The atmosphere on earth contains nitrogen in a form that is unusable .pdf

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The atmosphere on earth contains nitrogen in a form that is unusable to plants True False Solution The statement is true. Explanations: Although a sufficient amount of nitrogen gas is available in the environmental air but the plants are biologically unable to utilize this gaseous nitrogen for various physiological purposes. From evolutionary point of view, plants can utilize only compound form of nitrogen solubilized as salts for biological relavance. Since nitrogen is extremely essential for bio- synthesis of many biomolecules and sustaining life, natural methodologies to utilize the gaseous oxygen have been developed. A classical example for the same is presence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the air such as Nostoc, Anabaena etc. These bacteria reside in the soild near the roots of legumes and pulse plants and help in fixation of atmospheric gaseous nitrogen into soluble form. This nitrogen is then utilized by the plants for various physiological functions..

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Nitrogen Fixation and the Nitrogen Cycle In a symbiotic relationship with the soil bacteria known as 'rhizobia', legumes form nodules on their roots (or stems, see figure below) to 'fix' nitrogen into a form usable by plants (and animals). The process of biological nitrogen fixation was discovered by the Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck. Rhizobia (e.g., Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Sinorhizobium) fix atmospheric nitrogen or dinitrogen, N2, into inorganic nitrogen compounds, such as ammonium, NH4+, which is then incorporated into amino acids, which can be utilized by the plant. Plants cannot fix nitrogen on their own, but need it in one form or another to make amino acids and proteins. Because legumes form nodules with rhizobia, they have high levels of nitrogen available to them. Their abundance of nitrogen is beneficial not only to the legumes themselves, but also to the plants around them. There are other sources of nitrogen in the soil, but are not always provided at the levels required by plants, making the symbiotic relationship between legumes and rhizobia highly beneficial. In return for the fixed nitrogen that they provide, the rhizobia are provided shelter inside of the plant's nodules and some of the carbon substrates and micronutrients that they need to generate energy and key metabolites for the cellular processes that sustain life (Sprent, 2001). Nodulation and nitrogen fixation by rhizobia is not exclusive to legumes; rhizobia form root nodules on Parasponis Miq., a genus of five species in the Ulmaceae (see 'Rosales'). The picture on the left shows typical root nodules, these from bur clover (Medicago). The picture on the right shows "stem" nodules on Sesbania rostrata - stem nodules are produced from lateral or adventitious roots and are typically found in those few water-tolerant legume groups (Neptunia, Sesbania) that prefer wet or water-logged soils (Goormachtig et al., 2004). The nitrogen cycle (shown below) describes the series of processes by which the element nitrogen, which makes up about 78% of the Earth’s atmosphere, cycles between the atmosphere and the biosphere. Plants, bacteria, animals, and manmade and natural phenomena all play a role in the nitrogen cycle. The fixation of nitrogen, in which the gaseous form dinitrogen, N2) is converted into forms usable by living organisms, occurs as a consequence of atmospheric processes such as lightning, but most fixation is carried out by free-living and symbiotic bacteria. Plants and bacteria participate in symbiosis such as the one between legumes and rhizobia or contribute through decomposition and other soil reactions. Bacteria like Rhizobium, or the actinomycete Frankia which nodulates members of the plant families Rosaceae and Betulaceae, utilize atmospheric nitrogen and convert it to an inorganic form (usually ammonium, NH4+) that plants can use. The plants then use the fixed nitrogen to produce vital cellular products such as proteins. The plants are then.

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Nitrogen is an essential element for plant growth and development however, due to environmental pollution, high nitrate concentrations accumulate in the edible parts of these leafy vegetables, particularly if excessive nitrogen fertilizer has been applied. The consumption of these foods can be harmful to human health, thus its critical to design an effective plan for applying nitrogen fertilizer to crops. This study used organic, inorganic, and liquid fertilizers to look at how they affected nitrate levels and lettuce growth. The healthy growth of trees is ensured by nitrogen fertilization. The studys objective was to determine how different nitrogen fertilization techniques affected a few chosen criteria. This analysis was thought to be a hazy representation of the demands of cherries produced in herbicide barren fields. The amount of chlorophyll in leaves, the amount of minerals in two layers of soil, and their effects on tree growth were all examined. The effects of nitrogen fertilizer on plant growth will be covered in this essay. Dr. Pallavi Dixit "The Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Plant Growth" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60048.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/60048/the-effects-of-nitrogen-fertilizer-on-plant-growth/dr-pallavi-dixit

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Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, microorganisms capable of transforming atmospheric nitrogen into fixed nitrogen (inorganic compounds usable by plants). More than 90 percent of all nitrogen fixation is effected by these organisms, which thus play an important role in the nitrogen cycle. Two kinds of nitrogen-fixing bacteria are recognized. The first kind, the free-living (nonsymbiotic) bacteria, includes the cyanobacteria (or blue-green algae) Anabaena and Nostoc and genera such as Azotobacter, Beijerinckia, and Clostridium. The second kind comprises the mutualistic (symbiotic) bacteria; examples include Rhizobium, associated with leguminous plants (e.g., various members of the pea family); Frankia, associated with certain dicotyledonous species (actinorhizal plants); and certain Azospirillum species, associated with cereal grasses. The symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria invade the root hairs of host plants, where they multiply and stimulate formation of root nodules, enlargements of plant cells and bacteria in intimate association. Within the nodules the bacteria convert free nitrogen to ammonia, which the host plant utilizes for its development. To ensure sufficient nodule formation and optimum growth of legumes (e.g., alfalfa, beans, clovers, peas, soybeans), seeds are usually inoculated with commercial cultures of appropriate Rhizobium species, especially in soils poor or lacking in the required bacterium.

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The major place where grantic continental crust is manufactured is a. Over hot spots b. In rift valleys c. At convergent margins d. It was apparently all produced billions of years ago and is not produced under the present conditions of Earth Solution Answer is A. Materials are also added to continental crust through intrusive and extrusive igneous activity. Plumes of magma from the Earth\'s asthenosphere are generated from the friction produced at the contact zone where oceanic crust slides past continental crust. These plumes then rise upward into continental crust to form granitic plutons or a variety of volcanic features on the Earth\'s surface. A pluton can be defined as any igneous intrusion of rock that forms a kilometre or more below the Earth\'s surface..

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There seems to be some evidence supporting the idea of a political business cycle. That is, the economy tends to experience particularly fast growth just prior to elections and slower growth or recessions some time after elections. A. Explain why and how this happens. That is, what is the underlying motivation of those responsible for this effect and what actions (fiscal and/or monetary) do they take to achieve it? (4 points) B. Use the AD/AS model and the Phillips curve model to explain what effect the actions taken in part A will have on inflation if the economy starts from full employment. (4 points) C. Now, it may be that the position of the Phillips curve depends on people\'s expectations. If people have adaptive expectations and elected officials act in a way that is consistent with a political business cycle, how is the Phillips curve likely to shift? (4 points) D. In light of this, offer an explanation for the (actual) observation that countries with central banks that are very independent of elected officials tend to have lower inflation than do countries with central banks very closely tied to elected officials. Hint: Think about the ability of the central bank to carry out appropriate policy. (4 points) Solution Political Business Cycles A) We know that political business cycle means that the role of political parties in influancing unemployment and inflation trade off in the economic system. The political parties that are ruled in the government then before elections they are improve the economy. At the time of elections the ruling party will stabilize unemployment and inflation. It was done becuase they want to recelect and again to get power. When they achieve the targeted level of inflation and unemployment that will lead to get more votes from the next elections. So they create any policy in the economic system just before the elections. Some voters in the society look at the policy initiated by the ruling party. It is better than before then they again elected the ruling party. This was the reason for higher growth in the election time. B) At the time of election the ruling party is created stagnant employment and also created desired rate of inflation. The Monetory expansion will inprove the level of inflation. When the ruling party expected inflation that to reduced the desired level of inflation in the economy. Then the party will take rational decision in the sitution and also use all the available information in to considerations. Then good policy of the ruling party the Philips curve is shifted to right. C) We know that the philips curve represented the trade off beween inflation and unemployment. We know that the ruling party will exploit the short run philips curve. They are creating disinflation in the society. They can used the expansionary monetory and fiscal policy. Here we see that the steeper short run philops curve the ability of the government will reduce their ability. D) The important criticism is that in th.

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The CSUN IEEE chapter is to choose a president, treasurer and secretary, all different, from a group of 10 students. How many different choices of officers are possible if: a. There are no restrictions b. A and B will not serve together c. C and D will serve together or not at all d. E must be an officer e. F will serve only if he is a president. Solution a.There are no restrictions- 10C3 e. F will serve only if he is a president.-10C1.

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explain how fungi acquire their nutrients. describe the basic body plan of a fungus. explain how this body plan is an adaptation that facilitates feeding the fungi Solution Nutrition in fungus: Fungi are heterotrohpic unicellular/multicellular eukaryotes which acquire their food by saprophytic modes i.e. acquisition of pre-digested food/nurients from a host by growing on it. Fungus can grow in a wide range of environment and prefer most and dampy areas for growth. They are very rigid in their growth and can grow on a variety of substrates like an old piece of log, grass, sand, eatables, dead animals etc.Some fungi also secrete digestive enzymes onto their substrate for breaking down their food into smaller subunits appropriate for direct uptake. Structure: A fungus can be broadly divided into an aerial fruiting body and an underground mycelium. The aerial body is divided into two parts, the upper umbrella like basidium and the stalk called stipe. The stalk or the stem of the aerial part is made up of a bunch of linearly arranged tubular structures called hyphae. The aerial umbrella like strucutre or basidium contains smaller linear strips on the inner side containing fungal spores. Thus, the aerial part represents the reproductive part of a fungus. The underground mycelia represent the root-like structure of fungus. They penetrate into the substratum and help in digesting the upper hard tissue of the substrate and suck the digested nutrients/food from the host. The nutrients are then transported to the whole body of fungus traversing through the mycelia, stipe and the basidium. Thus, this simple body plan of a fungus helps in feeding them..

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