This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy students and medication and the kids are not as good as you can do with a bit of snow here and growing physically and mentally drained from and working wonders awaiting results from work tomorrow morning to make sure you can get the money back to you can tell me what you want me when you can get it for pharmacy students and medication and a HS for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students and medication for pharmacy students This presentation is very important for pharmacy stude

1. 1 Nedham Aldholimi

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44. Study Effect of Benzodiazepines
on Experimental animal
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48. Procedure:
1. The rabbit observe before administration of diazepam
2. The rabbit inject I.V by dose required diazepam
3. Observe the result which happen to rabbit especially
S.M.R and sedative and hypnotic
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50. Study Effect of Laxative Drugs On Motility Of
Intestine In Rabbit
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51. Experimental Procedure:
1. Grind the 2-3 tab of senna tab in mortar
2. Dissolve grinding tab in normal saline 0.9 w/v%
3. Give of senna solution to rabbit by oral
4. Wait 6 hours to start onset action of senna drug
5. Anesthetic of rabbit by chloroform inhalation
6. Open the abdomen rabbit and observe the intestine motility
(peristalsis)
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52. Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Evaluation Anti-inflammatory activity
(Paw Oedema Method)
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Nedham Aldholimi

53. Signs of inflammation
 Erythema )redness) vasodilation
 Oedema vasodilation
 Tenderness & pain main pain mediator is Leukotriene
 Heat
Chemical mediators of inflammation
 Bradykinin Pain
 Leukotriene
 Prostaglandin VD + blood flow (heat+redness+oedema)
 Histamine odema + VD
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Nedham Aldholimi

54. Classification of the Anti-inflammatory Drug (AIDs)
NSAIDs
SAIDs
Type
Aspirin,
Indomethacin
Hydrocortisone,
dexamethasone
Examples
Inhibit
cyclooxygenase
enzyme leading to
decrease
prostaglandin
biosynthesis
(PGE1 & PGI2)
Induce protein
called lipocortin
which cause
inhibition of
phospholipase A2
MOA
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Nedham Aldholimi

55. Site of Action of The Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Phospholipids
Arachidonic Acid
Leukotrienes PG PAF
(platelet aggregating factors)
(+) Phospholipase A2
Lox
(-)
SAIDs
(+) COX
(-)
NSAID
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Nedham Aldholimi

56. Screening Methods for The Anti-inflammatory Drugs
1. Rat - Paw Oedema Method (Acute stage)
2. Granulation Pouch Method (Exudative stage)
3. Adjuvant induce arthritis.
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Nedham Aldholimi

57. Rat - Paw Oedema Method
Animal: 4 Rats ( 2 control and 2 treated ) .
Irritant substance: Carragenin (2%) and Ovalbumin
Drug used: Indomethacin (2 mg/kg) and Dexamethasone (0.6 mg/kg)
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Nedham Aldholimi

58. Rat - Paw Oedema Method Procedure :
 Control Rat :
 Measure the volume of oedema of left rat paw by measurement volume
displacement water from cylinder to dish on balance by left rat paw (Vci)
 For the control gp inject 0.1 ml of Ovalbumin S.C into planter or sub
planter tissue of the left rat hind paw and wait 40 mint
 Measure the volume of oedema of left rat paw after injection Ovalbumin
by measurement volume displacement water from cylinder to dish on
balance by left rat paw (Vca)
 volume of oedema for control =(Vca) - (Vci) = N
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Nedham Aldholimi

59. Rat - Paw Oedema Method Procedure :
 Test Rat :
 Measure the volume of oedema of left rat paw by measurement volume
displacement water from cylinder to dish on balance by left rat paw (Vti)
 For the treated gp inject the Diclofen(2 mg/kg) I.P to first rat and
Dexamethasone (0.6 mg/kg) to second rat and wait 40 -45 min
 inject the 0.1ml of Ovalbumin to left paw of first and second rat for
oedema induction and wait 40 -45 min
 Measure the volume of oedema of left rat paw after injection Diclofen and
Dexamethasone by measurement volume displacement water from
cylinder to dish on balance by left rat paw (Vta)
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60. Rat - Paw Oedema Method Procedure :
 Test Rat :
 volume of oedema for Diclofen = (Vta) - (Vti) = E
 volume of oedema for Dexamethasone = (Vta) - (Vti) = M
% volume reduction of oedema by Diclofen =(1-(E/N) x 100
% volume reduction of oedema by Dexamethasone =(1-(M/N) x 100
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61. RESULTS
Test
Control
Results
Dexamethasone
Diclofen
M
(Vta)
(Vti)
E
(Vta)
(Vti)
N
(Vca)
(Vci)
Time
1
2
3
Mean
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Vci: initial Volume oedema of control, Vca: Volume oedema of control after injection ovalbumin
Vti: initial Volume oedema of test, Volume oedema of test after injection drugs
Nedham Aldholimi

62. CALCULATIONS
 volume of oedema for control =(Vca) - (Vci) = N
 volume of oedema for Diclofen = (Vta) - (Vti) = E
 volume of oedema for Dexamethasone = (Vta) - (Vti) = M
% volume reduction of oedema by Diclofen =(1-(E/N) x 100
% volume reduction of oedema by Dexamethasone =(1-(M/N) x 100
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Nedham Aldholimi

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Nedham Aldholimi