Very good condition and general anaesthetic and general health issues and general issues and general issues and general anaesthetic and the rest of them don't have any more than you have any more information about it
اعددت دورة تدريبية بعنوان فن اتخاذ القرار تتحدث عن مفهوم اتخاذ القرار و معرفة الفرق و بين اتخاذ القرار و صناعة القرار و مراحل اتخاذ القرار و عدة النصائح في اتخاذ القرار
اعددت دورة تدريبية بعنوان فن اتخاذ القرار تتحدث عن مفهوم اتخاذ القرار و معرفة الفرق و بين اتخاذ القرار و صناعة القرار و مراحل اتخاذ القرار و عدة النصائح في اتخاذ القرار
This is a series of Capacity Building documents that was prepared by the Sudanese Youth Leadership Development Program.
هذه مجموعة من المقالات في مجالات تدريبية متعددة مناسبة للجمعيات الطوعية تم تطويرها بين عامي 2003-2008 للبرنامج السوداني لإعداد القيادات الشبابية
Slides made carefully to help Managers and supervisors improve their skills in problem solving and decision making. It has been neatly arranged and written in a simple manner.
ما هو الإدراك ؟
عملية يقوم الأفراد بتنظيم وتفسير إنطباعاتهم الحسية عن اشياء من البيئة المحيطة من أجل إعطاء معنى لطبيعة التعامل مع الاشياء.
ويعتمد سلوك الناس على تصورهم لما هو الواقع، وليس على الواقع نفسه.
دائماً نحاول إدراك الاشياء التي داخل حيز اهتمامنا السلوكي ونتغاضى عن الاشياء التى ليس لنا تعامل معها.
العوامل التى تؤثر على الإدراك
الحكم على الآخرين
إن تصورنا وحكمنا تجاه الآخرين يتأثر بشكل كبير بافتراضاتنا للحالة التى يمكن أن يؤثر بها الآخر علينا.
نحن نحكم على الآخرين من خلال
رد الفعل في المواقف خاصة لو كانت مميزة سواء بالسلب او بالايجاب.
هل يتعامل بالطريقة التي يتعامل بها الآخرين.
هل يرد بطريقة مثل الآخرين في نفس الموقف.
لماذا نحكم على الآخرين بسرعة
النمطية : الحكم على شخص ما على أساس تصور المرء للمجموعة التي ينتمي إليها هذا الشخص وغالبا ما يكون مفيدا-إن لم يكن دائما دقيقا- لانه يعطي تصور بديهي عن بعض المعتقدات لدي هذا الشخص.
الإدراك الانتقائي : الناس تفسر بشكل انتقائي ما يرونه على أساس مصالحهم، والخلفية، والخبرة، والمواقف.
تأثير الهالة : رسم انطباع عام عن الفرد على أساس سمة واحدة.
تأثيرات التباين : تقييم خصائص الشخص التي تتأثر المقارنات مع أشخاص آخرين واجهوا مؤخرا الذين رتبة أعلى أو أقل على نفس الخصائص.
إتخاذ القرار
تحديد المشكلة: تحديد ما هو الفاصل بيتك الآن وبين الحالة المطلوب الوصول إليها.
إيجاد حلول بناء على البيانات المتوفرة حول المشكلة.
صنع القرار بالإدراك :
الاعتراف بكل المشاكل
تقييم الحلول بناءً على المشكلة
مشاكل في إتخاذ القرار
التحيز : هو الاعتقاد بالقدرة على إتخاذ قرار جيد خارج نطاق الخبرة, واخطاء التحيز تتمثل في :
استخدام المعلومات الاولية عن قضية ما او اشخاص.
استخدام الحقائق التى في تؤيد القرار فقط
المكابرة : الإصرار على إتخاذ القرار بالرغم من وجود ادلة على أنه خطأ. وهذا اكبر خطأ يقع فيه المسئولون.
العشوائية : اتخاذ قرار بناء على معلومات عشوائية او خرافات لم تثبت صحتها.
التسرع : إتخاذ قرار بدون دراسة البيانات والحلول حول المشكلة.
المنتصر : دائما ما يعتقد المنتصر أنه على صواب في كل القرارت التى يتخذها حتى ولو كانت بدون إدراك.
التحيز السلبي : هو التحيز بعد ظهور النتائج العكسية والإصرار على أن قرارك كان صحيح و كان من المفترض حدوث نتائج افضل.
الإبداع في إتخاذ القرار
الإبداع : القدرة على إنتاج أفكار جديدة ومفيدة
كيف يتولد الإبداع ؟
دائما ما يكون الابداع ملازم لبعض الصفات الآخري مثل
أولئك الذين يكون لديهم قدرة عالية على تقبل الخبرات الجديدة
فالناس الذين يتمتعون بالذكاء والاستقلالية والثقة بالنفس والمخاطرة لديهم قدرة سيطرة على النفس، ومتسامحون و يثابرون في وجه الإحباط
مكونات الإبداع
الخبرة هي الاساس.
الدافع هو الرغبة في القيام بهذه المهمة بسبب خصائصه.
مهارات التفكير الإبداعي هي خصائص شخصية تختلف من شخص لآخر كلها تهدف لتحقيق الهدف.
مهارة حل المشكلات برنامج يعتبر من الموضوعات الرئيسيةفي مختلف مجالات الحياة في التربية والتعليم حيث أصبحت القدرة على حل المشكلات ضرورة ملحة في كل مجالات النشاط الانساني واتخاذ القرارات الصحيحة
اشتقت كلمة قرار من " القر " ويقصد به التمكن، فيقال قر في المكان، أي استقر به وتمكن فيه، ويسمى يوم التروية بمنى " يوم القر " أي اليوم الذي يستقر فيه الحجاج بمنى، فالقرار هو أن تستقر على أمر من الأمور وتختاره دون غيره .
This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy stude
This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy stude
More Related Content
Similar to Descion of report and general issues about decision
This is a series of Capacity Building documents that was prepared by the Sudanese Youth Leadership Development Program.
هذه مجموعة من المقالات في مجالات تدريبية متعددة مناسبة للجمعيات الطوعية تم تطويرها بين عامي 2003-2008 للبرنامج السوداني لإعداد القيادات الشبابية
Slides made carefully to help Managers and supervisors improve their skills in problem solving and decision making. It has been neatly arranged and written in a simple manner.
ما هو الإدراك ؟
عملية يقوم الأفراد بتنظيم وتفسير إنطباعاتهم الحسية عن اشياء من البيئة المحيطة من أجل إعطاء معنى لطبيعة التعامل مع الاشياء.
ويعتمد سلوك الناس على تصورهم لما هو الواقع، وليس على الواقع نفسه.
دائماً نحاول إدراك الاشياء التي داخل حيز اهتمامنا السلوكي ونتغاضى عن الاشياء التى ليس لنا تعامل معها.
العوامل التى تؤثر على الإدراك
الحكم على الآخرين
إن تصورنا وحكمنا تجاه الآخرين يتأثر بشكل كبير بافتراضاتنا للحالة التى يمكن أن يؤثر بها الآخر علينا.
نحن نحكم على الآخرين من خلال
رد الفعل في المواقف خاصة لو كانت مميزة سواء بالسلب او بالايجاب.
هل يتعامل بالطريقة التي يتعامل بها الآخرين.
هل يرد بطريقة مثل الآخرين في نفس الموقف.
لماذا نحكم على الآخرين بسرعة
النمطية : الحكم على شخص ما على أساس تصور المرء للمجموعة التي ينتمي إليها هذا الشخص وغالبا ما يكون مفيدا-إن لم يكن دائما دقيقا- لانه يعطي تصور بديهي عن بعض المعتقدات لدي هذا الشخص.
الإدراك الانتقائي : الناس تفسر بشكل انتقائي ما يرونه على أساس مصالحهم، والخلفية، والخبرة، والمواقف.
تأثير الهالة : رسم انطباع عام عن الفرد على أساس سمة واحدة.
تأثيرات التباين : تقييم خصائص الشخص التي تتأثر المقارنات مع أشخاص آخرين واجهوا مؤخرا الذين رتبة أعلى أو أقل على نفس الخصائص.
إتخاذ القرار
تحديد المشكلة: تحديد ما هو الفاصل بيتك الآن وبين الحالة المطلوب الوصول إليها.
إيجاد حلول بناء على البيانات المتوفرة حول المشكلة.
صنع القرار بالإدراك :
الاعتراف بكل المشاكل
تقييم الحلول بناءً على المشكلة
مشاكل في إتخاذ القرار
التحيز : هو الاعتقاد بالقدرة على إتخاذ قرار جيد خارج نطاق الخبرة, واخطاء التحيز تتمثل في :
استخدام المعلومات الاولية عن قضية ما او اشخاص.
استخدام الحقائق التى في تؤيد القرار فقط
المكابرة : الإصرار على إتخاذ القرار بالرغم من وجود ادلة على أنه خطأ. وهذا اكبر خطأ يقع فيه المسئولون.
العشوائية : اتخاذ قرار بناء على معلومات عشوائية او خرافات لم تثبت صحتها.
التسرع : إتخاذ قرار بدون دراسة البيانات والحلول حول المشكلة.
المنتصر : دائما ما يعتقد المنتصر أنه على صواب في كل القرارت التى يتخذها حتى ولو كانت بدون إدراك.
التحيز السلبي : هو التحيز بعد ظهور النتائج العكسية والإصرار على أن قرارك كان صحيح و كان من المفترض حدوث نتائج افضل.
الإبداع في إتخاذ القرار
الإبداع : القدرة على إنتاج أفكار جديدة ومفيدة
كيف يتولد الإبداع ؟
دائما ما يكون الابداع ملازم لبعض الصفات الآخري مثل
أولئك الذين يكون لديهم قدرة عالية على تقبل الخبرات الجديدة
فالناس الذين يتمتعون بالذكاء والاستقلالية والثقة بالنفس والمخاطرة لديهم قدرة سيطرة على النفس، ومتسامحون و يثابرون في وجه الإحباط
مكونات الإبداع
الخبرة هي الاساس.
الدافع هو الرغبة في القيام بهذه المهمة بسبب خصائصه.
مهارات التفكير الإبداعي هي خصائص شخصية تختلف من شخص لآخر كلها تهدف لتحقيق الهدف.
مهارة حل المشكلات برنامج يعتبر من الموضوعات الرئيسيةفي مختلف مجالات الحياة في التربية والتعليم حيث أصبحت القدرة على حل المشكلات ضرورة ملحة في كل مجالات النشاط الانساني واتخاذ القرارات الصحيحة
اشتقت كلمة قرار من " القر " ويقصد به التمكن، فيقال قر في المكان، أي استقر به وتمكن فيه، ويسمى يوم التروية بمنى " يوم القر " أي اليوم الذي يستقر فيه الحجاج بمنى، فالقرار هو أن تستقر على أمر من الأمور وتختاره دون غيره .
Similar to Descion of report and general issues about decision (20)
This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy stude
This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy stude
This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy stude
This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy stude
This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy stude
Successful treatment of hypertension is possible with limited side effects
given the availability of multiple antihypertensive drug classes. The translation of
pharmacological research to the treatment of hypertension has been a continuous
process, starting with drugs discovered 60 years ago, such as thiazide diuretics
(1958) and currently finishing with the newest antihypertensive agent available
on the market, the orally active direct renin-inhibitor aliskiren, discovered more
than 10 years ago (2000) (Laurent, 2017).
In between, there has been a continuous rate of discovery, including
spironolactone (1957), beta-blockers (propranolol, 1973), centrally acting alpha-
2 adrenergic receptor agonists (clonidine, 1970s), alpha1- adrenergic receptor
blocker (prazosin, 1975), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (captopril,
1977), calcium channel blockers (verapamil, 1977), and angiotensin II receptor
blockers (losartan, 1993) (Kotchen, 2011).
Therapeutic considerations regarding the treatment of hypertension in
patients with diabetes mellitus are reviewed. Good blood pressure control is
essential in diabetic patients to prevent morbidity and mortality associated with
Successful treatment of hypertension is possible with limited side effects
given the availability of multiple antihypertensive drug classes. The translation of
pharmacological research to the treatment of hypertension has been a continuous
process, starting with drugs discovered 60 years ago, such as thiazide diuretics
(1958) and currently finishing with the newest antihypertensive agent available
on the market, the orally active direct renin-inhibitor aliskiren, discovered more
than 10 years ago (2000) (Laurent, 2017).
In between, there has been a continuous rate of discovery, including
spironolactone (1957), beta-blockers (propranolol, 1973), centrally acting alpha-
2 adrenergic receptor agonists (clonidine, 1970s), alpha1- adrenergic receptor
blocker (prazosin, 1975), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (captopril,
1977), calcium channel blockers (verapamil, 1977), and angiotensin II receptor
blockers (losartan, 1993) (Kotchen, 2011).
Therapeutic considerations regarding the treatment of hypertension in
patients with diabetes mellitus are reviewed. Good blood pressure control is
essential in diabetic patients to prevent morbidity and mortality associated with
Successful treatment of hypertension is possible with limited side effects
given the availability of multiple antihypertensive drug classes. The translation of
pharmacological research to the treatment of hypertension has been a continuous
process, starting with drugs discovered 60 years ago, such as thiazide diuretics
(1958) and currently finishing with the newest antihypertensive agent available
on the market, the orally active direct renin-inhibitor aliskiren, discovered more
than 10 years ago (2000) (Laurent, 2017).
In between, there has been a continuous rate of discovery, including
spironolactone (1957), beta-blockers (propranolol, 1973), centrally acting alpha-
2 adrenergic receptor agonists (clonidine, 1970s), alpha1- adrenergic receptor
blocker (prazosin, 1975), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (captopril,
1977), calcium channel blockers (verapamil, 1977), and angiotensin II receptor
blockers (losartan, 1993) (Kotchen, 2011).
Therapeutic considerations regarding the treatment of hypertension in
patients with diabetes mellitus are reviewed. Good blood pressure control is
essential in diabetic patients to prevent morbidity and mortality associated with
Successful treatment of hypertension is possible with limited side effects
given the availability of multiple antihypertensive drug classes. The translation of
pharmacological research to the treatment of hypertension has been a continuous
process, starting with drugs discovered 60 years ago, such as thiazide diuretics
(1958) and currently finishing with the newest antihypertensive agent available
on the market, the orally active direct renin-inhibitor aliskiren, discovered more
than 10 years ago (2000) (Laurent, 2017).
In between, there has been a continuous rate of discovery, including
spironolactone (1957), beta-blockers (propranolol, 1973), centrally acting alpha-
2 adrenergic receptor agonists (clonidine, 1970s), alpha1- adrenergic receptor
blocker (prazosin, 1975), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (captopril,
1977), calcium channel blockers (verapamil, 1977), and angiotensin II receptor
blockers (losartan, 1993) (Kotchen, 2011).
Therapeutic considerations regarding the treatment of hypertension in
patients with diabetes mellitus are reviewed. Good blood pressure control is
essential in diabetic patients to prevent morbidity and mortality associated with
Successful treatment of hypertension is possible with limited side effects
given the availability of multiple antihypertensive drug classes. The translation of
pharmacological research to the treatment of hypertension has been a continuous
process, starting with drugs discovered 60 years ago, such as thiazide diuretics
(1958) and currently finishing with the newest antihypertensive agent available
on the market, the orally active direct renin-inhibitor aliskiren, discovered more
than 10 years ago (2000) (Laurent, 2017).
In between, there has been a continuous rate of discovery, including
spironolactone (1957), beta-blockers (propranolol, 1973), centrally acting alpha-
2 adrenergic receptor agonists (clonidine, 1970s), alpha1- adrenergic receptor
blocker (prazosin, 1975), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (captopril,
1977), calcium channel blockers (verapamil, 1977), and angiotensin II receptor
blockers (losartan, 1993) (Kotchen, 2011).
Therapeutic considerations regarding the treatment of hypertension in
patients with diabetes mellitus are reviewed. Good blood pressure control is
essential in diabetic patients to prevent morbidity and mortality associated with
• LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this chapter, reader should be able to:
To kuow about product line and product mix decision.e kslyog
To study about product ife cycle.
To kuow about branding, packeging and labelling decisions ef product.
How to manage product in pharmaceutical industry.
To study product portfolio analysis.
2.1 INTRODUCTION
In present scenario, marketing has become an indispensable activity for an organization.
To create an edge over competitors, it's necessary to use marketing as a tool. Any marketing
activity starts with one question, what are we going to sell. Answer of this question would be
product, service or any idea that marketer wants to sel.
A company or firm always works on idea of providing solution to a particular problem. For
example, suppose a student wants to go for higher studies in abroad but dont know how to
apply for higher education in foreign country, then solution of this problem can be services
of consultancy firms. In this case, organization is not selling any real commodity but
providing intangible services. Product is a wider term and it can be anything-tangible,
intangible, durable, and non-durable. Like television, insurance, egg, flour, so many products
are marketed by the marketers. Product is something that has the capacity to satisfy any
unsatisfied need.
stoe hich nroMide
A company or firm always works on idea of providing solution to a particular problem. For
example, suppose a student wants to go for higher studies in abroad but don't know how to
apply for higher education in foreign country, then solution of this problem can be services
of consultancy firms. In this case, organization is not selling any real commodity but
providing intangible services. Product is a wider term and it can be anything-tangible,
intangible, durable, and non-durable. Like television, insurance, egg, flour, so many products
are marketed by the marketers. Product is something that has the capacity to satisfy any
unsatisfied need.
A product is a collection of service, physical and symbolic attributes which provide
benefits or pleasure to a buyer or user. Customer prefers physical property as shape and size
of the product.
2.2 CLASSIFICATION
Product classification on basis of potential in global market:
P
) Local products: It is appropriate in one single market.s ixs 2oit: Sst
() Intermational products: It has additional potential into other markets.2i2 A
t
(ii) Multinational products: Have unique characteristics of national markets.
(iv) Global products: Designed according to global segments.
Product is the key element of product-mix. It can be any service, object, commodity.
event etc The main purpose of the product is to satisfy consumer and fulfil their needs.
According to Philip Kotler, "Product is anything that can be offered to a market for
alteration, use or consumption that might satisfy a need or want It includes physical objects.
services, persons, place, organizations or ideas".
Product Layers
A produ
• LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this chapter, reader should be able to:
To kuow about product line and product mix decision.e kslyog
To study about product ife cycle.
To kuow about branding, packeging and labelling decisions ef product.
How to manage product in pharmaceutical industry.
To study product portfolio analysis.
2.1 INTRODUCTION
In present scenario, marketing has become an indispensable activity for an organization.
To create an edge over competitors, it's necessary to use marketing as a tool. Any marketing
activity starts with one question, what are we going to sell. Answer of this question would be
product, service or any idea that marketer wants to sel.
A company or firm always works on idea of providing solution to a particular problem. For
example, suppose a student wants to go for higher studies in abroad but dont know how to
apply for higher education in foreign country, then solution of this problem can be services
of consultancy firms. In this case, organization is not selling any real commodity but
providing intangible services. Product is a wider term and it can be anything-tangible,
intangible, durable, and non-durable. Like television, insurance, egg, flour, so many products
are marketed by the marketers. Product is something that has the capacity to satisfy any
unsatisfied need.
stoe hich nroMide
A company or firm always works on idea of providing solution to a particular problem. For
example, suppose a student wants to go for higher studies in abroad but don't know how to
apply for higher education in foreign country, then solution of this problem can be services
of consultancy firms. In this case, organization is not selling any real commodity but
providing intangible services. Product is a wider term and it can be anything-tangible,
intangible, durable, and non-durable. Like television, insurance, egg, flour, so many products
are marketed by the marketers. Product is something that has the capacity to satisfy any
unsatisfied need.
A product is a collection of service, physical and symbolic attributes which provide
benefits or pleasure to a buyer or user. Customer prefers physical property as shape and size
of the product.
2.2 CLASSIFICATION
Product classification on basis of potential in global market:
P
) Local products: It is appropriate in one single market.s ixs 2oit: Sst
() Intermational products: It has additional potential into other markets.2i2 A
t
(ii) Multinational products: Have unique characteristics of national markets.
(iv) Global products: Designed according to global segments.
Product is the key element of product-mix. It can be any service, object, commodity.
event etc The main purpose of the product is to satisfy consumer and fulfil their needs.
According to Philip Kotler, "Product is anything that can be offered to a market for
alteration, use or consumption that might satisfy a need or want It includes physical objects.
services, persons, place, organizations or ideas".
Product Layers
A produ
1. A Informative Slides On HERB + DRUG Interaction VANDANA JANGHEL Assistant Professor (M. Pharma, Pharmacognosy) (Siddhi Vinayaka Institute of Technology & Sciences, Bilaspur, C.G.) What comes from Nature + What we change in nature + What we don’t want
2. 1. What are Herb-drug interactions? 2. How herbs interact with other co administered drug ? 3. Whether they are diagnoised? 4. Are they neglected? 5. Any reports available ? 6. What is the significance of the study ? 7. Need for the study We will discuss on following points HERB + DRUG Interaction
3. Herb drugs + Allopathic drug = Some Reactions HERB + DRUG Interaction 1. When herbal medicinal products and western drugs administered together may interact each other in body leading to kinetic and dynamic alterations. 2. Herbs are often administered in combination with therapeutic drugs, raising the potential of herb-drug interactions. 3. Herbs or Herbal drugs often taken with the Allopathic drugs with belief that it will have some Beneficial effect. 4. Most of the herbal drugs are taken because of- Availability, Economic consideration and its safety
4. PharmacodynamicPharmacokinetics Herb may causes Additive Synergistic Antagonistic Unidentified Response activity in relation to conventional drug Change the Absorption Distribution Metabolism Protein binding Excretion of the drug thus changing blood level of drug HERB + DRUG Interaction
5. Diagnosis Evidence of Interaction Preclinical Trials Clinical Trials Case studies from pharmacovigilance 1 2 3
6. 1. Drug interaction is the 4th to 6th cause of death in the world. 2. About 70-80 herbs may increase the risk of bleeding. 3. Aristolochic acid from Kidamari (Aristolochia Bracteolata) is toxic. 4. Ephedra (Somlata) caused more than 54 deaths and 1600 cases of adverse reaction. Facts about Herbal Drug Interactions
7. 1. Clinician lack of adequate knowledge about Drug-herb Interaction 2. No quality control and assurance for the purity and safety. 3. No advance research in this field. 4. Blind believe or over believe in Ayurverdic medicine 5. Avoidance of patient history about drug sensitivity 6. Adulteration in herbal drug Reason for Herb-Drug Interaction Less Knowledge No Quality Control No Documentation Mythological Believe Herbal-Drug Interaction
8. PHARMACOKINETIC INTERACTION Parameter Increases Decreases Absorption Ginger Fibers Green tea Mucilage containing herb Black pepper Mucilage containing herb Metabolism Guggul Grape juice Elimination Laxative (Aloe) Liquorices Diuretics herbs
9. ALOE VERA Interferes with drug absorption through Laxative action (Aloe latex) Decrease transit time Decrease Intestinal Fluids GINGKO BILOBA Decrease effectiveness of Alprazolam by decreasing its absorption. Ginkgo decreases absorption of Alprazolam rather than inducing hepatic metabolism of alprazolam. GINGER Enhance the absorption of sulfaguanidine and decreases blood sugar PHARMACOKINETIC INTERACTION Herbal drugs which shows Interaction related to Absorption
1
1. A Informative Slides On HERB + DRUG Interaction VANDANA JANGHEL Assistant Professor (M. Pharma, Pharmacognosy) (Siddhi Vinayaka Institute of Technology & Sciences, Bilaspur, C.G.) What comes from Nature + What we change in nature + What we don’t want
2. 1. What are Herb-drug interactions? 2. How herbs interact with other co administered drug ? 3. Whether they are diagnoised? 4. Are they neglected? 5. Any reports available ? 6. What is the significance of the study ? 7. Need for the study We will discuss on following points HERB + DRUG Interaction
3. Herb drugs + Allopathic drug = Some Reactions HERB + DRUG Interaction 1. When herbal medicinal products and western drugs administered together may interact each other in body leading to kinetic and dynamic alterations. 2. Herbs are often administered in combination with therapeutic drugs, raising the potential of herb-drug interactions. 3. Herbs or Herbal drugs often taken with the Allopathic drugs with belief that it will have some Beneficial effect. 4. Most of the herbal drugs are taken because of- Availability, Economic consideration and its safety
4. PharmacodynamicPharmacokinetics Herb may causes Additive Synergistic Antagonistic Unidentified Response activity in relation to conventional drug Change the Absorption Distribution Metabolism Protein binding Excretion of the drug thus changing blood level of drug HERB + DRUG Interaction
5. Diagnosis Evidence of Interaction Preclinical Trials Clinical Trials Case studies from pharmacovigilance 1 2 3
6. 1. Drug interaction is the 4th to 6th cause of death in the world. 2. About 70-80 herbs may increase the risk of bleeding. 3. Aristolochic acid from Kidamari (Aristolochia Bracteolata) is toxic. 4. Ephedra (Somlata) caused more than 54 deaths and 1600 cases of adverse reaction. Facts about Herbal Drug Interactions
7. 1. Clinician lack of adequate knowledge about Drug-herb Interaction 2. No quality control and assurance for the purity and safety. 3. No advance research in this field. 4. Blind believe or over believe in Ayurverdic medicine 5. Avoidance of patient history about drug sensitivity 6. Adulteration in herbal drug Reason for Herb-Drug Interaction Less Knowledge No Quality Control No Documentation Mythological Believe Herbal-Drug Interaction
8. PHARMACOKINETIC INTERACTION Parameter Increases Decreases Absorption Ginger Fibers Green tea Mucilage containing herb Black pepper Mucilage containing herb Metabolism Guggul Grape juice Elimination Laxative (Aloe) Liquorices Diuretics herbs
9. ALOE VERA Interferes with drug absorption through Laxative action (Aloe latex) Decrease transit time Decrease Intestinal Fluids GINGKO BILOBA Decrease effectiveness of Alprazolam by decreasing its absorption. Ginkgo decreases absorption of Alprazolam rather than inducing hepatic metabolism of alprazolam. GINGER Enhance the absorption of sulfaguanidine and decreases blood sugar PHARMACOKINETIC INTERACTION Herbal drugs which shows Interaction related to Absorption
1
1. A Informative Slides On HERB + DRUG Interaction VANDANA JANGHEL Assistant Professor (M. Pharma, Pharmacognosy) (Siddhi Vinayaka Institute of Technology & Sciences, Bilaspur, C.G.) What comes from Nature + What we change in nature + What we don’t want
2. 1. What are Herb-drug interactions? 2. How herbs interact with other co administered drug ? 3. Whether they are diagnoised? 4. Are they neglected? 5. Any reports available ? 6. What is the significance of the study ? 7. Need for the study We will discuss on following points HERB + DRUG Interaction
3. Herb drugs + Allopathic drug = Some Reactions HERB + DRUG Interaction 1. When herbal medicinal products and western drugs administered together may interact each other in body leading to kinetic and dynamic alterations. 2. Herbs are often administered in combination with therapeutic drugs, raising the potential of herb-drug interactions. 3. Herbs or Herbal drugs often taken with the Allopathic drugs with belief that it will have some Beneficial effect. 4. Most of the herbal drugs are taken because of- Availability, Economic consideration and its safety
4. PharmacodynamicPharmacokinetics Herb may causes Additive Synergistic Antagonistic Unidentified Response activity in relation to conventional drug Change the Absorption Distribution Metabolism Protein binding Excretion of the drug thus changing blood level of drug HERB + DRUG Interaction
5. Diagnosis Evidence of Interaction Preclinical Trials Clinical Trials Case studies from pharmacovigilance 1 2 3
6. 1. Drug interaction is the 4th to 6th cause of death in the world. 2. About 70-80 herbs may increase the risk of bleeding. 3. Aristolochic acid from Kidamari (Aristolochia Bracteolata) is toxic. 4. Ephedra (Somlata) caused more than 54 deaths and 1600 cases of adverse reaction. Facts about Herbal Drug Interactions
7. 1. Clinician lack of adequate knowledge about Drug-herb Interaction 2. No quality control and assurance for the purity and safety. 3. No advance research in this field. 4. Blind believe or over believe in Ayurverdic medicine 5. Avoidance of patient history about drug sensitivity 6. Adulteration in herbal drug Reason for Herb-Drug Interaction Less Knowledge No Quality Control No Documentation Mythological Believe Herbal-Drug Interaction
8. PHARMACOKINETIC INTERACTION Parameter Increases Decreases Absorption Ginger Fibers Green tea Mucilage containing herb Black pepper Mucilage containing herb Metabolism Guggul Grape juice Elimination Laxative (Aloe) Liquorices Diuretics herbs
9. ALOE VERA Interferes with drug absorption through Laxative action (Aloe latex) Decrease transit time Decrease Intestinal Fluids GINGKO BILOBA Decrease effectiveness of Alprazolam by decreasing its absorption. Ginkgo decreases absorption of Alprazolam rather than inducing hepatic metabolism of alprazolam. GINGER Enhance the absorption of sulfaguanidine and decreases blood sugar PHARMACOKINETIC INTERACTION Herbal drugs which shows Interaction related to Absorption
1
1. A Informative Slides On HERB + DRUG Interaction VANDANA JANGHEL Assistant Professor (M. Pharma, Pharmacognosy) (Siddhi Vinayaka Institute of Technology & Sciences, Bilaspur, C.G.) What comes from Nature + What we change in nature + What we don’t want
2. 1. What are Herb-drug interactions? 2. How herbs interact with other co administered drug ? 3. Whether they are diagnoised? 4. Are they neglected? 5. Any reports available ? 6. What is the significance of the study ? 7. Need for the study We will discuss on following points HERB + DRUG Interaction
3. Herb drugs + Allopathic drug = Some Reactions HERB + DRUG Interaction 1. When herbal medicinal products and western drugs administered together may interact each other in body leading to kinetic and dynamic alterations. 2. Herbs are often administered in combination with therapeutic drugs, raising the potential of herb-drug interactions. 3. Herbs or Herbal drugs often taken with the Allopathic drugs with belief that it will have some Beneficial effect. 4. Most of the herbal drugs are taken because of- Availability, Economic consideration and its safety
4. PharmacodynamicPharmacokinetics Herb may causes Additive Synergistic Antagonistic Unidentified Response activity in relation to conventional drug Change the Absorption Distribution Metabolism Protein binding Excretion of the drug thus changing blood level of drug HERB + DRUG Interaction
5. Diagnosis Evidence of Interaction Preclinical Trials Clinical Trials Case studies from pharmacovigilance 1 2 3
6. 1. Drug interaction is the 4th to 6th cause of death in the world. 2. About 70-80 herbs may increase the risk of bleeding. 3. Aristolochic acid from Kidamari (Aristolochia Bracteolata) is toxic. 4. Ephedra (Somlata) caused more than 54 deaths and 1600 cases of adverse reaction. Facts about Herbal Drug Interactions
7. 1. Clinician lack of adequate knowledge about Drug-herb Interaction 2. No quality control and assurance for the purity and safety. 3. No advance research in this field. 4. Blind believe or over believe in Ayurverdic medicine 5. Avoidance of patient history about drug sensitivity 6. Adulteration in herbal drug Reason for Herb-Drug Interaction Less Knowledge No Quality Control No Documentation Mythological Believe Herbal-Drug Interaction
8. PHARMACOKINETIC INTERACTION Parameter Increases Decreases Absorption Ginger Fibers Green tea Mucilage containing herb Black pepper Mucilage containing herb Metabolism Guggul Grape juice Elimination Laxative (Aloe) Liquorices Diuretics herbs
9. ALOE VERA Interferes with drug absorption through Laxative action (Aloe latex) Decrease transit time Decrease Intestinal Fluids GINGKO BILOBA Decrease effectiveness of Alprazolam by decreasing its absorption. Ginkgo decreases absorption of Alprazolam rather than inducing hepatic metabolism of alprazolam. GINGER Enhance the absorption of sulfaguanidine and decreases blood sugar PHARMACOKINETIC INTERACTION Herbal drugs which shows Interaction related to Absorption
1
New product dedisions provide a dear path to the business. New product development
astep by step process. A Complete idea is required behind new product.
1 1deal Generation: The development of a product starts with the concept and idea.
The remaining process is depending on that idea.
2 Screening of Idea: This step is cruial to ensure that unsuitable ideas, for whatever
reason, are rejected as soon as possible. Ideas need to be considered objectively,
ideally by a group or committee.
3. Concept Development and Testing: After having an idea, next is the sreening
stage. The idea should now convert into concept. It has depth information which can
be visualizing by the consumer.
4. Anaysis of business: After finalization of concept, a business case needs to be kept
algTStogether to consider whether the new service /product will be gainful.
2665.Product Development If the nev product is approved, it will be approved to the
2marketing and technical development step.
6. Test Marketing: Market testing (test marketing or) is different to consumer testing.
in that it introduces the product that follows proposed plan of marketing.
od7. Commercialization: When the concept has been tested and developed, final
0decisions are required to move the product to its introduction into the market.
8. Launch: A detailed plan of launch is required for this step. This is the important
stage for success of a product
New Drug Development
So In present business atmosphere, it is more important to take smart decisions for
business. Innovative approaches and new products can put an organization on proper
pathway and to make a big success if appropriately analyzed and executed. Make it simpler
(Fig.2.1).0
Following parameters should keep in mind for a better decision:
Analyzing existing service and product portfolio frequently.
Knowing the position of functions of business, projects of departments and
initiatives.
Understanding the distribution of funds and assessing efficiency.
Having understanding of market for new opportunities and possible competition.
2.B PRODUCT BRANDING, PACKAGING AND LABELLING DECİSIONs
2.8.1 Branding
Branding has its existence from ancient era. According to Nilson (2000), the first example
of branding is found in the oil lamps' manufacture on the Greek islands thousands of years
back. Brand elements are name, sign, term, symbol, design or distinguishing characteristics.
Brand is not only a graphical design or a logo; it is the unique identity of the product.
By American Marketing Association, Brand can be defined as name, term, sign, symbol
or design, or a combination of them intended to identijy the goods and services of one seller or
group of sellers and to diferentiate them from those of other sellersa54
Branding is a process, where a company generates loyalty among consumers in the
market. Brands are designed with a motive to communicate customers the reason for the
existence of their product. Brand should have a strong connection with customers;
New product dedisions provide a dear path to the business. New product development
astep by step process. A Complete idea is required behind new product.
1 1deal Generation: The development of a product starts with the concept and idea.
The remaining process is depending on that idea.
2 Screening of Idea: This step is cruial to ensure that unsuitable ideas, for whatever
reason, are rejected as soon as possible. Ideas need to be considered objectively,
ideally by a group or committee.
3. Concept Development and Testing: After having an idea, next is the sreening
stage. The idea should now convert into concept. It has depth information which can
be visualizing by the consumer.
4. Anaysis of business: After finalization of concept, a business case needs to be kept
algTStogether to consider whether the new service /product will be gainful.
2665.Product Development If the nev product is approved, it will be approved to the
2marketing and technical development step.
6. Test Marketing: Market testing (test marketing or) is different to consumer testing.
in that it introduces the product that follows proposed plan of marketing.
od7. Commercialization: When the concept has been tested and developed, final
0decisions are required to move the product to its introduction into the market.
8. Launch: A detailed plan of launch is required for this step. This is the important
stage for success of a product
New Drug Development
So In present business atmosphere, it is more important to take smart decisions for
business. Innovative approaches and new products can put an organization on proper
pathway and to make a big success if appropriately analyzed and executed. Make it simpler
(Fig.2.1).0
Following parameters should keep in mind for a better decision:
Analyzing existing service and product portfolio frequently.
Knowing the position of functions of business, projects of departments and
initiatives.
Understanding the distribution of funds and assessing efficiency.
Having understanding of market for new opportunities and possible competition.
2.B PRODUCT BRANDING, PACKAGING AND LABELLING DECİSIONs
2.8.1 Branding
Branding has its existence from ancient era. According to Nilson (2000), the first example
of branding is found in the oil lamps' manufacture on the Greek islands thousands of years
back. Brand elements are name, sign, term, symbol, design or distinguishing characteristics.
Brand is not only a graphical design or a logo; it is the unique identity of the product.
By American Marketing Association, Brand can be defined as name, term, sign, symbol
or design, or a combination of them intended to identijy the goods and services of one seller or
group of sellers and to diferentiate them from those of other sellersa54
Branding is a process, where a company generates loyalty among consumers in the
market. Brands are designed with a motive to communicate customers the reason for the
existence of their product. Brand should have a strong connection with customers;
New product dedisions provide a dear path to the business. New product development
astep by step process. A Complete idea is required behind new product.
1 1deal Generation: The development of a product starts with the concept and idea.
The remaining process is depending on that idea.
2 Screening of Idea: This step is cruial to ensure that unsuitable ideas, for whatever
reason, are rejected as soon as possible. Ideas need to be considered objectively,
ideally by a group or committee.
3. Concept Development and Testing: After having an idea, next is the sreening
stage. The idea should now convert into concept. It has depth information which can
be visualizing by the consumer.
4. Anaysis of business: After finalization of concept, a business case needs to be kept
algTStogether to consider whether the new service /product will be gainful.
2665.Product Development If the nev product is approved, it will be approved to the
2marketing and technical development step.
6. Test Marketing: Market testing (test marketing or) is different to consumer testing.
in that it introduces the product that follows proposed plan of marketing.
od7. Commercialization: When the concept has been tested and developed, final
0decisions are required to move the product to its introduction into the market.
8. Launch: A detailed plan of launch is required for this step. This is the important
stage for success of a product
New Drug Development
So In present business atmosphere, it is more important to take smart decisions for
business. Innovative approaches and new products can put an organization on proper
pathway and to make a big success if appropriately analyzed and executed. Make it simpler
(Fig.2.1).0
Following parameters should keep in mind for a better decision:
Analyzing existing service and product portfolio frequently.
Knowing the position of functions of business, projects of departments and
initiatives.
Understanding the distribution of funds and assessing efficiency.
Having understanding of market for new opportunities and possible competition.
2.B PRODUCT BRANDING, PACKAGING AND LABELLING DECİSIONs
2.8.1 Branding
Branding has its existence from ancient era. According to Nilson (2000), the first example
of branding is found in the oil lamps' manufacture on the Greek islands thousands of years
back. Brand elements are name, sign, term, symbol, design or distinguishing characteristics.
Brand is not only a graphical design or a logo; it is the unique identity of the product.
By American Marketing Association, Brand can be defined as name, term, sign, symbol
or design, or a combination of them intended to identijy the goods and services of one seller or
group of sellers and to diferentiate them from those of other sellersa54
Branding is a process, where a company generates loyalty among consumers in the
market. Brands are designed with a motive to communicate customers the reason for the
existence of their product. Brand should have a strong connection with customers;
New product dedisions provide a dear path to the business. New product development
astep by step process. A Complete idea is required behind new product.
1 1deal Generation: The development of a product starts with the concept and idea.
The remaining process is depending on that idea.
2 Screening of Idea: This step is cruial to ensure that unsuitable ideas, for whatever
reason, are rejected as soon as possible. Ideas need to be considered objectively,
ideally by a group or committee.
3. Concept Development and Testing: After having an idea, next is the sreening
stage. The idea should now convert into concept. It has depth information which can
be visualizing by the consumer.
4. Anaysis of business: After finalization of concept, a business case needs to be kept
algTStogether to consider whether the new service /product will be gainful.
2665.Product Development If the nev product is approved, it will be approved to the
2marketing and technical development step.
6. Test Marketing: Market testing (test marketing or) is different to consumer testing.
in that it introduces the product that follows proposed plan of marketing.
od7. Commercialization: When the concept has been tested and developed, final
0decisions are required to move the product to its introduction into the market.
8. Launch: A detailed plan of launch is required for this step. This is the important
stage for success of a product
New Drug Development
So In present business atmosphere, it is more important to take smart decisions for
business. Innovative approaches and new products can put an organization on proper
pathway and to make a big success if appropriately analyzed and executed. Make it simpler
(Fig.2.1).0
Following parameters should keep in mind for a better decision:
Analyzing existing service and product portfolio frequently.
Knowing the position of functions of business, projects of departments and
initiatives.
Understanding the distribution of funds and assessing efficiency.
Having understanding of market for new opportunities and possible competition.
2.B PRODUCT BRANDING, PACKAGING AND LABELLING DECİSIONs
2.8.1 Branding
Branding has its existence from ancient era. According to Nilson (2000), the first example
of branding is found in the oil lamps' manufacture on the Greek islands thousands of years
back. Brand elements are name, sign, term, symbol, design or distinguishing characteristics.
Brand is not only a graphical design or a logo; it is the unique identity of the product.
By American Marketing Association, Brand can be defined as name, term, sign, symbol
or design, or a combination of them intended to identijy the goods and services of one seller or
group of sellers and to diferentiate them from those of other sellersa54
Branding is a process, where a company generates loyalty among consumers in the
market. Brands are designed with a motive to communicate customers the reason for the
existence of their product. Brand should have a strong connection with customers;