Describe and discuss the 2 pathways for antigen processing exogenou.pdf
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Describe and discuss the 2 pathways for antigen processing: exogenous and endogenous. Solution Answer : Exogenous antigens: Exogenous antigens are produced outside of the host cell and enters the cell by endocytosis or phagocytosis. These antigens includes bacteria and bacterial toxins, parasitic worms, inhaled pollen or dust, Antigen presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells) degrade ingested exogenous antigen into peptide fragments within the endocytic processing pathway. APCs then present the fragments to T helper cells (CD4+) by the use of class II histocompatibility molecules on their surface. Endogenous antigens are forgein antigens which are synthesised inside the body cells which includes the viral proteins produced after a virus infects the cell or the abnormal prteins synthesisd by cancerous cells. Fragments of endogenous antigens are processed and presented by antigen presenting cells through class I MHC molecules. T cells displaying CD8 recognize antigen associated with class I MHC molecules and thus are said to be class I MHC restricted..
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Immunology Topic: Antigen Processing & Presentation Cell
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TCR specificity for antigen responsible for recognizing fragments of.pdf
TCR specificity for antigen responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen as peptides bound
to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.
Type of antigen recognized-foreign antigens that are displayed on the surfaces of the body\'s own
cells. These antigens can derive from pathogens such as viruses or intracellular bacteria, which
replicate within cells, or from pathogens or their products that cells have internalized by
endocytosis from the extracellular fluid.
MHCI-Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
expressed by- platelets in essence all cells but red blood cells
type of antigen recognized-any nucleated cell normally presents cytosolic peptides, mostly self
peptides derived from protein turnover and defective ribosomal products. During viral infection,
intracellular microorganism infection, or cancerous transformation, such proteins degraded in the
proteosome are as well loaded onto MHC class I molecules and displayed on the cell surface.
MHCII-antigen specificity-Helper T lymphocytes
type of cells-antigen presenting cells macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells.
cytosolic proteins mostly synthetized by the cell; may also enter from the extracellular medium
via phagosomes type of antigen recognized
Solution
TCR specificity for antigen responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen as peptides bound
to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.
Type of antigen recognized-foreign antigens that are displayed on the surfaces of the body\'s own
cells. These antigens can derive from pathogens such as viruses or intracellular bacteria, which
replicate within cells, or from pathogens or their products that cells have internalized by
endocytosis from the extracellular fluid.
MHCI-Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
expressed by- platelets in essence all cells but red blood cells
type of antigen recognized-any nucleated cell normally presents cytosolic peptides, mostly self
peptides derived from protein turnover and defective ribosomal products. During viral infection,
intracellular microorganism infection, or cancerous transformation, such proteins degraded in the
proteosome are as well loaded onto MHC class I molecules and displayed on the cell surface.
MHCII-antigen specificity-Helper T lymphocytes
type of cells-antigen presenting cells macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells.
cytosolic proteins mostly synthetized by the cell; may also enter from the extracellular medium
via phagosomes type of antigen recognized.
Antigen processing and presentation
it include antigen presenting cells , types and pathways and MHC Class1 & MHC Class2.
Recommended
Antigen Processing & Presentation
Immunology Topic: Antigen Processing & Presentation Cell
Hope uh all would like this.
TCR specificity for antigen responsible for recognizing fragments of.pdf
TCR specificity for antigen responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen as peptides bound
to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.
Type of antigen recognized-foreign antigens that are displayed on the surfaces of the body\'s own
cells. These antigens can derive from pathogens such as viruses or intracellular bacteria, which
replicate within cells, or from pathogens or their products that cells have internalized by
endocytosis from the extracellular fluid.
MHCI-Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
expressed by- platelets in essence all cells but red blood cells
type of antigen recognized-any nucleated cell normally presents cytosolic peptides, mostly self
peptides derived from protein turnover and defective ribosomal products. During viral infection,
intracellular microorganism infection, or cancerous transformation, such proteins degraded in the
proteosome are as well loaded onto MHC class I molecules and displayed on the cell surface.
MHCII-antigen specificity-Helper T lymphocytes
type of cells-antigen presenting cells macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells.
cytosolic proteins mostly synthetized by the cell; may also enter from the extracellular medium
via phagosomes type of antigen recognized
Solution
TCR specificity for antigen responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen as peptides bound
to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.
Type of antigen recognized-foreign antigens that are displayed on the surfaces of the body\'s own
cells. These antigens can derive from pathogens such as viruses or intracellular bacteria, which
replicate within cells, or from pathogens or their products that cells have internalized by
endocytosis from the extracellular fluid.
MHCI-Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
expressed by- platelets in essence all cells but red blood cells
type of antigen recognized-any nucleated cell normally presents cytosolic peptides, mostly self
peptides derived from protein turnover and defective ribosomal products. During viral infection,
intracellular microorganism infection, or cancerous transformation, such proteins degraded in the
proteosome are as well loaded onto MHC class I molecules and displayed on the cell surface.
MHCII-antigen specificity-Helper T lymphocytes
type of cells-antigen presenting cells macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells.
cytosolic proteins mostly synthetized by the cell; may also enter from the extracellular medium
via phagosomes type of antigen recognized.
Antigen processing and presentation
it include antigen presenting cells , types and pathways and MHC Class1 & MHC Class2.
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The major place where grantic continental crust is manufactured is.pdf
The major place where grantic continental crust is manufactured is
a. Over hot spots
b. In rift valleys
c. At convergent margins
d. It was apparently all produced billions of years ago and is not produced under the present
conditions of Earth
Solution
Answer is A. Materials are also added to continental crust through intrusive and extrusive
igneous activity. Plumes of magma from the Earth\'s asthenosphere are generated from the
friction produced at the contact zone where oceanic crust slides past continental crust. These
plumes then rise upward into continental crust to form granitic plutons or a variety of volcanic
features on the Earth\'s surface. A pluton can be defined as any igneous intrusion of rock that
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There seems to be some evidence supporting the idea of a political b.pdf
There seems to be some evidence supporting the idea of a political business cycle. That is, the
economy tends to experience particularly fast growth just prior to elections and slower growth or
recessions some time after elections.
A. Explain why and how this happens. That is, what is the underlying motivation of those
responsible for this effect and what actions (fiscal and/or monetary) do they take to achieve it? (4
points)
B. Use the AD/AS model and the Phillips curve model to explain what effect the actions taken in
part A will have on inflation if the economy starts from full employment. (4 points)
C. Now, it may be that the position of the Phillips curve depends on people\'s expectations. If
people have adaptive expectations and elected officials act in a way that is consistent with a
political business cycle, how is the Phillips curve likely to shift? (4 points)
D. In light of this, offer an explanation for the (actual) observation that countries with central
banks that are very independent of elected officials tend to have lower inflation than do countries
with central banks very closely tied to elected officials. Hint: Think about the ability of the
central bank to carry out appropriate policy. (4 points)
Solution
Political Business Cycles
A)
We know that political business cycle means that the role of political parties in influancing
unemployment and inflation trade off in the economic system. The political parties that are ruled
in the government then before elections they are improve the economy. At the time of elections
the ruling party will stabilize unemployment and inflation. It was done becuase they want to
recelect and again to get power. When they achieve the targeted level of inflation and
unemployment that will lead to get more votes from the next elections. So they create any policy
in the economic system just before the elections.
Some voters in the society look at the policy initiated by the ruling party. It is better than before
then they again elected the ruling party. This was the reason for higher growth in the election
time.
B)
At the time of election the ruling party is created stagnant employment and also created desired
rate of inflation. The Monetory expansion will inprove the level of inflation. When the ruling
party expected inflation that to reduced the desired level of inflation in the economy. Then the
party will take rational decision in the sitution and also use all the available information in to
considerations. Then good policy of the ruling party the Philips curve is shifted to right.
C)
We know that the philips curve represented the trade off beween inflation and unemployment.
We know that the ruling party will exploit the short run philips curve. They are creating
disinflation in the society. They can used the expansionary monetory and fiscal policy. Here we
see that the steeper short run philops curve the ability of the government will reduce their ability.
D)
The important criticism is that in th.
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The major place where grantic continental crust is manufactured is.pdf
The major place where grantic continental crust is manufactured is
a. Over hot spots
b. In rift valleys
c. At convergent margins
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conditions of Earth
Solution
Answer is A. Materials are also added to continental crust through intrusive and extrusive
igneous activity. Plumes of magma from the Earth\'s asthenosphere are generated from the
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A. Explain why and how this happens. That is, what is the underlying motivation of those
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The CSUN IEEE chapter is to choose a president, treasurer and secret.pdf
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Solution
The statement is true.
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Structure: A fungus can be broadly divided into an aerial fruiting body and an underground
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Solution
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Solution
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Q.No 1
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Q.No 2
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Q.No 3
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between e.
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Solution
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types of foreign operations will be distinguished in accounting for them. Adjustments for
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impact cash flows and are included for those that do. The requirements reflect these general
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and integrated within a foreign country relate to the net investment in that operation. Translation
adjustments that arise from consolidating that foreign operation do not impact cash flows and are
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The economic effects of an exchange rate change on a foreign operation that is an extension of
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cash flows directly. Accordingly, the exchange gains and losses in such an operation are included
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Translation of Foreign Currency Transactions and Foreign Currency Financial Statements, and
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transactions and foreign currency financial statements. It presents standards for foreign currency
translation that are designed to (1) provide information that is generally compatible with the
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Carter and Barker (2010) describe listing as a twofold bookish discipline—the organized listing
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at work, but wants another opinion. His work ls described as \"stressful\" around the end of the
quarter (he\'s an accountant) but not all that bad\" between-times. He works out (running and
weights) 4week. Describes himself as pretty fit, and basically looks it, sleeps 5-8 hours/night.
Sometimes better than others. No prescription drugs. Has \"a couple beer on the weekend,
marijuana 1-2/year, denies other drug use. Says he avoids coffee, especially espresso \"makes me
too jittery\" Physical: Ht, 6\'0 wt. 160 BP 136 90 HR 74 Resp 20 Reflexes (patellar, achilles)
strong. A slight tremor appears present in the arms when held out and still. No abdominal or
neck masses on palpation. no abdominal tenderness. Heart sounds are normal, rythm regular, no
murmur. Lungs- some wheeze on forced exhalation; al lobes seem clear, CBC shows Inc. RBCs,
normal morphology and hemoglobin Normal WBC count, but with lymphocytosis Platelets
unremarkable TSH is normal Blood calcium is elevated. Blood glucose is slightly elevated UA
shows a trace of glucose in the urine
Solution
Cannabis sativa also called as Indian hemp or marijuana. The plant has resin called cannobinol
it is inert, on exposed to heat converted to active isomeric tetrahydrocannabinol. It is CNS
stimulant. The leaves and fruits , we used as tea to prepare a decoction. The symptoms of
intoxication are, Feeling detachment, euphoria, rapidly changing emotions Feeling of distress
and tightness in the chest He also has increased appetite, nausea, pressure in the head, ataxia,
restlessness, tachycardia, urinary frequency. In chronic poisoning degeneration of CNS occur,
weakness, tremors, red eyes, impotence and he may develop psychosis. Hence clinical
diagnosis is marijuana poisoning. Treatment includes 100ml of 50%glucose, 2mg . Naloxone and
100mg thiamine I.v. 5to10 mg. Of diazepam used, if the aggressive patient. If flashback occurs,
give anti-anxiety and antipsychotic drugs. Psychotherapy is also given. It is not conserned with
adrinal gland or tumour..
List and describe the authentication methods businesses use to protec.pdf
List and describe the authentication methods businesses use to protect their information both
internal and externally when transmitted to outside parties?
Solution
Please let me know if you need more information:-
when we say authentication first we need to protest the resources involved in our BUSINESS:-
our business needs should be like:-
1. we must keep avoiding unauthorized persions from accessing the resources.
2. we just limit resources[data] to access the BUSINESS involved persons what they are not
needed.
[ just providing access to what they really needed ]
To gain the above :-
we can follow many methods which are available :-
1.logon authentication
here we will be providing the username and password to the user/resorce to gain access to our
business data.based on userid we can limit the data too.
2.network authentication
based on network type which resource connected we can revoke the connection to our business
network
3.remote authentication
here remote authentcation will be involed in again username along with some security features
[RSA, OTP ..etc].
4.biometric authnetication
based on the resource physical presence of finger print / ratina ..etc scans we will be
authenticating the resources involved in business
5.smart card authentication.
when we give access to our business resources/outside we should be maintainging the encryption
technology to keep our data safe.
when we mention outside we should be able to make our data not understandble till it reaches to
our destination[resources] by using encrytption .
Thanks.
Let X equal the number of flips of a fair cointhat are required to.pdf
Let X equal the number of flips of a fair coin
that are required to observe the same face on consecutive
flips.
(a) Find the pmf of X. Hint: Draw a tree diagram.
(b) Find the moment-generating function of X.
(c) Use the mgf to find the values of (i) the mean and (ii)
the variance of X.
(d) Find the values of (i) P(X 3), (ii) P(X 5), and
(iii) P(X = 3).
Solution.
Let K be a field. Prove that every not trivial (not necessarily fini.pdf
Let K be a field. Prove that every not trivial (not necessarily finite dimensional) vector space V
over f has a basis. Denote V {0} by V*. Observe that a non-empty linearly independent subset
of V is an element of P(V*) . Let L P(V*) {} be the set of non-empty linearly independent
subsets of V and partially order L by inclusion.
(a) Let C be a chain in L. Prove that U= (Union)UUC
is an upper bound for C. Hint: The problem is to prove that U L, i.e U is a linearly independent
set. Assume some collection of elements v1, v2, . . . vn U with vivj for ij is linearly dependent.
Use Problem 4 to get a contradiction.
(b) Let M be a maximal element of L prove that M spans V .
(c) Now appeal to Zorn’s lemma to prove that V has a basis.
Solution
Theorem (Zorn’s lemma). Let S be a partially ordered set. If every totally ordered subset of S has
an upper bound, then S contains a maximal element
Let us try to use Zorn’s lemma to prove that an arbitrary nonzero vector space has a basis.
________________________________
For a nonzero vector space V over a field F, a basis of V is a subset B of V that is linearly
independent (i.e., no finite subset of B has a nontrivial F-linear relation) and spans V (i.e., every
element of V is an F-linear combination of finitely many elements of B).
Every nonzero vector space contains a basis.
Proof.
The idea is that a basis can be constructed as a maximal linearly independent set, and this
maximal set will be found with Zorn’s lemma.
Let V be a nonzero vector space and let S be the set of linearly independent sets in V . For
instance, a single nonzero v V is a linearly independent set, so {v} S. Thus S is different from
zero
.For two linearly independent sets L and L1 in V , declare L L1 0 if L L1 . This is the partial
ordering on S by inclusion. It is easy to see that any subset of a linearly independent set is also a
linearly independent set, so if L S then any subset of L is also in S. Assume {L}A is a totally
ordered subset of S. That is, every L is a linearly independent set in V and for any L and L in our
subset we have L L or L L. An upper bound for the L’s in S is the union L = S A L. Well, we
need to check L is really a linearly independent set (so L S); once that is settled then L is an
upper bound in S since L L for all A.
Pick any finite set of vectors v1, . . . , vn in L. We must show they are linearly independent. Each
vk is in some L, say v1 L1 , . . . , vn Ln . Since the L’s are totally ordered, one of the sets L1 , . .
. , Ln contains the others. That means v1, . . . , vn are all in a common L, so they are linearly
independent. Zorn’s lemma now tells us that S contains a maximal element: there is a linearly
independent set B in V that is not contained in any larger linearly independent set in V . We will
show B spans V , so it is a basis. P Let W be the span of B. That means W is the set of all finite
F-linear combinations k i=1 civi with k 1, ci F, and vi B. If B does not span V then W 6= V , so
we can pic.
It is important that the CISSP candidate understand the differences .pdf
It is important that the CISSP candidate understand the differences between the various legal
systems used around the world one early system was Corpus Juris Civilis, which featured a
comprehensive system of written rules of law that serves as the basis for which legal system
today.
A. Civil law
B. Religious law
C. Common law
D. Customary law
Solution
A. Much of Europe is based on civil (code) law, also known as Napoleonic law. The Romans
used Corpus Juris Civilis, which featured a comprehensive system of written rules of law that
serves as the basis of civil law used today. Answer B, C, and D are incorrect as the major
difference between civil law and common law is that civil law uses legislation as the main source
of laws. Religious law is based on religious tenets. China and some African countries use
customary law, which may be combined with other legal systems and is based on the concept of
what is customary and considered normal conduct. It is important that the CISSP candidate
understand the differences between the various legal systems used around the world..
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