The goal of this research is to evaluate the efficiency of GDP in Thailand from the past years and provide suggestions for government and policy-makers on ways to manage inputs and improve outputs in the future while enhancing the GDP of Thailand. The paper analyzed the data collected from Office of the National Economic and Social Development of Thailand through a period of 25 years ranging from 1993 to 2017. The results show that the year 2017 was the worst years in terms of efficiency. In order to achieve the research goal, data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used. Theoretically, research has found that evaluation of GDP can be improved by eradicating the negative values of slack movement. In economic terms, the research proposed the promotion of export-led growth, business incubators, and entrepreneurship to boost not only the inputs but also the GPD of the country. In general, the GDP of Thailand is quite efficient. This research can provide strategic advice for Thai Government to improve the Gross Domestic Product thoroughly
Impact of Strategic Cost Analysis on Accounting Informationijtsrd
This study handles impact of strategic cost analysis on accounting information (field study on engineering industries Companies - Khartoum State), the study aimed to understand the concept of strategic cost analysis and the concept and characteristics of accounting information. The study test one hypothesis following: There is a statistically significant relationship between the application of strategic costs analysis and accounting information and hypothesis is achieved. The study reached some findings from which: strategic cost analysis contributes to the provision of appropriate information for decision making, Strategic cost analysis contributes to reducing the costs of different activities, strategic cost analysis contributes to providing information about activities that do not add value to the product, the study recommended following: care should be taken to apply the types of strategic cost analysis to obtain product information at all stages, must be applied the types of strategic cost analysis with modern cost methods to reduce the total cost of production. Dr. Abubkr Ahmed Elhadi Abdelraheem | Dr. Badreldin Elhadi Ahmed Serajeldin | Aldouma Abdallah Abdalrahman Jedo"Impact of Strategic Cost Analysis on Accounting Information" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd146.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/146/impact-of-strategic-cost-analysis-on-accounting-information/dr-abubkr-ahmed-elhadi-abdelraheem
Impact of Strategic Cost Analysis on Accounting Informationijtsrd
This study handles impact of strategic cost analysis on accounting information (field study on engineering industries Companies - Khartoum State), the study aimed to understand the concept of strategic cost analysis and the concept and characteristics of accounting information. The study test one hypothesis following: There is a statistically significant relationship between the application of strategic costs analysis and accounting information and hypothesis is achieved. The study reached some findings from which: strategic cost analysis contributes to the provision of appropriate information for decision making, Strategic cost analysis contributes to reducing the costs of different activities, strategic cost analysis contributes to providing information about activities that do not add value to the product, the study recommended following: care should be taken to apply the types of strategic cost analysis to obtain product information at all stages, must be applied the types of strategic cost analysis with modern cost methods to reduce the total cost of production. Dr. Abubkr Ahmed Elhadi Abdelraheem | Dr. Badreldin Elhadi Ahmed Serajeldin | Aldouma Abdallah Abdalrahman Jedo"Impact of Strategic Cost Analysis on Accounting Information" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd146.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/146/impact-of-strategic-cost-analysis-on-accounting-information/dr-abubkr-ahmed-elhadi-abdelraheem
The TeamLease Employment Outlook Report: July-September 2011valuvox
The quarterly TeamLease Employment Outlook Report provides human resource policy and decision makers a forward looking tool that tracks hiring sentiments in the market. The report carries an insight into what businesses of various sizes – across the country and across industry sectors – have on their talent acquisition anvil for the immediate next three months. The Employment Outlook Survey is carried out, and the analysis done, in the preceding quarter.
National Economic Survey - Volume I - Chapter 10 - Is India’s GDP Growth Over...DVSResearchFoundatio
OBJECTIVE
National Economic Survey (NES) is the flagship annual document of the Ministry of Finance of the Government of India. It reviews the developments in the Indian economy over the past financial year, summarizes the performance on major development programs, and highlights initiatives of the government and the prospects of the economy in the short to medium term.
2014 Australian Complex Manufacturing and Enterprise Technology Benchmark ReportCincom Systems
The business outlook for manufacturing is not improving according to the 2014 Australian Complex Manufacturing and Enterprise Technology Benchmark Report.
Analysis on the Performance of Technology Companies with Z-score ModeljournalBEEI
Local technology sector plays a significant role in information and communication technology (ICT) based innovations and applications which enhance organizational performance as well as national economic growth and labor productivity. In this paper, financial performance of the listed Malaysia companies in technology sector is analyzed and evaluated. Altman’s Z-score model is proposed due to its robustness in determining companies’ financial distress level using five financial ratios as variables. The computed Z-score values classify the financial status of the companies into distress, grey and safe zones. This study investigates the financial data of 23 listed technology-based companies in the Main Market of Bursa Malaysia over the period of 2013 to 2017. The findings reveal that the percentage of safe zone companies increase throughout the five years whereas distress zone companies decline. It is concluded that financial ratio for market value of equity to total liabilities is the dominant factor that directly influences the level of financial distress among these technology-based companies in Malaysia. These research outcomes provide an insight to investors or policy makers to develop future planning in order to avoid financial failure in local
technology sector.
GAMIFICATION AND RESOURCE POOLING FOR IMPROVING OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY AND EF...IAEME Publication
The authors of this article attempted combining the two methodologies of
gamification and resource pooling with a view to derive the maximum productivity from
the organization drawing certain significant commonalities. Another biggest motive
behind the authors for combining these two techniques is the fact that eCommerce is a
business vertical or a market place where people from all walks of life participate in
online purchases.
The TeamLease Employment Outlook Report: July-September 2011valuvox
The quarterly TeamLease Employment Outlook Report provides human resource policy and decision makers a forward looking tool that tracks hiring sentiments in the market. The report carries an insight into what businesses of various sizes – across the country and across industry sectors – have on their talent acquisition anvil for the immediate next three months. The Employment Outlook Survey is carried out, and the analysis done, in the preceding quarter.
National Economic Survey - Volume I - Chapter 10 - Is India’s GDP Growth Over...DVSResearchFoundatio
OBJECTIVE
National Economic Survey (NES) is the flagship annual document of the Ministry of Finance of the Government of India. It reviews the developments in the Indian economy over the past financial year, summarizes the performance on major development programs, and highlights initiatives of the government and the prospects of the economy in the short to medium term.
2014 Australian Complex Manufacturing and Enterprise Technology Benchmark ReportCincom Systems
The business outlook for manufacturing is not improving according to the 2014 Australian Complex Manufacturing and Enterprise Technology Benchmark Report.
Analysis on the Performance of Technology Companies with Z-score ModeljournalBEEI
Local technology sector plays a significant role in information and communication technology (ICT) based innovations and applications which enhance organizational performance as well as national economic growth and labor productivity. In this paper, financial performance of the listed Malaysia companies in technology sector is analyzed and evaluated. Altman’s Z-score model is proposed due to its robustness in determining companies’ financial distress level using five financial ratios as variables. The computed Z-score values classify the financial status of the companies into distress, grey and safe zones. This study investigates the financial data of 23 listed technology-based companies in the Main Market of Bursa Malaysia over the period of 2013 to 2017. The findings reveal that the percentage of safe zone companies increase throughout the five years whereas distress zone companies decline. It is concluded that financial ratio for market value of equity to total liabilities is the dominant factor that directly influences the level of financial distress among these technology-based companies in Malaysia. These research outcomes provide an insight to investors or policy makers to develop future planning in order to avoid financial failure in local
technology sector.
GAMIFICATION AND RESOURCE POOLING FOR IMPROVING OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY AND EF...IAEME Publication
The authors of this article attempted combining the two methodologies of
gamification and resource pooling with a view to derive the maximum productivity from
the organization drawing certain significant commonalities. Another biggest motive
behind the authors for combining these two techniques is the fact that eCommerce is a
business vertical or a market place where people from all walks of life participate in
online purchases.
International Journal of Business and Management .docxmariuse18nolet
International Journal of Business and Management Vol. 5, No. 4; April 2010
3
Impact of Strategic Planning on Financial Performance of
Companies in Turkey
Alev M. Efendioglu (Corresponding author)
School of Business and Professional Studies, University of San Francisco
2130 Fulton Street, Malloy Hall 220 San Francisco, CA 94117-1045, USA
Tel: 1-415-422-6389 E-mail: [email protected]
A. Tuğba Karabulut
Faculty of Commercial Sciences, Istanbul Commerce University
Selman-i Pak Cad. 34672 Uskudar Istanbul, Turkey
Tel: 90-216-5539422/278 ext E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Strategic planning is important for strategic management of companies. The purpose of this study is to explore
the impact of strategic planning on financial performance of Major Industrial Enterprises of Turkey. Our
findings show that many domestic and foreign firms in our sample have a strategic process in place. It is an
annual process and considered a very important organizational activity. This paper is one of the few studies to
examine the strategic planning process in a sample of firms from a transitional economy. It can be considered a
longitudinal study because it examines a set of institutions to identify changes in their performance over time, as
they incorporate the use of strategic tools in a dynamic competitive environment. The findings of this study
provide a contribution to our understanding of the nature and practice of strategic planning in Turkish companies
and possibilities of correlations between their efforts and performance.
Keywords: Strategic planning, Financial performance, Turkey
1. Introduction
Even though the concept of strategy may have had its original underpinnings in the military and its war efforts,
over many decades it has become a mainstay and a major process (organizational activity) in for-profit and
not-for-profit organizations. These organizations have refined and used the process to understand issues which
they cannot control but have a significant impact on their survival and success, and use their limited resources
and competencies to improve their competitive positions. It was hypothesized that by consciously using formal
planning, a company could exert some positive control over market forces, create competitive advantages,
improve organizational effectiveness, and improve its performance.
As a result, new concepts and tools were developed and added to company repertoires over time, and they were
used to bring formality and uniformity to strategy development in organizations. Because one of the objectives
of this process is to develop competitive advantages leading to superior organizational performance, the
relationship between the firm’s strategic planning efforts and firm performance received considerable attention
from academics, researchers, and business executives. However, despite the large number of studies examining
this relationship, the findings ha.
Development of a White Paper on a Policy Framework for Total Factor ProductivityPAL Policy Analytics Lab
Two key experts from PAL, Mr Esen Caglar and Mr. Emre Koyuncu have been deployed as Senior Technical Experts by the UNDP Turkey office. The main objective of the assignment was to develop the “White Paper for Total Factor Productivity Policy Framework of Turkey" which aimed to contribute to Turkey's 11th National Development Plan.
The Effect of Information Technology and Total Quality Management on Organiza...Sigit Sanjaya
This study discovers the effect of information technology (IT) and total quality management (TQM) on organizational performance. The unit of analysis is state-owned enterprises in Padang city, Indonesia. The study utilized primary data which is obtained through the questionnaire. Total sampling is used in this study. 90 questionnaires were returned as a final sample. Data were analyzed by multiple regression analysis performed by SPSS 25 software. The result shows that IT has a positive and significant effect on organizational performance. TQM has a positive and significant effect on organizational performance.
Majority of SMEs collapse because they operate in business environment which is highly turbulent characterized by external factors as well as internal business factors. The study therefore sought to establish the effect of effect of product creation strategy on performance of small and medium enterprises in Eldoret town. The study was guided by Balanced Scorecard Theory. This study adopted descriptive research design. The target population of the study was 2,391 registered SMEs according to Uasin Gishu County government records and accessible population was 1764 respondents. The sample size for the respondents was therefore be 315. The study used questionnaires as the main tool for collecting data. The data collected was analyzed by using the excel program and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, frequencies, percentages and standard derivation and inferential statistics which include correlation and multiple regressions. Data was presented by use of frequency tables, charts and graphs. The study findings a positive and significant effect of product creation strategy on small and medium enterprises in Eldoret Town (β=0.476, p<0.05). The study will be of benefit to management of medium enterprises and other organizations in understanding the challenges they would encounter when implementing various strategies and be able to come up with better ways of dealing with these challenges so as to be successful in their strategies. The study would be of importance to future researchers and scholars since it would be a source of material for their research and would also help them in identifying the research gaps they need to fill.
Productivity is one of the important factors that must be taken into account to company
consideration, especially in manufacture based. The study is aims to determine the efficiency and effectiveness
of productivity in manufacturing process and at the same time enhance the productivity improvement. It is use
reliability test in finding the level of employee involvement in productivity process. By using validity test, it
found that the research instrumentsare valid and reliable. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) also was
conducted among stakeholders in gaining to get the information on productivity improvement. Thus, Analytical
Hierarchical Process (AHP) was used to determineand calculate the weighted criterion value and Measurement
of productivity using objective matrix method (OMAX) to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of resource
utility. The level of company productivity is stay in good criteria. Eventually, in some periods the productivity is
experiencing a major decline during 2015, mainly in main product criteria. By 2016, productivity decrease on
raw material utility. The affecting factors on productivity decrease are determined as: materials, manpower,
machinery, methods and environment. These five factors cause the company could not meet target production.
The appropriate strategy to improve productivity isnecessary need especially in manufacturing based.
This study aims to analyze the level of efficiency of local government health sector sending during
the Covid-19 pandemic and productivity in the health sector. The measurement of efficiency and productivity
values was obtained using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI)
analysis methods. The assumptions used are Variable return to scale (VRTS) and output oriented. The results of
the study indicate
The government of India has, in the past few years, accorded an utmost priority to the Ease of Doing Business (EoDB). The accent is on simplification of regulations and use of technology to make the compliance more efficient for businesses. Apart from the Centre, the States are also being encouraged to implement business reforms in the spirit of competitive federalism, to foster reforms at the sub-national level. The measures are aimed at creating a conducive business environment, which is a key to facilitating growth and creating jobs. Thanks to these measures, India’s EoDB ranking, captured by the World Bank, has improved by 42 spots since 2014 to touch the 100th position now. The Prime Minister envisions India among the top 50 nations in the next couple of years.
While business reforms are being undertaken at a rapid pace and large scale, cutting across Central as well as state levels, it is imperative that awareness about these developments is created among stakeholders and regular feedback is generated to address the gaps in the implementation of reforms. Identification of pending issues and suggesting possible solutions are equally vital. It is also important to identify the best practices within and outside the country, which are considered for implementation by the needy states.
Inspired by the method of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting, this report attempts to consolidate data on the performance of Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Company (TANGEDCO). The aim of this work is to initiate and develop holistic benchmarks. These key performance indicators would help TANGEDCO to track its own performance. Apart from the KPIs, this report also highlights the importance of sharing data in a public domain for the civil society to access.
Similar to Efficiency Evaluation of Thailand Gross Domestic Product Using DEA (20)
Anti-Smog Radar Application for VehiclesIJMREMJournal
Smog is regarded as a dangerous situation for vehicles as the visibility of human fails and a person cannot
drive smoothly and safely which can lead to severe accidents and routine disturbances. Hence, “Anti-Smog
Radar Application for Vehicles” is proposed using Internet of Things technology which ensures the smooth flow
of vehicles in smog and prevents accidents in time and cost-efficient manner by detecting and displaying the
front objects with their important information (distance, position, velocity and size) on smart phone used by
authenticated drivers. The radar application controls the hardware system to be deployed on vehicles through
which the user can start, stop and set the hardware in particular direction. The hardware contains NodeMcu
(Microcontroller with built-in Wi-Fi), Ultrasonic sensor and servo motor. The servo is used to detect the
position of front objects and ultrasonic sensor is clipped on servo to detect the objects. For alerts, the objects
are drawn with different colors on application i.e. the red colored objects will be near to the vehicle, the yellow
colored objects will be at some distance from the vehicle and the green colored objects will be far from the
vehicle. Kalman algorithm is used to filter the ultrasonic readings to eliminate the noise. The proposed system
can work in every condition i.e. in day and night.
IoT based Environmental Monitoring and Control SystemIJMREMJournal
IoT plays a major role in collecting the information from the sensing unit enclosing our environment due to
alterations in the climate which led to the significance of environmental monitoring. This Paper presents a
development of real time environmental monitoring and control system by utilizing Node MCU, DHT11 sensor,
ACS712 current sensor, Thing Speak (Open IoT analytics service) and Blynk application. The main task of
monitoring parameters (Humidity, temperature and power consumption) with real time sensors is done by Thing
Speak continuously which has API (Application programming Interface) for gathering sensed data and enabling
users to observe the monitored data in graphs for an interval of every 15 seconds.
This project is also designed to control home devices sitting at any place in the world by utilizing power
efficiently through Blynk application which is used to read data from sensors located in home environment using
smart phone and to turn on/off heating and cooling appliances automatically with respect to room temperature
values.
Analysis and Implementation of Solid-State Relays in Industrial application F...IJMREMJournal
There are many applications and circumstances where switching devices are required for proper operation,
controlling and isolating the high power and low power systems. The most widely used switching devices are
electromechanical relays and solid state relays. In this work, analysis and implementation of solid state relays over
electromechanical relays with respect to instantaneous current supply inindustrial application is conducted and
compared. For this purpose, an experimental setup is arranged for switching operation of electromechanical relays
and solid-state relays.The results of voltage and the current transients are analyzed and compared. It was observed
that there are no transients occurred during switching of solid state relays where as during switching of
electromechanical relay transients observed in volatge and current waveforms. So, it is advisable to use the solid
state relays over electromagnetic relay for safe and smooth operation of the system.
MIM (Mobile Instant Messaging) Classification using Term Frequency-Inverse Do...IJMREMJournal
The focus of the study is based on binary sentiment classification on aspect level to develop a hybrid sentiment
classification framework of WhatsApp MIMs (Mobile Instant Messages). It has been carried out into two phases
i.e. training phase and testing phase. The training phase, 75% data is used for training dataset. Pre-processing
techniques like tokenization, removing stop words, case normalization, removing punctuation and stemming are
applied to acquire cleaner dataset to be used as input. The output is sent to the classifier after applying TF-IDF
for feature weighting. In the second phase, the classifier is trial with 25% testing dataset. Bernoulli’s Naïve
Bayesian classifier which is an improved form of traditional Naïve Bayesian classifier is used to classify
sentiments. There are 417 messages in total where 244 and 173 are classified as positive and negative
respectively. The proposed model has achieved satisfactory results up to 81.73% in comparison to base-line
classification model by getting 12 points higher accuracy i.e. 69.23%.
Is Lean Management applicable to the hospital and for which results?IJMREMJournal
lean management is a mode of organism inspired by Toyotism; His practice is evident throughout the world and
is one of the most affected institutions, except that the latter is a different profession. There is no shared vision
among the different actors on measuring the performance of the hospital. The activity of the hospital applies to
unique "products": each patient, with its peculiar specificity. The relationship of the workers with the patient is
radically different from the relationship of the worker with his product. That is why the practice of Lean has a
certain specificity in the health field.
Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Solar Tracking System by Using By-Pas...IJMREMJournal
Energy is a burning issue that almost every person experience now a days. Energy demand increases exponentially
since a decade. Due to the global warming and it’s threatening impacts on human life. Therefore, to overcome
such disastrous impacts on the planet, renewable energy resources play vital role now a days. Solar energy is one
of the vastest available renewable energy resources around the globe, but the main issue is its poor efficiency.
Pakistan is facing energy shortage that can be compensated through solar power and the need is to design a project
that maximizes its efficiency. So, the research is mainly focused on improving efficiency of solar panels against
shading loss by using different techniques. In this research, different results will be obtained and compared with
different techniques which are LDR based solar tracking system, by-pass diodes technology and super capacitors.
Fabrication of solar tracker is based on Microcontroller that drives L298N driver to operate stepper motor.
Reactivity Feedback Effect on the Reactor Behaviour during SBLOCA in a 4-loop...IJMREMJournal
The reactivity coefficient is a very important parameter for safety and Stability of reactors operation. To provide
the safety analysis of the reactor, the calculation of changes in reactivity caused by temperature is necessary
because it is related to the reactor operation. The objective is to study the effect of the temperature reactivity
coefficients of fuel and moderator of the PWR core, as well as the moderator density and boron concentration on
fluid density, reactivity, void fraction. peak fuel clad temperature and time to core uncover were found for two
feedback cases. This paper focuses on the effect of the Reactivity feedback, of the 6" (6-inch) Cold Leg
SBLOCA sequences in a 4-loop PWR Westinghouse nuclear power plant with a scram for various feedback,
moderator density coefficient, MDC, moderator temperature coefficient, MTC, the fuel temperature coefficient,
FTC, and boron concentrations. Dragon neutronic code is used for calculating reactivity's coefficient which is
used in RELAP5 thermal hydraulic computer code to simulate the effect of Reactivity feedback during Cold
Leg SBLOCA. The plant nodalization consists of two loops; the first one represents the broken loop and the
second one represents the other three intact loops. In the present analysis two models in RELAP5 code for
computation of the reactivity feedback, separable and tabular models are used. The 6-inch break size was chosen
because the previous work [1], showed that it was the worst size break in a 4-loop PWR Westinghouse. The
results show that the neglecting of the reactivity feed-back effect causes overheating of the clad and that the
importance of the reactivity feed-back on calculating the power (reactivity) which the key parameter that
controls the clad and fuel temperatures to maintain them below their melting point and therefore prevent core
uncover and fuel damage where the fuel temperature, clad temperature and core water level are in the range.
Lyapunov-type inequalities for a fractional q, -difference equation involvin...IJMREMJournal
In this paper, we present new Lyapunov-type inequalities for a fractional boundary value problem of
fractional
q, -difference equation with p-Laplacian operator. The obtained inequalities are used to obtain a
lower bound for the eigenvalues of corresponding equations.
The Policies of Government Intervention as Third-Party for Conflict in Bike-S...IJMREMJournal
This research accesses to the unbalance phenomenon between the rapid development of Sharing bicycle industry
and the good public order. Taking into account the inconsistent goals of bicycle companies and users, the local
government is employed as a third party to mediate the conflict. We establish the conflict model including three
decision makers - Enterprises, Citizens and Government - based on GMCR (Graph Model for Conflict Resolution)
theory, and then find out the equilibrium by means of the decision support system GMCR II. The results show that
the sustainable development of the Sharing bicycle market requires the cooperation and efforts of all the three
parties, the government plays a necessary role to guide the enterprises and the users. We also propose some
management insights on how to provide suggestions for the sharing bicycle companies to improve their
dispatching services, and how to establish and improve relevant laws and regulations to guide citizens to use
shared bicycles in order to achieve mutual benefits
Epidemiological study for Trichomonas Vaginalis for Discrete time model and C...IJMREMJournal
During the period of July until December 2017 Conduct an epidemiological study to investigate the prevalence
of Trichomonas Vaginalis among women who have been consulted for the consultation and emergency of the
maternity and child hospital in Diwaniyah city in Iraq. The number of specimens examined was 857 samples
and the ages ranged between 15-60 years. After the swabs were taken, the direct examination and coloring and
planting on the different food communities to diagnose parasitic Trichomonas vaginalis the incidence of
Trichomonas vaginalis was 129 (17%). Using the mathematical model discrete time model and continuous time
model, it was observed that the highest percentage of infection was in July and the disease began to fade until it
reached the lowest rate in December. Using the mathematical model mentioned above, it was noted that
teaching a significant role in curbing the spread of the disease.
Energy Conservation through Smart Building and Smart Lighting SystemIJMREMJournal
Energy conservation is an extensive topic due to the propagation of electricity demand and challenges globally
and is regarded as one of the most significant issues affects the power system quality, global environment and
consumers. Smart building is a technology that can connect everything to networks or systems to monitor and
control them in various areas such as offices, energy-consuming devices especially in laboratories, security
devices etc. Nevertheless, people's perception about using smart technology for energy saving is still in the mind’s
eye. This means that people discuss about environmental awareness readily. Due to the availability of electricity
and its elemental role, regulating consumers’ behaviours towards power savings can be a challenge. Remarkably,
the gap in today's smart technology design in smart buildings is the compassionate of consumers’ attitudes and
the merging of this perspective into the smart technology. Implementation of PLC based controlling system is a
convenient method to save the power and energy strategy for whole building. Furthermore, prepare a lighting
scheme can results a rapid response in energy conservation. Consequently, PLC Automatic system removes the
human intervention which makes the process smart and energy reduction will gives benefits to the consumers in
terms of reducing the cost of electricity bills. Nonetheless, contemporary buildings’ energy conservation has been
significant solution to cope with the rising electricity necessity.
The Effect of Workplace Relationship toward Job Satisfaction of Divine Word C...IJMREMJournal
The study was conducted to determine workplace relationship between employer and employees and among employees of Divine Word Colleges in Ilocos Sur, Philippines and its effect on the job satisfaction. Literatures and studies were reviewed, and questionnaires were used to gather the data related to workplace relationship and job satisfaction. The respondents of the study are employees of the colleges of Ilocos region which include Ilocos Sur and Ilocos Norte. The study is a descriptive study involving survey and fact-finding inquiry. Weighted mean and Pearson r were used to determine the workplace relationship and its correlation with job satisfaction. The study found that there is a significant correlation between workplace relationship and job satisfaction. Therefore, the study recommends that management need to monitor and improve workplace relationship between employer and employees and among employees and also improve and monitor factors that affect job satisfaction.
Semi-automatic Picture Book Generation based on Story Model and Agent-based S...IJMREMJournal
In the fields of artificial intelligence, automatic narrative generation has attracted considerable interest. Lots of studies on narrative generation have been reported such as novel, comic, and picture book. However, most of those reuse original stories, pictures, and sentences. As a result, there is a problem that generated narratives infringe on copyright. In this paper, we focus on the picture book as the narrative because picture book is a mix of images and language. As a first step of automatic story generation without representation mediums, we propose a novel semi-automatic picture book generation method based on story model and agent-based simulation. The computational experiments are carried out to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method
Predicting Trade Conflict Outcomes using a Third-Party Intervention ModelIJMREMJournal
As anti-import sentiment and protectionism have been increasing, more papers have focused on using theories to explain or resolve them. However, most research has focused on disputes involving larger nations such that there is not much relatable information for disputes such as the one between South Africa and Zimbabwe. The aim of this paper was to bridge the knowledge gap by using the graph model for conflict resolution and the decision support software GMCRII to simulate possible responses to this regional trade conflict. This thirdparty intervention model will assist in investigating and prescribing a diplomatic solution with fair compromise to resolve the unequal trade problem between Zimbabwe and South Africa without harming the economies of both the countries. This research found that a peaceful resolution of the disagreement could be found by the addition of a third-party to help in the conflict resolution thereby ending the prolonged trade conflict. This undertaking will serve as a template for modelling and predicting an outcome in the event of third-party intervention for future trade disputes involving regional trade partners with emerging or developing economies such as those that exist in Africa
Proposed Framework for Effective Management of End-User Stakeholders’ in Publ...IJMREMJournal
Significant infrastructure such as roads, prisons, schools, rail tracks and train systems, among others are currently developed through the involvement of Public Private Partnership (PPP) arrangements which have been acknowledged internationally in recent time. The poor management of end-user stakeholder during PPP projects in developing nation like Nigeria has been established as one of the major factor affecting the successful growth and development of PPP projects. Due to the paucity in research on end-user stakeholder management on PPP projects in Nigeria, informs this study aim to expose the main strategic factors that can accommodate end-user stakeholder’s management in any PPP road project in Nigeria. The professionals that have worked on the project cum the end-user of the project area were used as targeted respondents for the adopted case study and survey strategies method approach. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the eighteen (18) interviews that were conducted having completed and analysed total number of 282 questionnaires using reliability and factor analysis approach. Seven valid underlying factors were revealed from 28 variables that were left on the questionnaire data with the aid of factor analysis which were used later as factors affecting end-user stakeholders’ management in PPP road project in Nigeria. A proposed framework was created with the seven underlying factors as a template for any successful PPP road project in developing country like Nigeria. These will quench the agitation of enduser stakeholders’ quarrels on PPP toll road projects
Fresh and Hardened Properties of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Made Co...IJMREMJournal
This research work was carried out on concrete specimens made with different proportion of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) as a cement substitution in concrete. To accomplish the goal of the research work, overall 75 cubes and 60 cylinders were made. Out of 75 cubes and 60 cylinders, 15 cubes and 12 cylinders were cast for control concrete, and 60 cubes and 48 cylinders were cast by replacing 5,10,15 and 20% of cement with GGBFS. The cubes and cylinder specimens were 100x100x100 mm and 100x200 mm respectively, and mix design was done for 28 Mpa. All specimens were tested at 3. 7, 28 and 90 days of curing ages. The fresh properties such as workability and hardened properties such as compressive and tensile strength of all mixes were determined. Tests results showed that the workability of the concrete mixes made with GGBFS was higher than control mix. As the percentage of GGBFS increased the workability also increased. Hardened properties of concrete mixes made with GGBFS was lower than control concrete at early ages of curing. At the later age, hardened properties of GGBFS made concrete was more than control concrete. Furthermore, water absorption and density of GGBFS made concrete was lower than control concrete.
Design and Evaluation of Open Graded Hot Mix Asphalt Using Cement as A Grout...IJMREMJournal
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
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• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
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Efficiency Evaluation of Thailand Gross Domestic Product Using DEA
1. International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering & Management (IJMREM)
||Volume|| 1 ||Issue|| 5 ||Pages|| 35-41 || December 2018 || ISSN: 2581-4540
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 35
Efficiency Evaluation of Thailand Gross Domestic Product Using
DEA
Achirawee Kuntano
1
, Xu Haiyan
1
College of Economics and Management
Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT----------------------------------------------------------
The goal of this research is to evaluate the efficiency of GDP in Thailand from the past years and provide
suggestions for government and policy-makers on ways to manage inputs and improve outputs in the future while
enhancing the GDP of Thailand. The paper analyzed the data collected from Office of the National Economic and
Social Development of Thailand through a period of 25 years ranging from 1993 to 2017. The results show that the
year 2017 was the worst years in terms of efficiency. In order to achieve the research goal, data envelopment
analysis (DEA) was used. Theoretically, research has found that evaluation of GDP can be improved by
eradicating the negative values of slack movement. In economic terms, the research proposed the promotion of
export-led growth, business incubators, and entrepreneurship to boost not only the inputs but also the GPD of the
country. In general, the GDP of Thailand is quite efficient. This research can provide strategic advice for Thai
Government to improve the Gross Domestic Product thoroughly.
KEYWORDS: Gross domestic product, Thailand, Data envelopment analysis, Efficiency
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: Date,5 December 2018 Date of Publication: Date 15 December 2018
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Across the last four decades, Thailand has made extraordinary progress in social and economic development,
shifting from a low-income country to an upper-income country in fewer than a generation. Thailand has been one
of the extensively cited development success stories, with sustained strong growth and effective poverty
reduction, particularly in the 1980s [1]. Economic growth of a country depends on the market value of all goods
and services produced within the boundaries of the nation, generally called the Gross Domestic Product or GDP.
The good economic stability can be seen from the perspective of GDP. According to the IMF, Thailand had a GDP
of 15.450 trillion baht (US$455 billion) in 2017, ranking the 8th largest economy of Asia [2]. Thailand, who is the
the second biggest economy in ASEAN after Indonesia, is an upper middle-income country with an open
economy. Its economy is massively export-dependent, with exports accounting for more than two-thirds of its
gross domestic product (GDP). Thailand is the 28th largest export destination for the United States. Two-way
trade of goods and services in 2016 averaged $40 billion, with $29.5 billion in Thai exports to the U.S. and $10.5
billion in U.S. exports to Thailand. Among countries in Asia, Thailand ranks as the United States’ 9th largest
export destination after China, Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, India, and Malaysia [3]. GDP
is considered one of the principal indicators in determining the health of the economy [4].
An empirical application of efficiency was found in many fields including healthcare, education, banking,
manufacturing, and even in logistics. The evaluation also emphasized efficiency. Efficiency is a measure of
whether input is well used for an expected task or function (output) [5]. It is desired by an efficient system in
producing [7], or a person who makes greater achievements (outcome, output) related to the inputs (resources,
time, money) spent to do something [6]. In this perspective, one of the commonly used method to evaluate the
efficiency of a system or entity is known as Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Data envelopment analysis
(DEA) is widely used to estimate the efficiency, it is employed in evaluating the efficiency of many different kinds
of entities engaged in different activities in many contexts in different countries. There also have various
applications of DEA, such as hospitals, US Air Force wings, universities, cities, courts, business firms, and others.
Data envelopment analysis is a non-parametric method-based technique for measuring the relative efficiency of a
set of similar units, usually used to empirically measure the efficiency of decision-making units (or DMUs) [8].
The DMU is collective and reliable, which is convert multiple inputs into multiple outputs. An important decision
in DEA modeling is the selection of inputs and outputs that are included in the specification, as different
inputs/outputs combinations will produce different efficiency rankings. Dolores E. Luna et al. (2012) [9] the
Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to Assess Government Web Portals Performance.
2. Efficiency Evaluation of Thailand Gross Domestic Product Using DEA
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 36
The methodology has applications in science, such as Serrano-Cinca (2005) [10] applied to measure DEA
efficiency in Internet companies. In this regard, this highlights that DEA can be employed in any research area
involving the measurement of any performing system with regards to its efficiency like in our case of Efficiency
of A study by Afonso et al. (2003) [11]. Examine the efficiency of public spending using a non-parametric
approach by constructing a public sector efficiency (PSE) index for 23 industrialized countries. Herrera and Pang
(2005) [12] apply DEA to assess the efficiency of public expenditure of 140 developing countries between 1996
and 2002. They find that efficient spending is correlated with lower expenditure level. Other studies on
government expenditure efficiency used FDH analysis together with data envelopment analysis (DEA) by Afonso
and Aubyn (2004) [13]. Richard Dutu and Patrizio Sicari(2016)[14] utilizes data envelopment analysis (DEA) to
evaluate the capability of welfare spending in a specimen of OECD countries around 2012, They are forecasting
on health care, secondary education and general public services. Huge of research focusing on efficiency by using
DEA model.
This paper showed the measurements to evaluate the efficiency of GDP in Thailand using DEA, and then discuss
how to improve the efficiency by controlling inputs based on the DEA results. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)
is used to gauge the efficiency of the Gross Domestic Product in Thailand for the past years and understand the
value of the Gross Domestic Product in Thailand’s economy. It’s can be regarded as the most cost-effective way
of improving the competitiveness of the GDP.
II. BACKGROUND FOR EFFICIENCY EVALUATION
2.1 Introduction to DEA Model: For this research, one of the objectives is to evaluate the efficiency of GDP in
Thailand from the years of 2008 to 2017. For this determination, DEA was taken as it measures the performance of
a decision-making unit (DMU) in terms of efficiency or productivity. This letter can be determined as the ratio
total weighted outputs to total weighted inputs. The efficiency of the DMUs’ in this sample is the years are
indicated a score ranging between 0 to 1, with the best of DMU is getting a score of 1. The DEA formulation for
mth DMU under consideration is given as follows (Vaidya, 2014):
For output-oriented DEA,
∑
Subject to,
∑
∑ ∑
Whereas,
is the efficiency of mth
DMU.
is the jth
output of mth
DMU.
is the weight of jth
output.
is the ith
input of the mth
DMU.
is the weight of the ith
input.
are the jth
output and ith
input of the nth
DMU.
2.2 Data Collection: To perform analysis, this data envelopment analysis model (DEA) is considered, where
GDP is the output variable and the dependent variables are expressed as a function of various Microeconomics
measures of growth. Then 6 inputs and 1 output was selected for the measurement in this study, all the various
factors have impact on the output. To find out whether the GDP efficient or not, all factors have been considered.
The data was collected in Thailand government publishing statistic data from the Office of the National Economic
and Social Development Board. The data was the secondary data. It’s from 1993-2017.
3. Efficiency Evaluation of Thailand Gross Domestic Product Using DEA
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 37
TABLE 1: Thailand government publishing statistic data from 1993-2017
year PFCE GFCE GFCF CI Exports Imports GDP (Y)
1993 1,695,657 359,018 1,274,845 440,029 1,201,505 1,335,682 3,263,439
1994 1,923,156 407,728 1,475,626 454,224 1,410,786 1,586,561 3,689,090
1995 2,163,675 474,507 1,742,772 485,736 1,751,674 2,033,895 4,217,609
1996 2,398,572 537,348 1,932,208 461,440 1,809,910 2,099,234 4,638,605
1997 2,496,496 569,186 1,630,306 404,865 2,272,115 2,205,119 4,710,299
1998 2,429,535 614,234 1,041,478 322,919 2,723,953 1,988,906 4,701,559
1999 2,547,645 649,934 977,604 409,392 2,703,308 2,120,348 4,789,821
2000 2,744,483 688,277 1,093,810 456,603 3,287,284 2,862,304 5,069,823
2001 2,993,349 720,212 1,201,576 454,509 3,380,750 3,047,574 5,345,013
2002 3,211,203 759,991 1,264,206 468,763 3,499,004 3,134,265 5,769,578
2003 3,514,398 816,546 1,454,995 471,099 3,886,566 3,485,273 6,317,302
2004 3,885,693 911,963 1,729,126 477,557 4,587,869 4,272,712 6,898,771
2005 4,251,880 1,039,643 2,110,153 626,933 5,208,464 5,288,296 7,614,409
2006 4,574,251 1,134,277 2,255,290 434,587 5,769,171 5,494,996 8,400,655
2007 4,769,451 1,263,961 2,310,486 424,334 6,223,911 5,536,630 9,076,307
2008 5,125,445 1,543,460 2,232,017 181,909 6,932,341 5,295,925 9,658,656
2009 5,639,208 1,707,775 2,593,166 568,143 6,223,911 7,185,922 10,808,151
2010 5,988,241 1,825,136 2,921,294 528,716 7,185,922 8,011,498 11,306,894
2011 6,544,063 2,020,794 3,335,698 548,069 8,011,498 8,619,918 12,357,338
2012 6,746,875 2,113,370 3,278,324 688,529 8,619,918 8,797,311 12,915,162
2013 6,933,447 2,238,086 3,262,777 322,507 8,797,311 9,165,180 13,230,301
2014 7,012,571 2,352,615 3,369,939 116,119 6,444,693 7,861,679 9,747,495
2015 7,260,410 2,461,539 3,484,345 1 3,950,612 7,804,666 11,533,495
2016 5,206,738 1,392,163 2,567,261 593,384 9,950,612 6,932,341 9,706,932
2017 10,538,202 2,532,020 3,580,036 370,108 10,533,101 10,533,101 10,959,495
III. ANALYSIS FOR THAILAND'S GDP USING DEA
3.1 Design DMU, Inputs and Outputs: To measure the efficiency of each year in the period of 1993 to 2017, the
production technology set is defined as follows:
T = ( ) ( ) ( )
From the table 1, The year in this paper will be considered as a DMU and the input variable considered in this
paper for efficiency analysis are Private final consumption expenditure (PFCE) as x1, General government final
consumption expenditure (GFCE) as x2, Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) as x3, Change in inventories (CI)
as x4, Exports as x5, and Import as x6 .And the output variable is considered A gross domestic product (GDP) as
y1. The inputs and outputs of the DEA system are summarized in table 2 along with the maximum and minimum
variations of each for the said time period.
4. Efficiency Evaluation of Thailand Gross Domestic Product Using DEA
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 38
TABLE 2: Descriptive statistics of inputs and outputs (1993-2017)
Parameters Unit Min Max Mean
Inputs 1. Private final consumption expenditure
(PFCE)
Thai baht 1,695,657 7,538,202 4,616,929.5
2. General government final consumption
expenditure (GFCE),
Thai baht 359,018 2,532,020 1,445,519
3. Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) Thai baht 977,604 3,580,036 2,278,820
4. Change in inventories (CI) Thai baht -420,724 267,804 -76,460
5. Exports Thai baht 1,201,505 10,533,101 5,867,303
6. Import Thai baht 1,335,682 8,492,423 4,914,052.5
Outputs 1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Thai baht 3,263,439 15,450,107 9,356,773
3.2 Evaluation for Efficiency: The introduced models in section 2 were implemented to evaluate the efficiency
of Thailand GDP from the years from 1993 to 2017. In the Table 3, below describes the constant returns to scale
technical efficient (crste) and the variable returns to scale technical efficiency (vrste). This both is scale efficiency
(crste/vrste) which are successively measured of these years starting from 1993 to 2017. With the output,
orientation is chosen because the GDP of Thailand is lower than 8 by Human Development Index (HDI). So, the
GDP (output) need to increase. As it is shown, the GDP of Thailand was efficient in the years 1993-1999, 2003,
2006-2009, 2013, and 2015 when constant return to scale (CRS) is assumed. These years of full efficiency are
called peers. Nevertheless, when variable return to scale (VRS) is considered, this sector was efficient in the years
1993-1999, 2002, 2003, 2006-2009, 2011-2013, 2015 and 2016. This highlights that it is more normal for
Thailand GDP to achieve an efficient level under the variable return to scale (VRS)rather than under constant
return to scale (CRS). The reason for this is that constant return to scale (CRS)should only be considered if the
entire efficiency of GDP in Thailand was operating at optimal scale during all these years. The use of the VRS
specification allows us to accomplish the calculation of the technical efficiency of GDP in Thailand throughout
these years, devoid of scale efficiency (SE) effects. In other, words the variable return to scale (VRS) provides us
pure technical efficiencies of GDP in Thailand in these years.
TABLE 3: The efficiency performance from 2008-2017
Year crste vrste scale
1993 1.000 1.000 1.000
1994 1.000 1.000 1.000
1995 1.000 1.000 1.000
1996 1.000 1.000 1.000
1997 1.000 1.000 1.000
1998 1.000 1.000 1.000
1999 1.000 1.000 1.000
2000 0.983 0.988 0.995
2001 0.975 0.976 0.998
2002 0.998 1.000 0.998
2003 1.000 1.000 1.000
2004 0.984 0.993 0.991
5. Efficiency Evaluation of Thailand Gross Domestic Product Using DEA
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 39
2005 0.931 0.977 0.953
2006 1.000 1.000 1.000
2007 1.000 1.000 1.000
2008 1.000 1.000 1.000
2009 1.000 1.000 1.000
2010 0.983 0.988 0.994
2011 0.984 1.000 0.984
2012 0.994 1.000 0.994
2013 1.000 1.000 1.000
2014 0.805 0.828 0.972
2015 1.000 1.000 1.000
2016 0.967 1.000 0.967
2017 0.711 0.828 0.859
Average 0.973 0.983 0.988
From the table 4, it’s show the DEA evaluation of the year from 1993-2017, that is to say within a period of 25
years. As we can see, the value for Technical efficiency is close to 1. This depicts that efficiencies within these
years are high. The variables comprise one (1) output and six (6) inputs. In order to improve the efficiency of GDP
in Thailand, the Slack Movement has to be taken into account. In other words, if the value of the slack movement
is high negative value, the value of the related input needs to be reduced in order to increase the GDP.
TABLE 4: The Projection summery from 1993-2017
Results for firm 25
Technical efficiency 0.828
Scale efficiency 0.859
Variable Original Value Radial
Movement
Slack
Movement
Projected
Value
Output 10,959,495 2,270,806 0.000 13,230,301
Input 1 10,538,202 0.000 -3,604,755 6,933,447
Input 2 2,532,020 0.000 -293,934 2,238,086
Input 3 3,580,036 0.000 -317,259 3,262,777
Input 4 370,108 0.000 -47,601 322,507
Input 5 10,533,101 0.000 -1,735,790 8,797,311
Input 6 10,533,101 0.000 -1,367,921 9,165,180
Projection Summary
Peer Lambda weight
4 1.000
IV. RESULT ANALYSIS
From the table 3, we realize that the year 2014 and 2017 had the worst technical efficiency from variable returns to
scale with 0.828(VRS) score. Since our objective here is directed towards an output orientation, which means
keeping the inputs constant while increasing outputs, the efficiency of GDP in Thailand has to be increased by
17.2% (when CRS is assumed) or by 19.5% (under VRS) in 2014 and the year of 2017 by 28.9% .One of the main
solutions is to re-allocate our six inputs (x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6 ) in order to boost outputs (Direct contribution to GDP)
seeing that these inputs must remain constant. That is to say, the capital must be invested in assets that encourage.
Finally, the worst scale efficient was recorded in 2017 with the value of 0.859 (Scale). The high value of the scale
efficiency demonstrate that the GDP in Thailand was not at optimal scale.
6. Efficiency Evaluation of Thailand Gross Domestic Product Using DEA
www.ijmrem.com IJMREM Page 40
Due to the fact, the overall performance of the GDP in Thailand for the studied period can be described as
efficient, for most of the years, the obtained score for the technical efficiency and scale efficiency nearly reached
the ideal value of 1. From the average scale efficiency, it can be deduced that the scale efficiency of GDP in
Thailand can further be improved by 14.1% by removing inefficiency causing reasons.Considering the fact that,
the worst efficiency was obtained in 2017, it would be necessary to evaluate the criteria that affect the GDP of this
year, in order to find the reasons behind this inefficiency. To do so, table 4 can be used. In the table 4, we will
focus on the slack movement to analyze inefficiencies. As we can, a negative value of -3,604,755 is recorded for
the slack movement of input1 (Private final consumption expenditure) and for all the other inputs in 2017. These
negative values can be interpreted as a sign of inefficiency. In this case, in order to make the GDP of this year
efficiency, all negative slack values for these inputs must be raised by the same value in order to reach the value of
zero. For instance, the slack movement for input 1 must be raised by (+) 3,604,755 and the slack movement for
input 2 (General government final consumption expenditure) can increased by (+) 293,934. The same process
should be done for all the other inputs whose slack values are negative. By putting the emphasis on the Technical
efficiency value, it can be concluded that the efficiency value in 2017 was 0.828 under variable return to scale and
of 0.711 under constant return to scale. This designates inefficiency under both constant and variable return to
scale despite the degree of closeness of these efficiency values to the value 1 which represents the minimum value
to reach an efficient level. In other words, if value for the efficient is 1 under constant return to scale we can
conclude that the GDP for the year 2017 is efficient under constant return to scale. Likewise, if under variable
return to scale, if the efficiency value rich the value of 1, we can also conclude that the GDP for the year 2017 is
efficient.
V. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
The study has pointed out the counter measures to evaluate and improve efficient of the GDP of Thailand based on
the results of efficiency evaluation that covers a period of 25 years based on data envelopment analysis (DEA).
After the efficiency evaluation of the previous years, we concluded the GDP for the years 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005,
2010, 2014, and 2017 was not efficient, while GDP the year 2017 had the worst inefficiency level. Taken these
into account, the research has provided solutions to eradicate the constraining factors that causes these
inefficiencies by focusing on the values for the lack movement of each input. Scholars have identified various
ways to boost the GDP of several countries like Thailand. Among those ways we can cite export-led growth,
promotion of business incubators, entrepreneurship and investment, the enhancement of industrial development
zones among others.
The conclusions and remarks made in this paper can be used by policy-makers in Thailand government for
purposes of adopting policies that may have significant impacts on the development of the country. These can
have a positive impact on the living standards of the citizens of the Thailand and may therefore attract more
entrepreneurs to considerably invest in the country.This paper can give an impetus to other studies on the
efficiency of GDP of Thailand. Further studies can be done to gauge the efficiency of this country’s GDP by
employing different approaches or methods such as econometrics, gray system theory (GST), or other
mathematical programming methods.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to Thailand government publishing statistic data from the Office of the National
Economics and Social Development Board to provide a use full data and thankful for everyone involve for support
in this research. Without their superior knowledge and experience, this paper would like in quality of outcomes.
REFERENCES
[1] The world banks. “The World Bank in Thailand Overview.” The World Bank Group. Last modified
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