The document outlines the concepts of market segmentation, target marketing, and product positioning, explaining how markets are divided into subsets based on various characteristics such as demographics, psychographics, and behavioral factors. It emphasizes the importance of evaluating market segments for their attractiveness and accessibility, and discusses different targeting strategies including undifferentiated, differentiated, concentrated, and micromarketing. The document further details the criteria for effective segmentation and the significance of developing a positioning strategy to distinguish products in consumers' minds.

1. Marketing Management
MARKET SEGMENTATION
TARGETING AND MARKET POSITIONING

2.  Market segmentation, target marketing and market
positioning
 Market segmentation - evaluative criteria
 Demographic Segmentation
 Geo-demographic techniques
 Benefit segmentation and behavioral segmentation
Psychographics and life style segmentation
 Business - to -business market segmentation
Contents

3. Segmentation, Target Marketing & M. Positioning
The terms 'market segmentation' and 'target marketing' are
often used interchangeably but there is a slight difference
of emphasis.
Market segmentation is a part of the overall process of
target marketing.
Market segmentation is the process by which a market is
divided into distinct subsets of customers with similar
needs and characteristics.
Target marketing requires evaluating the relative
attractiveness of various segments.

4. The overall market is divided into distinct
groups of buyers who are likely to respond
favorably to different product / service
offerings and market mixes.
For example:
 short stay business travelers,
 families with children,
 young overseas tourists, and so on
The process whereby one or more of the
market segments previously identified are
evaluated and selected.
For instance,
 Short stay business travelers,
 Monday to Friday trip,
 Young families at weekends.
Market
segmentation:
Product
positioning:
Segmentation, Target Marketing & M. Positioning

5. PP is the process whereby the product or service
and all the other marketing mix elements are
designed to fit a given place within a particular
segment.
The position is often defined by public services or
communications such as advertising, placing
definite product at right time.
Before a marketing mix strategy can be implemented, the
marketer must identify, evaluate, and select a target market.
 Market: people or institutions with sufficient purchasing
power, authority, and willingness to buy
 Target market: specific segment of consumers most likely
to purchase a particular product
Product
positioning:
Market Segmentation, Target Marketing & M. Positioning

6. The process of market segmentation should be contained within the
parameters of various evaluative criteria. Criteria for assessing
potential segments include:
The relative profit in a segment is directly related
to the competitive strength and cost effectiveness
of the company.
Even a small market may be profitable if the
company has competitive pre-eminence.
Preferably a product launched at a market segment
should not take demand from another product in
the company's range
Market Segmentation: Evaluation Criteria
Profitable
size
Self-
containment

7. A segment must be accessible through
advertising, other promotional media, and
distributive networks.
There is a danger that unrestrained segmentation may lead to an
unsustainable range of product modifications and produce
similar disadvantages to market diversification.
Accessibility
Marketing
mix response
The market segment should be responsive to
marketing and promotional effort.
Finding an appropriate segmentation scheme that
will facilitate target marketing, positioning, and the
formulation of successful marketing strategies and
programs.
Critical issue
Market Segmentation: Evaluation Criteria

8. Market segmentation is the process that companies use to divide large
heterogeneous markets into small markets that can be reached more
efficiently and effectively with products and services that match their
unique needs.
Market Segmentation
 Segmenting consumer markets
 Segmenting business markets
 Segmenting international markets
 Requirements for effective segmentation
Segmenting Consumer Markets
• Geographic
• Demographic
• Psychographic
• Behavioral

9. Geographic segmentation divides the market into different geographical
units such as nations, regions, states, counties, or cities
Market Segmentation
Segmenting Consumer Markets
Demographic segmentation divides the market into groups based on
variables such as age, gender, family size, family life cycle, income,
occupation, education, religion, race, generation, and nationality
Demographic segmentation is the most popular segmentation method
because consumer needs, wants, and usage often vary closely with
demographic variables and are easier to measure than other types of
variables

10. Age and life-cycle stage segmentation is the process of offering different
products or using different marketing approaches for different age and
life-cycle groups
Segmenting Consumer Markets
Income segmentation divides the market into affluent or low-income
consumers
 For products and services, buying behavior is closely related to age
category.
 Age is regularly used to define the behavior of certain markets.
 For instance younger people tend to be more active in making business
trips than they are in domestic holiday trips.
 Sex (gender) will also determine consumption patterns.
Gender segmentation divides the market based on sex (male or female)
Market Segmentation

11. Family size and life cycle - In western economies the family
remains the basic social unit. The approach is as follows:
1. Dependent adult - single adults
2. Pre-Family - Adults married without children
3. Family - One or more children
4. Late - Adults whose children have left home
Segmenting Consumer Markets
Market Segmentation

12. Market Segmentation
Psychographic segmentation divides buyers into different
groups based on social class, lifestyle, or personality traits
Segmenting Consumer Markets
Behavioral segmentation divides buyers into groups based on
their knowledge, attitudes, uses, or responses to a product
 Occasion
 Benefits sought
 User status
 Usage rate
 Loyalty status

13. Occasion segmentation divides buyers into groups according to
occasions when they get the idea to buy, actually make
purchases, or respond to a product
Benefit segmentation requires finding the major benefits people
look for in the product class, the kinds of people who look for
each benefit, and the major brands that deliver each benefit
Market Segmentation
Segmenting Consumer Markets

14. Market Segmentation
Segmenting Consumer Markets
User status divides buyers into ex-users, potential users, first-time
users, and regular users of a product
Usage rate divides buyers into light, medium, and heavy product
users
Loyalty (Devotion) status divides buyers into groups according to
their degree of loyalty

15. Multiple segmentation is used to identify smaller, better-
defined target groups
Geodemographic segmentation is an example of multivariable
segmentation that divides groups into consumer lifestyle
patterns
Market Segmentation
Multiple Segmenting Consumer Markets
The multiple segmentation includes
• Age
• Educational level
• Income
• Occupation
• Family composition
• Ethnicity
• Housing
• Behavioral and lifestyle
factors
• Purchases
• Free-time activities
• Media preferences

16. Market Segmentation
Segmenting Business Markets
In addition to the same segmentation variables
as consumers, business can also be
segmented by:
• Customer-operating characteristics
• Purchasing approaches
• Situational factors
• Personal characteristics
Factors affecting segmenting international markets
• Geographic location
• Economic factors
• Political and legal factors
• Cultural factors

17. Intermarket segmentation divides consumers into groups
with similar needs and buying behaviors even though
they are located in different countries
Market Segmentation
Segmenting Business Markets
Requirements for Effective Segmentation
To be useful, a market segment must be:
• Measurable
• Accessible
• Substantial
• Differentiable
• Actionable

18. Requirements for Effective Segmentation
Measurable examples include the size, purchasing
power, and profiles of the segments
Accessible refers to the fact that the market can be
effectively reached and served
Market Segmentation
Segmenting Business Markets
Substantial refers to the fact that the markets are
large and profitable enough to serve
Differentiable refers to the fact that the markets are
conceptually distinguishable and respond
differently to marketing mix elements and
programs
Actionable refers to the fact that effective
programs can be designed for attracting and
serving the segments

19. Market Targeting
Evaluating Market Segments
• Segment size and growth
• Segment structural attractiveness
• Company objectives and resources

20. Market Targeting
Evaluating Market Segments
• Segment size and growth
• Smaller versus larger segments
• Growth potential

21. Market Targeting
Evaluating Market Segments
• Segment structural attractiveness
• Competition
• Substitute products
• Power of buyers
• Power of suppliers

22. Market Targeting
Evaluating Market Segments
• Company objectives and resources
• Competitive advantage
• Availability of resources
• Consistent with company objectives

23. Market Targeting
Selecting Target Market Segments
• Undifferentiated marketing
• Differentiated marketing
• Concentrated marketing
• Micromarketing

24. Market Targeting
Target Marketing Strategies
Undifferentiated marketing targets the whole
market with one offer
• Mass marketing
• Focuses on common needs rather than what’s
different

25. Market Targeting
Selecting Target Market Segments
Differentiated marketing targets several different
market segments and designs separate offers for
each
• Goal is to achieve higher sales and stronger position
• More expensive than undifferentiated marketing
7-34

26. Market Targeting
Selecting Target Market Segments
Concentrated marketing targets a small share of a
large market
• Limited company resources
• Knowledge of the market
• More effective and efficient

27. Market Targeting
Selecting Target Market Segments
Micromarketing is the practice of tailoring products
and marketing programs to suit the tastes of
specific individuals and locations
• Local marketing
• Individual marketing

28. Market Targeting
Selecting Target Market Segments
Local marketing involves tailoring brands and promotion to the needs and wants
of local customer groups
• Cities
• Neighborhoods
• Stores

29. Market Targeting
Selecting Target Market Segments
Local Marketing
• Benefits:
• Increased marketing effectiveness in competitive
markets
• More customer-specific offerings

30. Market Targeting
Selecting Target Market Segments
Local marketing
• Challenges:
• Increased manufacturing and marketing costs
• Less economy of scale
• Logistics
• Dilution of company image

31. Marketing Targeting
Individual marketing involves tailoring
products and marketing programs to the
needs and preferences of individual
customers
• Also known as:
• One-to-one marketing
• Mass customization
• Markets-of-one marketing
Selecting Target Market Segments

32. Market Targeting
Selecting Target Market Segments
Mass customization is the process through which firms
interact one-to-one with masses of customers to design
products and services tailor-made to meet individual
needs. Has made relationships with customers important
in the new economy.
• Provides a way to distinguish the company against
competitors

33. Market Targeting
Choosing a Targeting Strategy
Depends on:
• Company resources
• Product variability
• Product life-cycle stage
• Market variability
• Competitor’s marketing strategies

34. Market Targeting
Socially Responsible Target Marketing
Benefits customers with specific needs
Concern for vulnerable segments
• Children
• Alcohol
• Cigarettes

35. Differentiation and Positioning
Product position is the way the product is defined
by consumers on important attributes—the place
the product occupies in consumers’ minds
relative to competing products
• Perceptions
• Impressions
• Feelings

36. Differentiation and Positioning
Positioning maps show consumer perceptions of
their brands versus competing products on
important buying dimensions
• Price and orientation

37. Differentiation and Positioning
Choosing a Differentiation and Positioning Strategy
• Identifying a set of possible competitive
advantages to build a position
• Choosing the right competitive advantages
• Selecting an overall positioning strategy

38. Differentiation and Positioning
Choosing a Differentiation and Positioning Strategy
Identifying a set of possible competitive advantages to build
a position by providing superior value from:
• Product differentiation
• Service differentiation
• Channels
• People
• Image

39. Differentiation and Positioning
Identifying Possible Value Differences and
Competitive Advantage
Competitive Advantage is the advantage over competitors
gained by offering greater value either through lower
prices or by providing more benefits that justify higher
prices

40. Differentiation and Positioning
Choosing the Right Competitive Advantages
A difference is worth establishing to the extent that it
satisfies the following criteria:
• Important
• Distinctive
• Superior
• Communicable
• Preemptive
• Affordable

41. Differentiation and Positioning
Selecting an Overall Strategy
Value proposition is the full mix of benefits upon which a
brand is positioned
• More for more
• More for the same
• Same for less
• Less for much less
• More for less

42. Positioning for Competitive Advantage
Developing a Positioning Statement
Positioning statement states the product’s
membership in a category and then shows
its point-of-difference from other members
of the category.