Road networks ought to be efficiently designed to be safe, speedy and loading sustaining as it has a significant
importance in country’s development. For that, pavement should be designed efficiently to exhibit better
strength, durability and economical at the same time. Generally, a pavement is classified as Flexible or Rigid.
Flexible pavement is opened early to traffic, has good riding quality and ease of maintenance but owing to heavy
loading conditions these pavements are more susceptible to wear and tear. On the contrary rigid pavement is
load sustaining, durable but having higher construction cost and poor riding quality. World is heading to semirigid
pavement which exhibits characteristics of both these pavements. It is the combination of cement concrete
and porous asphalt concrete which is achieved by leaving 25% to 30% air voids infused by cement grouts and is
known as Semi-rigid pavement.In this research, semi-rigid pavement was designed using ratio of grout of
optimum mix was 1:0.55 at water cement ratio by 2% of cement dosage with SP. Study concludes that, Semirigid
pavement’s Marshall stability of 7 days was almost 85% of rigid pavement and 28 days compressive
strength of semi-rigid pavement was almost 30.5% that of rigid pavement. Besides, it has been ensured that 7
days strength is comparable to 28 days strength of Semi-rigid pavement
Heavy duty pavements are pavements subjected to the extremely heavy wheel loads associated with freight handling vehicles in industrial facilities, such as container terminals and warehouses. Heavy duty pavement need to handle many types of freight handling vehicles, such as forklifts, straddle carriers, gantry cranes and side loaders. Heavy duty pavement often deals with slow moving or even static traffic load with ultra high load magnitude. Furthermore, the load wandering for heavy duty pavement such as contain port or warehouse is more significant than normal highway or urban road pavement. The goal of pavement design is to determine the number, material composition and thickness of the different layers within a pavement structure required to accommodate a given loading regime.
Heavy duty pavements are pavements subjected to the extremely heavy wheel loads associated with freight handling vehicles in industrial facilities, such as container terminals and warehouses. Heavy duty pavement need to handle many types of freight handling vehicles, such as forklifts, straddle carriers, gantry cranes and side loaders. Heavy duty pavement often deals with slow moving or even static traffic load with ultra high load magnitude. Furthermore, the load wandering for heavy duty pavement such as contain port or warehouse is more significant than normal highway or urban road pavement. The goal of pavement design is to determine the number, material composition and thickness of the different layers within a pavement structure required to accommodate a given loading regime.
DESIGN OF RIGID PAVEMENT AND ITS COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS BY USAGE OF VITRIFIED ...IAEME Publication
A country can achieve sustainable and rapid growth in all fields by improving its connectivity and transit systems. Connectivity of people to resources by improved transit mechanism results in improved living standards. Apart from other means, the major part of connectivity of any country is through road systems. Well designed and maintained pavements provide better and long lasting service. In India, all the major road systems are designed as flexible pavements only, because of their ease of construction and less time it takes to be opened to traffic operations. The major problem with flexible pavements is their design life and high maintenance costs. Also, globally reducing petrol reserves, which are used for bitumen and asphalt production are also increasing the need for alternatives. To tackle these problems, rigid pavements can be constructed. Although the cost of construction of rigid pavements is high, its long life, high load carrying capabilities and low maintenance cost will balance the initial cost aspect. Recently, many studies are being conducted on different pozzolanic admixtures which can be used as partial replacement of cement in rigid pavements, thereby reducing its cost and enhancing properties of the mix. Here, an attempt is made to reduce the construction cost of rigid pavements by incorporating Vitrified Polish Waste (VPW) as partial cement replacement in proportions of 5% for M40 grade concrete. Further, to enhance flexural properties of pavement, Recron fibre is added to optimum VPW in increments of 0.1%, then after C.C pavement is designed for two lane two way national highway and cost benefit analysis is performed.
A Laboratory Study on Acid Modified Bituminous Mixes in Comparison for Ruttin...civej
The rapid growth in trafficload intensity, tire pressure and traffic volume has put a hugedemand on
pavements to perform satisfactorily for the design period. A number of efforts are made in the past to
develop pavement materials that helped in attaining longer serviceability. Most of these efforts were
directed towards improving the design of bituminous mix through modified bituminous binders. In this
context an attempt is made to evaluate rutting characteristics of conventional bitumen modified with Poly
phosphoric Acid (PPA). Immersion Type Wheel Rutting Machine was used for evaluation of rutting
characteristics and is considered as one of the major critical criteria for design of pavement. Poly
phosphoric Acid (PPA) is added as modifier to virgin bitumen (VG – 30) at regular interval of 1% up to
6% to the weight of Bitumen. Bituminous Concrete of Grade-II is considered for Analysis. Slabs of
400X300X50mm are prepared for evaluation of rutting characteristics. Stability, density, voids and flow
parameters were determined using marshal test method for virgin and PPA modified mix. The result of
immersion wheel rutting explains that acid modified binders resist more rutting compared to virgin
binders. Acid modified mixes at 3% optimum performs better in rutting characteristics when tested in
laboratory for induced applied pressures, load and number of passes.
A LABORATORY STUDY ON ACID MODIFIED BITUMINOUS MIXES IN COMPARISON FOR RUTTIN...civejjour
The rapid growth in trafficload intensity, tire pressure and traffic volume has put a hugedemand on pavements to perform satisfactorily for the design period. A number of efforts are made in the past to develop pavement materials that helped in attaining longer serviceability. Most of these efforts were directed towards improving the design of bituminous mix through modified bituminous binders. In this context an attempt is made to evaluate rutting characteristics of conventional bitumen modified with Poly phosphoric Acid (PPA). Immersion Type Wheel Rutting Machine was used for evaluation of rutting characteristics and is considered as one of the major critical criteria for design of pavement. Poly phosphoric Acid (PPA) is added as modifier to virgin bitumen (VG – 30) at regular interval of 1% up to 6% to the weight of Bitumen. Bituminous Concrete of Grade-II is considered for Analysis. Slabs of 400X300X50mm are prepared for evaluation of rutting characteristics. Stability, density, voids and flow parameters were determined using marshal test method for virgin and PPA modified mix. The result of immersion wheel rutting explains that acid modified binders resist more rutting compared to virgin binders. Acid modified mixes at 3% optimum performs better in rutting characteristics when tested in laboratory for induced applied pressures, load and number of passes.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of Irradiated Crumb Rubber on Rubberized Concrete Propertiestheijes
The objective of this paper is to study the effect of irradiation crumb rubber on the mechanical properties of rubberized concrete. An experimental model was carried out on 30 standard cubes to determine how some properties of rubberized concrete affected by the two percents (30% and 70%) of irradiated treated crumb rubber content as a sand replacement. The Scanning Electron Microscopy for irradiated rubber powder, the ultimate compressive strength and nondestructive tests for rubberized concrete with slump, wet and dry densities and absorption tests were performed. The irradiation process was achieved by gamma ray in air medium with a source of Co-60 radiation unit and dose rate 0.3kGy/h with a total absorbed dose of 70kGy. The experimental results had been recorded a noticeable reduction in the ultimate compressive strength of rubberized concrete relative to normal concrete. The reduction percent increases as the rubber content increases. While the tested results indicated a significant improvement in term of ultimate compressive concrete strength with irradiation rubber powder of 30% by weight of sand replacement relative to one without irradiation. This evidence is proved by both destructive and nondestructive tests. The irradiated rubber particle zooming image at Scanning Electron Macroscopy level before mixing with concrete ingredients proved a significantly surface modification. While, the rubberized concrete failure surface at macroscopic level recorded a bond enhancement. The study leads to conclusion it is possible to produce structural rubberized concrete with a irradiated treated rubberized powder and still maintaining the other excellent properties in term of weight and impact resistance
DESIGN OF RIGID PAVEMENT AND ITS COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS BY USAGE OF VITRIFIED ...IAEME Publication
A country can achieve sustainable and rapid growth in all fields by improving its connectivity and transit systems. Connectivity of people to resources by improved transit mechanism results in improved living standards. Apart from other means, the major part of connectivity of any country is through road systems. Well designed and maintained pavements provide better and long lasting service. In India, all the major road systems are designed as flexible pavements only, because of their ease of construction and less time it takes to be opened to traffic operations. The major problem with flexible pavements is their design life and high maintenance costs. Also, globally reducing petrol reserves, which are used for bitumen and asphalt production are also increasing the need for alternatives. To tackle these problems, rigid pavements can be constructed. Although the cost of construction of rigid pavements is high, its long life, high load carrying capabilities and low maintenance cost will balance the initial cost aspect. Recently, many studies are being conducted on different pozzolanic admixtures which can be used as partial replacement of cement in rigid pavements, thereby reducing its cost and enhancing properties of the mix. Here, an attempt is made to reduce the construction cost of rigid pavements by incorporating Vitrified Polish Waste (VPW) as partial cement replacement in proportions of 5% for M40 grade concrete. Further, to enhance flexural properties of pavement, Recron fibre is added to optimum VPW in increments of 0.1%, then after C.C pavement is designed for two lane two way national highway and cost benefit analysis is performed.
A Laboratory Study on Acid Modified Bituminous Mixes in Comparison for Ruttin...civej
The rapid growth in trafficload intensity, tire pressure and traffic volume has put a hugedemand on
pavements to perform satisfactorily for the design period. A number of efforts are made in the past to
develop pavement materials that helped in attaining longer serviceability. Most of these efforts were
directed towards improving the design of bituminous mix through modified bituminous binders. In this
context an attempt is made to evaluate rutting characteristics of conventional bitumen modified with Poly
phosphoric Acid (PPA). Immersion Type Wheel Rutting Machine was used for evaluation of rutting
characteristics and is considered as one of the major critical criteria for design of pavement. Poly
phosphoric Acid (PPA) is added as modifier to virgin bitumen (VG – 30) at regular interval of 1% up to
6% to the weight of Bitumen. Bituminous Concrete of Grade-II is considered for Analysis. Slabs of
400X300X50mm are prepared for evaluation of rutting characteristics. Stability, density, voids and flow
parameters were determined using marshal test method for virgin and PPA modified mix. The result of
immersion wheel rutting explains that acid modified binders resist more rutting compared to virgin
binders. Acid modified mixes at 3% optimum performs better in rutting characteristics when tested in
laboratory for induced applied pressures, load and number of passes.
A LABORATORY STUDY ON ACID MODIFIED BITUMINOUS MIXES IN COMPARISON FOR RUTTIN...civejjour
The rapid growth in trafficload intensity, tire pressure and traffic volume has put a hugedemand on pavements to perform satisfactorily for the design period. A number of efforts are made in the past to develop pavement materials that helped in attaining longer serviceability. Most of these efforts were directed towards improving the design of bituminous mix through modified bituminous binders. In this context an attempt is made to evaluate rutting characteristics of conventional bitumen modified with Poly phosphoric Acid (PPA). Immersion Type Wheel Rutting Machine was used for evaluation of rutting characteristics and is considered as one of the major critical criteria for design of pavement. Poly phosphoric Acid (PPA) is added as modifier to virgin bitumen (VG – 30) at regular interval of 1% up to 6% to the weight of Bitumen. Bituminous Concrete of Grade-II is considered for Analysis. Slabs of 400X300X50mm are prepared for evaluation of rutting characteristics. Stability, density, voids and flow parameters were determined using marshal test method for virgin and PPA modified mix. The result of immersion wheel rutting explains that acid modified binders resist more rutting compared to virgin binders. Acid modified mixes at 3% optimum performs better in rutting characteristics when tested in laboratory for induced applied pressures, load and number of passes.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of Irradiated Crumb Rubber on Rubberized Concrete Propertiestheijes
The objective of this paper is to study the effect of irradiation crumb rubber on the mechanical properties of rubberized concrete. An experimental model was carried out on 30 standard cubes to determine how some properties of rubberized concrete affected by the two percents (30% and 70%) of irradiated treated crumb rubber content as a sand replacement. The Scanning Electron Microscopy for irradiated rubber powder, the ultimate compressive strength and nondestructive tests for rubberized concrete with slump, wet and dry densities and absorption tests were performed. The irradiation process was achieved by gamma ray in air medium with a source of Co-60 radiation unit and dose rate 0.3kGy/h with a total absorbed dose of 70kGy. The experimental results had been recorded a noticeable reduction in the ultimate compressive strength of rubberized concrete relative to normal concrete. The reduction percent increases as the rubber content increases. While the tested results indicated a significant improvement in term of ultimate compressive concrete strength with irradiation rubber powder of 30% by weight of sand replacement relative to one without irradiation. This evidence is proved by both destructive and nondestructive tests. The irradiated rubber particle zooming image at Scanning Electron Macroscopy level before mixing with concrete ingredients proved a significantly surface modification. While, the rubberized concrete failure surface at macroscopic level recorded a bond enhancement. The study leads to conclusion it is possible to produce structural rubberized concrete with a irradiated treated rubberized powder and still maintaining the other excellent properties in term of weight and impact resistance
Structural design and economic evaluation of roller compacted concrete pavementSalih Taner YILDIRIM
Abut, Y., & Yildirim, S. T. (2017, October). Structural design and economic evaluation of roller compacted concrete pavement with recycled aggregates. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 245, No. 2, p. 022064). IOP Publishing.
Fresh and Hardened Properties of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Made Co...IJMREMJournal
This research work was carried out on concrete specimens made with different proportion of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) as a cement substitution in concrete. To accomplish the goal of the research work, overall 75 cubes and 60 cylinders were made. Out of 75 cubes and 60 cylinders, 15 cubes and 12 cylinders were cast for control concrete, and 60 cubes and 48 cylinders were cast by replacing 5,10,15 and 20% of cement with GGBFS. The cubes and cylinder specimens were 100x100x100 mm and 100x200 mm respectively, and mix design was done for 28 Mpa. All specimens were tested at 3. 7, 28 and 90 days of curing ages. The fresh properties such as workability and hardened properties such as compressive and tensile strength of all mixes were determined. Tests results showed that the workability of the concrete mixes made with GGBFS was higher than control mix. As the percentage of GGBFS increased the workability also increased. Hardened properties of concrete mixes made with GGBFS was lower than control concrete at early ages of curing. At the later age, hardened properties of GGBFS made concrete was more than control concrete. Furthermore, water absorption and density of GGBFS made concrete was lower than control concrete.
Self-compacting Concrete Study using Recycled Asphalt Pavement Incorporating ...IJCMESJOURNAL
This research evaluates the feasibility of using recycles asphalt pavement (RAP) and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in self consolidating concrete (SCC). The fresh, mechanical and durability properties of SCC mixtures were investigated. A total of sixteen mixtures divided into four groups with different RAP proportions: 0, 15, 30, and 55% replacing the natural coarse aggregate (NCA), and different percentages of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) replacing cement:60% Fly ash (FA), 60% ground granulated blast furnace slag (S), and 30% FA and 30% S. Constant water to cementitious materials ratio of 0.4 was maintained in all mixtures. The compressive strengths at 3, 14 and 28 days and split tensile strength at 28 days were tested. The durability characteristics including the unrestrained shrinkage strain and rapid chloride permeability (RCPT) tests were conducted. The results show that while the use of RAP reduces both the compressive and tensile strengths of SCC mixtures, it increases the resistance to chloride permeability.
Determining the rheological properties of asphalt binder using dynamic shear ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper aims to study the rheological properties of the binder taken from four years old flexible pavement stretch. The stretch was
divided into six different sections based on the thickness of the surface course. Originally, 60/70 grade asphalt binder was used
throughout the pavement stretch. The binder was obtained from the process of extraction and recovery. Dynamic shear rheometer
(DSR) test was conducted on the recovered asphalt binder to determine the various parameters viz., Complex modulus G*, Elastic and
viscous modulus, Complex viscosity and the phase angle δ. The major pavement distress modes namely, rutting and fatigue cracking
were addressed by these output parameters of DSR. Rutting is caused by permanent deformation of paving mix while fatigue is related
to the energy absorbed during repeated load application to pavement. The test results indicated that the 60/70 binder extracted from
the selected stretches were stiff enough to resist rutting and fatigue failure.
Keywords: Rheology, Dynamic shear rheometer, Complex modulus, phase angle, Rutting, fatigue
Determining the rheological properties of asphalt binder using dynamic shear ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper aims to study the rheological properties of the binder taken from four years old flexible pavement stretch. The stretch was
divided into six different sections based on the thickness of the surface course. Originally, 60/70 grade asphalt binder was used
throughout the pavement stretch. The binder was obtained from the process of extraction and recovery. Dynamic shear rheometer
(DSR) test was conducted on the recovered asphalt binder to determine the various parameters viz., Complex modulus G*, Elastic and
viscous modulus, Complex viscosity and the phase angle δ. The major pavement distress modes namely, rutting and fatigue cracking
were addressed by these output parameters of DSR. Rutting is caused by permanent deformation of paving mix while fatigue is related
to the energy absorbed during repeated load application to pavement. The test results indicated that the 60/70 binder extracted from
the selected stretches were stiff enough to resist rutting and fatigue failure.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Anti-Smog Radar Application for VehiclesIJMREMJournal
Smog is regarded as a dangerous situation for vehicles as the visibility of human fails and a person cannot
drive smoothly and safely which can lead to severe accidents and routine disturbances. Hence, “Anti-Smog
Radar Application for Vehicles” is proposed using Internet of Things technology which ensures the smooth flow
of vehicles in smog and prevents accidents in time and cost-efficient manner by detecting and displaying the
front objects with their important information (distance, position, velocity and size) on smart phone used by
authenticated drivers. The radar application controls the hardware system to be deployed on vehicles through
which the user can start, stop and set the hardware in particular direction. The hardware contains NodeMcu
(Microcontroller with built-in Wi-Fi), Ultrasonic sensor and servo motor. The servo is used to detect the
position of front objects and ultrasonic sensor is clipped on servo to detect the objects. For alerts, the objects
are drawn with different colors on application i.e. the red colored objects will be near to the vehicle, the yellow
colored objects will be at some distance from the vehicle and the green colored objects will be far from the
vehicle. Kalman algorithm is used to filter the ultrasonic readings to eliminate the noise. The proposed system
can work in every condition i.e. in day and night.
IoT based Environmental Monitoring and Control SystemIJMREMJournal
IoT plays a major role in collecting the information from the sensing unit enclosing our environment due to
alterations in the climate which led to the significance of environmental monitoring. This Paper presents a
development of real time environmental monitoring and control system by utilizing Node MCU, DHT11 sensor,
ACS712 current sensor, Thing Speak (Open IoT analytics service) and Blynk application. The main task of
monitoring parameters (Humidity, temperature and power consumption) with real time sensors is done by Thing
Speak continuously which has API (Application programming Interface) for gathering sensed data and enabling
users to observe the monitored data in graphs for an interval of every 15 seconds.
This project is also designed to control home devices sitting at any place in the world by utilizing power
efficiently through Blynk application which is used to read data from sensors located in home environment using
smart phone and to turn on/off heating and cooling appliances automatically with respect to room temperature
values.
Analysis and Implementation of Solid-State Relays in Industrial application F...IJMREMJournal
There are many applications and circumstances where switching devices are required for proper operation,
controlling and isolating the high power and low power systems. The most widely used switching devices are
electromechanical relays and solid state relays. In this work, analysis and implementation of solid state relays over
electromechanical relays with respect to instantaneous current supply inindustrial application is conducted and
compared. For this purpose, an experimental setup is arranged for switching operation of electromechanical relays
and solid-state relays.The results of voltage and the current transients are analyzed and compared. It was observed
that there are no transients occurred during switching of solid state relays where as during switching of
electromechanical relay transients observed in volatge and current waveforms. So, it is advisable to use the solid
state relays over electromagnetic relay for safe and smooth operation of the system.
MIM (Mobile Instant Messaging) Classification using Term Frequency-Inverse Do...IJMREMJournal
The focus of the study is based on binary sentiment classification on aspect level to develop a hybrid sentiment
classification framework of WhatsApp MIMs (Mobile Instant Messages). It has been carried out into two phases
i.e. training phase and testing phase. The training phase, 75% data is used for training dataset. Pre-processing
techniques like tokenization, removing stop words, case normalization, removing punctuation and stemming are
applied to acquire cleaner dataset to be used as input. The output is sent to the classifier after applying TF-IDF
for feature weighting. In the second phase, the classifier is trial with 25% testing dataset. Bernoulli’s Naïve
Bayesian classifier which is an improved form of traditional Naïve Bayesian classifier is used to classify
sentiments. There are 417 messages in total where 244 and 173 are classified as positive and negative
respectively. The proposed model has achieved satisfactory results up to 81.73% in comparison to base-line
classification model by getting 12 points higher accuracy i.e. 69.23%.
Is Lean Management applicable to the hospital and for which results?IJMREMJournal
lean management is a mode of organism inspired by Toyotism; His practice is evident throughout the world and
is one of the most affected institutions, except that the latter is a different profession. There is no shared vision
among the different actors on measuring the performance of the hospital. The activity of the hospital applies to
unique "products": each patient, with its peculiar specificity. The relationship of the workers with the patient is
radically different from the relationship of the worker with his product. That is why the practice of Lean has a
certain specificity in the health field.
Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Solar Tracking System by Using By-Pas...IJMREMJournal
Energy is a burning issue that almost every person experience now a days. Energy demand increases exponentially
since a decade. Due to the global warming and it’s threatening impacts on human life. Therefore, to overcome
such disastrous impacts on the planet, renewable energy resources play vital role now a days. Solar energy is one
of the vastest available renewable energy resources around the globe, but the main issue is its poor efficiency.
Pakistan is facing energy shortage that can be compensated through solar power and the need is to design a project
that maximizes its efficiency. So, the research is mainly focused on improving efficiency of solar panels against
shading loss by using different techniques. In this research, different results will be obtained and compared with
different techniques which are LDR based solar tracking system, by-pass diodes technology and super capacitors.
Fabrication of solar tracker is based on Microcontroller that drives L298N driver to operate stepper motor.
Reactivity Feedback Effect on the Reactor Behaviour during SBLOCA in a 4-loop...IJMREMJournal
The reactivity coefficient is a very important parameter for safety and Stability of reactors operation. To provide
the safety analysis of the reactor, the calculation of changes in reactivity caused by temperature is necessary
because it is related to the reactor operation. The objective is to study the effect of the temperature reactivity
coefficients of fuel and moderator of the PWR core, as well as the moderator density and boron concentration on
fluid density, reactivity, void fraction. peak fuel clad temperature and time to core uncover were found for two
feedback cases. This paper focuses on the effect of the Reactivity feedback, of the 6" (6-inch) Cold Leg
SBLOCA sequences in a 4-loop PWR Westinghouse nuclear power plant with a scram for various feedback,
moderator density coefficient, MDC, moderator temperature coefficient, MTC, the fuel temperature coefficient,
FTC, and boron concentrations. Dragon neutronic code is used for calculating reactivity's coefficient which is
used in RELAP5 thermal hydraulic computer code to simulate the effect of Reactivity feedback during Cold
Leg SBLOCA. The plant nodalization consists of two loops; the first one represents the broken loop and the
second one represents the other three intact loops. In the present analysis two models in RELAP5 code for
computation of the reactivity feedback, separable and tabular models are used. The 6-inch break size was chosen
because the previous work [1], showed that it was the worst size break in a 4-loop PWR Westinghouse. The
results show that the neglecting of the reactivity feed-back effect causes overheating of the clad and that the
importance of the reactivity feed-back on calculating the power (reactivity) which the key parameter that
controls the clad and fuel temperatures to maintain them below their melting point and therefore prevent core
uncover and fuel damage where the fuel temperature, clad temperature and core water level are in the range.
Lyapunov-type inequalities for a fractional q, -difference equation involvin...IJMREMJournal
In this paper, we present new Lyapunov-type inequalities for a fractional boundary value problem of
fractional
q, -difference equation with p-Laplacian operator. The obtained inequalities are used to obtain a
lower bound for the eigenvalues of corresponding equations.
The Policies of Government Intervention as Third-Party for Conflict in Bike-S...IJMREMJournal
This research accesses to the unbalance phenomenon between the rapid development of Sharing bicycle industry
and the good public order. Taking into account the inconsistent goals of bicycle companies and users, the local
government is employed as a third party to mediate the conflict. We establish the conflict model including three
decision makers - Enterprises, Citizens and Government - based on GMCR (Graph Model for Conflict Resolution)
theory, and then find out the equilibrium by means of the decision support system GMCR II. The results show that
the sustainable development of the Sharing bicycle market requires the cooperation and efforts of all the three
parties, the government plays a necessary role to guide the enterprises and the users. We also propose some
management insights on how to provide suggestions for the sharing bicycle companies to improve their
dispatching services, and how to establish and improve relevant laws and regulations to guide citizens to use
shared bicycles in order to achieve mutual benefits
Epidemiological study for Trichomonas Vaginalis for Discrete time model and C...IJMREMJournal
During the period of July until December 2017 Conduct an epidemiological study to investigate the prevalence
of Trichomonas Vaginalis among women who have been consulted for the consultation and emergency of the
maternity and child hospital in Diwaniyah city in Iraq. The number of specimens examined was 857 samples
and the ages ranged between 15-60 years. After the swabs were taken, the direct examination and coloring and
planting on the different food communities to diagnose parasitic Trichomonas vaginalis the incidence of
Trichomonas vaginalis was 129 (17%). Using the mathematical model discrete time model and continuous time
model, it was observed that the highest percentage of infection was in July and the disease began to fade until it
reached the lowest rate in December. Using the mathematical model mentioned above, it was noted that
teaching a significant role in curbing the spread of the disease.
Energy Conservation through Smart Building and Smart Lighting SystemIJMREMJournal
Energy conservation is an extensive topic due to the propagation of electricity demand and challenges globally
and is regarded as one of the most significant issues affects the power system quality, global environment and
consumers. Smart building is a technology that can connect everything to networks or systems to monitor and
control them in various areas such as offices, energy-consuming devices especially in laboratories, security
devices etc. Nevertheless, people's perception about using smart technology for energy saving is still in the mind’s
eye. This means that people discuss about environmental awareness readily. Due to the availability of electricity
and its elemental role, regulating consumers’ behaviours towards power savings can be a challenge. Remarkably,
the gap in today's smart technology design in smart buildings is the compassionate of consumers’ attitudes and
the merging of this perspective into the smart technology. Implementation of PLC based controlling system is a
convenient method to save the power and energy strategy for whole building. Furthermore, prepare a lighting
scheme can results a rapid response in energy conservation. Consequently, PLC Automatic system removes the
human intervention which makes the process smart and energy reduction will gives benefits to the consumers in
terms of reducing the cost of electricity bills. Nonetheless, contemporary buildings’ energy conservation has been
significant solution to cope with the rising electricity necessity.
The Effect of Workplace Relationship toward Job Satisfaction of Divine Word C...IJMREMJournal
The study was conducted to determine workplace relationship between employer and employees and among employees of Divine Word Colleges in Ilocos Sur, Philippines and its effect on the job satisfaction. Literatures and studies were reviewed, and questionnaires were used to gather the data related to workplace relationship and job satisfaction. The respondents of the study are employees of the colleges of Ilocos region which include Ilocos Sur and Ilocos Norte. The study is a descriptive study involving survey and fact-finding inquiry. Weighted mean and Pearson r were used to determine the workplace relationship and its correlation with job satisfaction. The study found that there is a significant correlation between workplace relationship and job satisfaction. Therefore, the study recommends that management need to monitor and improve workplace relationship between employer and employees and among employees and also improve and monitor factors that affect job satisfaction.
Semi-automatic Picture Book Generation based on Story Model and Agent-based S...IJMREMJournal
In the fields of artificial intelligence, automatic narrative generation has attracted considerable interest. Lots of studies on narrative generation have been reported such as novel, comic, and picture book. However, most of those reuse original stories, pictures, and sentences. As a result, there is a problem that generated narratives infringe on copyright. In this paper, we focus on the picture book as the narrative because picture book is a mix of images and language. As a first step of automatic story generation without representation mediums, we propose a novel semi-automatic picture book generation method based on story model and agent-based simulation. The computational experiments are carried out to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method
Efficiency Evaluation of Thailand Gross Domestic Product Using DEAIJMREMJournal
The goal of this research is to evaluate the efficiency of GDP in Thailand from the past years and provide suggestions for government and policy-makers on ways to manage inputs and improve outputs in the future while enhancing the GDP of Thailand. The paper analyzed the data collected from Office of the National Economic and Social Development of Thailand through a period of 25 years ranging from 1993 to 2017. The results show that the year 2017 was the worst years in terms of efficiency. In order to achieve the research goal, data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used. Theoretically, research has found that evaluation of GDP can be improved by eradicating the negative values of slack movement. In economic terms, the research proposed the promotion of export-led growth, business incubators, and entrepreneurship to boost not only the inputs but also the GPD of the country. In general, the GDP of Thailand is quite efficient. This research can provide strategic advice for Thai Government to improve the Gross Domestic Product thoroughly
Predicting Trade Conflict Outcomes using a Third-Party Intervention ModelIJMREMJournal
As anti-import sentiment and protectionism have been increasing, more papers have focused on using theories to explain or resolve them. However, most research has focused on disputes involving larger nations such that there is not much relatable information for disputes such as the one between South Africa and Zimbabwe. The aim of this paper was to bridge the knowledge gap by using the graph model for conflict resolution and the decision support software GMCRII to simulate possible responses to this regional trade conflict. This thirdparty intervention model will assist in investigating and prescribing a diplomatic solution with fair compromise to resolve the unequal trade problem between Zimbabwe and South Africa without harming the economies of both the countries. This research found that a peaceful resolution of the disagreement could be found by the addition of a third-party to help in the conflict resolution thereby ending the prolonged trade conflict. This undertaking will serve as a template for modelling and predicting an outcome in the event of third-party intervention for future trade disputes involving regional trade partners with emerging or developing economies such as those that exist in Africa
Proposed Framework for Effective Management of End-User Stakeholders’ in Publ...IJMREMJournal
Significant infrastructure such as roads, prisons, schools, rail tracks and train systems, among others are currently developed through the involvement of Public Private Partnership (PPP) arrangements which have been acknowledged internationally in recent time. The poor management of end-user stakeholder during PPP projects in developing nation like Nigeria has been established as one of the major factor affecting the successful growth and development of PPP projects. Due to the paucity in research on end-user stakeholder management on PPP projects in Nigeria, informs this study aim to expose the main strategic factors that can accommodate end-user stakeholder’s management in any PPP road project in Nigeria. The professionals that have worked on the project cum the end-user of the project area were used as targeted respondents for the adopted case study and survey strategies method approach. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the eighteen (18) interviews that were conducted having completed and analysed total number of 282 questionnaires using reliability and factor analysis approach. Seven valid underlying factors were revealed from 28 variables that were left on the questionnaire data with the aid of factor analysis which were used later as factors affecting end-user stakeholders’ management in PPP road project in Nigeria. A proposed framework was created with the seven underlying factors as a template for any successful PPP road project in developing country like Nigeria. These will quench the agitation of enduser stakeholders’ quarrels on PPP toll road projects
Design and Evaluation of Open Graded Hot Mix Asphalt Using Cement as A Grout...IJMREMJournal
Road networks ought to be efficiently designed to be safe, speedy and loading sustaining as it has a significant importance in country’s development. For that, pavement should be designed efficiently to exhibit better strength, durability and economical at the same time. Generally, a pavement is classified as Flexible or Rigid. Flexible pavement is opened early to traffic, has good riding quality and ease of maintenance but owing to heavy loading conditions these pavements are more susceptible to wear and tear. On the contrary rigid pavement is load sustaining, durable but having higher construction cost and poor riding quality. World is heading to semirigid pavement which exhibits characteristics of both these pavements. It is the combination of cement concrete and porous asphalt concrete which is achieved by leaving 25% to 30% air voids infused by cement grouts and is known as Semi-rigid pavement.In this research, semi-rigid pavement was designed using ratio of grout of optimum mix was 1:0.55 at water cement ratio by 2% of cement dosage with SP. Study concludes that, Semirigid pavement’s Marshall stability of 7 days was almost 85% of rigid pavement and 28 days compressive strength of semi-rigid pavement was almost 30.5% that of rigid pavement. Besides, it has been ensured that 7 days strength is comparable to 28 days strength of Semi-rigid pavement.
Design of Cold Recycled Emulsified Asphalt Mixtures Using Portland Cement as ...IJMREMJournal
Cold Recycling is getting popularity in research sector and construction industries because it overcomes all the issues of Hot Mix Asphalt of more consumption of natural resources, high production energy, central plant recycling, effect of greenhouse gases and non-feasibility in colder regions. In this research study, a cold recycled mixture is designed and compared in terms of mechanical and volumetric properties with control hot mix asphalt mixture, using 60% RAP (reclaimed asphalt pavement) aggregates and 40 % virgin aggregates to fulfill gradation requirements. Asphalt emulsion for cold recycled mixtures is used as a binder with varying five contents (4.3%, 4.8%, 5.3%, 5.8% and 6.3%). Also, a modified cold recycled mixture is prepared at optimum emulsion content of control cold recycled mixture by partially replacing conventional aggregate mineral filler with three different contents of Portland cement (2%, 3% and 4%) of total dry mass of aggregates. Marshall mix design procedure was adopted to calculate the optimum (bitumen, emulsion and filler content) for control hot mix asphalt, control cold recycled mixture and modified cold recycled mixtures respectively. Mechanical properties of each of these mixtures were compared with each other and it was found that modified cold recycled mixtures were better than controlled cold recycled mixture and comparable in properties to hot mix asphalt mixtures and Optimum filler content of Portland cement for modified cold recycled mixture was found to be at 4%.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Cooling Tower with Air to Air Heat Exchanger for Re...IJMREMJournal
In this paper a thermodynamic analysis of cooling tower with air-to-air heat exchanger is presented. During manual operation of conventional cooling tower, a good quantity of water is evaporated which requires equivalent amount of makeup water for their condensers. So, in this regard, the thermodynamic model of a cooling with an air to air heat exchanger is developed using engineering equation solver (EES) software and then simulated in different climatic conditions of two major cities of Pakistan namely Karachi and Jamshoro through the period of June & December 2017. The results show a significant variation in water vapor recovery with respect to atmospheric conditions mainly humidity and ambient air temperature. Results reveal that the when a cooling tower coupled with air to air heat exchanger maximum amount of water vapors are recovered at Karachi and ranges up to 67% and 62% in Jamshoro during the month of December.
Modeling and Development of Pneumatic Accumulating SystemIJMREMJournal
In the recent few years the quest for renewable energy has been increased. In developing countries like Pakistan, energy crises are considered as critical problem for country’s economy. In this scenario there are two possibilities either to improve the efficiency of energy conversion method or to discover new energy resources i.e. renewable sources. Therefore, the main concern of this study is to develop an accumulating system which can harness some amount of wasted energy of moving road vehicles. It has been found that road moving vehicles are wasting huge amount of their potential energy. This wasted energy can be harvested by installing a pneumatic accumulating system underneath the transient rout of moving vehicle, which can simulate wasted energy for useful work. For the proposed system, mathematical model with governing equations is developed, that shows efficient conversation of potential energy to the pressure energy. Developed model is programmed in MATLAB for the real time comparison of output. It is observed that the proposed system is applicable to extract wasted energy of road vehicle for useful purpose.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
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Design and Evaluation of Open Graded Hot Mix Asphalt Using Cement as A Grouting Material
1. International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering & Management (IJMREM)
||Volume|| 1||Issue|| 10 ||Pages|| 75-83 || November 2018|| ISSN: 2581-4540
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 75
Design and Evaluation of Open Graded Hot Mix Asphalt Using
Cement as A Grouting Material
1,
Gulzar Hussain Jatoi, 2,
Naeem Aziz Memon, 3,
Pervez shaikh, 4,
Abdul Qudoos
Malano, 5,
Abdul Hafeez Memon
1,2,3,4,5,
Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran UET Jamshoro Pakistan
---------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------------
Road networks ought to be efficiently designed to be safe, speedy and loading sustaining as it has a significant
importance in country’s development. For that, pavement should be designed efficiently to exhibit better
strength, durability and economical at the same time. Generally, a pavement is classified as Flexible or Rigid.
Flexible pavement is opened early to traffic, has good riding quality and ease of maintenance but owing to heavy
loading conditions these pavements are more susceptible to wear and tear. On the contrary rigid pavement is
load sustaining, durable but having higher construction cost and poor riding quality. World is heading to semi-
rigid pavement which exhibits characteristics of both these pavements. It is the combination of cement concrete
and porous asphalt concrete which is achieved by leaving 25% to 30% air voids infused by cement grouts and is
known as Semi-rigid pavement.In this research, semi-rigid pavement was designed using ratio of grout of
optimum mix was 1:0.55 at water cement ratio by 2% of cement dosage with SP. Study concludes that, Semi-
rigid pavement’s Marshall stability of 7 days was almost 85% of rigid pavement and 28 days compressive
strength of semi-rigid pavement was almost 30.5% that of rigid pavement. Besides, it has been ensured that 7
days strength is comparable to 28 days strength of Semi-rigid pavement.
KEYWORDS: Cement grout, Flexible pavement, Marshall Mix design, Open graded asphalt and Semi-Rigid
pavement.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: Date, 16 November 2018 Date of Accepted: 21 November 2018
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
In Pakistan flexible pavements are almost designed as Hot Mix Asphalt pavements (HMA) and these pavements
are widely designed by using an old method i.e. Marshal Mix Design. As development of any country is specified
by the road networks, end users and their main priorities are to save time, cost, and get more capacity and riding
comforts. Whereas designer’s objectives are to design a pavement having long life, high strength and low cost
that meets the economic and environmental requirements of the life cycle. There are two types of pavements
widely used, one is flexible pavement which is economical and has excellent riding quality, low maintenance cost
but has more chances of failure i.e. rutting, fatigue, and low flexural strength and has low design life etc. second
type is a rigid pavement which has very high flexural strength, high construction cost, low maintenance as well as
riding is not as good as that of flexible pavement. Keeping in the consideration both the pavement design
methods another pavement design was introduced named as “Semi Rigid pavement” It was introduced as Resin-
Modified Pavements (RMP) in 1960’s and later developed as Semi-Rigid Pavement (SRP). This heavy-duty
pavement meets combined requirements of both pavements; it provides rut resistance to heavy and slow-moving
traffic, good riding quality, durability and resistance to chemical attacks and oils. In many developed countries of
world these pavements are being used for aircraft aprons, industrial stands, warehouses and parking places.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
The concept of Semi-Rigid pavement was developed in France in 1960’s by a French construction company Jean
Lefebvre enterprise as a Resin Modified pavement (Salviacim, 1991) Many research works were conducted to
establish a suitable optimize design and examine the strength of the SRP. Though, most of the studies were
carried out on cement grout with different nomenclature. Huge number of studies was proposed for SRP with
different nomenclature but identical construction and working principle i.e. grouted macadam, Densiphalt and
Resin-modified pavement.
2. Design and Evaluation of Open Graded Hot…
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 76
Márcia Lopes Afonso et al (2015) analyzed the probability of utilizing reclaimed asphalt pavement to produce
cold mix porous asphalt along with the usage of cementitious grout contented with milled glass and Panasqueira
waste mud and geo-polymer grout. The applications of cold mix asphalt enhance ease of mixing and handling
along with rapid installations and eliminating the requirement of large-scale production plants and emissions and
energy saving. The aggregates used were mostly natural and altered granites and the binder having pen grade of
100/150 and softening point of 430C. On the other hand, 12 cementitious grouts were prepared along with 4 geo-
polymer grouts with varying proportions of w/c ratio, superplasticizer type and dosage and waste mud activated
with various concentrations of alkali solutions. the cementitious grouts were decomposed into 6 weaker and 6
stronger grouts based on w/c ratio and s-p dosage. The fresh grouts were tested with Viskomat NT rheometer.
The S30MG was selected from the 12 cementitious grouts which comprised 70% cement, and 30% milled glasses
because it yielded the required flow time. Later the Marshal stability and compressive strength properties were
determined in which the Hot mixtures with S30MG cement grout showed satisfactory results of 53.9 kN and 14.3
MPa respectively. (Márcia Lopes Afonso, 2015). [9]
Setyawan et al (2013) investigated the compressive strength of four types of grouts impregnated in to hot
limestone porous asphalt. The compressive strength at 28days of fly ash, silica fume-fly ash, pozament grouted
macadam were identical and about 13.82Mpa. Additionally, the effects of bitumen type based on silica fume
grout, effects of aggregates were also observed. (A. Setyawan, 2013). [1]
Lei et al (2012) came across the semi-rigid pavement in cooperation an additional gradation of 26.5mm sieve.
The mixing ratio for cement, sand and fly ash was 1:0.5:0.5 at w/c of 0.5 with SP 0.5% of cement. The
workability varied from 8s to 10s although the compressive and flexural strength of cement mortar at 7days was
more than 7.5MPa and 2.5MPa respectively. (Lei, 2012). [2]
Dong Qing Wu et al (2011) observed basic comparisons between the flexible, rigid and the semi-rigid pavement
with respect to rutting, skid resistance, resistant to chemicals, moisture, maintenance, life span construction and
installation which indicated that SRP plays satisfactory role in all aspects. The cement slurry was consisted of the
Chemilink SS-141 (high performance polymer modified cement mortar) which induced the workability,
compressive strength and flexural strength of 13-27 seconds, 120-140 MPa and 7-15 MPa. [3] Mohan Reddy et al
(2005) proposed the preliminary fabrication of semi-rigid pavement. This study highlights the procedure of
fabrication of open-graded asphalt concrete and cement slurry with its characterization. The cement grout was
designed with cement, silica and fly ash proportion as 73:7:20 with the water /binder ratio of 0.35to0.5.
Additionally, 100mm cubes of asphalt mix were prepared by Marshall Compacter with 25 blows per layer for two
layers. The 3days strength of 4.1MPa was obtained from a mix comprising; bitumen content of 4% and w/b ratio
of 0.4 and SP dosage of 2.5%. (B. Rama Mohan Reddy, 2005) [4]
I. L. Al-Qadi et al, (1994) Conducted study on Asphalt Portland Cement Concrete composite: Laboratory
Evaluation. This laboratory analysis comprised of Stability and flow, water susceptibility, chloride intrusion and
freezing and thawing. The result shows that APCCC reduces the intrusion of chloride ion by two to three times
compared to those of Portland Cement Concrete except for those of no moist level. [5]
Randy C. Ahlrich, Gary L. Anderton, et al (1991) conducted research study on construction and evaluation of
Resin Modified pavements, In which The US Army Engineer given task to construct the pavement which governs
the characteristics of both the pavements rigid pavements as well as flexible pavements. Then they introduced
new modified pavement named as Resin Modified pavement (RMP) later named as Semi Rigid Pavement (SRP).
The results indicate that Marshall Stability of semi-rigid pavement is twice that of flexible pavement and
compressive strength about 15 % that of Rigid pavement. [6]
III. MATERIALS
The materials used in this research are listed below:
1. Bitumen
2. Mineral Aggregates
3. Cement
4. Sand
5. Plasticizer
3. Design and Evaluation of Open Graded Hot…
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 77
Characterization of Bitumen : To check the quality and properties of the bitumen binder to be suitable for
design, following empirical tests were carried out and results are presented below in table 1.
Table 1 Various properties of bitumen binder
Test Description Test Result
Penetration (0.1mm) 60/70 grade
Softening Point 0
C 46.5 0
C
Ductility (cm) 139 cm
Flash Point 325 0
C
Fire Point 370 0
C
Specific Gravity 1.007
Mineral Aggregate : In this study Mineral aggregates were collected from Parker crush plant near toll plaza N-
55 Indus Highway, for evaluating the physical properties of mineral aggregates used in this research study,
aggregate gradation and physical properties tests were conducted
Grading Of Aggregates : For the sake of determination of particles size range present in the four different stock
piles, gradation was performed on the varying aggregates sizes i.e. 19-16 mm, 16-13 mm, 9-5 m and 5-0 mm.
Results of gradation tests are presented below in table 2.
Table 2 Results of Gradation for Various Aggregate Sizes
Sieve Size
(inch)
Sieve Size
(mm)
Achieved Blend
Grading
Mid-Point of
Specification
Specification
Limit
1 1/2//
37.5 100 100 100
1//
25.4 100 100 100
3/4//
19.1 97.2 95 100
1/2//
12.7 75.2 70 65-75
3/8//
9.5 53.8 57.5 50-65
#4 4.75 27.8 28 23-33
#8 2.36 14.7 13 9--17
#30 1.7 5.9 7.5 5--10
#200 0.075 1.9 2 1--3
Figure1 Particle Size Distribution Curve
4. Design and Evaluation of Open Graded Hot…
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 78
Physical test of aggregate : After carrying out the various tests for ensuring the aggregate properties, results are
presented in the below table 3.
Table 3 physical properties of aggregate
Test Description Result
Soundness (%) 2.0%
Specific gravity 2.52
Specific gravity (filler) 2.48
Crushing Value (%) 19.05%
Aggregate Impact Value (%) 18.45%
Los Angeles (%) 20.23%
Elongation Index (%) 28.24%
Flakiness Index (%) 24.52%
Cement : Cement is the main constituent of grouting material. This is responsible for the strength of grout. In
this research purpose Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was selected and was purchased from local market.
Table 4 Properties of Cement
Sand : Sand should be clean, free from clay particles, plasticity index of 4 or less, and durable and meet the
“AASHTO C33” requirements; sand was used to increase the shear strength of the grout.
Plasticizer : To reduce the requirement of excess water and in order to increase the workability of the grout
plasticizer is to be used, and also increase the physical strength. The normal dosage of plasticizer is 0.80 to 1.8
liters/kg.
IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Conventional hot mix asphalt : For this research study Marshall Mix design method was selected to find out
the optimum bitumen content for this purpose fifteen samples were prepared using five different bitumen content
percentages from 3.5% to 5.5% at an interval of 0.5%. For preparation of HMA sample appropriate proportions
of aggregate blend and bitumen content was set to prepare the mix of 1200 grams at a temperature of 1600C to
1700C. And mixing was done at 1600C till the homogeneity of the mixture takes place. The mix was placed in
the mold of diameter 10m and 75 times hammering action were applied on each side of the sample. After the
compaction specimen were ready for unit weight, volumetric, Marshall Stability and flow values.
preparation of porous asphalt skeleton : Preparation of porous asphalt skeleton using optimum bitumen
content obtained from conventional hot mix asphalt was 2nd object of this research study, for this purpose
suitable proportion of mineral aggregate and optimum bitumen content were set to prepare the mix of 1200
grams at a temperature of 1600C to 1700C. And mixing was done at 1600C till the homogeneity of the mixture
takes place. The mix was placed in the mold of diameter 10m and 25 times hammering action were applied on
single side of the specimen in order to maintain the 25% to 35% air voids. After the compaction specimen were
ready impregnations of cement grout.
preparation of cement grout : A mix design analysis was conducted on several proportions of cement grout.
The batching percentages were conducted on trial and error basis and 2 formulations were tested. In our study,
the cement used was Lucky Cement which was a Portland cement, sand was locally available river sand passing
#200 sieve and the super plasticizer was SP-470 supplied by Sika.
Properties of Cement
Consistency 32%
Initial Setting
Time
51 Minutes
Final Setting Time 152 Minutes
5. Design and Evaluation of Open Graded Hot…
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 79
The materials (cement, sand, water and super-plasticizer) were weighed and mixed as per method discussed in
study. Immediately after mixing, the flow cone was held with one hand and outlet orifice was closed by plugging
finger. The cone was filled with cement grout up to 1000 ml fill line. The orifice of cone was opened by
removing finger and a stop watch was started simultaneously. The flow time for 1 liter of grout from orifice was
recorded as Marsh flow viscosity. The viscosity results of various formulations are given in table 4.15. And
graphically illustrated in Fig 2
Table 5 viscosity results of various mix design of
Blend
No
Proportions by weight
Superplasstisizer
(%)
Marsh Flow
time (sec)Portland
Cement
Sand Water
01 1 0.5 0.4 2 96
02 1 0.5 0.45 2 16
03 1 0.5 0.5 2 12
04 1 0.5 0.55 2 9
05 1 0.5 0.6 2 7
The viscosity results of mix containing water cement ratio of 0.5 was in proportion to the required specification.
The required flow time is 8 to 12 seconds. The superplasticizer was kept constant at 1 % for optimization of
strength and cost. The mix proportion of 1: 0.5 at 2% of SP was selected for grouting purpose.
V. LABORATORY PREPARATION OF SAMPLE
The Semi-rigid pavements samples were prepared after the design of; open graded hot mix asphalt and cement
grouts. Now it was a time to impregnate the grouting material into the open graded asphalt. For this purpose, the
open graded asphalt samples were placed on vibrating table keeping vibrating table switched on and the grouting
material continually poured until the voids were filled with the grouts and then samples were left for drying. For
the evaluation of initial setting after one day, samples were taken out from the mold and left for air drying for one
hour then immersed in water for 3 days of curing. After the completion of curing, samples were taken out from
water and compressive strength test was conducted by using Universal Testing Machine and results were
evaluated.
VI. RESULTS
A. Conventional Properties Of Hot Mix Asphalt (Hma) : Following table6 shows the results of compacted
asphalt mix, which contains results obtained from vloumetrics of asphalt, maximum dry density, stability and
FIGURE2 MIXING OF CEMENT
SLURRY
6. Design and Evaluation of Open Graded Hot…
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 80
Table 6 Conventional properties of HMA
flow of compacted asphalt mix
Bitumen
Content %
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
Stability (kgf) 1408 1430 1415 1369.33 1226.33
Flow (mm) 10.93 13.33 14 15.2 16.04
Gmb 2.237 2.242 2.267 2.256 2.229
VMA (%) 14.337 14.514 14.687 14.952 16.412
VTM (%) 6.558 5.595 3.940 3.754 4.252
VFA (%) 54.258 65.451 72.031 74.893 76.092
Gmm 2.394 2.377 2.360 2.344 2.328
B. Volumetric and Mechanical Properties of Marshall Mixtures: Figure3 shows the relationship
between stability and bitumen content; from the figure it can be observed that with the increase of bitumen
content maximum stability of 1430 kgs is achieved at 4% bitumen content. Further increase of bitumen content
decreases stability value linearly. First rise in the curve shows increasing stability value with increasing bitumen
content due to the sufficient coating and reduction in air voids. After that point stability value is continuously
decreasing because beyond this optimum point, bitumen is in excessive amount which causes bleeding and
reduces the strength of mix. Figure4 shows the relationship between unit weight and bitumen content; from
figure it can be observed that unit weight of asphalt mixture is maximum i.e. 2.267 at 4.5% bitumen content.
Further increase of bitumen content beyond 4.5% content decreases value of unit weight linearly. First rise in the
curve is due to the sufficiently increasing coating with increasing bitumen content and filling voids in mineral
aggregate and ultimately increasing unit weight. Further, volume of mixture is decreasing due to decrease in air
voids and therefore increasing unit weight. Beyond optimum content, further increase of bitumen content results
in bleeding of the mixture because voids of mineral aggregates are almost being filled with bitumen and due to
this insufficient air voids left, results in the poor mixing and bonding and ultimately reducing unit weight.
Figure5 shows the relationship between percentage of air voids and bitumen content; from the figure it can be
observed that percentage of air voids are decreasing linearly as the percentage of bitumen content is increasing.
At 3.5% of bitumen content percentage of air voids is 6.5% whereas at 4.5% bitumen content percentage of air
voids is 4%. The decrease in the air void content is due to the increasing % of bitumen content, filling voids in
mineral aggregates and reducing air trapped between voids of aggregate. Normally the curve linearly decreases
with increasing bitumen content but in our case, it is again increasing in air voids after the optimum content, this
is may be due to the defective manual compaction Figure6. Shows the relationship between the flow value and
varying bitumen content; flow value is the plastic deformation of the mixture at the failure point. With the
increased bitumen content this value increases because the excessive bitumen causes bleeding and air voids filled
with higher content of bitumen causes flow and sliding of fines in the mixture. It is evident from the above figure
5. That flow is linearly increasing with increasing bitumen content.
Figur7. Shows the correlation between voids filled with asphalt and asphalt content; as it is evident that when
bitumen content is increasing the voids of aggregates are increase in bitumen percentage and ultimately a linear
relationship is achieved as shown above.
Figure8. Shows the relationship between the VMA and bitumen content; Though, VMA depends upon the nature
of aggregate type and its properties and it varies from aggregate to aggregate but it can be seen from the above
figure that with the increasing bitumen content voids in mineral aggregate is reducing
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Calculation for Optimum Bitumen Content
Using three graphs i.e. Stability v/s B.C, unit weight v/s B.C and % air Voids v/s B.C.
• Bitumen content at maximum stability = 4.0%
• Bitumen content at maximum unit weight = 4.56%
• Bitumen content at 4% air voids = 4.5 %
OBC = (4.0+4.56+4.5)/3
OBC = 4.35 %
For open graded hot mix asphalt concrete optimum bitumen content found as 4.35%, there proportion of mix for
the porous asphalt concrete skeleton given below.
Properties
Values at Optimum
Bitumen Content
Stability (kgf) 1430
Unit weight (g/cm3
) 2.256
Flow in 0.01” 13.5
VTM (%) 4.49
VMA (%) 14.56
VFA (%) 67.52
MARSHALL STABILITY (COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST): The grouted samples after curing were subjected to
Marshall Compression to determine the stability of the sample. The samples were submerged in water bath at 60
0C for initial ageing about 30 minutes and later placed in Universal testing machine. The complete assembly is
placed on compression machine the machine was started and stability dial gauge readings were recorded. The dial
gauge readings were multiplied by factors to get the stability values. Table 8 shows the Marshall Stability Test
Results of cement grouted Semi-rigid pavement.
Table 7 revised properties at optimum bitumen content
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Table 8 Compressive strength of Semi-rigid Pavement
Compressive strength of Semi-rigid pavement
No
Curing
days
UTM readings Stability (kgf) average
1
7days
37080 3775.97
3885.832 37750 3848.11
3 39530 4025.46
4
14days
39721 4049.03
4261.985 44124 4493.28
6 41585 4239.04
7
28days
63250 6440.94
4580.298 44140 4499.49
9 45408 4624.03
Table8 shows the compressive strength results of semi-rigid pavement, at 3 different curing day’s effect, 3
samples were placed at 7days curing and the compressive strength is 3885.83, 14days curing samples gives the
compressive strength of 4261.98, and 28 days compressive strength is 4580.29. From the above table8 it can be
observed that 7 days curing strength almost give 85% compressive strength of 28 days strength. It means after
7days of construction road can be opened for traffic.
VII. CONCLUSION
As compare to cement grout of RMP (Randy C Ahlrich, 1991), the compressive strength of cement grout is 57%
greater. The Marshall stability values of 7 days cured sample was 2.72 times the conventional values of flexible
pavement. The Marshall stability values of 14 days cured sample was 3 times the conventional values of flexible
pavement. The Marshall stability values of 28 days cured sample was 3.2 times the conventional values of
flexible pavement. The targeted strength of specimen can be achieved by controlling the flow and the strength
characteristics of cement grout.
It can be concluded that at 7days cured strength is almost 85% of 28 days cured strength; it means that after 7days
of construction road can be opened for traffic.
VIII. RECOMMENDATION
Although the design and investigation of SRP is conducted in terms of strength but sufficient research needs to be
steered for fully development. Nonetheless, following recommendation are suggested for the future research. The
mix design of Open Graded Asphalt Concrete can be altered to come across more precise design in terms of
strength and volumetric by proposing various type and gradation of aggregates, different type and contents of
bitumen, different mix design methods i.e. Super pave. The mix design of highly workable cement grout can be
altered by different mix proportions, constituents and more precisely by the dosage of SP. Investigation of
parameters relating to strength, skid resistance, durability and indirect tensile stiffness modulus to come across
more precise behavior of SRP.
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