explain how fungi acquire their nutrients. describe the basic body p.pdf
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explain how fungi acquire their nutrients. describe the basic body plan of a fungus. explain how this body plan is an adaptation that facilitates feeding the fungi Solution Nutrition in fungus: Fungi are heterotrohpic unicellular/multicellular eukaryotes which acquire their food by saprophytic modes i.e. acquisition of pre-digested food/nurients from a host by growing on it. Fungus can grow in a wide range of environment and prefer most and dampy areas for growth. They are very rigid in their growth and can grow on a variety of substrates like an old piece of log, grass, sand, eatables, dead animals etc.Some fungi also secrete digestive enzymes onto their substrate for breaking down their food into smaller subunits appropriate for direct uptake. Structure: A fungus can be broadly divided into an aerial fruiting body and an underground mycelium. The aerial body is divided into two parts, the upper umbrella like basidium and the stalk called stipe. The stalk or the stem of the aerial part is made up of a bunch of linearly arranged tubular structures called hyphae. The aerial umbrella like strucutre or basidium contains smaller linear strips on the inner side containing fungal spores. Thus, the aerial part represents the reproductive part of a fungus. The underground mycelia represent the root-like structure of fungus. They penetrate into the substratum and help in digesting the upper hard tissue of the substrate and suck the digested nutrients/food from the host. The nutrients are then transported to the whole body of fungus traversing through the mycelia, stipe and the basidium. Thus, this simple body plan of a fungus helps in feeding them..
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Mycology 2 converted
This PPT contains the bird's eye view of the nutrition in fungi for undergraduate students of mycology.
NUTRITION IN PLANTS-2 HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION CLASS-VII CBSE CHAPTER-1
Most of the plants have green pigment called chlorophyll and can make their own food. Some plants do not have chlorophyll and cannot synthesize their own food and are known as Heterotrophic plants
Fungus
Fungus, plural fungi, any of about 99,000 known species of organisms of the kingdom Fungi, which includes the yeasts, rusts, smuts, mildews, molds, and mushrooms. There are also many funguslike organisms, including slime molds and oomycetes (water molds), that do not belong to kingdom Fungi but are often called fungi. Many of these funguslike organisms are included in the kingdom Chromista. Fungi are among the most widely distributed organisms on Earth and are of great environmental and medical importance. Many fungi are free-living in soil or water; others form parasitic or symbiotic relationships with plants or animals.
A fungus (/ˈfʌŋɡəs/; plural: fungi[3] or funguses[4]) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from the other eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals.
A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Similar to animals, fungi are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesise. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the Eumycota (true fungi or Eumycetes), which share a common ancestor (form a monophyletic group), an interpretation that is also strongly supported by molecular phylogenetics. This fungal group is distinct from the structurally similar myxomycetes (slime molds) and oomycetes (water molds). The discipline of biology devoted to the study of fungi is known as mycology (from the Greek μύκης, mukēs, meaning "fungus"). In the past, mycology was regarded as a branch of botany, although it is now known fungi are genetically more closely related to animals than to plants.
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Mycology 2 converted
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Fungus, plural fungi, any of about 99,000 known species of organisms of the kingdom Fungi, which includes the yeasts, rusts, smuts, mildews, molds, and mushrooms. There are also many funguslike organisms, including slime molds and oomycetes (water molds), that do not belong to kingdom Fungi but are often called fungi. Many of these funguslike organisms are included in the kingdom Chromista. Fungi are among the most widely distributed organisms on Earth and are of great environmental and medical importance. Many fungi are free-living in soil or water; others form parasitic or symbiotic relationships with plants or animals.
A fungus (/ˈfʌŋɡəs/; plural: fungi[3] or funguses[4]) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from the other eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals.
A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Similar to animals, fungi are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesise. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the Eumycota (true fungi or Eumycetes), which share a common ancestor (form a monophyletic group), an interpretation that is also strongly supported by molecular phylogenetics. This fungal group is distinct from the structurally similar myxomycetes (slime molds) and oomycetes (water molds). The discipline of biology devoted to the study of fungi is known as mycology (from the Greek μύκης, mukēs, meaning "fungus"). In the past, mycology was regarded as a branch of botany, although it is now known fungi are genetically more closely related to animals than to plants.
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Fungi cell wall composition and nutrition
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Hello friends my name is Chelsi Dewangan
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1) Strategies and structuresIn Protozoans the method of movement .pdf
1) Strategies and structures:
In Protozoans the method of movement is determined by the type of organism and the
surrounding environment. Protozoans mainly move by cell extension, flagella or pseudopodia
and cilia, the movement as per the presence of structure can be classified as ciliary, flagellar and
amoeboid movement.
Ciliates : Ciliates form the largest group of protozoa. These organisms vary in size and often live
in watery environments, including oceans, marshes, bays and streams. Ciliates move using tiny
cilia, which are hair-like strands that act as sensors and tiny limbs.
Flagella are longer and less numerous that cilia, they use their long tail like flagella to move.
Amoebas : In these two cytoskeleton get polymerized . This creates a vacancy and cytoplasmice
material flow to cover the vacancy created. When amoeba moves cytoplasm moves to the arm
like extension called pseudopodium. This pseudopodium extends and enlarge and hence this
push the animal body towards that respective direction.
2) A) Flagellates can live as single cells, in colonies, or as parasites.
Commonly live in niche\'s of water.
They conduct photosynthesis and have a cell wall.
They contain flagella for propulsion or to create a current to bring in food.
They can inhabit the reproductive tract, alimentary canal, tissue sites and also the blood stream,
lymph vessels and cerebrospinal canal.
B) Pseudopods : Also called as false feet , are projections that can appear and disappear from the
organism\'s body. These are used for movement and to engulf prey and digest them using
enzymes.
C) Apicomplexa : Unicellular and spore forming, most of them possess a unique form of
organelle that comprises a type of plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure.
They have apicoplast(non photosynthetic plastid) , mitochondria and nuclear genomes.
Lack of cilia, sexual reproduction, use micropores for feeding, and the production of oocysts
containing sporozoites as the infective form.
They have unique gliding capability which enables them to cross through tissues and enter and
leave their host cells. This gliding ability is made possible by the use of adhesions and small
static myosin motors.
3) Key characteristics of fungi :
Fungi are unicellular or multicellular.
Most of the fungi grow as tubular filaments called hyphae
They are haploid.
Fungus are heterotrophs (they can obtain nutrients by absorption) . They absorb food and secrete
enzymes to digest complex molecules
Propogate by spores
Asexual or sexual reproduction
They can be multinucleated
Fungi are achlorophyllous (lack of cholorphyll pigment)
Both Fungi and protists belong to same kingdom but fungi is different from protist, protists are
able to live in an anaerobic environment without oxygen but fungi need aerobic respiration to
survive.
Protists are unicellular but fungi are multicellular. Protists are autotrophic (make their own
energy) and heterotrophic (rely on outside source to get energy), but fungi a.
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The major place where grantic continental crust is manufactured is.pdf
The major place where grantic continental crust is manufactured is
a. Over hot spots
b. In rift valleys
c. At convergent margins
d. It was apparently all produced billions of years ago and is not produced under the present
conditions of Earth
Solution
Answer is A. Materials are also added to continental crust through intrusive and extrusive
igneous activity. Plumes of magma from the Earth\'s asthenosphere are generated from the
friction produced at the contact zone where oceanic crust slides past continental crust. These
plumes then rise upward into continental crust to form granitic plutons or a variety of volcanic
features on the Earth\'s surface. A pluton can be defined as any igneous intrusion of rock that
forms a kilometre or more below the Earth\'s surface..
There seems to be some evidence supporting the idea of a political b.pdf
There seems to be some evidence supporting the idea of a political business cycle. That is, the
economy tends to experience particularly fast growth just prior to elections and slower growth or
recessions some time after elections.
A. Explain why and how this happens. That is, what is the underlying motivation of those
responsible for this effect and what actions (fiscal and/or monetary) do they take to achieve it? (4
points)
B. Use the AD/AS model and the Phillips curve model to explain what effect the actions taken in
part A will have on inflation if the economy starts from full employment. (4 points)
C. Now, it may be that the position of the Phillips curve depends on people\'s expectations. If
people have adaptive expectations and elected officials act in a way that is consistent with a
political business cycle, how is the Phillips curve likely to shift? (4 points)
D. In light of this, offer an explanation for the (actual) observation that countries with central
banks that are very independent of elected officials tend to have lower inflation than do countries
with central banks very closely tied to elected officials. Hint: Think about the ability of the
central bank to carry out appropriate policy. (4 points)
Solution
Political Business Cycles
A)
We know that political business cycle means that the role of political parties in influancing
unemployment and inflation trade off in the economic system. The political parties that are ruled
in the government then before elections they are improve the economy. At the time of elections
the ruling party will stabilize unemployment and inflation. It was done becuase they want to
recelect and again to get power. When they achieve the targeted level of inflation and
unemployment that will lead to get more votes from the next elections. So they create any policy
in the economic system just before the elections.
Some voters in the society look at the policy initiated by the ruling party. It is better than before
then they again elected the ruling party. This was the reason for higher growth in the election
time.
B)
At the time of election the ruling party is created stagnant employment and also created desired
rate of inflation. The Monetory expansion will inprove the level of inflation. When the ruling
party expected inflation that to reduced the desired level of inflation in the economy. Then the
party will take rational decision in the sitution and also use all the available information in to
considerations. Then good policy of the ruling party the Philips curve is shifted to right.
C)
We know that the philips curve represented the trade off beween inflation and unemployment.
We know that the ruling party will exploit the short run philips curve. They are creating
disinflation in the society. They can used the expansionary monetory and fiscal policy. Here we
see that the steeper short run philops curve the ability of the government will reduce their ability.
D)
The important criticism is that in th.
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1) Strategies and structures:
In Protozoans the method of movement is determined by the type of organism and the
surrounding environment. Protozoans mainly move by cell extension, flagella or pseudopodia
and cilia, the movement as per the presence of structure can be classified as ciliary, flagellar and
amoeboid movement.
Ciliates : Ciliates form the largest group of protozoa. These organisms vary in size and often live
in watery environments, including oceans, marshes, bays and streams. Ciliates move using tiny
cilia, which are hair-like strands that act as sensors and tiny limbs.
Flagella are longer and less numerous that cilia, they use their long tail like flagella to move.
Amoebas : In these two cytoskeleton get polymerized . This creates a vacancy and cytoplasmice
material flow to cover the vacancy created. When amoeba moves cytoplasm moves to the arm
like extension called pseudopodium. This pseudopodium extends and enlarge and hence this
push the animal body towards that respective direction.
2) A) Flagellates can live as single cells, in colonies, or as parasites.
Commonly live in niche\'s of water.
They conduct photosynthesis and have a cell wall.
They contain flagella for propulsion or to create a current to bring in food.
They can inhabit the reproductive tract, alimentary canal, tissue sites and also the blood stream,
lymph vessels and cerebrospinal canal.
B) Pseudopods : Also called as false feet , are projections that can appear and disappear from the
organism\'s body. These are used for movement and to engulf prey and digest them using
enzymes.
C) Apicomplexa : Unicellular and spore forming, most of them possess a unique form of
organelle that comprises a type of plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure.
They have apicoplast(non photosynthetic plastid) , mitochondria and nuclear genomes.
Lack of cilia, sexual reproduction, use micropores for feeding, and the production of oocysts
containing sporozoites as the infective form.
They have unique gliding capability which enables them to cross through tissues and enter and
leave their host cells. This gliding ability is made possible by the use of adhesions and small
static myosin motors.
3) Key characteristics of fungi :
Fungi are unicellular or multicellular.
Most of the fungi grow as tubular filaments called hyphae
They are haploid.
Fungus are heterotrophs (they can obtain nutrients by absorption) . They absorb food and secrete
enzymes to digest complex molecules
Propogate by spores
Asexual or sexual reproduction
They can be multinucleated
Fungi are achlorophyllous (lack of cholorphyll pigment)
Both Fungi and protists belong to same kingdom but fungi is different from protist, protists are
able to live in an anaerobic environment without oxygen but fungi need aerobic respiration to
survive.
Protists are unicellular but fungi are multicellular. Protists are autotrophic (make their own
energy) and heterotrophic (rely on outside source to get energy), but fungi a.
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The major place where grantic continental crust is manufactured is.pdf
The major place where grantic continental crust is manufactured is
a. Over hot spots
b. In rift valleys
c. At convergent margins
d. It was apparently all produced billions of years ago and is not produced under the present
conditions of Earth
Solution
Answer is A. Materials are also added to continental crust through intrusive and extrusive
igneous activity. Plumes of magma from the Earth\'s asthenosphere are generated from the
friction produced at the contact zone where oceanic crust slides past continental crust. These
plumes then rise upward into continental crust to form granitic plutons or a variety of volcanic
features on the Earth\'s surface. A pluton can be defined as any igneous intrusion of rock that
forms a kilometre or more below the Earth\'s surface..
There seems to be some evidence supporting the idea of a political b.pdf
There seems to be some evidence supporting the idea of a political business cycle. That is, the
economy tends to experience particularly fast growth just prior to elections and slower growth or
recessions some time after elections.
A. Explain why and how this happens. That is, what is the underlying motivation of those
responsible for this effect and what actions (fiscal and/or monetary) do they take to achieve it? (4
points)
B. Use the AD/AS model and the Phillips curve model to explain what effect the actions taken in
part A will have on inflation if the economy starts from full employment. (4 points)
C. Now, it may be that the position of the Phillips curve depends on people\'s expectations. If
people have adaptive expectations and elected officials act in a way that is consistent with a
political business cycle, how is the Phillips curve likely to shift? (4 points)
D. In light of this, offer an explanation for the (actual) observation that countries with central
banks that are very independent of elected officials tend to have lower inflation than do countries
with central banks very closely tied to elected officials. Hint: Think about the ability of the
central bank to carry out appropriate policy. (4 points)
Solution
Political Business Cycles
A)
We know that political business cycle means that the role of political parties in influancing
unemployment and inflation trade off in the economic system. The political parties that are ruled
in the government then before elections they are improve the economy. At the time of elections
the ruling party will stabilize unemployment and inflation. It was done becuase they want to
recelect and again to get power. When they achieve the targeted level of inflation and
unemployment that will lead to get more votes from the next elections. So they create any policy
in the economic system just before the elections.
Some voters in the society look at the policy initiated by the ruling party. It is better than before
then they again elected the ruling party. This was the reason for higher growth in the election
time.
B)
At the time of election the ruling party is created stagnant employment and also created desired
rate of inflation. The Monetory expansion will inprove the level of inflation. When the ruling
party expected inflation that to reduced the desired level of inflation in the economy. Then the
party will take rational decision in the sitution and also use all the available information in to
considerations. Then good policy of the ruling party the Philips curve is shifted to right.
C)
We know that the philips curve represented the trade off beween inflation and unemployment.
We know that the ruling party will exploit the short run philips curve. They are creating
disinflation in the society. They can used the expansionary monetory and fiscal policy. Here we
see that the steeper short run philops curve the ability of the government will reduce their ability.
D)
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The CSUN IEEE chapter is to choose a president, treasurer and secret.pdf
The CSUN IEEE chapter is to choose a president, treasurer and secretary, all different, from a
group of 10 students. How many different choices of officers are possible if:
a. There are no restrictions
b. A and B will not serve together
c. C and D will serve together or not at all
d. E must be an officer
e. F will serve only if he is a president.
Solution
a.There are no restrictions- 10C3
e. F will serve only if he is a president.-10C1.
The atmosphere on earth contains nitrogen in a form that is unusable .pdf
The atmosphere on earth contains nitrogen in a form that is unusable to plants True False
Solution
The statement is true.
Explanations: Although a sufficient amount of nitrogen gas is available in the environmental air
but the plants are biologically unable to utilize this gaseous nitrogen for various physiological
purposes. From evolutionary point of view, plants can utilize only compound form of nitrogen
solubilized as salts for biological relavance. Since nitrogen is extremely essential for bio-
synthesis of many biomolecules and sustaining life, natural methodologies to utilize the gaseous
oxygen have been developed.
A classical example for the same is presence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the air such as Nostoc,
Anabaena etc. These bacteria reside in the soild near the roots of legumes and pulse plants and
help in fixation of atmospheric gaseous nitrogen into soluble form. This nitrogen is then utilized
by the plants for various physiological functions..
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process. Explain the DNA replication conundrum and how some species are able to overcome it.
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penicillin block? What does MreB determine in terms of cell morphology as well as
peptidoglycan synthesis? What about bacteria that do not have MreB? How do you calculate
final cell number during growth? You should be able to draw a basic growth curve and point out
where the growth phases correspond to. Add a diauxic shift to your growth curve. What does it
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thermal death time. Autoclave is necessary to kill spores because? What does pasteurization
accomplish? What other mean of killing or removing microbes are there? -static vs -cidal vs -
lytic agents What are the differences between MIC and MBC, and how are they conventionally
determined? Sterilants vs disinfectants vs sanitizers vs antiseptics/germicides
Solution
Define microbial growth.
Microbial growth refers to increase in cell number of microorganisms. Microbial growth
generally takes place due to binary fission of the microbial cells. This growth is influenced by
nutrients available and environmental conditions where the cells are growing.
Sterilization vs disinfection vs decontamination
Sterilization refers to complete elimination of microorganisms and spores.
Disinfection is the process of elimination of some of the pathogenic microorganism but not all.
Decontamination is the process of reducing the load of microorganisms from used items before
their disposal.
Autoclave is necessary to kill spores because spores are resistant forms of microbes which are
very difficult to kill. Autoclave runs on the principle of steam under pressure. Here the high
pressure combined with moist steam effectively kills bacteria along with spores.
What does pasteurization accomplish?
Pasteurization is a process where heat is used to accomplish killing of pathogenic bacteria from
foods thus making them safe to eat..
Suppose that a nation has a labor force of 100 people. In January, A.pdf
Suppose that a nation has a labor force of 100 people. In January, Amy, Barbara, Carine, and
Denise are unemployed; in February, those four find jobs, but Evan, Francesco, George, and
Horatio become unemployed. Suppose further that every month, the previous four who were
unemployed find jobs and four different people become unemployed. Throughout the year,
however, the same three people- Ito, Jack, and Kelley-continually remain unemployed because
their skills are a poor match with employers\' requirements
Solution
Though there is no question posted, but I guess you must be looking for unemployment rate.
So in total 4 + 3 people out of 100 are unemployed, so unemployment rate is 7%.
Out of this 7%, 3% (Ito, Jack, and Kelley) are unemployed because of the economic structure
and 4% (u enemployed) because of frictional nature i.r they are unemplyed because they left
their jobs to find better ones..
For which of the following types of interpolation is it possible, in .pdf
For which of the following types of interpolation is it possible, in general, to preserve
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Solution
For proper interpolation, in order to pass through all n points, (n-1) degree polynomial is
sufficient in order to montonically depict the curve and satisfy all the coordinates of the n data
set points
Hence the correct answer is Option A.
SOMEONE HELP Complete sentences, stating the differences and relati.pdf
SOMEONE HELP: Complete sentences, stating the differences and relationships between the
two terms, and give specific examples where appropriate.
1. gene flow / genetic drift
2. sexual selection / artificial selection
3. ring species / biological species concept
4. hybrid inviability / temporal isolation
5. autopolyploidy / allopatric speciation
6. molecular clock / cladogram
7. gradualism / uniformitarianism
8. extreme thermophiles / viroids
9. HIV / Creutzfeld-Jakob disease
10. biofilm / microbial fuel cell
Solution
Q.No 1
Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution of biological species that takes place because of the
change in the frequency of alleles in a population. These changes in the allele frequency in a
population occur randomly. One very common example to describe the genetic drift would be
that most of the human families have different number of boys and girls, as the X or Y alleles
have been passed differently into the new generation from the parents. Although the X and Y
alleles do not really contribute for the evolution, the frequency changes in other alleles would
have a considerable effect for evolution.
Gene flow is a process of evolution that takes place when genes or alleles move from one
population to another. It is also known as the Gene Migration, and that could cause changes in
the allele frequency as well as some variations in the gene pool of both populations. There are
some good examples to support this phenomenon from humans regarding a developed immunity
for malaria among new Western Africans after their parents mated with Europeans who initially
had the immunity. It is interesting to notice that gene flow could take place between two species,
as well.
Q.No 2
Sexual selection enhances mating success or the number of copulations, while natural selection
tends to produce well-adapted individuals to their environment. Sexual selection does not adapt
the individuals to their environment. Unlike sexual selection, natural selection acts on traits
which increase the fitness of members in a population. Certain adaptations have been derived
from the sexual selection which could never have been arisen from natural selection alone (Ex:
the neck of the giraffe, various plumages of most male birds etc.). Generally sexual selection
depends on the success of one sex while natural selection depends on the success of both sexes in
relation to the general condition of life. In most of the animals, certain traits related to their
sexual selection process do not express their characteristics until the organism is able to mate,
but naturally selected traits may occur at birth of the organism during the process of natural
selection.
Q.No 3
A ring species is a connected series of neighbouring populations, each of which can interbreed
with closely sited related populations, but for which there exist at least two \"end\" populations in
the series, which are too distantly related to interbreed, though there is a potential gene flow
between e.
Recontruct the cultural differences argumentSolutionCultural d.pdf
Recontruct the cultural differences argument
Solution
Cultural differences argument says, different cultures have different morals. As in one thing can
be wrong or illegal for ine community but it could be perfectly fine and ok with the other
community.
For eg, eating dead was considered wrong by Greeks, whereas callatians considered it as their
right. So it is just a matter of opinion which varies from culture to culture , there is no right no
wrong..
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Question 12 20 pts Explain five criteria of Statement No. 52 in determining the foreign currency
as the functional currency. HTML Editor Paragraph ?
Solution
Answer) Application of this Statement will affect financial reporting of most companies
operating in foreign countries. The differing operating and economic characteristics of varied
types of foreign operations will be distinguished in accounting for them. Adjustments for
currency exchange rate changes are excluded from net income for those fluctuations that do not
impact cash flows and are included for those that do. The requirements reflect these general
conclusions:
The economic effects of an exchange rate change on an operation that is relatively self-contained
and integrated within a foreign country relate to the net investment in that operation. Translation
adjustments that arise from consolidating that foreign operation do not impact cash flows and are
not included in net income.
The economic effects of an exchange rate change on a foreign operation that is an extension of
the parent\'s domestic operations relate to individual assets and liabilities and impact the parent\'s
cash flows directly. Accordingly, the exchange gains and losses in such an operation are included
in net income.
Contracts, transactions, or balances that are, in fact, effective hedges of foreign exchange risk
will be accounted for as hedges without regard to their form.
More specifically, this Statement replaces FASB Statement No. 8, Accounting for the
Translation of Foreign Currency Transactions and Foreign Currency Financial Statements, and
revises the existing accounting and reporting requirements for translation of foreign currency
transactions and foreign currency financial statements. It presents standards for foreign currency
translation that are designed to (1) provide information that is generally compatible with the
expected economic effects of a rate change on an enterprise\'s cash flows and equity and (2)
reflect in consolidated statements the financial results and relationships as measured in the
primary currency in which each entity conducts its business (referred to as its \"functional
currency\").
An entity\'s functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which
that entity operates. The functional currency can be the dollar or a foreign currency depending on
the facts. Normally, it will be the currency of the economic environment in which cash is
generated and expended by the entity. An entity can be any form of operation, including a
subsidiary, division, branch, or joint venture. The Statement provides guidance for this key
determination in which management\'s judgment is essential in assessing the facts.
A currency in a highly inflationary environment (3-year inflation rate of approximately 100
percent or more) is not considered stable enough to serve as a functional currency and the more
stable currency of the reporting parent is to be used instead.
The functio.
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https://github.com/iaperez/DataMiningProject-WhoMadeThatMovie
Solution
Carter and Barker (2010) describe listing as a twofold bookish discipline—the organized listing
of books (enumerative bibliography) and therefore the systematic, description of books as
physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These 2 distinct ideas and practices have separate
rationales and serve differing functions. Innovators and originators within the field embrace W.
W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Duke of Edinburgh Elizabeth Gaskell, G. Thomas Tanselle.
Bowers (1949) refers to enumerative listing as a procedure that identifies books in “specific
collections or libraries,” in an exceedingly specific discipline, by Associate in Nursing author,
printer, or amount of production (3). He refers to descriptive listing because the systematic
description of a book as a fabric or physical object. Analytical listing, the cornerstone of
descriptive listing, investigates the printing and every one physical options of a book that yield
proof establishing a book\'s history and transmission (Feather 10). it\'s the preliminary part of
listing description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of research that
descriptive bibliographers apply and on that they base their descriptive follow.
Descriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their
description. Titles and title pages ar transcribed in an exceedingly quasi-facsimile vogue and
illustration. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and every one physical parts associated with
distinctive a book follow conventional conventions, as Bower\'s established in his foundational
piece, The Principles of listing Description. The thought expressed during this book expands
substantively on W. W. Greg\'s groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal
listing principles (Greg 29). basically, analytical listing is bothered with objective, physical
analysis and history of a book whereas descriptive listing employs all information that analytical
listing furnishes then codifies it with a read to distinctive the perfect copy or style of a book that
almost all nearly represents the printer’s initial conception and intention in printing.
In addition to viewing listing study as being composed of 4 dependent approaches (enumerative,
descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes 2 additional subcategories of analysis,
specifically historical listing and aesthetic listing.[1] each historical listing, that involves the
investigation of printing practices, tools, and connected documents, and aesthetic listing, that
examines the art of coming up with sort and books, ar typically used by analytical
bibliographers.
D. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of listing as set forth by W. W. Greg, Bowers,
Elizabeth Gaskell a.
Does a countrys Institutional and legal system play a major role i.pdf
Does a country\'s Institutional and legal system play a major role in corporate financing
decisions? If so how?
Solution
It plays a very important role. Taxation, institutional and legal systems all play a crucial role.
Tax treatment of interest, dividend, capital gains determine the capital structure and retention of
funds for investment. Also, what are the laws regarding default of payments determine the
proportion of debt. Is the institutional system so robust and developed as to allow easy raising of
funds determine the equity. The legal handling of liability to be incurred in case of any
wrongdoings or default determine the readiness of investors to invest money..
Most primate species a. live in social groups. b. live sol.pdf
Most primate species
a. live in social groups.
b. live solitary lives.
c. are only social when predator activity is high.
d. live in social groups only during the breeding season.
Solution
The most primate species live in social groups. They are very much important to ecosystems in
which they live. They are one of the best pollinators as they feed on fruits and leaves as they
move between trees. They pass the seeds in their dropings and allow plants to spread across a
wide range. Gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos,orangutans and various other species of gibbons are
some of the examples of these primates..
please do D E and F .C. Describe loads on Structures wl liui. . D..pdf
please do D E and F .C. Describe loads on Structures wl liui. . D. Describe the concept of
equilibrium in structures with figures .E. Describe the differences between External and Internal
Forces. F. Describe Types of supports for 2D and 3D with figures. T in tho ctatically stable and
unstable as well as structurally
Solution
D-.
Male, 40 y o. comes to the office. First scheduled the appointment fo.pdf
Male, 40 y o. comes to the office. First scheduled the appointment for a nasty cold\" which has
since seemed to be resolving, but he kept the appointment anyway. He complains (aside from
resolving cold sxs) of occasional headaches sometimes quite bad. He uses Motrin (600mgs)
maybe 4 timesweek for these. He also has episodes of profuse sweating and anxiety,
accompanied by pounding heart. He doesn\'t like the suggestion these are \"panic attacks he says
his mom had those \"she was a real basket case- we didn\'t get on on very wel\" Mom is deceased
age 65. dlt stroke) occasionally he gets dizzy on standing rapidly. Sometimes constipation is a
problem. Symptoms have been present as an adult-- more with age, had been attributed to stress
at work, but wants another opinion. His work ls described as \"stressful\" around the end of the
quarter (he\'s an accountant) but not all that bad\" between-times. He works out (running and
weights) 4week. Describes himself as pretty fit, and basically looks it, sleeps 5-8 hours/night.
Sometimes better than others. No prescription drugs. Has \"a couple beer on the weekend,
marijuana 1-2/year, denies other drug use. Says he avoids coffee, especially espresso \"makes me
too jittery\" Physical: Ht, 6\'0 wt. 160 BP 136 90 HR 74 Resp 20 Reflexes (patellar, achilles)
strong. A slight tremor appears present in the arms when held out and still. No abdominal or
neck masses on palpation. no abdominal tenderness. Heart sounds are normal, rythm regular, no
murmur. Lungs- some wheeze on forced exhalation; al lobes seem clear, CBC shows Inc. RBCs,
normal morphology and hemoglobin Normal WBC count, but with lymphocytosis Platelets
unremarkable TSH is normal Blood calcium is elevated. Blood glucose is slightly elevated UA
shows a trace of glucose in the urine
Solution
Cannabis sativa also called as Indian hemp or marijuana. The plant has resin called cannobinol
it is inert, on exposed to heat converted to active isomeric tetrahydrocannabinol. It is CNS
stimulant. The leaves and fruits , we used as tea to prepare a decoction. The symptoms of
intoxication are, Feeling detachment, euphoria, rapidly changing emotions Feeling of distress
and tightness in the chest He also has increased appetite, nausea, pressure in the head, ataxia,
restlessness, tachycardia, urinary frequency. In chronic poisoning degeneration of CNS occur,
weakness, tremors, red eyes, impotence and he may develop psychosis. Hence clinical
diagnosis is marijuana poisoning. Treatment includes 100ml of 50%glucose, 2mg . Naloxone and
100mg thiamine I.v. 5to10 mg. Of diazepam used, if the aggressive patient. If flashback occurs,
give anti-anxiety and antipsychotic drugs. Psychotherapy is also given. It is not conserned with
adrinal gland or tumour..
Describe and discuss the 2 pathways for antigen processing exogenou.pdf
Describe and discuss the 2 pathways for antigen processing: exogenous and endogenous.
Solution
Answer :
Exogenous antigens: Exogenous antigens are produced outside of the host cell and enters the cell
by endocytosis or phagocytosis. These antigens includes bacteria and bacterial toxins, parasitic
worms, inhaled pollen or dust, Antigen presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, and B
cells) degrade ingested exogenous antigen into peptide fragments within the endocytic
processing pathway. APCs then present the fragments to T helper cells (CD4+) by the use of
class II histocompatibility molecules on their surface.
Endogenous antigens are forgein antigens which are synthesised inside the body cells which
includes the viral proteins produced after a virus infects the cell or the abnormal prteins
synthesisd by cancerous cells. Fragments of endogenous antigens are processed and presented by
antigen presenting cells through class I MHC molecules. T cells displaying CD8 recognize
antigen associated with class I MHC molecules and thus are said to be class I MHC restricted..
List and describe the authentication methods businesses use to protec.pdf
List and describe the authentication methods businesses use to protect their information both
internal and externally when transmitted to outside parties?
Solution
Please let me know if you need more information:-
when we say authentication first we need to protest the resources involved in our BUSINESS:-
our business needs should be like:-
1. we must keep avoiding unauthorized persions from accessing the resources.
2. we just limit resources[data] to access the BUSINESS involved persons what they are not
needed.
[ just providing access to what they really needed ]
To gain the above :-
we can follow many methods which are available :-
1.logon authentication
here we will be providing the username and password to the user/resorce to gain access to our
business data.based on userid we can limit the data too.
2.network authentication
based on network type which resource connected we can revoke the connection to our business
network
3.remote authentication
here remote authentcation will be involed in again username along with some security features
[RSA, OTP ..etc].
4.biometric authnetication
based on the resource physical presence of finger print / ratina ..etc scans we will be
authenticating the resources involved in business
5.smart card authentication.
when we give access to our business resources/outside we should be maintainging the encryption
technology to keep our data safe.
when we mention outside we should be able to make our data not understandble till it reaches to
our destination[resources] by using encrytption .
Thanks.
Let X equal the number of flips of a fair cointhat are required to.pdf
Let X equal the number of flips of a fair coin
that are required to observe the same face on consecutive
flips.
(a) Find the pmf of X. Hint: Draw a tree diagram.
(b) Find the moment-generating function of X.
(c) Use the mgf to find the values of (i) the mean and (ii)
the variance of X.
(d) Find the values of (i) P(X 3), (ii) P(X 5), and
(iii) P(X = 3).
Solution.
Let K be a field. Prove that every not trivial (not necessarily fini.pdf
Let K be a field. Prove that every not trivial (not necessarily finite dimensional) vector space V
over f has a basis. Denote V {0} by V*. Observe that a non-empty linearly independent subset
of V is an element of P(V*) . Let L P(V*) {} be the set of non-empty linearly independent
subsets of V and partially order L by inclusion.
(a) Let C be a chain in L. Prove that U= (Union)UUC
is an upper bound for C. Hint: The problem is to prove that U L, i.e U is a linearly independent
set. Assume some collection of elements v1, v2, . . . vn U with vivj for ij is linearly dependent.
Use Problem 4 to get a contradiction.
(b) Let M be a maximal element of L prove that M spans V .
(c) Now appeal to Zorn’s lemma to prove that V has a basis.
Solution
Theorem (Zorn’s lemma). Let S be a partially ordered set. If every totally ordered subset of S has
an upper bound, then S contains a maximal element
Let us try to use Zorn’s lemma to prove that an arbitrary nonzero vector space has a basis.
________________________________
For a nonzero vector space V over a field F, a basis of V is a subset B of V that is linearly
independent (i.e., no finite subset of B has a nontrivial F-linear relation) and spans V (i.e., every
element of V is an F-linear combination of finitely many elements of B).
Every nonzero vector space contains a basis.
Proof.
The idea is that a basis can be constructed as a maximal linearly independent set, and this
maximal set will be found with Zorn’s lemma.
Let V be a nonzero vector space and let S be the set of linearly independent sets in V . For
instance, a single nonzero v V is a linearly independent set, so {v} S. Thus S is different from
zero
.For two linearly independent sets L and L1 in V , declare L L1 0 if L L1 . This is the partial
ordering on S by inclusion. It is easy to see that any subset of a linearly independent set is also a
linearly independent set, so if L S then any subset of L is also in S. Assume {L}A is a totally
ordered subset of S. That is, every L is a linearly independent set in V and for any L and L in our
subset we have L L or L L. An upper bound for the L’s in S is the union L = S A L. Well, we
need to check L is really a linearly independent set (so L S); once that is settled then L is an
upper bound in S since L L for all A.
Pick any finite set of vectors v1, . . . , vn in L. We must show they are linearly independent. Each
vk is in some L, say v1 L1 , . . . , vn Ln . Since the L’s are totally ordered, one of the sets L1 , . .
. , Ln contains the others. That means v1, . . . , vn are all in a common L, so they are linearly
independent. Zorn’s lemma now tells us that S contains a maximal element: there is a linearly
independent set B in V that is not contained in any larger linearly independent set in V . We will
show B spans V , so it is a basis. P Let W be the span of B. That means W is the set of all finite
F-linear combinations k i=1 civi with k 1, ci F, and vi B. If B does not span V then W 6= V , so
we can pic.
It is important that the CISSP candidate understand the differences .pdf
It is important that the CISSP candidate understand the differences between the various legal
systems used around the world one early system was Corpus Juris Civilis, which featured a
comprehensive system of written rules of law that serves as the basis for which legal system
today.
A. Civil law
B. Religious law
C. Common law
D. Customary law
Solution
A. Much of Europe is based on civil (code) law, also known as Napoleonic law. The Romans
used Corpus Juris Civilis, which featured a comprehensive system of written rules of law that
serves as the basis of civil law used today. Answer B, C, and D are incorrect as the major
difference between civil law and common law is that civil law uses legislation as the main source
of laws. Religious law is based on religious tenets. China and some African countries use
customary law, which may be combined with other legal systems and is based on the concept of
what is customary and considered normal conduct. It is important that the CISSP candidate
understand the differences between the various legal systems used around the world..
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