Abstract: The heavy commercial vehicles are equipped with under-run protection devices (UPD) to enhance safety of occupants in small vehicles in the event of under-run. These UPD are popularly classified as RUPD (rear under-run protection devices), SUPD (side under-run protection devices), and FUPD (front under-run protection devices). These devices primarily work to improve safety of smaller vehicles by changing its interaction with heavy vehicles thereby resulting in change in small vehicle structural engagement for energy absorption. Without UPD, smaller vehicle passenger compartment is likely to interact with stiff commercial vehicle chassis frame structures.
Cfd analysis of car body aerodynamics including effect of passive flow device...eSAT Journals
Abstract With the emphasis lying on increasing fuel efficiency of vehicles in order to combat rising fuel prices and environmental
challenges the manufacturers are thinking beyond the conventional vehicle systems by focusing on its aerodynamics. Aerodynamic
drag exceeds 50 per cent of the total resistance to motion at speeds above 70km/hr, and above 100 km/hr it is the most important
factor. The review is done to identify the various shortcomings of the automotive designers when it is in regards to flow
separation of air at the rear of the vehicle which causes most of the losses. This paper focuses on the work already done in the
field of aerodynamics starting with Ahmed Body. It is a bluff body with adjustable rear slant angle and the basis upon which the
aerodynamicists test their models. And then, moving onto passive aerodynamic enhancements for automobiles like vortex
generators and diffusers whose various dimensional modulations were discussed with several steps leading to its advancement in
vehicle body design. This brings to the simulation, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and its role in this analysis was
covered. CFD has been modified a lot from the beginning to increase the accuracy of its predictions. So the paper lists various
simulation techniques studied by the previous researchers in order to understand the wake region behind the car which has been
notoriously difficult to predict till date. Several aspects of aerodynamic drag that need further analysis to improve the
aerodynamic were highlighted.
Keywords: Drag Force, Drag Coefficient, Ahmed Body, CFD Simulation, Vehicle Aerodynamics, Passive Flow
Devices
Flow Anlaysis on Hal Tejas Aircraft using Computational Fluid Dynamics with D...IJAEMSJORNAL
In the current globalization, we can see many innovations being introduced or implemented in every aspect of field that are considered to be existed. Every country is aiming to develop its power over all the aspects that considered for comparison with other countries in order to stand at same level of competition with others. One such power considered by all countries to develop every possible way to have a healthy competition is the military power which involves basically innovations of fast moving aircraft having a high lift coefficient and low drag coefficient. Such an aircraft having the high lift and low drag coefficient is TEJAS (HAL) developed by country India on which the purpose of paper mainly sustains. The paper mainly focuses on steady-state flow analysis over aircraft TEJAS using the computer aided modelling techniques and also the comparison of the results obtained from the modelled techniques. The paper also outlines the designing of the structural model of the TEJAS in a modelling software, creation of a finite computational domain, segmentation of this domain into discrete intervals, applying boundary conditions such as velocity in order to obtain plots and desired results determining the coefficient of pressure, lift and drag coefficient, velocity magnitude etc. This paper also aims in creating awareness to the future students about the techniques involved and knowledge required for developing a designed modelled. This paper also highlights the use of CFD techniques involved for the purpose of fluid flow simulation of the aircraft especially performing the meshing techniques, pre and post processing techniques and finally the evaluation of the simulation. Finally this paper can be seen as source by future generation students in gaining knowledge about design, analysis and simulation of the structured model on various conditions, about the field of aerospace engineering and new innovations being developed and also about the career involved when the above fields were chosen foe specialization purposes
Forecasting Hybrid Aircraft: How Changing Policy is Driving InnovationAndrew Wilhelm
Forecast of hybrid and fully electric aircraft engines. Research relies on regulations set by the International Civil Aviation Organization and the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Infrastructure Requirements for Urban Air Mobility: A Financial EvaluationAndrew Wilhelm
The purpose of this research is to determine the financial feasibility of an urban air mobility (UAM) system. The evaluation will consider the infrastructure requirements and how they relate to those of existing urban mass transit services. Forces driving this innovation involve the long commute times within metropolitan areas. To rectify the problem, public mass transportation is commonly implemented in these localities. Cost for this solution is economically justified by improvements to travel time, operating, environmental, noise, and accident factors as compared to individual automobiles. A financial model for urban mass transportation is built around these characteristics and is the basis for UAM. To be competitive with the incumbent technology, new designs must meet four benchmark requirements. These entail an air vehicle that costs less than $10 million, travel that is three times faster than ground-based services, seating for 55 adults, and the capability of continuous operation. Should these criteria be met, the proposed solution will have an economic value roughly equal to that of those currently in place. The implementation of UAM can be conducted by either a clean slate or incremental approach. A real options analysis indicates that the project NPV will be similar between the two, but the latter carries less financial risk. Maintaining both systems until UAM is made sustainable attributes to this reduction. Other risks considered involve regulatory, operating, and performance concerns. The largest of which is the lack of information on future UAM air vehicle maintenance. During the financial modeling, it is assumed that the proposed operating cost is equivalent to the existing service, which is not necessarily the case. Given proper risk mitigation, the incremental implementation plan details how UAM will satisfy regulatory requirements and transition into operation. Governmental authorities are expected to take between six and eight years validating the system. In all, the proposed UAM solution will take ten years to implement and have an economic value of $48.2 million.
Design and Fabrication of Blended Wing Bodyvivatechijri
Aircrafts are the widely used vehicle for rapid and long distance transportation. Although it is time
consuming, the conventional design of aircraft doesn't gives much space inside the aircraft and also consumes
more power because of its aerodynamic structure. Hence it is necessary to develop a new composite structural
design which overcomes these barriers. Blended Wing Body (BWB) is one of the solution of these problems. The
BWB configuration is a new concept in a aircraft design which provides greater internal volume, aerodynamics
and structural efficiency & noise reduction. The design approach of BWB is to maximize overall efficiency by
integrating the propulsion system, wings and the body into a single lifting surface. BWB is a unibody air craft
where the fuselage, wing and tail gets merged to form a single entity. The fuselage section of BWB is flattened
and has slightly airfoil shaped structure which exceeds the overall lift generation of aircraft. The objective of this
paper is to study aerodynamic study of Blended Wing Body. The project deals with the designing, analysing and
fabricating of UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) type electrically powered BWB aircraft system, and also selecting
appropriate propulsion system and other electric components
Cfd analysis of car body aerodynamics including effect of passive flow device...eSAT Journals
Abstract With the emphasis lying on increasing fuel efficiency of vehicles in order to combat rising fuel prices and environmental
challenges the manufacturers are thinking beyond the conventional vehicle systems by focusing on its aerodynamics. Aerodynamic
drag exceeds 50 per cent of the total resistance to motion at speeds above 70km/hr, and above 100 km/hr it is the most important
factor. The review is done to identify the various shortcomings of the automotive designers when it is in regards to flow
separation of air at the rear of the vehicle which causes most of the losses. This paper focuses on the work already done in the
field of aerodynamics starting with Ahmed Body. It is a bluff body with adjustable rear slant angle and the basis upon which the
aerodynamicists test their models. And then, moving onto passive aerodynamic enhancements for automobiles like vortex
generators and diffusers whose various dimensional modulations were discussed with several steps leading to its advancement in
vehicle body design. This brings to the simulation, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and its role in this analysis was
covered. CFD has been modified a lot from the beginning to increase the accuracy of its predictions. So the paper lists various
simulation techniques studied by the previous researchers in order to understand the wake region behind the car which has been
notoriously difficult to predict till date. Several aspects of aerodynamic drag that need further analysis to improve the
aerodynamic were highlighted.
Keywords: Drag Force, Drag Coefficient, Ahmed Body, CFD Simulation, Vehicle Aerodynamics, Passive Flow
Devices
Flow Anlaysis on Hal Tejas Aircraft using Computational Fluid Dynamics with D...IJAEMSJORNAL
In the current globalization, we can see many innovations being introduced or implemented in every aspect of field that are considered to be existed. Every country is aiming to develop its power over all the aspects that considered for comparison with other countries in order to stand at same level of competition with others. One such power considered by all countries to develop every possible way to have a healthy competition is the military power which involves basically innovations of fast moving aircraft having a high lift coefficient and low drag coefficient. Such an aircraft having the high lift and low drag coefficient is TEJAS (HAL) developed by country India on which the purpose of paper mainly sustains. The paper mainly focuses on steady-state flow analysis over aircraft TEJAS using the computer aided modelling techniques and also the comparison of the results obtained from the modelled techniques. The paper also outlines the designing of the structural model of the TEJAS in a modelling software, creation of a finite computational domain, segmentation of this domain into discrete intervals, applying boundary conditions such as velocity in order to obtain plots and desired results determining the coefficient of pressure, lift and drag coefficient, velocity magnitude etc. This paper also aims in creating awareness to the future students about the techniques involved and knowledge required for developing a designed modelled. This paper also highlights the use of CFD techniques involved for the purpose of fluid flow simulation of the aircraft especially performing the meshing techniques, pre and post processing techniques and finally the evaluation of the simulation. Finally this paper can be seen as source by future generation students in gaining knowledge about design, analysis and simulation of the structured model on various conditions, about the field of aerospace engineering and new innovations being developed and also about the career involved when the above fields were chosen foe specialization purposes
Forecasting Hybrid Aircraft: How Changing Policy is Driving InnovationAndrew Wilhelm
Forecast of hybrid and fully electric aircraft engines. Research relies on regulations set by the International Civil Aviation Organization and the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Infrastructure Requirements for Urban Air Mobility: A Financial EvaluationAndrew Wilhelm
The purpose of this research is to determine the financial feasibility of an urban air mobility (UAM) system. The evaluation will consider the infrastructure requirements and how they relate to those of existing urban mass transit services. Forces driving this innovation involve the long commute times within metropolitan areas. To rectify the problem, public mass transportation is commonly implemented in these localities. Cost for this solution is economically justified by improvements to travel time, operating, environmental, noise, and accident factors as compared to individual automobiles. A financial model for urban mass transportation is built around these characteristics and is the basis for UAM. To be competitive with the incumbent technology, new designs must meet four benchmark requirements. These entail an air vehicle that costs less than $10 million, travel that is three times faster than ground-based services, seating for 55 adults, and the capability of continuous operation. Should these criteria be met, the proposed solution will have an economic value roughly equal to that of those currently in place. The implementation of UAM can be conducted by either a clean slate or incremental approach. A real options analysis indicates that the project NPV will be similar between the two, but the latter carries less financial risk. Maintaining both systems until UAM is made sustainable attributes to this reduction. Other risks considered involve regulatory, operating, and performance concerns. The largest of which is the lack of information on future UAM air vehicle maintenance. During the financial modeling, it is assumed that the proposed operating cost is equivalent to the existing service, which is not necessarily the case. Given proper risk mitigation, the incremental implementation plan details how UAM will satisfy regulatory requirements and transition into operation. Governmental authorities are expected to take between six and eight years validating the system. In all, the proposed UAM solution will take ten years to implement and have an economic value of $48.2 million.
Design and Fabrication of Blended Wing Bodyvivatechijri
Aircrafts are the widely used vehicle for rapid and long distance transportation. Although it is time
consuming, the conventional design of aircraft doesn't gives much space inside the aircraft and also consumes
more power because of its aerodynamic structure. Hence it is necessary to develop a new composite structural
design which overcomes these barriers. Blended Wing Body (BWB) is one of the solution of these problems. The
BWB configuration is a new concept in a aircraft design which provides greater internal volume, aerodynamics
and structural efficiency & noise reduction. The design approach of BWB is to maximize overall efficiency by
integrating the propulsion system, wings and the body into a single lifting surface. BWB is a unibody air craft
where the fuselage, wing and tail gets merged to form a single entity. The fuselage section of BWB is flattened
and has slightly airfoil shaped structure which exceeds the overall lift generation of aircraft. The objective of this
paper is to study aerodynamic study of Blended Wing Body. The project deals with the designing, analysing and
fabricating of UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) type electrically powered BWB aircraft system, and also selecting
appropriate propulsion system and other electric components
Automotive design with economy and safety has been a great challenge to design engineers. The safety of the
passengers and vehicle during vehicle crashes can be ensured to a certain limit by using good bumpers. Bumper is an
important part of vehicle which acts as one of the safety part of vehicle, now a day’s bumper is used in vehicle which
directly connected to chassis of vehicle. So that when accidents are happened the force that transfer to other parts of
vehicle through linkage There is no mechanism to drop that linkage and to absorb that impact forces. So that the
development of a new bumper system by springs. Spring is used to minimize the impact of accidents and it will
resists or absorbs impact forces. The new bumper system will be design in CATIA and structural analysis is done by
ANSYS. For structural analysis of the bumper materials like Glass mat thermoplastics (GMT), carbon fiber
composite and aluminum B390 materials are used.
finite element analysis & design optimization of material handling equipmentINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Material handling equipment is mechanical equipment used for the movement, storage, control products throughout the process of manufacturing, and disposal. The different types of material handling equipment can be classified into four major categories, transport equipment, positioning equipment, unit load formation equipment, and storage equipment. Excavator is used to excavate the material of the ground on which the machine rests and load it into trucks or tractor. In the severe working conditions, excavator parts are subjected to very high loads. The excavator mechanism must work reliably under random working conditions. Thus it is very much essential for the designers to evaluate not only a equipment of maximum reliability but also of minimum weight and cost, considering design safe under all loading conditions. It can be accomplished that, mechanical strength analysis is an important to step in the design of excavator parts. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is the most appropriate technique in strength calculations of the structures working under known load and boundary conditions. In general, computer aided drawing model of the parts to be analyzed must to be set prior to the FEA. It is also promising to reduce the weight of the mechanism by performing optimization in FEA. This paper provides the platform for proceeding for the Modeling, FEA and optimization of backhoe excavator attachment, which was already carried out by other researchers for their related applications and it can be very helpful for development of any material handling equipment and new excavator attachment.
Adaptive Noise Cancellation using Multirate TechniquesIJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Classification of Biological Species Based on Leaf ArchitectureIJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Abstract
When passenger car hits the truck-trailer at rear, it penetrates inside the truck bed called truck trailer under-ride crash. This is responsible for thousands of accidents, causing severe injuries and spot death. This is mostly due to the lack of effective guards. The Present work focuses on energy absorption analysis of a Rear under Run Protection Device (RUPD) under crash scenario. The aim of the study is to replace Steel RUPD with RUPD made of composite material to reduce weight of the vehicle. In this study carbon fibre reinforced plastic composites were selected due to their high specific strength and specific stiffness which make them a preferred candidate in the material selection for modern lightweight structures in automotive engineering which can contribute to the improvement of mileage in addition to safety of the occupants. The RUPD was modelled in CATIA. Finite element model was generated in HYPERMESH and analysed in LS-DYNA for both Carbon/Epoxy RUPD and Steel RUPD and observed that Carbon/Epoxy RUPD absorbs 50% of kinetic energy; whereas steel RUPD absorbs 90%. But weight of Steel RUPD is 75 kg whereas the weight of Carbon/Epoxy RUPD is less than Steel RUPD which found to be below 15 kg. This results in weight reduction and increases mileage of the vehicle. Considering above advantage, composites can be potential candidate for RUPD.
Keywords- Carbon/Epoxy, Catia, Hypermesh, LS-Dyna, RUPD, Steel
Crash Analysis of Front under Run Protection Device using Finite Element Anal...IOSR Journals
Under-running of passenger vehicles is one of the important parameters to be considered during
design and development of truck chassis. Front Under-run Protection Device (FUPD) plays an important role
in avoiding under-running of vehicles from front side of a truck. An explicit finite element software Altair
Radio's is used in FUPD analysis for impact loading. The deformation of FUPD bar and plastic strains in
FUPD components are determined in the impact analysis for predicting failure of the system to meet the
compliance requirements as per IS 14812-2005. Additionally, failure analysis of the FUPD attachment points
with chassis is determined. Physical testing can be reduced significantly with this approach which ultimately
reduces the total cycle time as well as the cost involved in product development.
Design and Optimization of Front Underrun Protection DeviceIOSR Journals
Front Under run Protection Device is tested for car occupant safety by performing Crash analysis
with 800 kg (mass of the car) hitting the Front Underrun Protection Device with certain velocity and analyzing
its performance and changing design to improve the crash results. Optimization is carried out to improve the
crash results for safety of passenger. To reduce number of iterations during the development process, the
computational simulation method is used in Front Underrun Protection Device analysis for impact loading. An
explicit finite element code like LS Dyna is used for the simulation. This paper explains the FE analysis of Front
Underrun Protection Device for impact loading. All the results obtained from the CAE analysis are evaluated
against the requirements of IS 14812-2005 which could reduce the process development time and cost.
Unigraphics(NX.8) for modeling Front Underrun Protection Device and Preprocessing in Hypermesh and LS
DYNA for Crash Analysis (solving), results are viewed in Hyper view.Altair Optistruct is used for weight
reduction and change in design of Front under run protection device.
Analysis and Fabrication of Rollcage for Solar Vehiclepaperpublications3
Abstract: This work, focused on an idea about hybrid solar car technology which solves the major problem of fuel and pollution in present days. Determine how feasible widespread change to hybrids would be in future with all information taken into account, concluded that hybrids have several advantages as fuel efficient, low pollution. In the present work a complete drawing and drafting of hybrid solar car have been prepared using CATIA V5R19 software. After complete analysis of this drawing by using ANSYS 14.5 it is find out bear capability of load, stress, and strain of front & rear collision of car frame. A completed data are analyzed to examine the technical aspects of the hybrid car technology. Overall, hybrid technology has a lot of potential in the distant future, but as for right now they are not a significant applied over today’s internal combustion engine.
Automotive design with economy and safety has been a great challenge to design engineers. The safety of the
passengers and vehicle during vehicle crashes can be ensured to a certain limit by using good bumpers. Bumper is an
important part of vehicle which acts as one of the safety part of vehicle, now a day’s bumper is used in vehicle which
directly connected to chassis of vehicle. So that when accidents are happened the force that transfer to other parts of
vehicle through linkage There is no mechanism to drop that linkage and to absorb that impact forces. So that the
development of a new bumper system by springs. Spring is used to minimize the impact of accidents and it will
resists or absorbs impact forces. The new bumper system will be design in CATIA and structural analysis is done by
ANSYS. For structural analysis of the bumper materials like Glass mat thermoplastics (GMT), carbon fiber
composite and aluminum B390 materials are used.
finite element analysis & design optimization of material handling equipmentINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Material handling equipment is mechanical equipment used for the movement, storage, control products throughout the process of manufacturing, and disposal. The different types of material handling equipment can be classified into four major categories, transport equipment, positioning equipment, unit load formation equipment, and storage equipment. Excavator is used to excavate the material of the ground on which the machine rests and load it into trucks or tractor. In the severe working conditions, excavator parts are subjected to very high loads. The excavator mechanism must work reliably under random working conditions. Thus it is very much essential for the designers to evaluate not only a equipment of maximum reliability but also of minimum weight and cost, considering design safe under all loading conditions. It can be accomplished that, mechanical strength analysis is an important to step in the design of excavator parts. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is the most appropriate technique in strength calculations of the structures working under known load and boundary conditions. In general, computer aided drawing model of the parts to be analyzed must to be set prior to the FEA. It is also promising to reduce the weight of the mechanism by performing optimization in FEA. This paper provides the platform for proceeding for the Modeling, FEA and optimization of backhoe excavator attachment, which was already carried out by other researchers for their related applications and it can be very helpful for development of any material handling equipment and new excavator attachment.
Adaptive Noise Cancellation using Multirate TechniquesIJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Classification of Biological Species Based on Leaf ArchitectureIJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Abstract
When passenger car hits the truck-trailer at rear, it penetrates inside the truck bed called truck trailer under-ride crash. This is responsible for thousands of accidents, causing severe injuries and spot death. This is mostly due to the lack of effective guards. The Present work focuses on energy absorption analysis of a Rear under Run Protection Device (RUPD) under crash scenario. The aim of the study is to replace Steel RUPD with RUPD made of composite material to reduce weight of the vehicle. In this study carbon fibre reinforced plastic composites were selected due to their high specific strength and specific stiffness which make them a preferred candidate in the material selection for modern lightweight structures in automotive engineering which can contribute to the improvement of mileage in addition to safety of the occupants. The RUPD was modelled in CATIA. Finite element model was generated in HYPERMESH and analysed in LS-DYNA for both Carbon/Epoxy RUPD and Steel RUPD and observed that Carbon/Epoxy RUPD absorbs 50% of kinetic energy; whereas steel RUPD absorbs 90%. But weight of Steel RUPD is 75 kg whereas the weight of Carbon/Epoxy RUPD is less than Steel RUPD which found to be below 15 kg. This results in weight reduction and increases mileage of the vehicle. Considering above advantage, composites can be potential candidate for RUPD.
Keywords- Carbon/Epoxy, Catia, Hypermesh, LS-Dyna, RUPD, Steel
Crash Analysis of Front under Run Protection Device using Finite Element Anal...IOSR Journals
Under-running of passenger vehicles is one of the important parameters to be considered during
design and development of truck chassis. Front Under-run Protection Device (FUPD) plays an important role
in avoiding under-running of vehicles from front side of a truck. An explicit finite element software Altair
Radio's is used in FUPD analysis for impact loading. The deformation of FUPD bar and plastic strains in
FUPD components are determined in the impact analysis for predicting failure of the system to meet the
compliance requirements as per IS 14812-2005. Additionally, failure analysis of the FUPD attachment points
with chassis is determined. Physical testing can be reduced significantly with this approach which ultimately
reduces the total cycle time as well as the cost involved in product development.
Design and Optimization of Front Underrun Protection DeviceIOSR Journals
Front Under run Protection Device is tested for car occupant safety by performing Crash analysis
with 800 kg (mass of the car) hitting the Front Underrun Protection Device with certain velocity and analyzing
its performance and changing design to improve the crash results. Optimization is carried out to improve the
crash results for safety of passenger. To reduce number of iterations during the development process, the
computational simulation method is used in Front Underrun Protection Device analysis for impact loading. An
explicit finite element code like LS Dyna is used for the simulation. This paper explains the FE analysis of Front
Underrun Protection Device for impact loading. All the results obtained from the CAE analysis are evaluated
against the requirements of IS 14812-2005 which could reduce the process development time and cost.
Unigraphics(NX.8) for modeling Front Underrun Protection Device and Preprocessing in Hypermesh and LS
DYNA for Crash Analysis (solving), results are viewed in Hyper view.Altair Optistruct is used for weight
reduction and change in design of Front under run protection device.
Analysis and Fabrication of Rollcage for Solar Vehiclepaperpublications3
Abstract: This work, focused on an idea about hybrid solar car technology which solves the major problem of fuel and pollution in present days. Determine how feasible widespread change to hybrids would be in future with all information taken into account, concluded that hybrids have several advantages as fuel efficient, low pollution. In the present work a complete drawing and drafting of hybrid solar car have been prepared using CATIA V5R19 software. After complete analysis of this drawing by using ANSYS 14.5 it is find out bear capability of load, stress, and strain of front & rear collision of car frame. A completed data are analyzed to examine the technical aspects of the hybrid car technology. Overall, hybrid technology has a lot of potential in the distant future, but as for right now they are not a significant applied over today’s internal combustion engine.
An evaluation of jute epoxy-hybrid composite materials for automotive frontal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present work evaluates the occupant safety and the mechanical behavior of the Jute-Epoxy-Glass hybrid composite materials and to carry out dynamic analysis of an automobile car frontal components like Bumper beam by using Jute-Epoxy-Glass Hybrid composite material by FE approach. In the present study, HYPERMESH and LS-DYNA software is employed to obtain a better composite material. Durability, NVH, Crash safety and Aesthetics are some of the important vehicle attributes that need to be meet the vehicle manufacturer. While the crash safety for NHTSA requires the G level should be less then 40G'S at the occupant seat. Initially manufacturing of 4 ply, 6 ply (Jute-Epoxy) and 5 ply (Jute-Glass-Epoxy) laminates is done and there characterization is done under Quasi static (1mm/min) and Impact High strain rate loading (100mm/min and 200mm/min) for tensile tests. The mechanical properties obtained are set for the existing bumper beam of a meshed model. For bumper beam of a car with a given velocity of 56 km/h according to the NHTSA high speed crash test. For a high speed crash speed test of bumper beam the G levels is taken into consideration so that the G levels acting upon the occupant doesn't cross 40 G'S as safer. The results obtained from high strain rate of 200mm/min tensile tests explore to bumper beam for which G level acting on the occupant is 35 G's for hybrid jute glass epoxy with 6mm thickness which is found to be best suited composite material which is safer for the occupant and also the weight reduction is also considered where conventionally used steel is 6.6 kgs and the hybrid material of Jute-Glass-Epoxy is 2.9 kgs these weight savings leads to fuel efficiency of the car. Keywords: Hybrid composites, NHTSA, Ls-Dyna, High strain rate And G levels etc…
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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Design and Enhancement of Rear Under-Run Protection Device For 15 Tonne Capacity HCV
1. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (200-212), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 200
Paper Publications
Design And Enhancement Of Rear Under-Run
Protection Device For 15 Tonne Capacity HCV
1
Gholap Umesh .S, 2
Prof. Shinde.V.B.
1,2
Amruthvahini college of engineering, Sangamner, Pune, India
Abstract: The heavy commercial vehicles are equipped with under-run protection devices (UPD) to enhance safety
of occupants in small vehicles in the event of under-run. These UPD are popularly classified as RUPD (rear under-
run protection devices), SUPD (side under-run protection devices), and FUPD (front under-run protection
devices). These devices primarily work to improve safety of smaller vehicles by changing its interaction with heavy
vehicles thereby resulting in change in small vehicle structural engagement for energy absorption. Without UPD,
smaller vehicle passenger compartment is likely to interact with stiff commercial vehicle chassis frame structures
Keywords: RUPD,ECE R-58 (Economic Commission Europe Regulation-58), GVWR.
1. INTRODUCTION
Under ride occurs when a small passenger vehicle strikes either front or rear or side of the larger vehicle with relatively
higher mass and bigger in structure, the front hood part of smaller vehicle goes under the rear, front or side of the bigger
vehicle. The small passenger car under rides the larger truck in the worst case, and the large truck’s high profiled structure
can enter the passenger compartment of the smaller car and will collide with the occupants directly at their head and chest
level. This is one of the most highly frequent events that happen in an under ride crash environment. This is called as
“passenger compartment intrusion. Out of all these accidents, truck related accidents incur significantly more fatalities. The
vehicles with gross vehicle weight ratio (GVWR) of more than 10,000 lbs will be considered as a truck. All these accidents
are much more fatal because of mass difference between large truck and small vehicles such as passenger cars and the
difference in stiffness of construction structures
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
The heavy commercial vehicles are equipped with under-run protection devices (UPD) to enhance safety of occupants in
small vehicles in the event of under-run. These UPD are popularly classified as RUPD (rear under-run protection devices),
SUPD (side under-run protection devices), and FUPD (front under-run protection devices). do not revise any of the current
designations.
Dr. T. Ramamohan Rao formulated head on collision contribute significant amount of serious accidents which causes
driver fatalities. The car safety performances can work effectively by providing FUPD to the heavy trucks. The trucks
with UPD can reduce the car driver fatalities by 40 % In India, for Front Under-run Protection Device, IS 14812:2005
regulation is required in for the trucks to meet the safety requirement to protect under running of the passenger car.
Mr. George Joseph’s objective of the study, one under ride protection device for a rear under ride accident was designed
and its performance compared. A quasi static test was performed on guard to test the strength and energy absorption
capacity by withstanding the applied loads. All the constrained and boundary condition used for the study worked well.
Nearly six designs were studied and run simulation to study the effectiveness of each guard and results were plotted.
2. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (200-212), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 201
Paper Publications
Kaustubh Joshi Head on collision contribute significant amount of serious accidents which causes driver fatalities. The car
safety performances can work effectively by providing UPD to the heavy trucks. The trucks with UPD can reduce the car
driver fatalities by 40 % In India, for Rear Under-run Protection Device, IS 14812:2005 regulation is required in for the
trucks to meet the safety requirement to protect under running of the passenger car. In above said design, the maximum
displacement of RUPD bar is limited to 50mm and the plastic strain is limited
Test Procedure and Requirements:
Fig.1 Loading Device Positions
A horizontal force of 100 kN or 50 per cent of the force generated by the maximum mass of the vehicle, whichever is the
lesser, shall be applied consecutively to two points situated symmetrically about the centre line of the device or the vehicle
whichever is applicable at a minimum distance apart of 700 mm and a maximum of 1 m.
A horizontal force of 50 kN or 25 per cent of the force generated by the maximum mass of the vehicle, whichever is the
lesser, shall be applied consecutively to two points located 300 + 25 mm from the longitudinal planes tangential to the outer
edges of the wheels on the rear axle and to a third point located on the line joining these two points, in the median vertical
plane of the vehicle.
Units –
Table 1 FE Model Unit System
3. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (200-212), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 202
Paper Publications
Objective:
Regulation study and extraction of design and safety requirements of RUPD.
Design of RUPD with reference to applied regulations, Cost and Manufacturing considerations.
Optimization of RUPD structure to lower weight and increase energy absorption using tools like LS Dyna and Hyper
Works Module.
Fig. 2 work flow diagram
FE Model Information -
Fig.3 CAD Model of RUPD
4. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (200-212), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 203
Paper Publications
The modeling of the Rear Under-Run Protection Device has been done in CATIA V5 R20. The full assembly model of
the rear under Guard and its different components are shown in figure.
Material & Thickness Details:
Loading Device Details:
Fig.4Material thickness & Loading Device Details
The Loading device consists of two blocks which are connected at center using revolute joint so that the device will be
always in normal direction at every time during loading process. The loading device is modeled with LS Dyna Material
Type 20 rigid material model load requirements.
Table 2 load requirements
Loading Device Position P1 P2 P3
Load Requirements 36.78 KN 73.57 KN 36.78 KN
5. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (200-212), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 204
Paper Publications
3. RESULTS FOR BASELINE DESIGN
The boundary condition and the load applied are shown in figure
Fig.5 Boundary conditions
Baseline Results (Load case – P2 LHS):
The baseline model is been designed according to the ECE R-58 and AIS 14812-2005 Regulation but it fails to meet the
load requirement. All other parts like the vehicle body and engine are not taken into consideration
Overall Plots:
We have taken FE 690 material for the c channel. The material is not able to withstand the impact load. The stress value
of the material does not meet the regulation
6. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (200-212), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 205
Paper Publications
RUPD Load Carrying Capacity:
Observation - The maximum load carrying capacity of RUPD observed is 48.55 kN. Hence does not meet regulatory
requirement of 73.575kN. All parts show localized high plastic strains hence structural integrity is assumed safe
Conclusion Attachment bracket connecting Pipe & C – channels shows large displacement & need to be strengthened.
Baseline Results (Load case – P3 LHS)
7. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (200-212), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 206
Paper Publications
RUPD Load Carrying Capacity for P3 load case:
Observation and conclusion- The maximum load carrying capacity of RUPD observed is 67.637 kN. Hence meets
regulatory requirement of 36.7875 kN. All parts show plastic strains below material failure limit. Hence structural
integrity is met.
Conclusion for entire baseline results - RUPD baseline design meets P3 load case requirements. It does not meet P2&
P1 load case requirement. As P2 load is high we will first design and optimize the structure for P2 load case iteratively
and then check it for P1 & P3 load case respectively.
4. RESULTS OF DESIGN ITERATIONS
Loadcase – P2 LHS – Iteration 1
8. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (200-212), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 207
Paper Publications
Overall Plots -
RUPD Load Carrying Capacity:
9. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (200-212), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 208
Paper Publications
Observation & Conclusion - The maximum load carrying capacity of RUPD observed is 51.329 kN. Hence does not meet
regulatory requirement of 73.575kN. Adding of additional welding to inner C channel can increase RUPD strength.
Length of attachment bracket should be increased to increase its load carrying capacity in initial phase. A stiffener can be
added to outer c channel to increase strength
Load case – P2 LHS – Iteration 2:
Design Changes- A design modification is done on the C channel which is a part of the RUPD Model. The stiffener added
back side of the C channel. The length of the clamp increased by 200mm. other side of the channel we added welding this
all design changes shown in the fig.
Overall Plots:
10. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (200-212), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 209
Paper Publications
Observation & Conclusion - The maximum load carrying capacity of RUPD observed is 54.647 kN. Hence does not
meet regulatory requirement of 73.575kN. Higher grade material for attachment bracket & pipe is recommended to
increase load carrying capacity of RUPD.
Design Changes for Iteration 3:
The length of the clamp increased by 200mm and material changed to FE690. Other side of the channel we added
welding. The material of pipe changed to FE690 this all design changes shown in the fig.
Overall Plots:
11. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (200-212), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 210
Paper Publications
Observation & Conclusion-The maximum load carrying capacity of RUPD observed is 58.515kN. Hence does not meet
regulatory. Additional stiffening bracket to be welded between C Channel & attachment bracket to increase strength
requirement of 73.575kN.
Load case – P2 LHS – Iteration 4:
Design Changes- A design modification is done on the C channel which is a part of the RUPD Model. The stiffener
added back side of the C channel. The length of the clamp increased by 200mm and material changed to FE690. Other
side of the channel we added welding. The material of pipe changed to FE690 this all design changes shown in the fig
Overall Plots:
12. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (200-212), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 211
Paper Publications
RUPD Load Carrying Capacity:
Observation & Conclusion - The maximum load carrying capacity of RUPD observed is77.463kN. Hence meets
regulatory requirement of 73.575kN.All parts show localized high plastic strains hence structural integrity is assumed
safe.
5. CONCLUSION
• The various iterations done for design enhancement of RUPD shows incremental improvement in load carrying
capacity from 48.55 kN to 77.463kN. Hence meets the required regulatory requirement.
• The RUPD design thus achieved through incremental design changes is close to optimum design.
• Basic shaped design parts like C- Channels, pipe & stiffener plates were used to meet regulatory requirements. Thus
the cost of RUPD is kept low.
6. FUTURE SCOPE
Further use of mechanisms like spring damper systems, crushable aluminum section etc can be verified to achieve
long life for RUPD and improved crashworthiness characteristics.
Use of alternate materials like carbon fiber, foams, plastics etc can be studied to lower the RUPD mass.
13. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
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Intelligent RUPD design can be thought of which can retract while reversing of vehicle & operating normally when
truck cruises in forward direction.
FEA prediction of tests can be further improved by using finer mesh size, accurate modeling of welds, prediction of
weld failure, consideration to material etc.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to express my respect, deep gratitude & regards to my guide Prof. Shinde.V.B.
Without whose help this work would not have been successful. I express my sincere thanks to Prof. Borkar. B.R. for
giving me all his support & cooperation for my project work.
REFERENCES
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Load Cases." Otomotiv Teknolojileri Kongresi (2014): 26-27.
[2] Gombi, Satish, Mahendra SB, and H. Amithkumar. "ENERGY ABSORPTION ANALYSIS OF RUPD."
[3] Khore, A. K., & Jain, T. “Effect of Change in Thickness of Rear Under Run Protection Device on Energy
Absorption & Crashworthiness”(2013). s.l. : International Journal of Engineering.
[4] Wei, S., Lei, Z., Lei, M., & Liu, Y.,’’The comparative analysis of the crank-slider-CST and traditional low rear
protective device of truck: The comarison of three kinds of low rear protective devices of truck’’. (2011), April,
Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet), International Conference IEEE, pp. pp. 821-824.
[5] Hong-fei, L., Tao, P., Hong-guo, X., Li-dong, T., & Li-li, S. “Research on the intelligent rear under-run protection
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[6] Economic Commission For Europe. Regulation_ECER58_r058r2e.doc. www.unece.org. [Online] 2013.
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(2004.
[8] [8] Jose Ricardo, Lenzi Mariolani, Antonio Celso Fonseca De Arruda, Luis Otto Faber Schmutzler, “Development
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