk, hazard, and toxicity. It then outlines the steps involved in hazard identification, including HAZID, HAZOP, and HAZAN. The document presents a case study of a hypothetical gas collecting station, identifying potential accidents and hazards. It discusses quantitative and qualitative approaches to risk analysis, including calculating a fire and explosion index. The document concludes by discussing hazard management strategies like preventative measures, control measures, fire protection, relief operations, and the importance of training personnel on safety.
Review study on performance of seismically tested repaired shear wallseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes research on the performance of reinforced concrete shear walls that have been repaired after damage. It begins with an introduction to shear walls and their failure modes. The literature review then discusses the behavior of original shear walls as well as different repair techniques tested by other researchers, including conventional repair with new concrete, jacketing with steel plates or concrete, and use of fiber reinforced polymers. The document focuses on evaluating the strength retention of shear walls after being repaired with various methods.
Monitoring and assessment of air quality with reference to dust particles (pm...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on monitoring and assessing air quality with respect to dust particles (PM10 and PM2.5) in the urban environment of Visakhapatnam, India. Sampling was conducted in residential, commercial, and industrial areas from October 2013 to August 2014. The average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were within limits in residential areas but moderate to high in commercial and industrial areas. Exceedance factor levels indicated moderate pollution for residential areas and moderate to high pollution for commercial and industrial areas. There is a need for management measures like improved public transport and green spaces to combat particulate air pollution in the study areas.
Coastal zones – seismic vulnerability an analysis from east coast of indiaeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes an analysis of seismic vulnerability along the east coast of India. It discusses the geotectonic setting of the region as a passive continental margin and reports some moderate seismic activity from offshore in recent decades. While seismic stability cannot be assumed given events like the 2004 tsunami, no major earthquakes have been recorded along this coast historically. The document calls for further study of active faults, neotectonics, and implementation of improved seismic building codes to mitigate vulnerability.
Can fracture mechanics predict damage due disaster of structureseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses how fracture mechanics can be used to better predict damage and failure of structures. It notes that current design codes are based on small-scale laboratory tests and do not account for size effects, which can lead to more brittle failures in larger structures. The document outlines how fracture mechanics considers factors like size effect, ductility, and minimum reinforcement that influence the strength and failure behavior of structures. It provides examples of how fracture mechanics has been applied to problems like evaluating shear strength in deep beams and investigating a failure of an oil platform structure. The document argues that fracture mechanics provides a more scientific basis for structural design compared to existing empirical code provisions.
This document discusses the assessment of seismic susceptibility of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. It begins with an introduction to earthquakes and the importance of vulnerability assessment in mitigating earthquake risks and losses. It then describes modeling the nonlinear behavior of RC building elements and performing pushover analysis to evaluate building performance. The document outlines modeling RC frames and developing moment-curvature relationships. It also summarizes the results of pushover analyses on sample 2D and 3D RC frames with and without shear walls. The conclusions emphasize that pushover analysis effectively assesses building properties but has limitations, and that capacity spectrum method provides appropriate results for evaluating building response and retrofitting impact.
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This document discusses the effects of Cyclone Hudhud on the development of Visakhapatnam as a smart and green city through a case study and preliminary surveys. The surveys found that 31% of participants had experienced cyclones, 9% floods, and 59% landslides previously in Visakhapatnam. Awareness of disaster alarming systems increased from 14% before the 2004 tsunami to 85% during Cyclone Hudhud, while awareness of disaster management systems increased from 50% before the tsunami to 94% during Hudhud. The surveys indicate that initiatives after the tsunami improved awareness and preparedness. Developing Visakhapatnam as a smart, green city should consider governance
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
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represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
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train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
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Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
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Design and implementation of a fuzzy based tsunami warning system
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 165
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A FUZZY BASED TSUNAMI
WARNING SYSTEM
Twinkle Tayal1
, Prema KV2
1
M.Tech 2nd
year, 2
HOD, CSE, FET, Mody University of Science and Technology, Rajasthan, India
Abstract
A tsunami can be referred to series of water waves initiated by the dislocation of a large quantity of water, usually in ocean or a large
lake. Tsunamis obliterate not only human population but all other species. There are many factors that have potential to cause a
tsunami like Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including explosions of underwater nuclear devices),
landslides, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water. With the preface of modern science and computer
technology, the field of Artificial Intelligence is screening a definite efficacy in all continuum of life. There are certain ways to predict
such disasters and design different kinds of early warning systems. These can be predicted on the basis of climatic conditions and
several other parameters. One such concept that is working as a boom in the fields of environmental science and policy is fuzzy logic.
As fuzzy logic can be widely stated as working with the vague, imprecise data and the linguistic terms. So, this methodology can be
successfully applied in the field of tsunami warning as the influence of different parameters that cause tsunami is different and can be
said as vague. In this work, a fuzzy system has been developed to declare the occurrence of tsunami in terms of linguistic parameters
rare_tsunami, advisory_tsunami and warning by taking the tsunami characteristics earthquake magnitude, volcanic eruption index,
landslide and height of waves in deep ocean. Fuzzy rule base is generated and the results are compared with an IEEE research paper.
Keywords: tsunami, tsunami warning system, design of tsunami warning system, Fuzzy logic, tsunami early warning
system
----------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Tsunami is a Japanese word with the English interpretation,
“harbor wave”. It is represented by two characters, the first
character, "tsu," which means harbor, and the second one,
"nami" which means “wave”. A tsunami is a very long-
wavelength wave of water which is generated by abrupt or
sudden displacement of the seafloor or intrusion in the
standing water. Tsunami is sometimes called as “seismic sea
waves” by the scientific community and “tidal waves” by the
local public. Tsunami waves are different from the normal sea
waves in a way that the wavelength of tsunami is very long.
Originally they look like a briskly rising tide, and due to this
reason they are termed as tidal waves [1]. Though the impact
of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their devastating power
can be enormous and they can affect the entire ocean basins.
There are several many recorded tsunamis in the history that
caused destruction and were very ruinous. In addition to the
appalling human loss of life and damage to habitations and
infrastructure, the environment can be ruined by the impact of
the access of salt water into the agricultural lands. The
vegetation can be also badly influenced by the physical force
of the waves, and the depth of the resultant flooding as the
waves diminished [2]. There are several researches going on
to predict this natural hazard, so that, people can be warned
before. The effect of the natural hazard can’t be minimized,
but, if people warned earlier, it is possible to save many lives.
Several methods and algorithms are being used to predict the
tsunami. On such method that can be used is “fuzzy logic”.
The compelling reason for selection of fuzzy logic model in
this study is the natural fuzziness in the nature of tsunami and
the difference of influence of different causes of tsunami.
2. FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEM
In 1965, L.A. Zadeh laid the fundamentals of fuzzy set theory
[3] as a method to deal with the imprecision of practical
systems. Bellman and Zadeh write that “Much of the decision
making in the real world takes place in an environment in
which the goals, the constraints and the consequences of
possible actions are not known precisely” [4]. This
“imprecision” or “fuzziness” is the staple of fuzzy sets or
fuzzy logic applications. Fuzzy sets were anticipated as a
generalization of standard set theory. Partially as result of this
fact, fuzzy logic remained the preview of highly specialized
and mathematical journals for many years [5]. The concept
and application of fuzzy logic is becoming a tool of the
essence in dealing the issues of environmental science and
policy. It’s becoming a general practice to deal with the
linguistic terms. Fuzzy logic intention is to model human
thinking and reasoning and to relate the model to problems
according to the needs. When human solves problems, he
generally creates verbal rules such as “if <event realized> is
this, the <result> is that". Fuzzy logic tries to acquire these
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 166
verbal rules and the ability to make decisions of humans to
machines/computers. It uses verbal variables and linguistic
terms along with verbal rules. Verbal rules and terms used in
human decision-making process are fuzzy inspite of precise.
Acquiring human logic system to computers/machines will
strengthen problem-solving ability of computers/machines.
Verbal terms and variables are expressed mathematically as
membership degrees and membership functions. Fuzzy
decision-making mechanisms use symbolic verbal phrases
rather than using numeric values. Transferring these symbolic
verbal phrases to computers is based on mathematics. This
mathematical basis is nothing but fuzzy logic. Systems that
use fuzzy logic are alternatives to the difficulty of
mathematical modelling of complex non-linear problems and
fuzzy logic meets mathematical modelling requirement of a
system and can produce effective results based on indefinite
verbal knowledge as humans. In fuzzy logic, information is
verbal phrases or can say linguistic terms such as big, small,
very, few etc. inspite of using numeric values. If a system’s
behaviour can be expressed by rules or requires very complex
non-linear processes, fuzzy logic approach can be applied in
that system [6].
2.1 Mamdani’s Fuzzy Inference Method
Mamdani's fuzzy inference method is the most widely seen
fuzzy methodology. It was among the first control systems
built using fuzzy set theory. It was proposed in 1975 by
Ebrahim Mamdani as an effort to control a steam engine and
boiler combination by synthesizing a set of linguistic control
rules achieved from skilled human operators. Mamdani's
attempt was based on Lotfi Zadeh's 1973 paper on fuzzy
algorithms for complex systems and decision processes.
Mamdani-type inference anticipates the output membership
functions to be fuzzy sets. After performing the aggregation
process, there is a fuzzy set for each output variable that needs
defuzzification. It can be build by using either command line
functions or with the graphical user interface (GUI) present in
the Matlab. In this study, we are using the Mamdani method
for the undeniable reasons as it is spontaneous, commonly
used, widely accepted and it is suited to system requiring
human intervention. In the present study, system is developed
by using the GUI tools, which basically consists of five editors
to build, edit and view the system, as shown in figure 1,
namely
Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) Editor – it is used for
handling the high-level issues for the system like
number of input and output variables and their
names.
Membership Function Editor- it is used for defining
the shapes of all the membership functions associated
with each variable.
Rule Editor- it is used to edit the list of rules that
defines the behavior of the system.
Rule Viewer- it is used to view the fuzzy inference
diagram. It is used to see which rules are active, or
how individual membership function shapes
influence the results.
Surface Viewer – it is used to view the dependency of
one of the outputs on any one or two of the inputs. It
generates and plots an output surface map for the
system [7].
Fig – 1: GUI editors in Mamdani fuzzy method [7]
3. TSUNAMI GENERATION
Fig-2: Causes of Tsunami [8]
As shown in figure 2, most of the oceanic tsunamis (up to 75%
of all historical cases) are generated by shallow-focus
earthquakes competent of transferring enough energy to the
overlying water column. The rest is divided between the
landslide (7%), volcanic (5%) and meteorological (2%)
tsunamis. Up to 10% of all the reported historical run-ups still
have unidentified sources. Some recent studies show that in
fact the fraction of tsunamigenic event where slide-generation
mechanism was indulged can be much higher (up to 30% of
all cases) [8].
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4. TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM
As discussed above, major causes of tsunami are earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions and landslides. So, in prediction or early
warning system, these can be used as the parameters. So, here
in this study along with these 3 parameters one more
parameter, i.e. height of water waves in the deep ocean is
taken.
4.1 Parameters Used
Basically, as according to the geologists the different causes of
tsunami can’t be put into a specific range for whole world.
The tsunami event triggers according to the place and the
according environmental conditions. But based on the
historical data of tsunami, the data ranges of the different
parameters can be evaluated. In the present study, the ranges
are evaluated from the actual existing historical database and
the information of tsunami provided by the organizations like
NOAA pacific tsunami warning centre, Japan meteorological
agency, UNESCO international tsunami information centre,
Wikipedia, Indian tsunami agency. All these parameters will
be treated as inputs in the fuzzy logic system that will be
designed by the help of fuzzy logic toolbox of Matlab. These
parameters can be defined as follows-
Earthquake- A series of vibrations or movements in
the earth's crust. Earthquakes that occur besides the
coastlines or anywhere underneath the oceans can
cause tsunami. The size of the tsunami is usually
depends on the size of the earthquake, with larger
earthquakes generates larger tsunami. It is measured
in Richter scale.
Landslides- Landslides moving into oceans, bays, or
lakes can also cause tsunami. Most such landslides
are generated by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
Volcanic eruption- Volcanoes that occur along
coastal zones, like in Japan and island arcs
throughout the world, can cause several impacts that
can become a reason of a tsunami. Explosive
eruptions can speedily emplace pyroclastic flows into
the water, landslides and debris avalanches generated
by eruptions can rapidly move into water, and
collapse of volcanoes to form calderas can suddenly
displace the water. Measured in VEI (Volcanic
Explosivity Index) which varies from 0 to 8.
Height of waves in deep ocean- height of tsunami
waves in Deep Ocean is very less, not more than
4meters due to decreases level of potential energy.
The height of waves keeps on increasing as waves
reach at the shore [9].
5. METHODOLOGY
Fuzzy system for tsunami warning system can be designed by
applying following procedure in the Matlab Fuzzy Logic
Toolbox:
Inspect the problem to be solved and select the input
and output variables. In this study, input variables
used are magnitude of earthquake, volcanic eruption,
landslide and height of waves and output variable
used is alert_type.
Deciding the fuzzy inference rules. This generally
depends on human experience and trial-and-error.
The interference rule is selected based on the degree
of match and the results of the standards by the
organizations like NOAA pacific tsunami warning
centre, Japan meteorological agency, UNESCO
international tsunami information centre, Wikipedia,
Indian tsunami agency. The values are rounded off to
fit linguistic terms.
Fuzzy membership functions for all the inputs and
the output. Fuzziness in a fuzzy set is illustrated by
its membership functions. It distinguishes the element
in the set, if it is discrete or continuous. This includes
determining the position, shape as well as overlap
between the adjacent membership function, as these
are major factors in determining the performance of
the fuzzy logic. In defining membership function,
different geometric shapes such as triangular,
trapezoidal, or curved etc are used. The selection
depends upon the one’s knowledge and
understanding of the process. In this study, we are
considering trapezoidal membership function as it is
most commonly used shape and moreover, it is best
describing the current problem.
Performing fuzzy inference based on the inference
method. Smoothness of the final control surface is
determined by the inference and defuzzification
methods.
Choose a defuzzification method. Defuzzification
means the fuzzy to crisp conversions. As the output
through the fuzzy system is also fuzzy. So, it needs to
be converted into a crisp value to use it practically.
Different methods are used for defuzzifying the fuzzy
output functions, like, Centroid method, weighted
average method, Centre of sums, Centre of largest
area and so on. Most commonly used method is
centroid method, which is being used in this study.
Precisely, a fuzzy decision is the outcome of weighing the
facts and its importance in the same way that humans make
decisions. Fuzzy logic imitates human like thinking where the
human can figure out an imprecise inference from a collection
of imprecise premises [7].
5.1 Input/ Output Membership Functions
There are 4 inputs in this system. Each input is described by
using the different membership functions such as low,
moderate and extreme as according to their ranges. The output
alert_type is described by the membership functions
rare_alert, advisory_alert and warning_alert. The output of
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system will be rare_alert if no tsunami is likely to occur,
advisory_alert if there may be chances of tsunami in near
future and warning_alert if tsunami is definite and can be
destructive. These functions represent a degree of a binary
value, 1 being the highest and 0 being the lowest. All the
inputs and output are described by using trapezoidal
membership function. It will create uniformity in the system.
All the membership functions are shown in the following
figures
Fig-3: Fuzzy Model for tsunami warning system
Based on the information gathered, the ranges to be used as
the membership values in the fuzzy system can collectively be
described in the table 1 below which are used in defining the
membership functions.
Table 1: Ranges of Different Input
Using these ranges, the tsunami alert type can be predicted.
Also, the output membership values used in the fuzzy system
is 12-point scale of tsunami intensity was proposed in 2001 by
Gerassimos Papadopoulos and Fumihiko Imamura. The
tsunami scale is arranged according to a tsunami's effects on
humans (a), effects on objects including boats (b), and damage
to buildings (c) [10]. Based on these 12 points, the output
membership values are grouped as follows-
Rare tsunami alert- 0-7
Advisory tsunami alert-7-10
Major Tsunami warning- 10-12
If rare is the alert output from the system then, there is nothing
to worry about. Tsunami will not occur.
If advisory is the alert, then tsunami may happen. General
people are advised to be in contact with the local organizations
and keep on hearing news.
If warning is the output, definite tsunami will be there.
General public is warned about the danger and advised to
move from the area. The situation can be devastating and
destructive.
The membership functions of inputs and output are as shown
in figures
Fig-4: Membership Function for input earthquake.
Fig- 5: Membership Function for input volcanic_eruption
Parameter Value
Earthquake 0 to 6.3 -> low
6.4 to 8 -> moderate
8.1 to 9.9 -> extreme
Volcanic eruption 0 to 0.8 ->
non_explosive
0.9 to 4 -> explosive
4.1 to 7.9 ->
extreme_explosive
Landslide 0 to 2.9 -> low
3 to 7 -> moderate
7.1 to 9.9 -> extreme
Height of waves in deep
ocean
0 to 3.9 -> dangerous
4 to 7.1 ->
may_be_tsunami
7.2 to 10 -> normal
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Fig-6: Membership Function for input height_in_deep_ocean
Fig-7: Membership Function for input landslide
Fig-8: Membership Function for output alert_type
5.2 Fuzzy Rules
Fuzzy rules play the most important part in the fuzzy system.
These rules can be decided on the basis of one’s knowledge or
understanding. As here, we are using the standardized data for
all the inputs; fuzzy rules are dependent on them. The fuzzy
rules basically are in the form of IF x then y. In the Matlab
Fuzzy Logic Toolbox, there is a rule editor to enter the rules
and edit them if required. 83 rules are used for the current
water quality estimator. The rule editor for our quality
estimator is shown in the figure 9.There are three formats in
which rules can be entered in the rule editor, that are either
verbose, which is being used in the current study, or symbolic
or indexed [7]. A rule is defined in the following way:
1. If (earthquake_mag is extreme) and (volcaniceruption is
non_explosive) and (height_in_deep"_water is tsunami) and
(landslide is low) then (output1 is warning_alert)
Fig-9: Rule Editor for Tsunami Warning System
5.3 Simulations
We have conducted a number of experiments by entering the
different values of the inputs and every time the system is
giving correct output as it was assumed according to our
acquired knowledge and information according to historical
databases. Rule viewer is used to enter your inputs and see
how each and every rule is behaving on your given input.
Finally, it gives one defuzzified crisp output based on the
method you had used. We are using centroid method in the
current study. For example, when we take input as [4 0.5 8 1].
According to us, the output should be rare_alert as all the
inputs are in the range when there is no possibility of tsunami.
When simulated from the system we have designed, the results
are coming to be as, shown in figure 10.
Fig-10: Rule Viewer for input described above
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Defuzzified value comes out to be 3.63, which is under the
rare_alert range. Surface viewer is also used to show the
output behavior with respect to the inputs. Basically, it works
well for 2 input and 1 output system. As number of inputs
increased, any two inputs can be selected as x and y axis and
the output can be mapped accordingly. Here, in the present
study as there are 4 inputs so according to the different inputs
on x and y axis, output alert_type can be mapped as shown in
the following figures below
Fig-11: Surface viewer with earthquake and volcanic_eruption
as inputs
Fig-12: Surface viewer with volcanic_eruption and landslide
as inputs
Fig-13: Surface viewer with volcanic_eruption and
height_in_deep_ocean as inputs
6. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
On conducting a number of experiments with different data
sets, each time we are getting the correct output. As when we
input the data as described above the result should be that alert
will be rare_alert. When applied, we are crisp output value as
3.63, which is under the range of rare. So, the result according
to the fuzzy model is also that alert will be rare_alert, no
tsunami is likely to occur. In the same way, for different inputs
we are getting correct results as expected.
We have compared our work with the work in the IEEE
research paper “Cherian, Carathedathu Mathew, Nivethitha
Jayaraj, and S. Ganesh Vaidyanathan, "Artificially Intelligent
Tsunami Early Warning System." In Computer Modeling and
Simulation (UKSim), 2010 12th International Conference on,
pp. 39-44. IEEE, 2010” [11]. In this paper, they have taken
only 2 parameters, but we have taken 4 number of inputs as
along with the earthquake, landslides and volcanic eruptions
are also causes tsunami in the several regions and many major
and devastating tsunamis due to volcanic eruptions and
landslides have recorded in the past. They had also
implemented the problem in the Matlab Fuzzy Logic Toolbox
as we have. We have taken standardized data according to the
well known authorities NOAA pacific tsunami warning centre,
Japan meteorological agency, UNESCO international tsunami
information centre, Wikipedia, Indian tsunami agency and
defined our membership functions for each input according to
the standard ranges. As they had taken 2 inputs, they are
using 12 rules to describe the system whereas we are using 83
rules to describe the system,. We have uniformity in our
system as we have described all the inputs by the trapezoidal
membership functions. They had divided the different
parameters into various no. of ranges, like for output they are
using 5 sets, where as we are taking 3 sets namely rare,
advisory and warning, which is more realistic situation and
easy to understand. Moreover, when compared with this
existing system, our system is found to be more capable and is
giving better results.
7. CONCLUSIONS
Fuzzy logic provides an alternative to represent linguistic and
subjective aspects of the real world in computing. The
intention behind the selection of fuzzy logic model in this
study is that system uses fuzzy logic model conveys valuable
and real results depending on the uncertain, vague, indecisive
and imprecise verbal knowledge just like logic of a human
being. Moreover, it takes long time to use the other methods
for such problem and by using fuzzy we can reach a general
solution by doing only limited number of experiments.
Mamdani has been designed in this study. The prediction
scheme presented here can be considered as a step towards
this natural hazard tsunami which results in destruction on a
high level. This can successfully be applied by taking other
parameters into consideration and moreover, in this study
general data has been evaluated from the historical database,
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Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 171
this system can work more efficiently if data for a particular
area is used.
REFERENCES
[1]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami
[2]. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tsunami/
[3]. L.A. Zadeh, “Fuzzy Sets,” in Information and Control,
vol. 8. New York: Academic Press, 1965, pp. 338-353.
[4]. R. E. Bellman and L. A. Zadeh, “Decision-making a fuzzy
environment,” Management Science, vol. 17, pp. 141-
164,1970.
[5]. K. Tomsovic and M.Y.Chow,” Tutorial on Fuzzy Logic
Applications in Power Systems” IEEE-PES winter meeting,
Singapore, 2000
[6]. Poongodi, M., Manjula, L., Pradeepkumar, S. and
Umadevi, M.(Dec 2011), Cancer prediction technique using
fuzzy logic, International journal of Current Research, Vol. 3,
Issue 11, pp. 333-336.
[7]. http://www.mathworks.in/help/fuzzy/building systems-
with-fuzzy-logic-toolbox-software.html#FP6300.
[8]. http://tsun.sscc.ru/tsun_hp.htm
[9]. http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/springle/
[10]. Papadopoulos, Gerassimos A., and Fumihiko Imamura.
"A proposal for a new tsunami intensity scale." ITS 2001
Proceedings. No. 5-1. 2001.
[11]. Cherian, Carathedathu Mathew, Nivethitha Jayaraj, and
S. Ganesh Vaidyanathan. ”Artificially Intelligent Tsunami
Early Warning System.” In Computer Modeling and
Simulation (UKSim), 2010 12th Interntional Conference on,
pp. 39-44.IEEE, 2010”
BIOGRAPHIES
Twinkle Tayal, student of M.tech, 2nd
year,
CSE, Mody University of Science and
Technology. Till now published 3 papers in
international journals.
Dr. Prema KV, Head of Department, CSE,
FET, Mody University of Science and
Technology. Till now has published 17
journal papers and 37 conference papers.
Earlier guided 2 PhD and an AICTE(2006-
2009) project and currently guiding 6 PhD
Projects.