This document describes the design and fabrication of a blended wing body (BWB) unmanned aerial vehicle. It discusses the BWB concept and its advantages over conventional aircraft designs, including greater internal space and aerodynamic efficiency. The authors designed a BWB model made of balsa and basswood with airfoils selected for lift generation. Analysis and fabrication steps are outlined, including material selection, airfoil choice, configuration design, lift calculation using both theoretical and computational fluid dynamics methods, and manufacturing of individual parts and final assembly. The conclusions state that the designed BWB provides higher payload capacity and volume than conventional designs while enhancing the authors' technical skills.
Design and Enhancement of Rear Under-Run Protection Device For 15 Tonne Capac...paperpublications3
Abstract: The heavy commercial vehicles are equipped with under-run protection devices (UPD) to enhance safety of occupants in small vehicles in the event of under-run. These UPD are popularly classified as RUPD (rear under-run protection devices), SUPD (side under-run protection devices), and FUPD (front under-run protection devices). These devices primarily work to improve safety of smaller vehicles by changing its interaction with heavy vehicles thereby resulting in change in small vehicle structural engagement for energy absorption. Without UPD, smaller vehicle passenger compartment is likely to interact with stiff commercial vehicle chassis frame structures.
Model development and the shape optimization analysis of a rear knuckle for r...eSAT Journals
Abstract Automotive motorsport sector demands lightweight car component that directly contributes to fuel efficiency of a race car. Currently, EIMA Race Car got issues with the car weight. The current knuckle is heavy and did not undergo design process and analysis. The race cars need to compete with others in a 15 laps of endurance race. Refueling is prohibited during the race, thus it is very important to ensure the parts are in top condition and lightweight. By using the selected method and optimization tool for the rear knuckle, this paper looks into the design and development of a knuckle for EIMA race car. Solidworks has been used as a design tool and analysis process. The final design then undergoes an optimization process and the proposed design has been fabricated. The result can be considered successful as the new design is 70% lighter than the current rear knuckle. Keywords: Product Design, simulation, race car knuckle, lightweight, optimization.
To provide auto belt tensioner unit to existing bucket elevator for handling of grains in rice mill, which should be reliable, safe and of less maintenance cost.
Design and Enhancement of Rear Under-Run Protection Device For 15 Tonne Capac...paperpublications3
Abstract: The heavy commercial vehicles are equipped with under-run protection devices (UPD) to enhance safety of occupants in small vehicles in the event of under-run. These UPD are popularly classified as RUPD (rear under-run protection devices), SUPD (side under-run protection devices), and FUPD (front under-run protection devices). These devices primarily work to improve safety of smaller vehicles by changing its interaction with heavy vehicles thereby resulting in change in small vehicle structural engagement for energy absorption. Without UPD, smaller vehicle passenger compartment is likely to interact with stiff commercial vehicle chassis frame structures.
Model development and the shape optimization analysis of a rear knuckle for r...eSAT Journals
Abstract Automotive motorsport sector demands lightweight car component that directly contributes to fuel efficiency of a race car. Currently, EIMA Race Car got issues with the car weight. The current knuckle is heavy and did not undergo design process and analysis. The race cars need to compete with others in a 15 laps of endurance race. Refueling is prohibited during the race, thus it is very important to ensure the parts are in top condition and lightweight. By using the selected method and optimization tool for the rear knuckle, this paper looks into the design and development of a knuckle for EIMA race car. Solidworks has been used as a design tool and analysis process. The final design then undergoes an optimization process and the proposed design has been fabricated. The result can be considered successful as the new design is 70% lighter than the current rear knuckle. Keywords: Product Design, simulation, race car knuckle, lightweight, optimization.
To provide auto belt tensioner unit to existing bucket elevator for handling of grains in rice mill, which should be reliable, safe and of less maintenance cost.
Structural Weight Optimization of Aircraft Wing Component Using FEM Approach.IJERA Editor
One of the main challenges for the civil aviation industry is the reduction of its environmental impact by better fuel efficiency by virtue of Structural optimization. Over the past years, improvements in performance and fuel efficiency have been achieved by simplifying the design of the structural components and usage of composite materials to reduce the overall weight of the structure. This paper deals with the weight optimization of transport aircraft with low wing configuration. The Linear static and Normal Mode analysis were carried out using MSc Nastran & Msc Patran under different pressure conditions and the results were verified with the help of classical approach. The Stress and displacement results were found and verified and hence arrived to the conclusion about the optimization of the wing structure.
Flow Anlaysis on Hal Tejas Aircraft using Computational Fluid Dynamics with D...IJAEMSJORNAL
In the current globalization, we can see many innovations being introduced or implemented in every aspect of field that are considered to be existed. Every country is aiming to develop its power over all the aspects that considered for comparison with other countries in order to stand at same level of competition with others. One such power considered by all countries to develop every possible way to have a healthy competition is the military power which involves basically innovations of fast moving aircraft having a high lift coefficient and low drag coefficient. Such an aircraft having the high lift and low drag coefficient is TEJAS (HAL) developed by country India on which the purpose of paper mainly sustains. The paper mainly focuses on steady-state flow analysis over aircraft TEJAS using the computer aided modelling techniques and also the comparison of the results obtained from the modelled techniques. The paper also outlines the designing of the structural model of the TEJAS in a modelling software, creation of a finite computational domain, segmentation of this domain into discrete intervals, applying boundary conditions such as velocity in order to obtain plots and desired results determining the coefficient of pressure, lift and drag coefficient, velocity magnitude etc. This paper also aims in creating awareness to the future students about the techniques involved and knowledge required for developing a designed modelled. This paper also highlights the use of CFD techniques involved for the purpose of fluid flow simulation of the aircraft especially performing the meshing techniques, pre and post processing techniques and finally the evaluation of the simulation. Finally this paper can be seen as source by future generation students in gaining knowledge about design, analysis and simulation of the structured model on various conditions, about the field of aerospace engineering and new innovations being developed and also about the career involved when the above fields were chosen foe specialization purposes
Technical Development of Design & Fabrication of an Unmanned Aerial VehicleIOSR Journals
: UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) is an air vehicle which is largely used for surveillance, monitoring,
reconnaissance, data relay, and data collection or to enter the area which is not safe for human i.e. flood
affected or virus affected area. This paper represents the unique design of such an UAV which designed at
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY to participate in an international competition SAE
Aero Design West-2013. As per competition requirement empty weight of the UAV must be less than 2 lb and
must fly with payload as heavy as possible for good scoring. Initially, the model of the UAV was tested in wind
tunnel and the test data showed that the model aircraft performance was capable enough for flying and covering
an area specified in the competition. Subsequently, an actual aircraft was fabricated of that model and flight
tested which proved the match with theoretical, statistical and experimental data that was obtained from wind
tunnel test, wing tip test, tensile test of manufacturing material and CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) flow
simulation over the aerofoil.
Blended Wing Body (BWB) - Future Of AviationAsim Ghatak
What is Blended Wing Body, History, Advantages And Disadvantages, Design and Structure, How airplanes Fly, Conventional airplanes vs. BWB, Future Scope And Challenges.
Understanding the Impact and Challenges of Corona Crisis on Education Sector...vivatechijri
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shutting down of all colleges and schools for a temporary period of time as an immediate measure to stop the
spread of pandemic that is of novel corona virus. As the days pass by almost close to a month with no certainty
when they will again reopen. Due to pandemic like this an alarm bells have started sounding in the field of
education where a huge impact can be seen on teaching and learning process as well as on the entire education
sector in turn. The pandemic disruption like this is actually gave time to educators of today to really think about
the sector. Through the present research article, the author is highlighting on the possible impact of
coronavirus on education sector with the future challenges for education sector with possible suggestions.
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organization in the social scene. Leadership is only responsible in bringing positive and negative change in the
organization; if the leadership doesn’t have the concern in the organization, the organization will not be able to
lead in the right direction towards improvement and development.
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One of the main challenges for the civil aviation industry is the reduction of its environmental impact by better fuel efficiency by virtue of Structural optimization. Over the past years, improvements in performance and fuel efficiency have been achieved by simplifying the design of the structural components and usage of composite materials to reduce the overall weight of the structure. This paper deals with the weight optimization of transport aircraft with low wing configuration. The Linear static and Normal Mode analysis were carried out using MSc Nastran & Msc Patran under different pressure conditions and the results were verified with the help of classical approach. The Stress and displacement results were found and verified and hence arrived to the conclusion about the optimization of the wing structure.
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In the current globalization, we can see many innovations being introduced or implemented in every aspect of field that are considered to be existed. Every country is aiming to develop its power over all the aspects that considered for comparison with other countries in order to stand at same level of competition with others. One such power considered by all countries to develop every possible way to have a healthy competition is the military power which involves basically innovations of fast moving aircraft having a high lift coefficient and low drag coefficient. Such an aircraft having the high lift and low drag coefficient is TEJAS (HAL) developed by country India on which the purpose of paper mainly sustains. The paper mainly focuses on steady-state flow analysis over aircraft TEJAS using the computer aided modelling techniques and also the comparison of the results obtained from the modelled techniques. The paper also outlines the designing of the structural model of the TEJAS in a modelling software, creation of a finite computational domain, segmentation of this domain into discrete intervals, applying boundary conditions such as velocity in order to obtain plots and desired results determining the coefficient of pressure, lift and drag coefficient, velocity magnitude etc. This paper also aims in creating awareness to the future students about the techniques involved and knowledge required for developing a designed modelled. This paper also highlights the use of CFD techniques involved for the purpose of fluid flow simulation of the aircraft especially performing the meshing techniques, pre and post processing techniques and finally the evaluation of the simulation. Finally this paper can be seen as source by future generation students in gaining knowledge about design, analysis and simulation of the structured model on various conditions, about the field of aerospace engineering and new innovations being developed and also about the career involved when the above fields were chosen foe specialization purposes
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Real estate is by far one of the most trusted investments that people have preferred, being a lucrative investment it provides a steady source of income in the form of lease and rents. Although there are numerous advantages, one of the key downsides of real estate investments is lack of liquidity. Thus, even though global real estate investments amount to about twice the size of investments in stock markets, the number of investors in the real estate market is significantly lower. Block chain technology has real potential in addressing the issues of liquidity and transparency, opening the market to even retail investors. Owing to the functionality and flexibility of creating Security Tokens, which are backed by real-world assets, real estate can be made liquid with the help of Special Purpose Vehicles. Tokens of ERC 777 standard, which represent fractional ownership of the real estate can be purchased by an investor and these tokens can also be listed on secondary exchanges. The robustness of Smart Contracts can enable the efficient transfer of tokens and seamless distribution of earnings amongst the investors. This work describes Ethereum blockchainbased solutions to make the existing Real Estate investment system much more efficient.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
1. VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 4 (2021)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
9th
National Conference on Role of Engineers in Nation Building – 2021 (NCRENB-2021)
G-44
www.viva-technology.org/New/IJRI
Design and Fabrication of Blended Wing Body
Rahul Posture1
, Shreyash Paradkar2
, Omkar Pawar3
, Omkar Padwal4
1
(Mechanical Department, VIVA Institute of Technology/ Mumbai University, India)
2
(Mechanical Department, VIVA Institute of Technology/ Mumbai University, India)
3
(Mechanical Department, VIVA Institute of Technology/ Mumbai University, India)
4
(Mechanical Department, VIVA Institute of Technology/ Mumbai University, India)
Abstract : Aircrafts are the widely used vehicle for rapid and long distance transportation. Although it is time
consuming, the conventional design of aircraft doesn't gives much space inside the aircraft and also consumes
more power because of its aerodynamic structure. Hence it is necessary to develop a new composite structural
design which overcomes these barriers. Blended Wing Body (BWB) is one of the solution of these problems. The
BWB configuration is a new concept in a aircraft design which provides greater internal volume, aerodynamics
and structural efficiency & noise reduction. The design approach of BWB is to maximize overall efficiency by
integrating the propulsion system, wings and the body into a single lifting surface. BWB is a unibody air craft
where the fuselage, wing and tail gets merged to form a single entity. The fuselage section of BWB is flattened
and has slightly airfoil shaped structure which exceeds the overall lift generation of aircraft. The objective of this
paper is to study aerodynamic study of Blended Wing Body. The project deals with the designing, analysing and
fabricating of UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) type electrically powered BWB aircraft system, and also selecting
appropriate propulsion system and other electric components.
Keywords –Aerodynamic and structural efficiency, Blended Wing Body, Unmanned aerial vehicle
I. INTRODUCTION
In the future, the world is going to face the issue of lack of fuel. Hence scientists started to work on fuel-efficient
vehicle systems. In a aviation field scientists are come up with the idea of Blended Wing Body Aircraft. Since the
thrust to weight ratio of Blended Wing Body is more than the conventional type of aircraft, it requires lesser
amount of energy and it burns less amount of fuel. The main objective of our project is designing and fabricating
the Blended Wing Body aircraft which is very fuel-efficient.
The conventional aircraft system gives very less amount of space for passengers and cargo inside the fuselage.
This is one of the main problem which we face during transportation. Because of the less amount of space, it's
very hard to transport goods which are large in size. Hence, it is our aim to design a aircraft system which gives
more space to the passenger during transportation.
In the modern era, air pollution and noise pollution are two of the major problems for environment and mankind.
The conventional aircraft system is emits more gas and makes more noise which is hazardous for environment.
Hence, building a aircraft system which burns less amount of fuel and generates less amount of noise is also our
aim.
1. Project Background
The concept of airplane was firstly introduced by Wright brothers in early 1903. But the Nicolas Woyevodsky is
the first person who bought the idea of Blended Wing Body Aircraft in 1920. He tested first flight in 1924, but
unfortunately pilots gets some major injury and project gets cancelled. Then again this idea was proposed in 1940
for miles M26 airliner project and the miles M30 ‘x-mina’ research prototype was built to investigate it. The
McDonnell XP-67 prototype interceptor also get tested in 1944 but this time also the expectations are not matched
as per requirement. After that many aircraft companies come with their projects and research on BWB still in
progress to fulfill the requirements.
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1.1 Boeing Blended Wing Body Program
In 2001, Boeing has collaborated with NASA and Air Force Research Laboratory for the joint program which is
based on Blended Wing Body aircraft. The main objective of this joint program is to develop a aircraft vehicle is
more fuel-efficient and also reduce the noise and gas emission. They are working on optimization in designing of
Boeing X-48B aircraft. On July 2007, they had tested a 12ft model of BWB aircraft at NASA Dryder Flight
Research Centre (DFRC). The result of flight test is actually very good and it also shows that the flight control
system of the BWB was feasible.
1.2 The Hyperion Project
In today’s era, within the aerospace community, many global companies had collaborated with each other for a
complex global joint which is known as Hyperion Project, is grows rapidly, in this project all the collaborated
companies tries to overcome the challenges together. It helps to keep standardization in models of BWB aircraft
and it also helps to increase the speed of researching on optimization of BWB aircraft.
II. CONSTRAINTS AND REQUIREMENTS
As we are developing new technologies, everyone wants effective and faster moving plane. For this we
found that electric motor or engine can be used. The main task is selection of motor. To give power we can use
battery as a source, so we select cell battery for our aircraft as our first constraint. After that the main part of any
aircraft is Airfoil. For stability, the airfoil plays a vital role in aircraft. For our plane we select airfoil which is
essential for BWB. The efficiency, stability and performance of aircraft depend upon the airfoil and motor.
In Design of BWB, selection of airfoil is one of the difficult task. In BWB, we require large space for
payload and since we does not have fuselage we have to select airfoils, which have thickness to cord ratio near by
17 to 18. These airfoils are not similar, which have seen in todays commercial aircraft i.e. supercritical airfoils.
For center part we required large leading-edge radii. And for the wing we can use the conventional airfoil for
lifting purpose and for the middle body we have to use the reflexed air foil to provide pitch trim, lifting and
compensating for the lack of tail. These both are simply meshed for single body BWB.
For the centre part we have to select airfoil which has more area in leading part. This space will act as a
fuselage which will used for carrying cargo. So this type of airfoil fulfills the both requirement, one is fuselage
and other is large load carrying space. For generating more lift, the wing airfoils is very important. While
generating more lift we also have to consider drag coming on plane when landing is taking place. So we have to
choose airfoil which gives us more lift during take-off purpose and also minimum drag during landing of plane.
The motor also plays vital role in RC plane. We want motor which can produce sufficient thrust during
flight.
III. METHODOLOGY
1.Process of Designing
It includes all the necessary virtual analysis, calculation and selection process which we have to do before
starting manufacturing of physical model. All kinds of parameters of aircraft and all the necessary components
are selected in this process. A well optimized design will help to better performance. It is most important Process
in the methodology. This process is mainly consist three stages these are follows.
1.1 Material Selection
In every product, material performance a key role in its success. For any aircraft system light weight
material is required for making a light weight aircraft. Because the light weight of aircraft helps for the better and
efficient performance. Also the shape of BWB aircraft is very complex, hence the machinability of material should
be good.
As we know the wood is light weight material and it is also very easy to machine. Hence we are
going to use two different types of wood for better design.
i. Balsa wood (density 170-220 kg/m3
)- It is light weight material.
ii. Bass wood (density 400-450 kg/m3
) –It will provide strength.
3. VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 4 (2021)
ISSN(Online): 2581-7280
VIVA Institute of Technology
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1.2 Airfoil selection
In the design of aircraft, the airfoil selection plays a vital role. The generated lift and induced drag both are
dependent on the airfoil we have selected for the wing and stabilizers. In conventional aircraft, the airfoils used
are supercritical airfoil but in BWB we require more than that the supercritical airfoil
In the fuselage section, we are going to use the airfoil N-22. Since it has good amount of thickness which gives
more amount space inside the fuselage. The coefficient of lift of N-22 is0.6461. Hence, it will also contribute in
overall lift of aircraft.
In the wing section, we are going to use S1223 airfoil. The coefficient of lift of S1223 is 1.1665 which is very
high. Hence it will help to give high amount of lift to aircraft
1.3 Overall configuration of air craft
Blended Wing Body aircraft is a unibody aircraft in which the fuselage, empennage and wing gets merged to
reduce the drag and increase overall lift. The aircraft has wing span of 1.6 m and it’s length is around 0.8 m. The
middle 40 cm part of span consists the fuselage section. The rest of wing has a chord around 40-35 cm. The two
rudder are situated at the both end of air crafts
Fig. 1 Contours of static pressure of N-22 airfoil Fig. 2 Contours of static pressure of S-1223 airfoil
Fig. 3 CAD Model of Blended Wing Body
4. VIVA-Tech International Journal for Research and Innovation Volume 1, Issue 4 (2021)
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1.4 Lift calculation
By Theoretical Method,
The formulae of lift is given as
L = ½ ×ρ× v² × Cl × A
Where, L = Lift generated by aircraft
ρ = density of air
v = velocity of aircraft
Cl = coefficient of lift
A = surface area
Lift generated by wing
Lw = ½ × 1.225 × (8)2
×0.615 × 1.1665
= 28.12 N
Lift generated by fuselage
Lf = ½ × 1.225 × (8)2
× 0.3 × 0.6461
= 7.6 N
Overall Lift
L = Lw + Lf
= 28.12 + 7.6
= 35.72 N
By Graphical Method,
For finding the lift of the aircraft we perform the CFD analysis on CAD model of BWB
aircraft by using SOLIDWORKS Software. The result shows that the this aircraft configuration gives
lift 26.37 N.
2. Process of Manufacturing
The whole physical model of Blended Wing Body aircraft is made in this process. In this process, we
have to perform different kinds of operations and manufacturing process. The process of manufacturing mainly
consist the two steps these are follows.
Fig. 4 CFD Analysis of CAD Model of BWB Aircraft
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2.1 Manufacturing the different parts
All the required parts are manufactured in this step. First, all parts are generated on CAD modelling
software SOLIDWORKS. And then verify it with the virtual assembly and after the final checking, Lesser Cutting
Machine is used to cut the required parts of aircraft such as airfoil on balsa wood sheet and basswood sheet. It
includes all operational parts of aircraft such as airfoils, spars, etc.
2.2 Fabricating the BWB Aircraft
The different parts of aircraft which we obtain after lesser cutting are joined together with adhesive to
fabricate the BWB aircraft. This process requires high accuracy to joint them properly at exact position and perfect
orientation. We have to use adhesive efficiently because it performs major role in weight of aircraft. It can increase
use weight of aircraft.
IV. CONCLUSION
We Conclude that the BWB which made with the above consideration will have an efficient design than
the conventional aircraft design. The design of our plane is efficient to some extent for RC plane. It will give some
new designs in Blended Wing Body aircraft than that present design. This aircraft has high volume capacity in
fuselage. So, it is capable of carrying some extra amount of payload than that of the conventional aircraft. During
this project, we enhanced our technical and software skills by using different types of tools and softwares.
REFERENCES
Journal Papers:
[1]Edwin Ordoukhanian, Azad M. Madani, “Blended Wing Body Architecting and Design: Current Status and Future Prospects,” Science
direct,2016.
[2]Wensheng Zhu, Xiongqing Yu, Yu Wong, “Layout Optimization for Blended Wing Body Aircraft Structure,” International Journal of
Aeronautical and Space Sciences, May 2019.
[3]Odeh Dababneha, Timoleon KIpouros, “A review of Aircraft Wing Mass Estimation Methods,” Aerospace Science and technology, Vol 72,
January 2018.
[4]G. D. Goh, “Additive manufacturing in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: Challenges and Potential, “Science, March 2014.
[5]RH Liebeck, “ Design of blended wing body subsonic transport,” Journal of aircraft, 2012.
[6]Mark Voskuijl, Gianfranco La Rocca, Frank Dircken, “Controllability of Blended Wing Body Aircraft,” 26th
International Congress of the
Aeronautical Science, 2008.
[7]LI Peifeng, Zang Binqian, Chen Yingchun, Yuan changsheng, Lin Yu, “ Aerodynamic Design Methodology for Blended Wing Body
Transport,” Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, October 2011.
[8]D. S. Lee, L. F. Gonzalez, “Multy-objective/multidisciplinary design optimisation of blended wing body UAV via advanced evolutionary
algorithms,” 45th
AIAA Aerospace Science Meeting and Exhibit, January 2007.
Books:
[9]John D. Anderson, Aircraft Performance and Design.
[10] Mohammad H. Sadraey, Aircraft Design.